READING & WRITING: FILL IN THE BLANKS:-

Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Sky tree, one of the world’s
monster skyscrapers, is 40 metres long and immensely detailed. But ________
massive this form of digital art becomes — and it's a form subject to rampant
inflation — Inuk’s theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-
digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises
there), then computer games, he recognised when he started to look at
traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something ________: something
about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inuk’s had been
taught that photographic lenses , ________ the conventions of western art, were
the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real
world onto a flat surface . ________ Japanese traditions employed 'a different
spatial logic', as he said in an interview last year with jcollabo.org, that is
'uniquely Japanese'.

Option:- 1) however, ever, how, when

2) in fact, as whole, in common, of course

3) apart from, further afield, along with, out of

4) Thus, So, And, But

Answer: however, in common, along with, But

2) According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments
scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000
years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of
life. Pearson has ________ together the work of READING & WRITING : FILL IN
THE BLANKS .Page333 hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a
________ millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we
can expect hundreds of key ________ and discoveries to take place. Some of the
biggest developments will be in medicine, including an ________ life expectancy
and dozens of artificial organs ________ into use between now and 2040.

Option:- 1) pieced, finalized, pictured, filled

2) hovering, compromised, unique, loose

3) plateaus, procrastinations, breakthroughs, devastations

4) shared, lubricant, entitled, extended

5) changing, coming, delving, squeezing

Answer: pieced, unique, breakthroughs, extended, coming

3) I do not think I am twisting the usual meaning of drama if I define it as a

presentation before spectators by performers who take on roles and who interact
with each other to further a story or a text intended for such presentations. This is
intended as a ________ definition simple enough to be recalled easily. Indeed, it
is so simple that I should point out that it makes one or two ________ that are
perhaps not immediately obvious. First, to say that performers "take on roles"
leaves ________ the possibility that they are not within the roles to other
performances as such alternative phrases as "performers in character" or
"characters represented by actors" do not. To say that the performers "interact
with each other" might seem ________, but is in fact important, for in traditional
societies there are many performances in which different characters appear
successively and simultaneously but, ________, do not interact. And I say "to
further a story" because a progression of the story may not provide the structure
of the performance.

Option:- 1) hanging, working, using, applying

2) implementations, distributions, distinctions, comprehensions

3) go, covered, undoubted, open

4) uneven, unnecessary, unabated, uncaring

5) accordingly, timely, nevertheless, subsequently

Answer: working, distinctions, open, unnecessary, nevertheless

4) Research from the Terry College of Business reveals ________ a happy, helpful
employee takes effort and, eventually, that effort ________ the energy needed to
do one’s job. It could lead to quiet quitting – the new term for just doing your job
but not going above and beyond – or even actual quitting. The more people
adjust their moods to be happy, the fewer emotional resources they have
________ the end of the day. That means they are less able to handle challenging
tasks and interactions and have a harder time staying on task. Their tank is
empty despite being in a good mood, Frank explained. For managers, this means
it may make more sense to meet employees ________ they are emotional and
not force upbeat attitudes in the office. For employees, it may mean letting bad
days happen and leaving more mood demanding work — such as sales calls or
tough conversations — for better days.

Option:- 1) becomes, becoming, become, become to

2) Concludes, erodes, expects, collects

3) At, since, by, for

4) Where, which, as, that

Answer: becoming, erodes, at, where

5) In this role, due to their working heritage, Border Collies are very demanding,
playful, and energetic. They thrive best in households that can provide them with
plenty of play and exercise, either with humans or other dogs. Due to their
demanding personalities and need for mental ________ and exercise, many
Border Collies develop problematic behaviours in households that are not able to
provide for their needs. They are infamous for chewing holes in walls and
furniture, and ________ scraping and hole digging, due to boredom. Border
Collies may exhibit a strong desire to herd, a trait they may show with small
children, cats, and other dogs. The breed's herding trait has been deliberately
encouraged, as it was in the dogs from which the Border Collie was developed, by
selective breeding for many generations. However, being ________ trainable,
they can live amicably with other pets if given proper socialization training. The
American Border Collie Association recommends that potential owners, before
taking on the breed as a household pet, should be sure they can provide regular
exercise ________ with the collie's high energy and prodigious stamina. A
working collie may run many miles a day, using its experience, personality and
intelligence to control challenging livestock. These dogs will become ________
and frustrated if left in isolation, ignored or inactive. Like many working breeds,
Border Collies can be motion sensitive and may chase moving vehicles and
bicycles, but this behaviour can be modified by training. Some of the more
difficult behaviours require patience, as they are developmental and may
disappear as the dog matures.

Option:- 1) establishment, estimation, stimulation, condition

2) abrupt, mild, destructive, periodical

3) whole, mostly, eminently, minor

4) commensurate, collaborative, collective, evenly

5) tossed, pinched, distressed, consistent

Answer: stimulation, destructive, eminently, commensurate, distressed

6) The primary goal for this year-long campaign, founded by the English lawyer
Peter Berenson and a small group of writers, academics and lawyers including
Quaker peace activist Eric Baker, was to identify individual prisoners of
conscience around the world and then campaign for their release. In early 1962,
the campaign had received enough public support to become a permanent
organization and was ________ Amnesty International. Under British law,
Amnesty International was classed as a political organization and therefore
excluded from tax-free charity status. To work around this, the "Fund for the
Persecuted" was established in 1962 to receive donations to support prisoners
and their families. The name was later changed to the "Prisoners of Conscience
Appeal Fund" and is now a separate and independent charity which provides
relief and ________ grants to prisoners of conscience in the UK and around the
world. Amnesty International has, since its founding, pressured governments to
release those persons it considers to be prisoners of conscience. Governments,
conversely, tend to deny that the specific prisoners identified by Amnesty
International are, in fact, being held on the grounds Amnesty claims; they allege
that these prisoners pose ________ threats to the security of their countries. The
concept of "Prisoners of conscience" became a controversy around Nelson
Mandela's ________.

Option:- 1) recharged, renamed, refunded, erased

2) engagement, measurement, illusion, rehabilitation

3) raw, genuine, radiated, trivial

4) imprisonment, felon, redemption, redundancy

Answer: renamed, rehabilitation, genuine, imprisonment

7) A super intelligence is any intellect that vastly outperforms the best human
brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom,
and social skills. This definition leaves open how the super intelligence ________:
it could be in a digital computer, an ensemble of networked computers, cultured
cortical tissue, or something else. On this definition, Deep Blue is not a super
intelligence, since it is only smart within one narrow domain (chess), and even
there it is not vastly superior ________ the best humans. Entities such as
corporations or the scientific community are not super intelligences either.
Although they can perform a number of intellectual feats of which no individual
human is capable, they are not ________ integrated to count as intellects, and
there are many fields in which they perform much worse than single humans. For
example, you cannot have a real-time conversation with the scientific community.

Option:- 1) has implemented, is implemented, implements, implementing

2) against, to, for, by

3) barely, sufficiently, vaguely, sparsely

Answer: is implemented, to, sufficiently

8) Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe
during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This ________ of culture reflected
inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the world. This
understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with
nature or non-civilization. According to this understanding of culture, some
countries are more civilized than others, and some people are more cultured than
others. Anything that doesn’t ________ into this category is labelled as chaos or
anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the
progressive refinement of human ________. In practice, culture referred to elite
goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute couture,
museum-calibre art and classical music. The word cultured referred to people
who knew about and took part in these activities. For example, someone who
used culture in this sense might ________ that classical music is more refined
than music by working-class people, such as jazz or the indigenous music
traditions of aboriginal peoples.

Option:- 1) classification, concept, renovation, identity

2) cut, dismiss, fit, solve

3) blessing, curse, habit, behaviour

4) argue, doubt, pretend, deny

Answer: concept, fit, behaviour, argue

9) The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843 and
was ________ the method of difference. A simple example of what he meant by
this is to take two glasses of water which are identical in every ________.
Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes colour!
________ to Mill’s method of difference it is safe to ________ that the change in
the colour of the water is due to the introduction of a new factor — the
independent variable — in this case, the ink.

Option:- 1) capped, charged, solved, named

2) measure, thought, identity, respect

3) Compared, According, Contrary, Sorted

4) assume, discuss, prefer, acclaim

Answer: named, respect, According, assume

10) The heart functions as a pump at the centre of the circulatory system. In
humans it is located in the chest cavity, between the lungs, ________ to the left.
The heart consists of four chambers surrounded by a very strong muscular wall,
the myocardium. The upper chambers, the right and left atria, ________ blood
entering the heart, and the lower chambers, the right and left ventricles pump
the blood out of the heart, via the pulmonary and the systemic circulatory
systems. The two systems work as ________. Blood from the body enters the
right atrium, ________ passed into the right ventricle and from there is propelled
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs the blood releases carbon
dioxide and absorbs oxygen and is then ________ back to the heart into the left
atrium. From here it passes into the left ventricle, which pumps the oxygenated
blood around the body.

Option:- 1) compared, rather than, a bit, less than

2) lower, receive, repel, transfer

3) following, followed, follows, follow

4) being, is, has, had

5) dissolved, transported, discharged, multiplied

Answer: a bit, receive, follows, is, transported

11) Light is usually described as a form of energy and it is indeed a kind of

electromagnetic energy, not much different from radio waves, television signals,
heat, and X-rays. All of these are made up of waves that ________, bend,
interfere with one another, and react with obstacles in their path, rather like
waves in water. A physicist might tell you that light, along with all its
electromagnetic relatives, is really a form of matter, little different from more
________ matter such as houses and, like them, it is made up of individual
particles. Light particles, called photons, travel in streams, similar to the way in
which water pours through a hose. To most people, this might sound paradoxical
or illogical, as many things to do with physics seem to these days. How can light
be both energy and matter, wave and particle? The reason it can be is, in fact, not
at all ________: all energy is a form of matter. Almost everybody recognizes —
even if they do not understand — Einstein’s famous equation, E =mc2, which
spells it out: E refers to energy and m to the mass of matter. Furthermore, all
matter has some of the characteristics of waves and some of the particles, but
the waves of such solid-seeming things as houses are not ________ and can
generally be ignored because ordinary matter acts as if it were made up of
particles.

Option:- 1) spread, curve, occur, inflict

2) invisible, valuable, abstract, substantial

3) apparent, complicated, abrupt, implicit

4) responsible, accurate, discernible, consecutive

Answer: spread, substantial, complicated, discernible

12) Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do

you compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking
at intelligence that ________ not require the cooperation of the animal involved.
The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence.
Comparing ________ species is not as simple as generally expected. An elephant
will have a larger brain than a human has simply because it is a large beast.
________, we use the Cephalization index, which compares the size of an
animal's brain with the size of its body. Based on the Cephalization index, the
brightest animals on the planet are humans, ________ by great apes, porpoises
and elephants. As a general ________, animals that hunt for a living (like
canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to
outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always smarter
and have larger EQ's than solitary animals.

Option:- 1) can, do, did, does

2) across, to, through, with

3) Then, Instead, Because, Otherwise

4) followed, follows, follow, following

5) theory, principal, rule, principle

Answer: does, across, Instead, followed, rule

13) It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics
have tried. The ________ is that beauty is in the eye of the ________, and you
cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in
the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious ________?
It’s hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him
politically as well as ________.

Option:- 1) principle, idea, difficulty, concept

2) people, beholder, builder, audience

3) smell, complexion, smirk, binge

4) culturally, physically, economically, individually

Answer: difficulty, beholder, smirk, physically

14) Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiter’s' that are similar in ________
to the solar system's biggest ________ and orbit very close to their host stars, are
excellent targets for ________ in their search for their extra solar worlds. The size
and proximity of these planets is easy to ________ as they create a large
decrease in brightness when passing in front of their parent stars.

Option:- 1) borders, expressions, characteristics, shapes

2) frame, subordinate, planet, comet

3) members, astronomers, parties, makers

4) denounce, detect, deflect, determine

Answer: characteristics, planet, astronomers, detect

15) The introduction of security footage in courtrooms as evidence is increasingly

common. With the number of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras rising, the
likelihood of images deemed relevant for criminal proceedings being recorded
also increases. However, while CCTV footage may arguably have assisted in
achieving ________ in some high-profile cases, can it assist in the overall
reduction of violence against women? A well-known example in Australia of CCTV
helping solve a crime is the footage pulled from a shop on Sydney Road the night
Jill Meagher was raped and murdered by Adrian Bayley. This footage was
mentioned in his sentencing in 2013. In the same year, Simon Gittany was found
________ of the murder of his partner Lisa Harnum. CCTV footage – taken from
his own security cameras – was again ________ as key evidence. Beyond the
courtroom, news media reports of crime are saturated with the use of CCTV
footage. In both contexts, it is often seen to be ________ – an authoritative and
objective witness that can tell us “what really happened”. While used in a range
of offenses, its inclusion in instances of extreme (and public) violence against
women can mean certain images receive significant and sustained media
________, and may remain online indefinitely. The strength of CCTV in our public
consciousness is such that questions of privacy are often dismissed as
inconsequential. CCTV installed in the homes of family violence victims has even
been considered.

