Important Elements For A Framework in Designing A Mobile Learning
Important Elements For A Framework in Designing A Mobile Learning
Important Elements For A Framework in Designing A Mobile Learning
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Review Article
Abstract
Based on a literature search, there are a number of mobile learning frameworks mentioned in a previous study that less emphasis
on the major element required for English language (listening and speaking skills) specifically for level 2 students. Therefore, this
paper aimed to identify the elements that fulfill their needs to be integrated in the mobile learning framework for listening and
speaking skills specifically for level 2 students. This study was used quantitative research method through survey using
questionnaires as the instrument to get the data and information for answering the research questions. A sample of 30 English
expert teachers in the Batu Pahat district was selected based on purposive sampling method to complete the questionnaire survey
given. A questionnaire that consists of four constructs was developed and the administered to obtain information. Data was
collected and analyzed descriptively using SPSS (Statistical Package for The Social Sciences).. Besides, the validity was made to
ensure the questionnaire can be used. Content validity, face validity and construct validity were used in this study to make sure the
instrument's validity. Moreover, the pilot study was carried out to obtain the reliability of the questionnaire. Based on the analysis
that has been made, Alpha Cronbach value was 0.87 categorized as a high level. Findings showed that there was an audio, graphics
and text elements must be integrated into the mobile learning framework and audio elements help in listening skills while text
elements help English speaking skills as well as other elements such as learning anywhere and anytime, easy to use, navigation,
other resources for related information are provided, directory and help button. The findings of this study can be used by mobile
learning designers as a guide in preparing for learning material and the main contribution of this study is an important element for a
framework in designing a mobile learning for english language listening and speaking skills.
© 2019 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.06.54
INTRODUCTION English listening and speaking skills, element content that can
Mobile learning trends are becoming an option of mobile help Level 2 students in listening and speaking English skills
device users. Through the statistics shown by Gartner (2014), and content mobile learning packages can help Level 2
the number of mobile app downloads is expected to increase students in mastery of listening and speaking skills in English.
by 268 billion in 2017. This shows that students start selecting Finally, researchers have proposed a framework for designing
mobile learning because they walk in a more relaxed and mobile learning packages for listening and speaking skills in
relaxed environment as users have the opportunity to use English.
them without any time constraints and places (Attewell &
Savill-Smith, 2004). The study of Mobile-assisted Language METHODOLOGY
Learning (MALL) shows that learning English as a second The research methodology is determined by the design of the
language can be done freely through mobile learning study through a survey. This study was used quantitative
(Chinnery, 2006). The problem of the study is that there is still research method through survey using questionnaires as the
no framework to guide the design of mobile learning that fulfill instrument to get the data and information for answering the
their needs of Level 2 students for listening and speaking skills research questions. The questionnaire was used as a research
(Supyan et al, 2012). Based on the preliminary results of the instrument to examine the important elements fulfill their
English teachers, it shows that they have no information on needs to be integrated in the mobile learning. The survey
selecting suitable applications as student supported learning method was selected as the basis of unbiased approach to the
materials in English listening and speaking skills. In addition, decision making process. A scholar like Cohen, Manion and
they have limited knowledge about specific elements that Morrison (2017) also stated that the survey is comprehensive
fulfill their needs into mobile learning that meet the needs of in nature, which may comment on the issue from various
Level 2 students in English listening and speaking skills, points of views, how easy handling can accumulate and collect
elements that can help Level 2 students in English listening data quickly, corresponding to the large sample size, the
and speaking skills and content of mobile learning packages information obtained directly and able to make decisions
can help Level 2 students in the mastery of English listening collectively. The population in this study was 30 English expert
and speaking skills. teachers from the Batu Pahat district. The sample used was
purposive sampling. This is because the purposive sampling is
Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the learning judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling to get meaningful
package that meets the needs of Level 2 students in listening data for this study. It is used to focus on the particular
and speaking skills. In addition, this study also needs to be characteristic of a population, which is the teacher’s
conducted to identify the main elements must be integrated background. Besides, in this study, the validity was made to
into mobile learning that meet the needs of Level 2 students in ensure the questionnaire can be used. Content validity, face
validity and construct validity were used in this study to make 2) Element that helps to meet the needs of students in
sure the instrument's validity. Moreover, the pilot study was acquiring English listening skills
carried out to obtain the reliability of the questionnaire. Based This section presents an analysis of the study about element
on the analysis that has been made, Alpha Cronbach value was helps to meet the needs of Level 2 students in acquiring
0.87 categorized as a high level. English listening skills. From the analysis, the mean score
range indicates the range of all items studied between 1.33
1) Instrument of study and 5.00. Based on table 3 data analysis shows that most of the
The instrument used in this study was questionnaires. The elements help English Listening skills and need to be
questionnaire consists of 4 parts which are Part A, B,C1 and integrated into mobile learning packages for listening and
C2. Part A is the respondent demographic information. For speaking skills in English.
