CHM 101 - PH, Solubility and Ionic Equilbria
CHM 101 - PH, Solubility and Ionic Equilbria
CHM 101 - PH, Solubility and Ionic Equilbria
Learning Objectives:
Effect on Animals: Effect of pH is most observed for the animals that stay in
water. Acidic water robs fish and other aquatic species of sodium in the blood
and oxygen in the tissues. Additionally, it affects the functioning of fish
gills. Acidic water also poisons fish eggs, as they will not hatch if water pH is
too low.
In addition to the direct effects on fish, acid water also destroys ecosystems by
killing organisms lower on the food chain.
EFFECT OF PH ON TOOTH DECAY
• The saliva in a healthy mouth has a pH of 7.1.
• Certain foods increase the acidity of the mouth and reduce the pH
level. Saliva helps neutralize the acid, but the pH of saliva can
become more acidic after eating acidic foods. It can take between a
few minutes to a few hours for the pH of the mouth to neutralize.
pH= - log +
[H ]
For example,
• For a solution with a hydrogen ion activity
of 5×10−6 (at that level, this is essentially the number
of moles of hydrogen ions per litre of solution)
• There is 1/(5×10−6) = 2×105,
• Thus such a solution has a
•pH of log10(2×10 ) = 5.3 5
pH depends on temperature
At 25 °C it is 7.00,
where E is a measured potential, E0 is the standard electrode potential, R is the gas constant, T is the
temperature in kelvins, F is the Faraday constant.
pH indicators
• Indicators may be used to measure pH, by making
use of the fact that their color changes with pH.
- pH meter -
Universal Indicator
pOH
• In the case of sodium chloride (NaCl) for example, the positive sodium ions (Na+) are
attracted to the negative pole of the water molecule, while the negative chloride
ions (Cl−) are attracted to the positive pole of the water molecule.
• When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the polar water molecules are able to
work their way in between the individual ions in the lattice.
• The water molecules surround the negative chloride ions and positive sodium ions
and pull them away into the solution.
This process is called dissociation
Sodium chloride dissolves in water
form
For Acids , Bases & Ionic Solids
Calculating pH for Acids , Bases & Ionic Solids
• [pH] or potential of Hydrogen, is measured on a scale from 0 to 14. 0
being the most ACIDIC, while 14 being the most BASIC
• To find pH from the concentration of H3O+ (or just simply H+) you
need to do the following:
pH= -log[H3O+] or -log[H+]
The [H3O+] or [H+] is just the concentration (in molarity)
If you have the concentration of OH−, however, simply find the pOH by:
pOH=-log[OH−]
• After you get this number, you do the following:
pH= 14-pOH
Related questions
• The importance of water pH is to keep your
body in balance and to regulate metabolic
processes. A diet high in acidity will lead to
weight gain, slower immune response, and
susceptibility to disease, while a diet too
alkaline will lead to inability to metabolize
key nutrients.
OR
Answer
• Correct option is C
• 1 M H2SO4 solution
• Given concentration of all the acidic solutions is equal.
However, H2SO4 being the strongest acid will dissociate completely
thus giving highest concentration of H+ ions.
pH balance disorders
• A blood pH imbalance can lead to two
conditions: acidosis and alkalosis.
• Acidosis refers to having blood that’s too acidic, or a blood pH
of less than 7.35. Alkalosis refers to having blood that’s too
basic, or a blood pH of higher than 7.45.
• There are different types of acidosis and alkalosis based on the
underlying cause.
• When acidosis or alkalosis is caused by a lung disorder or issue
with exhalation, it’s referred to as “respiratory.” When
acidosis or alkalosis is caused by a problem with the functioning
of the kidneys, it’s referred to as “metabolic.”
Similar Concepts in dissociation
Recap -------Revision
Table of Common Ions
Common Positive Ions (Cations)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent
Hydronium (aqueous) O+
H3 Magnesium Mg2+ Aluminium Al3+
Hydrogen (proton) H+ Calcium Ca2+ Antimony III Sb3+
Lithium Li+ Strontium Sr2+ Bismuth III Bi3+
Sodium Na+ Beryllium Be2+
Potassium K+ Manganese II Mn2+
Rubidium Rb+ Barium Ba2+
Cesium Cs+ Zinc Zn2+
Francium Fr+ Cadmium Cd2+
Silver Ag+ Nickel II Ni2+
Ammonium NH4+ Palladium II Pd2+
Thalium Tl+ Platinum II Pt2+
Copper I Cu+ Copper II Cu2+
Mercury II Hg2+
Mercury I Hg22+
Iron II Fe2+ Iron III Fe3+
Cobalt II Co2+ Cobalt III Co3+
Chromium II Cr2+ Chromium III Cr3+
Lead II Pb2+
Tin II Sn2+
You should know the
strong acids & bases
pH, a Concentration Scale
pH: a way to express acidity -- the concentration of H+ in solution.
Acid Formula pH
Hydrofluoric HF 3.1
Hydrocyanic HCN 9
1. Add solution from the
Titration buret.