Option:- 1) convictions, discharges, disclaimers, connections

2) guilty, excessive, obsessive, abundant

3) interpreted, changed, disciplined, dictated

4) doubtful, decisive, inclusive, incisive

5) abortion, conception, abruption, attention

Answer: convictions, guilty, interpreted, decisive, attention

16) Finnish researchers have installed the world's first fully working "sand
battery", which can store green power for months at a time. The developers say
this could solve the problem of year-round supply, a major issue for green energy.
Using low-grade sand, the device ________ heat made from cheap electricity
from solar or wind. The sand stores the heat at around 500C, ________ can then
warm homes in winter when energy is more expensive. Because of climate
change and now thanks to the rapidly rising price of fossil fuels, there's a surge of
investment in new renewable energy production. But ________ new solar panels
and wind turbines can be quickly added to national grids, these extra sources also
present huge challenges. ________, most batteries are made with lithium and are
expensive with a large, physical footprint, and can only cope with a limited
amount of excess power. One of the big challenges now is whether the
technology can be scaled up to really make a difference and will the developers
be able to use it to get electricity out ________ heat? The efficiency falls
dramatically when the sand is used to just return power to the electricity grid.

Option:- 1) substitutes for, is caught up with, lives up to, is charged up with

2) which, however, what, that

3) except, therefore, while, then

4) Of course, Besides, Apart from, Right now

5) as well as, inside, despite, along

Answer: is charged up with, which, while, Right now, as well as

17) During the day, the sun heats up both the ocean surface and the land. Water
is a good absorber of the energy from the sun. The land absorbs much of the
sun's energy as well. However, water heats up much more slowly than land and
so the air above the land will be _____ compared to the air over the ocean. The
warm air over the land will rise throughout the day, causing low pressure at the
surface. Over the water, high surface pressure will form because of the colder air.
To _________, the air will sink over the ocean. The wind will blow from the higher
pressure over the water to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze.
The sea breeze strength will vary depending on the temperature __________
between the land and the ocean.

Option:- 1) warmer, more frigid, freezer, more sizzling

2) cover, compensate, concentrate, precipitate

3) variation, distinction, differentiation, difference

Answer: warmer, compensate, difference

18) Sportswomen’s records are important and need to be preserved. And if the
paper records don’t _________, we need to get out and start interviewing
people, not to put too fine a _________ on it, while we still have a ________.
After all, if the records aren’t kept in some form or another, then the stories are
_______ too.

Option:- 1) exist, has, too

2) have, point, put

3) chance, force, paper

4) appear, pending, lost

Answer: exist, point, chance, lost

19) The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion.
Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a ________ breeze. At other times it moves
rapidly creating gales and hurricanes. Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the
same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea
and land more than others. The air above theses _____ spots is warmed,
becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air
sinks, because it’s heavier. Winds blow because- air squeezed out by sinking, cold
air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a
______ in air temperature and pressure, always flowing from high to low
pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have local name — North America’s
chinook and France’s mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that
sends winds over the _____ globe.

Option:- 1) Heavy, pressure, gentle,

2) fierce, weighted, hot,

3) difference, expected, heavier

4) entire, workers, balance

Answer: gentle, hot, difference, entire

20) Evidence for a genetic basis of antisocial behaviour stems from several
different lines of research. First, behavioural genetic studies of twins and
adoptees have demonstrated that _______ plays a role in antisocial behaviour,
including various forms of aggression and criminality, by finding greater
concordance for such behaviour in genetically __________ individuals, compared
to non-relatives living in the same environment. Second, various correlates of
antisocial behaviour, including personality factors such as impulsivity, sensation
seeking, risk-taking, and callous-unemotional traits, are known to be at least
partly genetically ___________. Third, psychiatric outcomes related to antisocial
behaviour, including antisocial personality disorder, gambling, and substance use
and abuse, have also been ___________ in genetically informative designs, and
each of these has demonstrated significant genetic links.

Option:- 1) parenting, environment, heredity, culture

2) identical, related, diverse, idealized

3) delivered, managed, directed, influenced

4) inferred, investigated, inspected, integrated

Answer: heredity, related, influenced, investigated

21) In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the
Mind Works, Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional
lives may have _______ as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our
ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if
nothing is _________ from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery,
marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices
on the top floor, and the small number of women who become mechanical
engineers – all may have their _____ in natural selection, pinker claims. The
controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might _____ in their
inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may
have _____ influence on personality.

Option:- 1) Physical, tasks, originated,

2) immune, mental, implied

3) implications, instincts, roots,

4) differ, explained, single

5) improved, little, last

Answer: originated, immune, roots, differ, little

22) No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse
copyright can ______ so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for
artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on
giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that
copyright law is a _______, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement
with the US which required extension of years after death. Is it scandalous that
really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations (although
Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still ______ the
benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and members of the Garrick
Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne’s Christopher Robin books)? No. The
scandal is that been peasants politicians have attempted to appear cultured by
creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence
and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could _______. In
doing so they have betrayed.

Option:- 1) loyalty, floaty, royalty, confer

2) humiliation, slander, insult scandal

3) reaching, garnishing, reaping, gaining

4) testify, justify, satisfy, rubify

Answer: confer, scandal, reaping, justify

23) The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can
monitor machines and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need
to make sure the _______ Travel _________ the craft, they can see how the
seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigate
how seeds change their biological character. When _______ the craft, they can
set up experiments or clean ________ the space rubbish.

Option:- 1) Inhale, travel, Space,

2) Outside, moved, investigate

3) on, outside, carried

4) up, express, why

Answer: space, outside, outside, up

24) Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes eat only eggs as part of their
______. Some eat only small eggs which are ______ to eat, while some snakes
eat bird’s eggs, which they have to swallow ________, as the snake has no teeth.
Instead, these snakes have _______ that stick out from the backbone. The spines
crack the egg _________ as it passes through the throat. Once the egg is
punctured, muscles in the snake’s body work in waves to squeeze out the
contents, which then move down into the stomach. The snake then forces the
shell back into its mouth by bending its body into an ‘S’ shape. The shell is now
drained and flattened into a compact shape. Egg eating snakes sometimes have
to go for a long time without any food. So, they eat as many eggs as they can
when they get them!

Option:- 1) Eat, stick, diet

2) moved, easy, swallow

3) whole, part, side,

4) money, payroll, spines

5) open, new, instant

Answer: diet, easy, whole, spines, open

25) Paris is very old— there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years
and its shape has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in party by the
edicts of France's rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively
new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades ___________ by the
rebellious population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The
earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you
can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great
distress among the half a million or so whose houses were _________ razed, and
whose neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone,
especially when buildings are torn __________.

Option:- 1) Creating, create, being created, having been created

2) Simply, merely, only, justly

3) down, up, apart, afar

Answer: being created, simply, down

26) The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible

________ called dark matter and a force that _________ gravity known as dark
energy. Scientists have not yet __________ dark matter directly. It doesn't
interact with baryonic matter, and it's completely invisible to light and other
forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to detect with
current instruments. But scientists are confident it exists because of the
__________ effects it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy __________.

Option:- 1) Substance, material, property, subject

2) Repels, beats, gathers, fights against

3) Looked, tested, smelled, observed

4) Gravity, gravitational, constitutional, national

5) Balls, flocks, clusters, bunches

Answer: substance, repels, observed, gravitational, clusters

27) In reality, however, the causes of truancy and ____________ are diverse and
multi-faceted. There are as many causes of non-attendance as there are non-
attenders. Each child has his/her own _________ story, and whilst there may
often be certain identifiable factors in common, each non-attending child
demands and ________ an individual response, tailored to meet his/her
individual needs. This applies ________ to the 14-year-old who fails to attend
school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11-year-old who fails to
attend because he is __________ about changing for PE in front of peers, the 15-
year-old who is ‘bored’ by lessons, and to the seven-year-old who is teased in the
playground because she does not wear the latest designer label clothes.

Option:- 1) non-compliance, non-sense, non-attendance, non-binding

2) unorthodox, unique, novel, prolific

3) deserves, earns, combats, dissects

4) commonly, equally, instantly, gorgeously

5) ashamed, shy, embarrassed, embedded

Answer: non-attendance, unique, deserves, equally, embarrassed

28) Three degrees does not sound like much, but it _______ a rise in temperature
compared with the global heating that occurred between the last ice age, some
15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the eighteenth century. When Earth was
cold, giant glaciers sometimes extended from the polar regions as far south as St
Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe. Later this century when it is three degrees
hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a climate of often __________ heat
and drought, punctuated with storms and floods. The ________ for humanity
could be truly horrific; if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact of the plants and
animals with whom we share Earth. In a worst-case scenario, there might - in the
twenty-second century - be only a remnant of humanity eking out a _________
existence in the polar regions and the few remaining oases left on a hot and arid
Earth.

Option:- 1) proves, undermines, represents, explores represents,

2) tolerate, generate, intense unbearable,

3) evolution, aims, reasons consequences

4) diverse, direct, dilute, diminished

Answer: represents, unbearable, consequences, diminished

29) Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populous deltoids) in the Bronx and other
city spots grew to double the biomass of clones ______ outside small towns
upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection
Agency's western ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from
ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report. Ozone chemists have
known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full
24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from urban
pollution that _____ in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that
this hang-around ozone is the ______ factor in tree growth, the researchers say
in the July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most
vividly that rural areas pay the _____ for urban pollution," says Stephen R Long of
the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up
call," he adds.

Option:- 1) planted, produced, protected, preserved

2) breezes, blows, puffs, set

3) surprising, frightening, overwhelming, astonishing lessons, price, effect, cost

Answer: planted, blows, overwhelming, price

30) Stress that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, too many
______ to pay and not enough time or money — is a common emotion that
knows _____ borders. About three-fourths of people in the United States,
Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Britain reported
experiencing stress on a daily basis, according to AP-Ipsos _____. Anxious feelings
were more intense during the holidays. Germans feel stress more ______ than
those in other countries polled. People in the United States ______ financial
pressures as the top worry. About half the people polled in Britain said they
frequently or sometimes felt that life was beyond their control, the highest level
in the 10 countries surveyed.
Option:- 1) practices, bills, money, time

2) printed, solid, dash, few

3) series, news, polling, pants

4) intensely, openly, early, traditionally

5) enjoyed, cited, created, exited

Answer: bills, few, polling, intensely, cited

31) A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring
__________ the amount of rain and the __________ at which the rain fell during
that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct
__________ climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a
__________ of narrow rings means a __________.

Option:- 1) covet, reflect, register, copy

2) timing, duration, division, season

3) then, before, past, pass

4) seam, serious, serial, series

5) drought, hardness, humidity, strength

Answer: reflect, season, past, series, drought

32) The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their
most effective recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields candidates
who are similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover, satisfied
candidates and school systems are likely to __________ the word without any
special __________ on the part of their program. Other, less personal advertising
approaches, such as radio and television spots and local newspaper
advertisements, have also proven fruitful, __________ for newer programs. New
York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire dissatisfied professionals to
become teachers. Subway posters send provocative __________ to burned-out or
disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing returns? Invest in NYC kids" was
just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired invitations. News coverage has also
proven to be a __________ to alternative programs. When the New York Times,
for example, ran a story about the district's alternative route program, 2,100
applications flooded in over the next six weeks.

Option:- 1) spread, deepen, unfold, splay

2) effect, errand, effort, emotion

3) rarely, totally, especially, likely

4) telling, warning, messages, stories

5) facet, charge, boon, burden

Answer: spread, effort, especially, messages, boon

33) International trade allows countries to expand their markets and access
goods and services that __________ may not have been available domestically.
As a __________ of international trade, the market is more efficient. This
ultimately leads to more competitive pricing and brings __________ products to
consumers.