Part B, C1 and C2 contain the components of respondents' to
the element that need to integrate. A total of three constructs Table 3: Results of respondents to element that help
was developed such as important elements fulfill their needs English listening skills.
in the mobile learning, element that help to meet the needs of Item Mean Std. Interpretation
students in acquiring English listening skills, elements help to Deviation
meet the needs of students in the mastery of English speaking It encourages students 4.93 0.254 High
skills. Each of the construct consists of tenth items that need as to listen carefully.
the measurements. In addition, this study, data obtained from It encourages students 4.97 0.183 High
the questionnaire were analysed using SPSS Statistics 18.0. to understand what
Element needs among respondents is measured based on the they hear.
mean score interpretation as shown in Table 1. It promotes responsive 4.97 0.183 High
to audio.
Table 1: Mean score interpretation It involves the mind 4.97 0.183 High
Inclined Level Mean Score Range process.
Low 1.00 - 2.33 It encourages students 4.90 0.305 High
Medium 2.34 - 3.67 to get the meaning of
High 3.68 - 5.00 the messages they
hear.
2) Data Analysis It encourages students 4.97 0.183 High
Descriptive statistics in the form of averages and percentage to improve their ability
distributions described the teachers were explored for Part A in terms of better use
in the questionnaire. Part B and Part C, the descriptive of the Language.
statistics the mean and standard deviation table. For example, The text helps in 4.97 0.183 High
in this paper, the independent variable that meet this criterion mastering listening
the readiness level (high, medium and low). skills.
Videos help in 1.33 0.479 Medium
RESULTS listening skills.
1) Element that fulfills their needs in designing the mobile Audio helps in 5.00 0.000 High
learning listening skills.
This section presents an analysis of the study about the The graphics help in 4.93 0.254 High
multimedia element that fulfill their needs in designing the listening skills.
mobile learning to meet the needs of Level 2 students in Animation helps in 1.33 0.479 Medium
listening and speaking skills. Based on table 2 data analysis listening skills.
shows the audio and graphic elements need to be integrated Average overall mean 4.29 High
into mobile learning packages for listening and speaking skills
in English as well as other elements such as can be started and
3) Elements help to meet the needs of students in the
terminated at any party and anytime, easy to use without the
mastery of English speaking skills
help of others, hyperlinks and navigation work well, other
This section will present the analysis of the study about
sources for relevant information are provided, text elements,
elements help to meet the needs of Level 2 students in the
directories and help buttons are provided.
mastery of English speaking skills. From the analysis, the mean
score range for all items studied was between 2.83 and 4.93.
Table 2: Results of respondents' responses to elements in
Table 4 shows elements that help meet the needs of Level 2
mobile learning packages
students in mastering English speaking skills. Based on the
Item Mean Interpretation
mean score, the average mean of the element that helps meet
Audio 4.98 High the needs of Level 2 students in English speaking proficiency is
Graphic 4.98 High 4.45. Table 4 also shows items that are "Text helps in
Its use can be started in any part. 4.90 High mastering spoken skills" record the highest mean score of 4.93
Users may terminate use at any 4.83 High while the lowest mean score of 2.83 is recorded for item
time. namely "Animation helps in speaking skills". The highest
Mobile Learning is easy to explore 4.80 High spoken skill that can be mastered with the help of a text
Access (hyperlinks) works. 4.77 High element is "It encourages students to pronounce the correct
The navigation buttons work well. 4.70 High tone (sound pressure)", "It encourages students to call with
Other resources for relevant 4.57 High the correct pause or tricks" and "It encourages students to
information are provided. brainstorm with using the appropriate language "recorded the
Text 4.42 High highest mean score of 4.93. While the item "It encourages
Directory available (list of landing- 3.73 High students to pronounce with the right intonation" to record the
button content) lowest mean score for the ability to speak the ability to speak
Help button (HELP) is available. 2.53 Medium 4.90.
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There are several suggestions that can be used by other
researcher for future researchers first conduct studies of
student using the proposed mobile learning packages to see
the mastery of listening and speaking skills in English and
design a mobile learning software for listening and speaking
skills using a pre-designed framework.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper was partially supported by the Research
Management Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
under the Research Fund (E15501).