2. Reagent (base) reacts with
compound (acid) in solution
in the flask.
3. Indicator shows when exact
stoichiometric reaction has
occurred.
4. Net ionic equation
H+ + OH- --> H2O
5. At equivalence point
moles H+ = moles OH-
Titrant
Equivalence Point
Primary Standard
End Point
Secondary Standard
Titration
http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/abcon/abcon-2.html
Autoionization of Water
• Because water is amphiprotic, one water molecule can react with another
to form an OH– ion and an H3O+ ion in an autoionization process:
2H2O(l)⇋H3O+ (aq) + OH– (aq)
• Equilibrium constant K for this reaction can be written as
[H3O+] [OH–]
Kc =
[H2O]2
• The equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a sparingly soluble salt is the
solubility product of the salt, Ksp.
• The concentration of a pure solid is a constant and does not appear in the
equilibrium constant expression.
– Ksp is constant
Solubility of ionic compounds in water
• For example, the salt's positive ions (e.g. Ag+) attract the
partially negative oxygens in H2O. Likewise, the salt's negative
ions (e.g. Cl−) attract the partially positive hydrogens in H2O.
• This value depends on the type of salt (AgCl vs. NaCl, for
example), temperature, and the common ion effect.
Calculation of Solubility
• One can calculate the amount of AgCl that will dissolve in 1 liter
of water.
• Some algebra is required:
Ksp = [Ag+] × [Cl−]
(definition of solubility product)
• Ksp = 1.8 × 10−10 (from a table of solubility products)
• [Ag+] and [Cl−] are conc of Silver and Chloride ions
respectively
Interpretation
• Ag+] = [Cl−], in the absence of other silver or chloride salts,
• [Ag+]2 = 1.8 × 10−10
• [Ag+] = 1.34 × 10−5
• Meaning of the result: 1 liter of water can dissolve 1.34 × 10−5 moles
of AgCl(s) at room temperature.
• Compared with other types of salts, AgCl is poorly soluble in water. In
contrast, table salt (NaCl) has a higher Ksp and is, therefore, more
soluble.
Factors That Affect Solubility
Factors That Affect Solubility
• There are four reasons that the solubility of a compound may be other than
expected:
1. Ion-pair formation
2. Incomplete dissociation of molecular solutes
3. Formation of complex ions
4. Changes in pH
(O level concepts…: Temperature, Pressure, Polarity and rate
of dissolution)
Ion-Pair Formation
• A hydrated ion is one kind of complex ion, molecules or ions that contain at least
one lone pair of electrons. , a species formed between a central metal ion and one
or more surrounding ligands (Note the definition)
• A complex ion forms from a metal ion and a ligand because of a Lewis acid-base
interaction.
– The positively charged metal ion acts as a Lewis acid, and the ligand, with one or more lone
pairs of electrons, acts as a Lewis base.
– Small, highly charged metal ions have the greatest tendency to act as Lewis acids and to
form complex ions.
The Formation Constant
• Definitions
• Factors influencing solubility
• The effect of pH on solubility
• The effect of pressure
• Influence of solvents on solubility
Contents
Partition Phenomena
• Partition concepts
• For weak electrolytes as solutes
• Drug absorption
• pH partition hypothesis
• Site of drug partitioning
Definitions
• Solubility is the concentration of a solute when the solvent has
dissolved all the solute that it can at a given temperature
• Dipole moment
• A measure of polarity
Molecules that have a
high dipole moment are
more soluble in polar
solvents such as water
Factors influencing solubility
• Chemical structure * Table 6-5 Dielectric Constants of
Some Solvents at 25℃
• Hydrogen bonding
By changing the pH of the solution, you can change the charge state of the solute. If the pH of the solution is such that a
particular molecule carries no net electric charge, the solute often has minimal solubility and precipitates out of the solution.
<Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation>
The effect of pH on solubility
• Basic drugs (RNH2)
The rate at which a drug goes into the solution when it is dissolved in an
acidic or a basic medium is proportional to the solubility of the drug. Many
drugs have different solubilities at different pHs. These pH-dependent
solubility differences lead to pH- -dependent dissolution profiles.
* Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy 4th edition
Alexander T Florence and David Attwood
The effect of pH on solubility
• Basic drugs (RNH2)
<Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation>
The effect of Pressure
• Henry’s Law
C2= σp
• Weak electrolytes
• In separation techniques
Application of Solubility : liquid–liquid
extraction
• The synthesis of benzoic
acid from phenylmagnesium bromide and dry ice.
Benzoic acid is more soluble in an organic solvent
such as dichloromethane or diethyl ether, and
when shaken with this organic solvent in
a separatory funnel, will preferentially dissolve in
the organic layer. The other reaction products,
including the magnesium bromide, will remain in
the aqueous layer, clearly showing that separation
based on solubility is achieved. This process,
known as liquid–liquid extraction, is an important
technique in synthetic chemistry.
Wishing the best in
CAT and examination