Option:- 1) either, thus, otherwise, likely

2) result, prelude, degree, delegation

3) cheaper, newer, all, novel

Answer: otherwise, result, cheaper

34) Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the
world. In all societies, people have tried to __________ themselves and those
close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time someone locks the door
to their house or their car, they __________ prevention. Most parents want their
children to learn to be law abiding and not spend extended periods of their lives
in prison. In this country, at least, most __________. Only a small minority of
young people become recidivist offenders. In a functioning society, crime
prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all-pervasive at the
grassroots, __________ is oddly neglected in mass media and political discourses.
When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate
about crime and possible __________, it is comparatively rare for them to
mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and
other 'law and order' responses. Option:- 1) promote, respect, protect, enhance

2) part of, a form of, relation to, addition to

3) succeeded, has succeeded, succeed, was succeeded

4) which, it, what, as

5) recipes, remedies, comedies, commodities

Answer: protect, a form of, succeed, it, remedies

35) Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal
__________ for why so many banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is
structural. Regulators did not regulate. Institutions failed to __________ as they
should. Rules and guidelines were either inadequate or ignored. The second
explanation is that Wall Street was __________, that the traders and investors
didn't know enough, that they made extravagant bets without __________ the
consequences. Option:- 1) explanations, debates, excuses, examples

2) function, use, stabilize, maintain

3) rough, rampant, incompetent, irresponsible

4) counting, understanding, correcting, valuing

Answer: explanations, function, incompetent, understanding

36) Thus the environmental policy does not contribute to the profitability in any
real sense at all. In practice it is companies that are well organized and efficient ,
or that are already comfortably profitable, that have time to __________ and
police environmental policies. However, if profitable companies are the ones
most likely to establish 'environmental best __________ ' this is confusing cause
with effect. It is not that environmental best practice causes profitability, but that
being profitable allows for __________ for the environment.

Option:- 1) cater, enlist, enrol, establish

2) practice, vocation, code, revision

3) concern, level, effect, bother

Answer: establish, practice, concern

37) There were twenty-six freshmen __________ in English at Beijing Language

Institute in the class of 1983. I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven
boy and girls who had ________ big cities in China. I was told that language
study required smallness so that we would each get more attention from the
skilful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my
classmates were ready all _________ in English, simple sentences tossed out to
each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their
intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and
accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming
dialogue, I couldn't __________ it all, only that it was English. Those words now
flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak
them, but I had never heard them _________ back to me in such a speedy, fluent
manner. My big plan of ______ the city folks were thawing before my eyes.
Option:- 1) Getting, majoring, interesting, concentrating

2) come at, come along, come from, come across

3) talking, tying, drinking, looking at

4) suspect, understand, wonder, convince

5) speak, are speaking, spoke, spoken 6) cheering, beating, relying, staying

Answer: majoring, come from, talking, understand, spoken, beating

38) In these distant times, the sun was seen to make its daily _______ across the
sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a
little and, on a few nights, it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the
heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They ______ know as the stars. It
was thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the
_______ of the universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was
well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly
positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took
centuries, in fact, it took millennia, for man to _______ the true nature of these
wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and
to predict their positions in the sky. Option:- 1) journey, voyage, travel, flight

2) had become, has become, is becoming, became

3) prediction, prophecy, secrets, system

4) distinguish, determine, distribute, dedicate

Answer: journey, became, secrets, determine

39) Top US business schools are recruiting younger, less experienced candidates
in an effort to boost applications and head off competition for the best students
from other graduate programs such as law and public policy. In an attempt to
_______ new students, leading business schools – including Harvard, Stanford,
the University of Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial
admissions ________ of four years’ work experience and ________ have set their
sights on recent college graduates and so-called “early career* _______ with only
a couple years of work under their belt. Option:- 1) Experience, expertise lure

2) Life, leading, prerequisite

3) develop, belt, instead

4) heard of, lure, professionals

Answer: lure, prerequisite, instead, professionals

40) In animals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord

called the central pattern __________(CPG). This produces signals that drive
muscles to _________ rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking,
depending on the pattern of ___________. A simple signal from the brain
instructs the CPG to switch between different ________, such as going from a
standstill to walking.

Option:- 1) Receptor, generator, genitors, generates

2) act, release, contract, construct

3) beats, rhythm, pauses, pulses

4) modes, elements, moods, moods elects

Answer: generator, contract, pulses, modes

41) Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do ________. After these
have been done, they get their _________. Then there is a lot of ________ from
scientists. The scientists around the world have a _____________ of world.

Option:- 1) publication, experiment, assumption, research

2) results, research, production, principles

3) dates, data, collection, discoveries

4) potential, picture, scientific, potently

Answer: experiment, results, data, picture

42) Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then ______ the
appropriate price to sell it at. The price is set by balancing many factors including
supply‐and‐demand, cost, desired profit, competition, perceived value, and
market behaviour. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is
willing to __________ for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex
because so many ________ influence what the purchaser _______ is a fair value.

Option:- 1) Detect, determine, deleted, dispose

2) exchange, change, promote, confirm

3) reasons, features, factors, messages

4) interact, debates, present, decides

Answer: determine, exchange, factors, decides

43) The writer- or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought ‘whole’, as
a unity, but must express it in a line of words; the reader- or listener- must take
this line of symbols and from it ________ the original wholeness of thought.
There is _________ difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives
innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the speaker; there is a
dialogue, and the listener can _____ in at any time. The advantage of group
discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by __________
on ideas from different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the
reader is confronted by line upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of
physical _______ and emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.

Option:- 1) flirted, reconstruct, engage, rename

2) litter, more, few, little

3) cut, some, give, coming

4) changing, sharing, conversing, converting

5) tone, appearance, force, mood

Answer: reconstruct, little, cut, conversing, tone

44) Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently,
has __________ much of their culture since the 17th century by avoiding
globalization and staying isolated from the world. Internet, television, and
western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But over the
past ten years globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain
______________ balanced. Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a
‘GNH.’ You may think GNH is just another _____________ based term with no
real-life application, but it refers to “Gross National Happiness.” The process of
measuring GNH began when Bhutan opened up to globalization. It measures
people’s quality of life, and makes sure that “material and spiritual development
happen together.” Bhutan has done an amazing job of finding this balance.
Bhutan has continually been (ranked) as the happiest country in all of Asia, and
the eighth Happiest Country in the world according to Business Week. In 2007,
Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same time as
________ their environment and cultural identity. Bhutan is the only Buddhist
Kingdom in the world; Mahayana Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan. Over
two thirds of the people are Buddhist, and Buddhism is supported by the
government both politically and economically. The government gives _______ to
Buddhist monasteries, shrines, monks and other Buddhist programs.

Option:- 1) prefer, preserved, preserves, selected

2) perfectly, greatly, fully, very

3) statistically, statistical, scientifically

4) keeping, balancing, marinating, maintaining

5) subsidy, special, subsidies, sanctity

Answer: preserved, perfectly, statistically, maintaining, subsidies

45) Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves
as ‘the corn people’. The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it’s mean to
_________ their abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the _____ of their
diet for almost 9000 years. [For an American like me, growing up linked to a very
different food chain, yet one that is also rooted in corn, not to think of himself as
a corn person suggests either a failure of imagination or a triumph of capitalism.
Or perhaps a little of both. For the great edifice of variety and choice that is an
American supermarket rests on a remarkably narrow biological foundation: corn.
It’s not merely the feed that the steers and the chickens and the pigs and the
turkeys ate; it’s not just the source of the flour and the oil and the leavenings, the
glycerides and colouring in the processed foods; it’s not just sweetening the soft
drinks or lending a shine to the magazine cover over by the checkout. fiberglass
and adhesives out of which the building itself has been built-is in no small
measure a ________ of corn.

Option:- 1) Remember, renown, knowledge, acknowledge

2) fix, staple, range, variety

3) display, show, manifestation, exhibition

Answer: acknowledge, staple, manifestation

46) The few people who live in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands have long been
accustomed to _________. They have been part of local consciousness since a
Japanese whaling ______ ran aground near the western end of the 1,100-mile
(1,800-km) volcanic _______ in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat
Island when the ship’s _______ scurried ashore and made itself at home. Since
then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands.

Option:- 1) Ships, accidents, boost, shipwrecks

2) sail, ship, shipped, boat

3) islet, archaeology, archipelago, island

4) infestation, infest, infested, manifestation

Answer: shipwrecks, ship, archipelago, infestation

47) A DOG may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog. Over the
centuries _________ breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce
what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these
distortions are, when found in people, regarded as _________. Dog breeding
does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body
shape is controlled. The _________ of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their
generation time is short and their _______ size reasonably large, so there is
plenty of material to work with. ________, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and
this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America’s
National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic
basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal _________
animal.

Option:- 1) Selected, excessive, selective, excellent

2) epidemic, pathologies, medication, diseases

3) ancestry, antecedents, descent, ancestors

4) lit, littering, litters, litter

5) hence, so, moreover, however

6) reprehensive, general, experimental, experiments

Answer: selective, pathologies, ancestry, litter, moreover, experimental

48) Spanish is spoken by more than 300 million people in over 20 countries and is
rapidly becoming one of the most popular _______ for language learners around
the world. A popular course for beginners, Suenos World Spanish is designed to
_______ the varied needs of adult learners, _______ learning at home or in a
class. From the very beginning it encourages you to develop your listening and
speaking skills with confidence and provides many opportunities to practice
reading in Spanish. Using the extensive _______ of media available, from the
course book to the audio CDs or cassettes, to the popular accompanying
television series and free online _______, Suenos World Spanish can help you
reach the equivalent level of a first qualification, such as GCSE.

Options: 1) commodities, choices, records, improvements

2) record, meet, choose, satisfies

3) as, whether, nor, not

4) series, range, rate, wisdom

5) actions, activities, breaches, binge

Answer: choices, meet, whether, range, activities

49) Bhutan used to be one of the most isolated nations in the world.
Developments including direct international flights, the Internet, mobile phone
networks, and cable television have _______ modernized the urban areas of the
country. Bhutan has _______ modernization with its ancient culture and
traditions under the guiding philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH).
Rampant _______ of the environment has been avoided. The government takes
great _______ to preserve the nation's traditional culture, identity and the
environment. In 2006, Business Week magazine rated Bhutan the happiest
country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, _______ a global survey
conducted by the University of Leicester in 2006 called the "World Map of
Happiness".

Options: 1) spontaneously, increasingly, contemporarily, mechanically

2) juggled, opted, balanced, altered

3) destruction, embodiment, vanity, execution

4) pride, measures, effects, allowance

5) submitting, citing, reviewing, proving

Answer: increasingly, balanced, destruction, measures, citing

50) There has been a great variety of critical approach to Shakespeare's work
since his death. During the 17th and 18th century, Shakespeare was both
admired and condemned. Since then, much of the adverse criticism has not been
considered relevant, although certain issues _______ to interest critics
throughout the years. For instance, charges against his moral propriety were
made by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century and by George Bernard Shaw in the
20th. Early criticism was directed _______ at questions of form. Shakespeare was
criticized for mixing comedy and tragedy and failing to observe the unities of time
and place _______ by the rules of classical drama. Dryden and Johnson were
among the critics claiming that he had _______ the language with false wit,
puns, and ambiguity. _______ some of his early plays might justly be charged
with a frivolous use of such devices, 20th-century criticism has tended to praise
their use in later plays as adding depth and resonance of meaning.

Options: 1) continuing, would have continued, have continued, being continuing

2) consecutively, primarily, hardly, solely

3) subscribed, documented, described, prescribed

4) versed, referred, transverse, corrupted

5) Since, Because, That, While

Answer: have continued, primarily, prescribed, corrupted, While

51) Coral reefs _______ more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem and
are, not _______, a favourite pursuit for many divers. But as well as being
physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also sustain the livelihoods of
over half a billion people. What is more, this number is expected to _______ in
coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is expected to halve. In
combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could lead to
increased seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to arrive at
some quite frightening scenarios. Options: 1) curb, harvest, support, cultivate 2)
seemingly, specifically, demandingly, surprisingly 3) appear, double, countdown,
unravel Answer: support, surprisingly, double 52) The Dag Hammarskjold Library
at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library designated to facilitate
the work of the United Nations and _______ mainly on the needs of the UN
Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations
Headquarters grounds _______, including specialized agencies, accredited media
and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to _______ constraints in place at
the United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general
_______.

Options: 1) falls, depends, focuses, pelts

2) pass, cover, deposit, brochure

3) security, economic, scale, health

4) view, aim, public, category

Answer: focuses, pass, security, public

53) "The Plains Indians were people who did not like to live in one place. They
liked to travel around and moved camps _______ three times a year. For this
reason they lived in tepees, these were like big tents and were easy to put up and
take down. These tepees were transported by horses." "Inside the tepee you
would find all the items that people needed to live. The Plains Indians would
decorate the insides with pictures, and store their weapons and food. The Indians
would also have a fire _______ of the tepee to cook the food. The Sioux people
_______ put buffalo skins on the floor to use as carpets. You would also find their
beds." "In the Indian camp everyone had a job to do. The men had to hunt for
food, and keep the families safe. The women had to cook all the meals, make the
clothes, _______ the children and whenever the camp moved they had to take
down and put up the tepees."

Options: 2) at least, fewer than, at most, less than

3) on the top, in spite, in the middle, in terms

4) akin to, preferred, used to, have yet to

5) stand for, take care, look after, sit about

Answer: at least, in the middle, used to, look after

54) Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book "The
Language Instinct", has called music "auditory cheesecake, an exquisite
confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental
faculties." If it vanished from our species, he said, "the rest of our lifestyle would
be _______ unchanged." Others have argued that, on the _______, music, along
with art and literature, is part of what makes people human; its absence would
have a brutalizing effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an _______
music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is
_______ in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music instinct
as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we tried.

Options: 1) rarely, cynically, nearing, virtually

2) end, contrary, whole, top

3) pretentious, presumptuous, ambitious, avid

4) enacted, installed, empowered, ingrained

Answer: virtually, contrary, avid, ingrained

55) The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have _______ with
Clement Wragge, an Australian meteorologist who in the 1890s entertained
himself by naming storms after women, mythical _______, and politicians that he
didn't like. The modern system of using personal names developed during World
War II, when meteorologists began using women's names — often those of wives
or girlfriends — instead of _______ designations based on latitude and longitude.
Short and quickly understood, names were easier to _______ over the radio and
easier to keep straight if there was more than one storm in a given area. The
system was _______ in 1953 when the National Weather Service put together an
alphabetical list of female names to be used for storms in the Atlantic basin. Male
names were added to the list in 1979 when women's groups pointed out the
sexism of using only female names.

Options: 1) originated, laminated, contaminated, vaccinated

2) figures, figuration, figurative, configures

3) worrisome, cumbersome, awesome, wholesome

4) transmit, transform, transfuse, transect

5) rationalized, decentralized, formalized, immortalized Answer: originated,

figures, cumbersome, transmit, formalized 56) Don't expect a straightforward
answer from Chanan Tigay about the _______ or even the existence of what was
promoted as the earliest version of the fifth and final book of the Jewish Torah,
known to Christians as the Book of Deuteronomy in the Old Testament. As an
author who spent years trying to _______ a juicy mystery and get it down on
paper, Tigay wants you to read his book, "The Lost Book of Moses: The Hunt for
the World's Oldest Bible," to find the answer. But at a talk on Wednesday, the
writer, journalist, and fellow offered listeners an enticing peek, describing how he
landed on the story of the mysterious manuscript and about his years trying to
track _______ the document. From the author's description, it was a wild,
Indiana Jones-type ride that included a competition to find the relic, false starts,
dead ends, trips to faraway places, and an ultimate breakthrough close to home.

Options: 1) authenticity, area, imagination, scale

2) unravel, build, cross, envisage

3) down, against, out, of

Answer: authenticity, unravel, down

57) People are spending twice as much time online compared to 10 years ago,
fueled by increasing use of tablets and smartphones. The biggest increase has
been _______ young adults, with time spent online almost tripling from 10 hours
and 24 minutes each week in 2005 to 27 hours and 36 minutes in 2014. In total,
the average adult spends more than 20 hours online a week, which includes time
spent on the internet at work. _______ the average person spends 2.5 hours
every week 'online while on the move' - away from their home, work or place of
study. This is a five-fold _______ from 2005, when the figure was just 30 minutes.
Overall, the proportion of adults using the internet has risen by half - from six in
ten in 2005 to almost nine in ten today, _______ to Ofcom's Media Use and
Attitudes 2015 report, which questioned 1,890 adults aged 16 and over about
their internet consumption habits.

Options: 1) within, along, between, among

2) However, Despite, Unless, Meanwhile

3) increase, magnitude, grid, space

4) according to, due to, controlled by, except for

Answer: among, Meanwhile, increase, according to

58) Umami was first identified in Japan, in 1908, when Dr. Kikunae Ikeda
concluded that Kombu, a type of edible seaweed, had a different taste than most
foods. He conducted _______ that found that the high concentration of
glutamate in Kombu was what made it so tasty. From there, he crystallized
monosodium glutamate (MSG), the seasoning that would become _______ the
world over. Decades later Umami became scientifically defined as one of the five
individual tastes sensed by receptors on the _______. Then in 1996, a team of
University of Miami researchers studying taste perception made another
breakthrough. They discovered separate taste receptor cells in the tongue for
detecting Umami. Before then, the concept was uncharted. 'Up until our research,
the _______ wisdom in the scientific community was that Umami was not a
separate sense. It was just a combination of the other four qualities (salty, sweet,
bitter, sour)', explained Dr. Stephen Roper, the University of Miami physiology
and biophysics professor who helped zero in on the taste along with Nirupa
Chaudhari, the team‘s lead researcher.

Options: 1) attempts, experiments, contests, experiences

2) exported, exclusive, popular, spread

3) jaws, mouth, tongue, fingers

4) erroneous, predominant, insignificant, important

Answer: experiments, popular, tongue, predominant

59) A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead.
Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park _______
the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could
mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The complex _______ of full-size
helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini
helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air.
The researchers realized that a simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively
would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out
that nature _______ them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a
single-blade structure that _______ them to fly far away and drift safely to the
ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to _______ through the
air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the behavior of the
samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its
design.

Options: 1) turned to, turned for, turned in, turned off

2) overhaul, gauge, imagination, design

3) has beaten, was beaten, had beaten, beaten

4) had allowed, allowed, allows, allowing

5) spin, fluctuate, drift, bob

Answer: turned to, design, had beaten, allows, spin

60) To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the
researchers combed through 2.5 million selfie posts _______ Instagram to
determine what kinds of identity statements people make by taking and sharing
the photos. Nearly 52 percent of all selfies _______ the appearance category:
pictures of people showing off their make-up, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks
were two times more popular than the other 14 categories _______. _______
appearances, social selfies with friends, loved ones, and pets were the most
common (14 percent). Then _______ ethnicity pics (13 percent), travel (7
percent), and health and fitness (5 percent). The researchers noted that the
prevalence of ethnicity selfies (selfies about a person’s ethnicity, nationality or
country of origin) is an indication that people are proud of their backgrounds.
They also found that most selfies are solo pictures, _______ than taken with a
group. _______, an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram were posted
by the 18-35-year-old crowd, something the researchers say isn't too surprising
_______ the demographics of the social media platform. The under-18 age group
posted about 30 percent of selfies.

Options: 1) of, to, above, on

2) summed up, broke down, fell into, focused on

3) constrained, confined, combined, unconfined

4) Regarding, Unless, After, against 5) let, were, came, did

6) less, other, rather, most

7) Along with, Although, Overall, Moreover

8) claiming, supposing, considering, imagining

Answer: on, fell into, combined, after, came, rather, Overall, considering

61) _______ the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove
swamps have been _______ for human use, with many turned into valuable
shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand
showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the
only _______, conversion would seem an excellent idea. However, proper
_______ shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this
figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to
ecosystem services. These _______ damage to the supply of foods and medicines
that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less
buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays _______
for three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them
afterwards.

Options: 1) By, With, To, Over

2) deserved, inserted, conserved, converted

3) index, element, choice, factor

4) accounting, percentage, aggregation, division

5) comprised, uneven, neglected, augmented

6) productive, interactive, distinctive, collective

Answer: Over, converted, factor, accounting, comprised, productive .

62) Green spaces contribute significantly to a _______ in soil and aerial

temperatures during spells of hot weather, so contributing to human wellbeing.
In the garden _______, there is, however, little information as to what extent
various types of plants _______ in their cooling potential and how certain
planting combinations may maximize cooling under a scenario of _______
rainfall and minimal water inputs.

Options: 1) genesis, conclusion, purification, reduction

2) extent, level, context, volume

3) confer, differ, coincide, defer

4) total, low, parallel, partial

Answer: reduction, context, differ, low

63) She transformed beauty into big business by cultivating classy sales methods
and giving away samples. Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his
mother founded, says she always thought she 'was growing a nice little business.'
And that it is. A little business that _______ 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S.
department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew
to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6
billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business; there weren't houses in
New York, Palm Beach, or the south of France. It is said that at one point there
was one person to answer the telephones who _______ her voice to become the
shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estee Lauder
story because it' s a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In
short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's
hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She started her
_______ by selling skin .. creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty
shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the potions were good - Estee Lauder
was a quality fanatic - but the sales lady was better. Much better. And she simply
outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She _______ the bosses of
New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth
Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach
that proved as _______ as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.

Options: 1) has, controls, makes, maintains

2) switched, changed, raised, used

3) emphasis, institute, companion, enterprise

4) stated, bridged, stalked, heaved

5) potent, collective, potential, expensive

Answer: controls, changed, enterprise, stalked, potent

64) From the earliest civilisations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a
means of understanding and recording the potential uses, such as their economic
and healing properties. From the first illustrated _______ of medicinal plants, De
Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century through to the late fourteenth
century the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in
instructional manuals and herbals were often repeatedly copied over the
centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that they became little
more than stylized decoration. With the growing _______ of copperplate
engravings, the traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of
plants and animals became more accurate. Then, with the _______ of artists such
as Albrecht Durer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto Brunfels,
Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse Aldrovandi in zoology,
nature began to be depicted in a more realistic style. Individual living plants or
animals _______ directly and their likeness rendered onto paper or vellum.

Options: 1) catalogue, calculation, formation, figuration

2) popularity, expectation, singularity, resilience

3) emergence, descent, havoc, omniscience

4) observed, observe, had observed, were observed

Answer: catalogue, popularity, emergence, were observed

65) Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day
you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you
don't like, but the ones you usually find OK, but on some occasions, you just can't
be bothered with it. You _______ have other things on your mind, be tired,
restless or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that
particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent _______ from you. The same is true of
revision. Your mental and physical _______ are important. If you try to revise
when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be
inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and
happy, it will be so much easier, and you will learn more, faster. However, if you
make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you feel like it, you
probably won’t do much revision! You need a revision timetable, so you don't
keep _______.

Options: 1) may, never, do, hardly

2) effort, afford, affect, effect

3) shortcomings, concerns, attitudes, appearances .

4) stopping, putting it off, pushing, putting out

Answer: may, effort, attitudes, putting it off

66) The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever found
and more are being discovered each year as continuing erosion is _______ new
evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest was once a tropical region, _______
with towering trees and extraordinary creatures. More than 150 different species
of fossilized plants have been discovered by palaeontologists and evidence
_______ ancient native people who inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago
has been _______ by archaeologists.

Options: 1) exposing, expanding, explaining, expecting

2) connected, filled, restored, treated

3) indicating, discharging, thinking, assume

4) deducted, rejected, confirmed, predicted

Answer: exposing, filled, indicating, confirmed

67) The exponential growth of the internet was _______, in the 1990s, as
revolutionizing the production and _______ of information. Some people saw the
internet as a means of _______ access to knowledge. For people _______ with
African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of _______ over the
technology gap that _______ Africa from advanced industrialized countries.

Options: 1) created, innovated, utilized, heralded

2) dissemination, broadcast, sending, process

3) democratizing, developing, accumulating, stabilizing

4) informed, confirmed, concerned, correlated .

5) copying, leapfrogging, heading, sweeping

6) separates, identifies, signifies, defines

Answer: heralded, dissemination, democratizing, concerned, leapfrogging,

separates

68) Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational _______ is

to provide an opportunity for you to discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of
the course. This is founded on the _______ that it is only by actively trying to use
the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can
achieve an adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a
point, it is highly _______ that you will be the only person in the group in that
position; you will invariably be undertaking a _______ for the entire group if you
come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did
not fully understand. The seminar is to _______ discussion.

Options: 1) result, team, role, regulation

2) awareness, information, consolation, assumption

3) similarly, likely, possible, unlikely

4) service, study, reservation, education

5) stir, provoke, rinse, commit

Answer: role, assumption, unlikely, service, provoke

69) Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move _______ fast as a racing
car, over 100 miles an _______ Winds can travel around the world. Wind can
make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body _______ when it is
windy. Weather forecasters need to _______ the speed and direction of the wind.
The strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when
there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is
called hurricane force.

Options: 1) to, for, in, as

2) hour, second, minute, micro second

3) faster, slower, higher, lower

4) overshoot, know, check, fix

Answer: as, hour, faster, know

70) Having tracked down research that is _______ to your area of interest, the
next task is to actually make sense of that research. This section is intended to
show you how to be critical of the research you _______ and how to check that
the _______ is credible and represented appropriately. Unfortunately this means
discussing the ways in which research findings may be misrepresented.
Options: 1) relevant, important, useful, referred

2) are monitoring, are finding, are reviewing, are discovering

3) support, invention, statement, evidence

Answer: relevant, are reviewing, evidence

71) Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to
false conclusions about the Mathematical sophistication of early societies.
Rudman's final observation-that ancient Greece _______ unrivalled progress in
the subject while _______ to teach it at school-leads to a _______ punch line：
Mathematics could be better learnt after we _______ school.

Options: .1) marked, enjoyed, reviewed, expected

2) waiting, hesitating, hoping, failing

3) radical, rational, radish, radius

4) enter, graduate, leave, go

Answer: enjoyed, failing, radical, leave

72) With the increase in women's _______ in the labour force, many mothers
have less time _______ to undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there
has been increasing _______ that the father's role and _______ with a child is
important. A father can have many _______ in the family, ranging from income
provider to teacher, carer, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid
work and family responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and
mothers in families.

Options: 1) anticipation, substitution, participation, definition

2) available, related, consumable, useful

3) recognition, discrimination, resolution, recreation

4) scholarship, relationship, worship, employment

5) members, players, workers, roles, recognition,

Answer: participation, available, relationship, roles

73) Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily
and use it as a way of projecting our self-identities to the people around us. The
music we enjoy - whether it' s country or classical, rock n' roll or rap - _______
who we are. But where did music, at its core, first come from? It' s a puzzling
question that may not have a definitive answer. One _______ researcher,
however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of .. music is
nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the
University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of
systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from '
motherese' -- the playful voices mothers _______ when speaking to infants and
toddlers. As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes caused by evolutionary
changes occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier
births, more fragile infants and a _______ need for stronger relationships
between mothers and their new-born babies. According to Parncutt, who is based
at the University of Graz in Austria, ' motherese' arose as a way to strengthen this
maternal bond and to help _______ an infant's survival.

Options: 1) means, convinces, shows, reflects

2) freelance, best, unanimous, leading

3) adapt, adopt, sing, forge

4) clinical, chronic, critical, fallow

5) confirm, improve, ensure, enquire

Answer: reflects, leading, adopt, critical, ensure

74) Everybody needs fresh water. _______ water people, animals and plants
cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all
humans need a constant supply of fresh water if they are to stay _______ and
healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3 percent of it is
fresh, and most of that is stored as ice and snow at the poles, or is so _______
under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the
water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it... that we
_______ use. That's about 4,300,000 cubic kilometres of fresh water to share out
between most of the plants, animals and people on the planet.

Options: 1) Without, Despite, As, With

2) excited, here, up, fit

3) wide, hard, deep, common

4) can, won't, don't, cannot

Answer: Without, fit, deep, can

75) Colourful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great _______ to ancestors
that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last
10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests.
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a _______ of diversity for
the Amazon basin, one of the largest _______ of biological diversity on Earth. The
finding runs _______ to the _______ that Amazonian diversity is the _______ of
evolution only within the tropical forest itself. “Basically, the Amazon basin is
'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead
author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of
_______, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have
shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the
basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role."

Options: 1) division, diversity, diversification, diversify

2) important, major source, essential, special

3) pool, reservoirs, tank, territories

4) along, counter, through, thoroughly

5) myth, idea, situation, condition

6) link, result, trigger, usher

7) living, life, origin, species

Answer: diversity, major source, reservoirs, counter, idea, result, origin

76) Traditionally, mass-communications research has conceptualized the process

of communication in terms of a circulation circuit or loop. This _______ has been
criticized for its linearity -- sender/message/receiver -- for its concentration on the
level of message exchange and for the absence of a structured conception of the
different moments as a complex structure of relations. But it is also _______ to
think of this process in terms of a structure produced and sustained through the
articulation of linked _______ distinctive moments production, circulation,
distribution/consumption, reproduction. This would be to think of the _______ as
a ' complex structure in dominance' , sustained through the articulation of
connected practices, each of which, however, retains its distinctiveness and has
its own _______ modality, its own forms and conditions of existence.

Options: 1) medal, modal, model, moral

2) useful, unbelievable, impossible, meaningless

3) if, and, but, or

4) works, practice, production, process

5) general, real, common, specific

Answer: model, useful, but, process, specific

77) The APS supports the development of an Australian curriculum for

psychological science. The APS Division of Psychological Research, Education and
Training, in _______ with teacher and curriculum representatives from .Page385
every State and Territory in Australia, _______ a proposed framework for senior
secondary school studies in psychological science. This framework
______________ the current senior science curricula that were developed and
published by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. The
APS hopes that this framework will _______ a dialogue between educators and
their local curriculum authority, with the aim of working towards a more _______
approach to the teaching of psychological science at secondary school level and
optimizing the preparation for students going on to undergraduate psychology
studies at university, as well as the effective use of psychological principles in
everyday life. Options: 1) confidence, consultation, consolation, condolence

2) has been developed, has developed, had been developing, have developed

3) has modelled on, to model on, is modelled on, modelled on

4) fertilize, facilitate, fascinate, fabricate

5) conjunctive, constituent, consistent, consequent

Answer: consultation, has developed, is modelled on, facilitate, consistent

78) A good story may be given a bad title by its author, and so started toward
failure. Novices are peculiarly _______ to this fault, usually through _______
themselves to be too easily satisfied. They go to _______ pains to make the story
itself fresh and individual, and then cap it with a _______ phrase that is worse
than no title at all. A good title is _______, specific, attractive, new, and short. A
title is apt if it is an outgrowth of the plot—a text, as I have said. It stands
definitely for that particular story, and gives a suggestion of what is to come—
but only a suggestion, lest it should anticipate the denouement and so _______
the curiosity of the reader too soon.

Options: 1) able, responsible, liable, possible

2) disabling, asking, persuading, allowing

3) stagnant, faint, vague, infinite

4) misleading, invisible, distinctive, commonplace

5) void, default, fussy, apt

6) intensify, multiply, satisfy, notify

Answer: liable, allowing, infinite, commonplace, apt, satisfy

79) The purpose of this paper is to consider the claim, often made, that computer
simulation exercises provide an excellent source of speaking practice. In so doing I
shall first consider the properties of computer simulations from a theoretical
_______, then describe the experience of _______ a particular simulation with a
general EFL class. On the basis of this experience, and of some very
straightforward pedagogical considerations, I shall argue that the claim is
justified, _______ to a very important caveat: computer simulations can form the
basis of excellent speaking exercises, provided you do not expect the computer to
do all the work. Put in another way, many computer simulations only _______
their full potential as language exercises if they are _______ into a larger,
planned, teacher-managed activity.

Options: 1) shape or form, state of mind, point of view, status quo

2) used, being used, using, having been used

3) subject, reject, expect, inject

4) contain, attain, retain, remain

5) separated, included, participated, integrated .

Answer: point of view, using, subject, attain, integrated

80) Increasing the amount of sleep a person gets has been linked to eating fewer
sugary foods, and making better nutritional choices. Wendy Hall, at King's College
London, and her team _______ 42 volunteers to help them investigate the link
between sleep and diet. Half the participants were given advice on how to get
more sleep- such as avoiding caffeine before bed, establishing a relaxing
_______, and trying not to go to bed too full or hungry. This advice was intended
to help them boost the amount of sleep they each got by 90 minutes a night. The
remaining 21 volunteers received no such advice. The team found that, of those
who were given the advice, 86 per cent spent more time in bed, and around half
slept for longer than they used to. These _______ sleep patterns were associated
with an average reduction in the intake of free sugars of 10 grams a day. People
who were getting more sleep also ate fewer carbohydrates. There were no
significant changes in diet in the control group.

Option: 1) collided, enlisted, summarized, indicted

2) routine, muscle, tissue, joint

3) exercised, decisive, inhaled, extended

Answer: enlisted, routine, extended

81) People who live in dense urban areas, particularly those with closely packed
apartments, are more likely to experience loneliness and _______, a large-scale
study of UK cities has found. Chris Webster at the University of Hong Kong and his
colleagues analyzed health data from nearly 406,000 people in 22 UK cities held
by the UK Bio bank and compared it with detailed data of . their environment,
such as their _______ to busy roads and green spaces. The team found that
people's self-reported loneliness increased by 2.8 per cent for every additional
1000 housing units within 1 kilometre of their home, while their self-reported
social isolation increased by 11.4 per cent. The researchers controlled for factors
including age, health and socioeconomic status, finding that the effects were
more _______ in men and retirees. Compared with their _______ living in the
lowest residential densities, men in the highest densities were 23.5 per cent more
likely to report loneliness, while retirees in areas with the densest housing were
17.4 per cent more likely to do so.

Option: 1) correlation, legislation, isolation, relation

2) family, proximity, business, knowledge

3) pronounced, denounced, announced, renounced

4) counterparts, disparts, imparts, underparts

Answer: isolation, proximity, pronounced, counterparts

82) "Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter."
This _______ of wisdom, often attributed to Mark Twain, has been turned into
many an _______ internet meme over the years. As a 51-year-old who is starting
to feel the gathering momentum of the inevitable slide, it strikes me as little more
than a platitude that makes people feel better about getting old. But according to
a growing body of research, there is more to it than that. Subjective age - how old
we feel - has a very real impact on health and _______. People who feel younger
than their years often actually are, in terms of how long they have left to live. The
question of what controls our subjective age, and whether we can change it, has
always been tricky to _______ . scientifically.

Option: 1) repository, pile, nugget, lumber

2) inspirational, invalid, unconventional, instrumental

3) subjectivity, sensitivity, longevity, objectivity

4) test, produce, address, measure

Answer: nugget, inspirational, longevity, address

83) When pain lasts for three months or longer, it is classified as chronic, a
condition that affects more than 30 per cent of the world's population. Chronic
pain was long believed to be a stubborn version of _______ pain - which passes in
less than three months once the damage is healed - and it was treated in much
the same way. Yet an increasing body of research has led doctors to believe that
chronic pain should be treated as a disease in its own right, rather than an
_______ symptom of tissue damage or physical trauma. This could have major
_______ for the treatment of lasting pain, together with the way we prescribe
addictive opioids. Recent research has revealed that in some people, chronic pain
is a problem with the brain. An injury can lead to pain that _______ after the
tissue has recovered because the brain has rewired itself and learned to send pain
signals, despite there no longer being a reason. Known as central sensitization, it
is as if the volume has been turned up on pain.

Option: 1) accurate, acumen, acute, prosecute

2) endurance, endurable, endured, enduring

3) improvisations, importations, implications, supplications .

4) demands, persists, perceives, tastes

Answer: acute, enduring, implications, persists

84) Eco-anxiety is already causing people to lose sleep over climate change. Now,
a global study has found that a warming planet is also affecting how long people
sleep, and the problem will get significantly worse this century even if humanity
manages to _______ in its carbon emissions. Our measurements of the impact of
above-average night temperatures on sleep have previously been limited by
being _______ to single countries, lab studies or notoriously unreliable self-
reporting of sleep. To glean a better real-world picture, Kelton Minor at the
University of Copenhagen, Denmark, took data from sleep-tracking wristbands
used by 48,000 people in 68 countries between 2015 and 2017. He and his
colleagues then _______ the sleep data with local weather data, revealing that
unusually hot nights are causing people to fall asleep later, rise earlier and sleep
less.

Option: 1) join, rein, gain, vein

2) decided, expected, required, confined

3) contained, controlled, paired, accessed

Answer: rein, confined, paired

85) Do you want to know roughly how much longer you might live if you
permanently _______ a healthier diet? The "Food for healthy life" website can
give you an idea - and if you're under 60 and eat a typical Western diet, the
answer could be around a decade or more on average. The website is based on
data from hundreds of studies. "The estimated life _______ is mainly due to a
reduction in the risk of heart disease, diabetes and cancer," says Lars . Fadnes at
the University of Bergen in Norway. His team started with recent meta-analyses
of the effect of eating various amounts of particular food types, such as fruits.
These findings were combined with data on global mortality and what people
currently eat to estimate the impact of a permanent change in diet. The highest
estimates of lifespan extension are based on a diet designed to _______ the
health benefits. This optimized diet involves eating no red or _______ meat,
drinking no sugar-sweetened beverages, reducing dairy and egg consumption,
and eating more legumes, whole grains and nuts.

Option: 1) accepted, scripted, adapted, adopted

2) insurance, policy, extension, style

3) maximize, compromise, idolize, franchise

4) assessed, recessed, accessed, processed

Answer: adopted, extension, maximize, processed

86) How can you get your business to reduce waste and help the environment,
yet at the same time reduce costs and increase customer _______? It sounds like
a dream, but it's undoubtedly possible through joining the circular economy in
both discrete and process manufacturing. The circular economy is a system that
looks to _______ waste and the continual use of resources. As opposed to a
traditional linear economy in which we make, consume, and throw away, moving
circular is all about creating a circle where we design out waste and pollution by
keeping products and materials in use for as long as possible and finding ways to
create new resources from what we _______. With the circular economy, we're
extracting the maximum value from products while in use, then recover and
regenerate products and materials at the end .Page392 of each service life. The
circular economy puts a big focus on services, maintenance, and _______ of
assets. However, as resources become more and more scarce, manufacturers and
distributors in the circular economy are introducing additional value-added
services.

Option: 1) reflection, satisfaction, confection, construction

2) subordinate, eliminate, disseminate, pomegranate

3) disconcert, displace, dispossess, discard

4) embarrassment, enlightenment, establishment, refurbishment

Answer: satisfaction, eliminate, discard, refurbishment

87) The International Monetary Fund (IMF), headquartered in Washington, DC, is

_______ of 189 member countries. The IMF works to foster global growth and
economic stability by providing policy, advice, and financing to its members. It
also works with developing nations to help them reduce poverty and achieve
macroeconomic _______. It now plays a central role in the management of
balance-of-payments difficulties and international financial crises. When the IMF
was founded, its primary functions were to provide short-term capital to _______
the balance of payments and to oversee fixed-exchange-rate arrangements
between countries, thus helping national governments manage their exchange
rates and prioritize economic growth. This _______ was meant to prevent the
spread of international economic crises. The IMF mission changed slightly after
1971, and floating currency exchange rates made it harder to predict the
economic stability of a region. Today the IMF plays an active role in and
managing economic policy around the world.

Option: 1) presented, divided, apprised, comprised .

2) stability, utility, docility, nasality

3) mobilize, prohibit, inhabit, aid

4) substance, circumstance, instance, assistance

Answer: comprised, stability, aid, assistance

88) You open your lunch box to discover that the lovely apple you sliced this
morning now appears unsightly and brown. Why does this happen? This _______
phenomenon is actually due to a chain of biochemical reactions known as
"enzymatic browning." When an apple is injured (or cut into pieces), the plant
tissue is exposed to oxygen. This _______ an enzyme known as polyphenol
oxidase (PPO) to oxidize polyphenols in the apple's flesh. This results in new
chemicals (o-quinones), which then react with amino acids to produce brown-
colored melanin’s. Different apple varieties contain different amounts of both the
initial enzyme and the polyphenols, and thus they brown at different rates.
Enzymatic browning is not _______ to apples; pears, bananas, and eggplants
also turn brown fairly quickly when cut. Enzymatic browning is also responsible
for the desirable dark color of prunes, coffee, black tea, and cocoa. Scientists are
working to genetically _______ apples that do not produce the PPO enzyme, so
perhaps brown apples will someday be a thing of the past.

Option: 1) unappetizing, galvanizing, anthologizing, characterizing

2) triggers, simplifies, fosters, constricts

3) contended, related, profiled, unique

4) resignate, envelope, dilute, engineer

Answer: unappetizing, triggers, unique, engineer .

89) You may have heard that you can get water from a cactus if you are ever lost
and _______ in a desert. Does it sound like a nice survival tip to store away, but is
it really that easy? It turns out that a cactus is not actually a spine covered basin
of fresh water. Such a plant would not last long in an _______ habitat filled with
thirsty animals. Water is truly a precious resource in a desert, so, in addition to
their _______ spines, most cactus species further protect their spongy flesh with
acids and potent alkaloids. These chemicals are usually too acrid for most
humans to tolerate and are _______ on the kidneys if ingested. The flesh of some
cactus species can also cause vomiting, diarrhea, or temporary paralysis none of
which is _______ to your survival in an emergency situation. Cactus fruits are a
better bet, though many are also unpalatable if eaten raw.

Option: 1) overrated, concentrated, dehydrated, saturated

2) acrid, arid, hybrid, avid

3) liquidating, invalidating, intimidating, elucidating

4) detoxing, fixing, taxing, affixing

5) coercive, conducive, enhancive, seductive

Answer: dehydrated, arid, intimidating, taxing, conducive

90) When potatoes are stored in a warm bright place, the tubers detect that they
might be in a suitable growing location and prepare to sprout. Chlorophyll
production increases, which slowly tints the peel, and eventually some of the
flesh, green. While chlorophyll is a harmless chemical, its x _______ in potatoes
indicates that the tubers have also increased their production of a glycoalkaloid
known as solanine. Solanine protects potatoes and other plants in the family
Solanaceae from herbivory and serves to _______ the sprouting . spud from
hungry animal mouths. Solanine is considered a neurotoxin, and _______ by
humans can cause nausea and headaches and can lead to serious neurological
problems and even death if enough is consumed. A recent study suggested that a
16-oz (450-gram) fully green potato is enough to make a small adult ill. Cooking
does not destroy the solanine toxin, so the green parts of potatoes should be
_______ entirely. Green potatoes should especially not be served to children,
whose smaller bodies make them more susceptible to poisoning.

Option: 1) omnipresence, presence, absence, essence

2) preserve, deserve, conserve, reserve

3) ingestion, congestion, suggestion, predilection

4) regrouped, retired, removed, reformed

Answer: presence, preserve, ingestion, removed

91) In 1492, Italian sailor Christopher Columbus; sent by Spain, arrived in the New
World. This was a dramatic event for both the people who already lived in the
Americas and for Europe. Native Americans fell _______ to an immense plague of
European diseases which weakened them in the face of armies led by Spanish
conquistadors. Within a few decades, Spain conquered the Caribbean, the Aztec
Empire of modern-day Mexico, and the Inca Empire stretching across the Andes.
Native Americans were _______ and forced to work on plantations and mines. As
a result, Spain grew rich and powerful. The other countries of Europe looked upon
the success of Spain with envy. They quickly hired explorers of their own and sent
them west in search of societies to conquer, gold to snatch, and perhaps even a
route to Asia for a _______ trade connection.

Option: 1) back, migration, victim, vacation

2) enclosed, engaged, enslaved, encountered

3) prosperous, porous, phosphorus, courteous

Answer: victim, enslaved, prosperous

92) When considering what makes us who we are, it is easy to think our
memories are the answer. Aside from the physical traces of the passing of time
on your body, your _______ are perhaps the only thing that links the you sitting
here today to the many your from every previous day of your existence. Without
them, your relationships would mean nothing, not to x _______ your knowledge,
tastes, and your many adventures. It might be no _______ to say your memories
are the essence of you. With this in mind, it is not surprising that much of the
burgeoning field of neuroscience has turned its efforts to understanding what
makes a memory and how to keep hold of it. Perhaps the most _______ idea to
come from recent discoveries is a re-imagining of the dark side of memory -
forgetting.

Option: 1) collections, maledictions, recollections, conjunctions

2) carry, mention, remain, take

3) transfiguration, exaggeration, generation, consideration

4) saluting, intriguing, indicting, corrupting

Answer: recollections, mention, exaggeration, intriguing

93) Micro plastics in recent years have taken front and centre as a massive
environmental problem _______ havoc on ecosystems in even the most remote
areas of the planet. In fact, since plastic is not decomposable, environmental
scientists have been scrambling to come up with ways to _______ the planet of
micro plastics and keep our waterways clean. And they have successfully used
egg whites to create a lightweight and porous aerogel material that can be used
in several ways, including water filtration, energy storage, and sound, as well as
insulation. The structure has the ability to remove both salt and micro plastics
from seawater in remarkable ways, doing so with 98% and 99% efficiency,
_______. And the experiments were done with regular store-bought eggs, which
means that future work can be done in a cost-effective way. The only issue with
this is that there would be such a large demand for eggs that it could possibly
outcompete the food industry. Once this is tackled, using these structures will
work _______ as an effective, energy efficient, and cost-effective method.

Option: 1) freaking, wreaking, breaking, creaking

2) study, rid, dominate, surround

3) respectively, distributively, interrogatively, retrospectively

4) monthly, unearthly, smoothly, earthly

Answer: wreaking, rid, respectively, smoothly

94) A of researchers claim to have created a biodegradable and _______

alternative to both glass and plastic in the form of "transparent wood," a
futuristic new material that could greatly reduce the ecological impact of more
environmentally-unfriendly building materials. The material, which was invented
by German scientist Siegfried Fink in 1992, has seen several changes and
improvements over the intervening years. It's made by first removing a naturally
occurring polymer called lignin from wood and _______ it with specially-
designed, transparent plastic materials, Plastics are used as a substitute for glass
which is (naturally) fragile,” Dhār said. "However, transparent wood is an even
better alternative from an ecological _______ as observed in our life-cycle
analysis. In recent times transparent wood has been used in construction, energy
storage, flexible electronics and packaging applications. But it won't be replacing
glass and plastic in their entirety anytime soon because scientists have yet to
figure out how to _______ up production of the material in an economical way.

Option: 1) gradable, unapproachable, knowledgeable, renewable

2) reciprocating, replacing, reverberating, resisting

3) respective, design, perspective, runaway

4) scale, mount, tailor, make

Answer: renewable, replacing, perspective, scale

95) There are soon to be 8 billion of us and counting. Yet while the world's
population is still growing fast overall, in many countries, the numbers are
_______ or will do soon. The population of China will begin to fall soon and could
halve by 2100. India's will peak around 2050. And the US population would fall
from the 2030s if not for immigration. So there are two _______ issues to deal
with: rapid population growth in some nations and population declines in others.
Many see limiting population growth as vital for tackling various environmental
catastrophes _______ around the world, as we report on in our article" What will
a population of 8 billion people mean for us and the planet?" Yet for wealthy
Westerners to call for lower-income countries to control their populations simply
in the name of protecting nature is hypocritical in the extreme, given that the
rich have vastly larger environmental footprints. What's more, there is often
more than a _______ of racism to such calls.

Option: 1) combining, delectable, declining, reclining

2) selective, distinct, corresponding, extinct

3) shrinking, bustling, harnessing, unfolding

4) variety, range, whiff, number

Answer: declining, distinct, unfolding, whiff

96) A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife photographer to

produce the definitive book on New Zealand's national bird, the kiwi. Kiwi: A
Natural History was written by Dr Isabel Castro and _______ photographs by Rod
Morris. Dr Castro has been working with kiwi _______ 1999, with a focus on their
behaviour. 'I've specifically been looking at the sense of smell that kiwi uses when
foraging, but _______ in their interactions with their environment and other
kiwi,' she says. The book covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution,
prehistory and closest relatives to their feeding and breeding behaviour and
current conservation issues, _______ this the perfect introduction for anyone
with an interest in these fascinating birds. The book is the second title in a new
_______ on New Zealand's wildlife, targeted at a family readership.

Option: 1) featuring, featured, features, feature

2) within, through, since, until

3) also, yet, either, never

4) assuming, making, defying, meaning

5) revision, derivation, series, means .

Answer: features, since, also, making, series

97) For a start, we need to change our _______ of 'retirement', and we need to
change mind-sets arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of
high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take early retirement.
Today, government encourages them to _______ their retirement. We now need
to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers _______
reduce their hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they
combine their work and non-work time. We also need to recognize the broader
change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are
moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and
retirement, as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and
leisure. Employers of choice remove the _______ between the different segments
of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of leave
entitlements. They take an individualized approach to workforce planning and
development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met _______.
This approach supports the different transitions that occur across the life course -
for example, school to work, becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the
care of older relatives, and moving from work to retirement.

Option: 1) contempt, confrontation, concept, conclusion

2) delay, commence, protract, drag

3) radically, disruptively, abruptly, gradually \

4) hinges, barriers, nexus, bans

5) condescendingly, simultaneously, hypocritically, spontaneously .

Answer: concept, delay, gradually, barriers, simultaneously

98) Look at the recent "Most Respected Companies" survey by the Financial
Times. Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the
_______ time? Rather predictably, they are Jack Welch and General Electric, and
Bill Gates, and Microsoft. _______ has achieved their world-class status through
playing nice. Welch is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his
business _______, and for the environmental pollution incidents and
prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the _______ profile cases of bullying
market dominance of recent times - and Gates has been able to _______ the
financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless
in business.

Option: 1) past, before, last, current

2) Also, Both, Neither, All

3) through, out, by, along

4) largest, highest, biggest, most

5) archive, acquaint, receive, achieve Answer: current, Neither, through, highest,

achieve 99) In the developed world, home appliances have greatly reduced the
need for physical labor. _______ people need to be involved in tasks that once
left them little time to do much else. For example, the word processor and email
have, to a great _______, replaced the dedicated secretarial staff that briefly
flourished with the rise of the typewriter. At _______ time all copies were made
with manual scribes, carefully duplicating what they read. Then we had carbon
paper. Then photocopiers. Then printers. Then the requirement for .Page402
physical copy reduced. An entire stream of labor appeared and disappeared as
technology advanced. We freed ourselves of one kind of work; we just replaced it
_______ another.

Option: 1) Fewer, More, Less, Many

2) extension, possibility, range, extent

3) once, some, one, a

4) with, as, for, to

Answer: Fewer, extent, one, with

 100) Decision making is central to the management of an enterprise. The
manager of a profit-making business has to decide on the manner of
implementation of the objectives of the business, at least one of which may
_______ relate to allocating resources so as to maximize profit. A non-profit-
making enterprise (such as a department of central or local government) will be
making decisions on resource allocation so as to be economical, efficient and
effective _______ finance. All organizations, whether in the private sector or the
public sector, _______ decisions which have financial implications. Decisions will
be about resources, which may be people, products, services or long-term and
short term investment. Decisions will also be about activities, including whether
and how to undertake them. Most decisions will at some stage involve
consideration of financial matters, _______ cost.

Option: 1) well, definitely, also, thereby

2) in its use of, to an extent of, in the accordance with, on the level of

3) beget, uplift, adapt, take

4) eventually, consequently, particularly, spontaneously .

Answer: well, in its use of, take, particularly

101) Affordable early years education and childcare potentially enables parents,
particularly mothers, to be in paid employment. International studies
_______that countries with greater enrolment rates in publicly funded or
provided childcare also have higher maternal employment rates, although
untangling causal relationships is complex. From the point of view of the
household additional income, especially for the less well-off, is itself associated
with better outcomes for children, as child poverty _______ to be a key
independent determinant of children's outcomes. From the point of view of the
public purse, as mothers _______ employment, they are likely to claim fewer
benefits and to generate extra revenues _______ income tax.

Option: 1) are finding, found, have yet to find, have found

2) is shown, has been shown, was showing, showed

3) enact, enroll, enter, enlist

4) through, within, by, throughout

Answer: have found, has been shown, enter, through

102) While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs, teachers are
wondering how to use education to insulate the next generation from such a fate.
This _______ before. When the last wave of automation swept the developed
world at the start of the 20th century, policymakers decided education was the
answer. If machines were going to substitute for brawn, _______, more people
would need to use their brains. The US invested _______ in education, with good
results. Workers reaped the benefits through better jobs and higher wages.
Economists Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson summed it up like this: 'The
industrial revolution _______ a race between technology and education -- and,
for most of the 20th century, humans won that race.'

Option: 1) would work, was working, has worked, has yet to work
2) it was, they objected, they reasoned, it was

3) inadvertently, heavily, stingily, expensively

4) started, installed, adapted, stalled

Answer: has worked, they reasoned, heavily, started

103) One of Australia's most remarkable natural gifts, the Great Barrier Reef is
blessed with the breath-taking beauty of the world' s largest coral reef. The reef
contains an _______ of marine life and comprises of over 3000 individual reef
systems and coral cays and literally hundreds of _______ tropical islands with
some of the world's most beautiful sun-soaked, golden beaches. Because of its
natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has become one of the world's most
_______after tourist destinations. A visitor to the Great Barrier Reef can enjoy
many _______ including snorkelling, scuba diving, aircraft or helicopter tours,
bare boats (self- sail) glass-bottomed boat viewing, semisubmersibles and
educational trips, cruise ship tours, whale watching and swimming with dolphins.

Option: 1) access, acquaintance, equivalence, abundance

2) illusionary, exterritorial, picturesque, visionary

3) sought, thought, caught, met

4) expeditions, experiences, expectations, emporiums

Answer: abundance, picturesque, sought, experiences

104) Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work.
Typically one, or both, of the parents she sees work in the City of London.
"Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny, Mewes is now a
parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's
behaviour, _______ doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients
find they are unprepared for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child
can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been in control their _______
lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head."
Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" _______ her pledge to fix behavioural
problems in children under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new
Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques. The _______ of the
parenting consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says, as
people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in her case,
parenting advice.

Option: 1) as long as, in order to, in spite of, as well as

2) whole, all, full, every

3) related with, together with, because of, according to

4) percentage, performance, role, belief

Answer: as well as, whole, because of, role

105) The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light
pollution is an increasingly common feature of the environments humans inhabit.
This type of pollution is _______ high in coastal regions of tropic and temperate
zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population .growth and
settlement. Light pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these
locations, particularly those whose ecology or behaviour depends, _______, on
natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to have detrimental
effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when they
emerge from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural
conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some early morning
and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-directed
orientation to the water, _______ mostly on light cues that attract them toward
the brighter horizon above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is
strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them _______ away from the sea
and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately, this
disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of hatchlings from
exhaustion, dehydration and predation.

Option: 1) exceptionally, absolutely, nearly, rarely

2) in no way, in some way, by the way, by no means

3) imposing, figuring, relying, pouring

4) to move, moving, moved, move

Answer: exceptionally, in some way, relying, to move

106) Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some _______,
dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the
show, but dance is more effective when it forms an integral part of the _______.
An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes(1936) in which the story about
classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be .Page407
introduced in a way that _______, rather than interrupts the drama.

Option: 1) dimensions, cases, brief, extent

2) prowess, plot, phenomenon, roundabout

3) encumbers, enhances, levels, crumples

Answer: cases, plot, enhances

107) The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that countries
must take full responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for
national development is the necessary consequence of _______. The Monterrey
Consensus states that each country has primary responsibility for its own
economic and social development, and the role of national policies and
development strategies cannot be _______. The Johannesburg Plan of _______
called for all governments to begin implementing national sustainable
development strategies (NSDS) by 2005 and the 2005 Summit agreed on a target
to achieve the internationally agreed goals. The automatic _______ of that
principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development
strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country
ownership of national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the
principle that development strategies should not only be _______ to country
circumstances but also be prepared and implemented under the leadership of the
governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also
acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognize the need for
developing countries to strike a _______ between their national policy priorities
and their international commitments.

Option: 1) democracy, sovereignty, dependency, society .

2) over-thought, countenanced, over-emphasized, over-heard

3) implement, implication, instruction, implementation

4) induction, conclusion, topic, corollary

5) attuned, attempted, terminated, wrapped

6) difference, relationship, balance, similarity

Answer: sovereignty, over-emphasized, implementation, corollary, attuned,

balance

108) Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and
images easier than ever, and the _______ of copyright restriction harder. This
situation has encouraged the growth of IP law, and _______ increased industrial
concentration on extending and 'policing' IP protection, while also leading to the
growth of an 'open access', or 'creative commons' movement which _______
such control of knowledge and _______.

Option: 1) detriment, solstice, enforcement, commissary

2) straggled, prompted, equated, grappled

3) challenges, hankered, allows, compelled

4) comparison, penmanship, quotient, creativity

Answer: enforcement, prompted, challenges, creativity

109) Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available
unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable for integrating suitable business, office,
residential, retail and other development in accessible locations so as to
maximize public transport _______ and encourage walking and cycling. Also, this
city can reduce the _______ of land for housing and associated urban
development on the urban fringe. For the proposed mixed business, mixed use
and business park areas, there was no employment data available for _______
areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will affect _______ in
Sydney.

Option: 1) profit, perspective, percentage, patronage

2) consumption, replenishment, inventory, accumulation

3) compensatory, competitive, communicative, comparable

4) durability, floridity, fluidity, affordability

Answer: patronage, consumption, comparable, affordability

110) Because the instructional methods, expected class participation and the
nature of the courses vary, no fixed number of absences is _______ to all
situations. Each instructor is _______ for making clear to the class at the
beginning of the semester his or her _______ and procedures in _______ to class
attendance and the reasons for them.

Option: 1) applicable, exceptional, ubiquitous, exempt

2) respectful, sensitive, responsible, negligible

3) stereotypes, policies, features, tempers

4) addition, regard, proportion, correspondence

Answer: applicable, responsible, policies, regard

111) A music student at the University of Salford who wrote a song in two weeks
is celebrating _______ being featured on a compilation album produced by
Metropolis Studios. Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael Jackson and Sir
Elton John have all recorded music at the world-famous Metropolis Studios. Last
year, the recording studios set _______ compiling an album called ' Lost Songs',
which features songs from relatively unknown musicians. First-year . student Zak
Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of the
Lost Songs album which was released this year, after he saw _______ successful
Volume One had been. Zak 24, said: ' I found this competition when simply
_______ the internet for songwriting competitions one day, and was lucky that
there was still _______to enter. It amazes me that people who have worked with
huge pop stars thought my song was good and worth something.'

Option: 1) except, without, before, after

2) off, on, up, about

3) how, that, which, if

4) search, searching, have searched, searched

5) expiry, chance, opportunity, time

Answer: after, about, how, searching, time

112) The writer, or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a
unity, but must express it in a line of words; the reader, or listener, must take this
line of symbols and from it _______ the original wholeness of thought. There is
_______ difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives innumerable cues
from the physical expressions of the speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener
can _______ in at any time. The advantage of group discussion is that people can
overcome linear sequence of words by _______ on ideas from different
directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by
line upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical _______ and
emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.

Option: 1) recover, respect, reconstruct, reduce .

2) little, no, many, few

3) lean, cut, intrude, get

4) inventing, spending, conceiving, converging

5) tune, thumb, tone, tile

Answer: reconstruct, little, cut, converging, tone

113) A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet visitors to the
British Science Festival this week. The plastic containers, bottles and cups were
collected locally in Hull, where the event is taking place at the city's university.
Standing 3.5m tall (11.5ft), the art installation _______ commissioned by the
University of Hull with the aim of raising awareness of plastic waste. Professor
Dan Parsons, director of the university's Energy and Environment Institute, said:
'Marine pollution is a mounting global challenge, which is already having
_______ consequences. We have a duty to protect these fragile environments
and the marine life and ecosystems which we _______ home. The university has
commissioned this installation as a physical _______ of what is ending up in the
oceans, but also to ask visitors to campus to stop and think what they could do to
try to reduce their own waste.'

Option: 1) has, being, have, was

2) devastated, devastating, devastate, to devastate

3) settle, call, originate, go

4) reminder, receipt, reinforcement, recognition

Answer: was, devastating, call, reminder

114) Assessments of language learning in 18-month-olds suggest that children

are better at grasping the names of objects with repeated syllables, over words
with non-identical syllables. Researchers say the study may help explain _______
some words or phrases, such as 'train' and 'good night', have given rise to
versions with repeated syllables, such as choo-choo and night-night. The
researchers say such words are easier for infants to learn, and may provide them
_______ a starter point for vocabulary learning. A team from the University of
Edinburgh assessed the infants' language learning behaviour in a series of visual
and attention tests _______ pictures on a computer screen of two unfamiliar
objects. The two objects were named with made-up words which were _______
to the infants by a recorded voice - one with two identical syllables, for example
neenee, and the other without repeated syllables, such as bolay. The infants were
then tested for their recognition of _______ word. Recordings of their eye
movements showed they looked more reliably at the object labeled with repeated
syllables, than the other object. Researchers validated their results with a control
test, in which the infants responded to pictures of familiar objects - such as a dog
or an apple.

Option: 1) that, whether, however, why

2) under, above, in, with

3) depleting, making, applying, using

4) communicated, expressed, accommodated, accelerated

5) another, dual, each, one

Answer: why, with, using, communicated, each

115) A novel invention for helping farmers to dry out hay more quickly has won a
University of Glasgow graduate a prestigious design award. Gavin Armstrong, 23,
from Kippen, Stirlingshire _______ the Glasgow 1999 Design Medal for his design
for a swath inverter— a _______ for flipping over a hay crop to help dry .Page413
out the damp underside. Dry hay is an essential farmyard food source for sheep
and cows. Gavin came up with the design as part of his Product Design
Engineering degree course, run in _______ with Glasgow School of Art. He built a
working prototype of the device which is powered and towed by a tractor and
uses a pair of parallel belts to invert the swath. The rollers are driven from one
hydraulic motor and are geared so as to spin at the same speed and in opposite
directions _______ that the touching inner two faces of the belt that perform the
inversion move rearwards at the same speed.

Option:- 1) forged, consigned, renewed, scooped

2) suggestion, prediction, situation, device

3) comparison, accordance, conjunction, contrast

4) denying, supposing, imposing, ensuring

Answer: scooped, device, conjunction, ensuring

116) Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel
_______ not only that I can tell what kind of _______ state my pets are in, but
also that they respond to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed scientist, I try to
take a more _______ and pragmatic view. These _______ observations seem
more likely to result from my desire for a good relationship with my dogs.

Option:- 1) relieved, sententious, embarrassed, confident

2) political, emotional, financial, physical

3) irregular, chaste, stoical, rational

4) communal, discrete, absurd, personal

Answer: confident, emotional, rational, personal .

117) It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of
studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they can
succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability, without
bothering to add the _______ of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer
the more or less instant _______ which comes from watching television
adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more _______ process of reading the
novel itself. Those who _______ watching television to reading the book are less
likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a _______ for text-
based materials.

Option:- 1) expenditure, exhaustion, explanation, exclusion

2) gratification, excitement, temptation, obsession

3) simple, complex, effortless, laborious

4) prefer, Enjoy, interest, like

5) knowledge, idea, motivation, taste

Answer: expenditure, gratification, laborious, prefer, taste

118) The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility.
Since some people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of
those who do contribute and are responsible are either to _______ the free
riders, refuse to pay for the _______ of their irresponsibility or trust the state to
_______ them. Hence the government campaigns against smoking, alcoholism,
obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up.
But the British state now goes further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial
minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing
the legal disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as
a whole observes the new order.

Option:- 1) tolerate, believe, overlook, misunderstand

2) effects, contents, appearances, causes

3) educate, breach, divide, muster

Answer: tolerate, effects, educate

119) A creature may have fine physical defences such as hard armor or sharp
spines. It may have powerful chemical defences such as an _______ smell or a
foul taste but none of these defences is much used in the _______ for survival
unless the animal also has the right behaviour to go with it. Evolution shapes a
living creature’s size and color, and it also shapes an animal’s actions and
behavioural patterns. The most _______ behaviours are instinctive or in-built. In
other words, the creatures can perform the actions without having to learn what
to do it by _______ and error.

Option:- 1) agreeable, enchanting, ordinary, appalling

2) struggle, march, game, campaign

3) dangerous, automatic, difficult, ascetic

4) attempt, doing, trial, tasting

Answer: appalling, struggle, automatic, trial

120) New technologies are helping cities replace failing water infrastructure.
Piping systems allow polymer-based materials to be inserted into old pipes to
repair faults and _______ leaks without having to dig up and lay new pipes.
When it comes to managing waste water, new systems are _______, such as
Advanced Immobilized Cell Reactor technology, which uses a system based on the
immobilization of bacteria, reducing the power and land area needed .Page416
for conventional waste water treatment systems. And companies have realized
that much can be achieved by re-examining their products at the _______ stage.
By designing items that can be more easily picked apart and that use fewer
different materials in their construction, companies can increase the _______
content of what they produce, cutting waste and generating cost-savings by
being able to re-use parts and materials.

Option:- 1) contain, stabilize, deposit, reduce

2) ongoing, adjourning, upbringing, emerging

3) envision, showcase, profile, development

4) dense, recyclable, crumpled, clumsy

Answer: reduce, emerging, development, development

121) Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into your
own words. However, what are your own words? How different must your
paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it should be _______ different.
The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood
another person's ideas, and can summarize them in your own writing style rather
than borrowing their phrases. If you just change a few words, or add some bits
_______ your own to an otherwise reproduced passage, you will probably
_______for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and simplify a writer's ideas
and describe them using different sentence structures and expressions. _______
also important to credit the original writer by referencing.

Option:- 1) considerable, considerate, considering, considerably

2) despite, of, on, off

3) be penalizing, be penalized, have penalized, penalize .

4) That has, It is, There is, That is

Answer: considerably, of, be penalized, It is

122) The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry,
commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of material culture
seek to understand societies, both past and present, through careful study and
_______ of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The
source material for study is exceptionally wide, _______ not just human made
artefacts but also natural objects and even preserved body parts (as you saw in
the film 'Encountering a body'). Some specialists in the field of material culture
have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it reigns
_______. It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in
circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. _______,
objects are all scholars have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient
peoples. Even where written documents survive, the physical remains of literate
cultures often help to provide new and interesting insights into how people once
lived and thought, _______ the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology.
In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians,
archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that
objects mean different things to different people.

Option:- 1) experiment, modification, consumption, observation

2) includes, including, included, had included

3) power, supreme, force, strength

4) By no means, In such cases, In this time, In this way

5) as long as, as if, as a result of, as in .

Answer: observation, including, supreme, In such cases, as in

123) Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the
late nineteenth century. During this period there has been an _______ on
scientific thinking. Because of this, there have been many scientific studies in
psychology which _______ different aspects of human nature. These include
studies into how biology (physical factors) influences human experience, how
people use their _______ (touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know
the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain ways, how memory
works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about
the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions and how
personality develops. These scientific _______ all contribute to an understanding
of human nature. What do we mean by the practical applications of these
studies? An _______ of psychology is useful in many different areas in life, such
as education, the workplace, social services and medicine. This means that people
who have knowledge of psychology can _______ or apply that knowledge in
areas such as the ones listed above.

Option:- 1) emphasis, attention, example, extension

2) exclude, summon, separate, explore

3) brains, skins, minds, senses

4) assumptions, correlations, investigations, stimulations

5) ideology, empowerment, understanding, equivalence

6) register, classify, use, prepare Answer: emphasis, explore, senses,

investigations, understanding, use .

124) In a new study _______ in the journal Nature Communications, scientists

from the universities of Nottingham and Durham and the British Geological
Survey (BGS), have discovered the cause of a mass extinction within marine
organisms called foraminifera. Foraminifera are an important group in relation to
biomass in the deep ocean and the cause of their extinction was _______
unknown. Scientists tested various possible _______ for the mass extinction and
were able to discount others such as ocean cooling. _______ they discovered that
the extinction was caused by a global change in plankton at the surface of the
ocean.

Option:- 1) publishing, has published, published, be publishing

2) occasionally, necessarily, previously, currently

3) causes, consequences, elements, factors

4) Hence, Thus, So, Instead

Answer: published, previously, causes, Instead

125) As digitalization and smart automation progress, many will see their jobs
altered. Advances in automation technologies will mean that people will
________ work side by side with robots, smart automation and artificial
intelligence. Businesses will look for employees who are good at the tasks that
smart automation ________ to do and that add value to the use of smart
automation. In the past, technological progress has had a positive impact on our
society, increasing labor productivity, wages and prosperity. Right now, a new
technological wave of digitalization and smart automation — ________ of
artificial intelligence, robotics and other technologies — is fundamentally
transforming the way we work, at an unprecedented pace. ________, data
analytics, the Internet of Things and drones are already used in many . industries
to make production processes better, faster, and cheaper. We already see shifts
in the structure of employment: in industries, tasks, educational levels and skills.

Option:- 1) increase, increasingly, increasing, increased

2) struggled, struggling, struggles, used to struggle

3) combinations, combines, combining, combine

4) Instead, Of course, No wander, For example

Answer: increasingly, struggles, combinations, For example

126) All of this suggests that our relationship to our phones might not be
sufficiently intellectualized, which is why Brian Merchant’s book comes as a
________. Like the best historians, Merchant, an American journalist and editor
of Vice Media’s technology blog, Motherboard, ________ the history of the
iPhone in a way that makes it seem both inevitable in its outline and ________ in
its details.

Option:- 1) privilege, relief, demotion, flash

2) enriches, unpacks, detours, contorts

3) surprises, surprised, surprising, surprise

Answer: relief, unpacks, surprising

127) All of this suggests that our relationship to our phones might not be
sufficiently intellectualized, which is why Brian Merchant’s book comes as a
________. Like the best historians, Merchant, an American journalist and editor
of Vice Media’s technology blog, Motherboard, ________ the history of the
iPhone in a way that makes it seem both inevitable in its outline and ________ in
its details.

Option:- 1) privilege, relief, demotion, flash

2) enriches, unpacks, detours, contorts

3) surprises, surprised, surprising, surprise

Answer: relief, unpacks, surprising

128) Thanks to their ability to ________ our most primal desires for connection,
distraction and validation, smartphones have become some of the bestselling
devices of all time. Apple have sold more than a billion iPhones since its launch in
2007. By one estimate, we spend an average of almost five hours a day ________
at their little screens. The real figure is probably higher: a team of British
psychologists found that people tend to underestimate the time spent on their
phones by about half, whole hours just ________ in the fog.

Option:- 1) hijack, describe, sharpen, conserve

2) watching, waggling, snoring, staring

3) has evaporated, evaporates, evaporate, evaporating

Answer: hijack, staring, evaporating

129) First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly panic-
stricken, because things are moving much faster than they expected. Greenhouse
gas emissions are going up faster than ________ both from industrializing
countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in Siberia and Canada. The Arctic
Sea ice is melting so fast that the whole ocean may be ice-free in late summer in
five years' time. Most climate scientists now see last year's report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, whose forecasts are used by most
governments for planning purposes, as a ________ historical document. Second,
the biggest early impact of global warming will be on the food supply, both
locally and globally. When the global average temperature hits one and a half
degrees hotter - and it will, the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
________ us to that much warming - some countries will no longer be able to
feed their people. Others, further from the equator, will still have enough food for
themselves, but none to ________.

Option:- 1) credited, formed, predicted, ordered

2) purely, evenly, disproportionately, seemingly

3) commits, commit, committing, committed

4) spare, end, apply, span

Answer: predicted, purely, commits, spare

130) Individual human beings are relatively powerless creatures, no match for
lions or bears. It’s what they can do as groups that has ________ them to take
over the planet. These groupings – corporations, religions, states – are now part
of a vast network of ________ information flows. Finding points of resistance,
where smaller units can ________ up to the waves of information washing
around the globe, is becoming harder all the time.

Option:- 1) enabled, contented, embodied, conjured

2) interconnected, overlapping, fastened, exploited

3) stand, raise, hail, pump

Answer: enabled, interconnected, stand .

131) Used in a variety of courses in various disciplines, Asking the Right

Questions helps students bridge the gap between simply memorizing or blindly
accepting information, and the greater challenge of critical analysis and
synthesis. ________, this concise text teaches students to think critically by
exploring the components of arguments — issues, conclusions, reasons, evidence,
assumptions, language — and on how to ________ fallacies and manipulations
and obstacles to critical thinking in both written and visual communication. It
teaches them to ________ to alternative points of view and develop a solid
foundation for making personal choices about what to accept and what to reject.

Option:- 1) Articulately, Specifically, Conversely, Proportionately

2) escalate, spot, resume, stow

3) respond, descend, add, score

Answer: Specifically, spot, respond

132) Research demonstrates that facial appearance affects social perceptions.
The current research investigates the ________ possibility: Can social perceptions
influence facial appearance? We examine a social tag that is associated with us
early in life— our given name. The hypothesis is that name stereotypes can be
manifested in facial appearance, producing a face-name matching effect,
________ both a social perceiver and a computer are able to accurately match a
person’s name to his or her face. In 8 studies we demonstrate the existence of
this effect, as participants examining an unfamiliar face accurately select the
person’s true name from a list of several names, significantly above chance level.
We replicate the effect in 2 countries and find that it extends ________ the limits
of socioeconomic cues. We also .find the effect using a computer-based paradigm
and 94,000 faces. In our exploration of the underlying mechanism, we show that
existing name stereotypes produce the effect, as its occurrence is culture-
dependent. A self-fulfilling ________ seems to be at work, as initial evidence
shows that facial appearance regions that are controlled by the individual (e.g.,
hairstyle) are sufficient to produce the effect, and socially using one’s given name
is necessary to generate the effect. Together, these studies suggest that facial
appearance represents social expectations of how a person with a specific name
should look. In this way a social tag may influence one’s facial appearance.

Option:- 1) negligible, reverse, positive, sheer

2) notwithstanding, ever, whereby, despite

3) into, beyond, within, by

4) prophecy, observation, preference, stipulation

Answer: reverse, whereby, beyond, prophecy 133) The concept of health holds
different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings of health
have also ________ over time. This difference is no more ________ than in
Western society today, when ________ of health and health promotion are being
challenged and ________ in new ways.

Option:- 1) existed, changed, vanished, adopted

2) identical, unique, evident, ironic

3) contours, figures, notions, costs

4) emitted, served, dictated, expanded

Answer: changed, evident, notions, expanded

134) For the first time, dictionary publishers are ________ real, spoken English
into their data. It gives lexicographers (people who write dictionaries) ________
to a more vibrant, up-to-date ________ language which has never really been
studied before.

Option:- 1) incorporating, enlarging, treating, excluding

2) honor, access, prevision, privilege

3) obscure, indifferent, vernacular, common

Answer: incorporating, access, vernacular

135) Roman poet Ovid wrote that “there is nothing ________ in the universe. All
ebb and flow, and every shape that’s born bears in its ________ the seeds of
change”. These words are remarkably ________ when one considers the way life
has changed through time as revealed by fossil record.

Option:- 1) orthodox, volatile, constant, cheap

2) heart, limb, womb, brain 3) prevalent, detached, relevant, dominant

Answer: constant, womb, relevant .