English 10

Cavite Christian School

F & E De Castro Village, Aniban V, Bacoor, Cavite
S.Y. 2023-2024, 3rd Quarter
Week 7
English 10

● Words, Phrases, Clauses

● Sentence Structures
● Biography and Autobiography
Objectives
1. define words, phrases, and clauses;
2. identify different kinds of a phrase;
3. determine different types of a
clause;
4. recognize and analyze different
sentence structures;
5. write sentences according to the
required structure; and
6. differentiate biography from
autobiography.
Words, Phrases,
and Clauses
 Word
A word is the easiest to identify as part of
a text that you want to control, you can
pick one of the three – word, phrase, or
clause. You need to consider which are
the most important to make the text work,
or the most appropriate regarding the
author’s purpose.
 Phrase

A phrase is a group of words

with no subject and
predicate and does not
express a complete thought.
 Phrase

1. Prepositional Phrase
2. Participial Phrase
3. Infinitive Phrase
4. Gerund Phrase
5. Verb Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
It is a group of words that begin with a
preposition and end with a noun or a
pronoun. The noun or pronoun is called
object of the preposition.
Examples: after the rain, to the
playground, by them, with you, through
the garden
Prepositional Phrase
It is a group of words that begin with a
preposition and end with a noun or a
pronoun. The noun or pronoun is called
object of the preposition.
Examples: after the rain, to the
playground, by them, with you, through
the garden
The rabbits hopped through the garden.
Prepositional Phrase

1. Prepositional Phrase as Adjective

2. Prepositional Phrase as Adverb
3. Prepositional Phrase as Noun
Prepositional Phrase

1. Prepositional Phrase as Adjective

Examples:
● The cat in the middle is the cutest.
● I always buy my milk from the
convenience store on Main Street .
Prepositional Phrase

2. Prepositional Phrase as Adverb

Examples:
● To find the person who stole the
last cookie, look behind you.
● Harry drank his Butterbeer with
fervor.
Prepositional Phrase

3. Prepositional Phrase as Noun

Examples:
● During the national anthem is the
worst time to blow your nose.
● After the game will be too late for
us to go to dinner.
Participial Phrase

It is a group of words that begin with a

participle constructed as:
a. verb + ing
b. have or had + past participle of
the verb
Examples: writing poetry, composing a
literary selection, have gone, had eaten
Participial Phrase
The Participial Phrase Functions
as an Adjective
Examples:
● Removing his coat, Jack rushed
to the river.
● Carrying a heavy pile of books,
he caught his foot on a step.
Participial Phrase
Examples:
1. Singing very softly, the boy lulled his
baby brother to sleep. (The participial
phrase works as an adjective modifying
“boy”.)
2. The girls, frightened by the police car’s
headlights, quickly came down from the
school’s roof. (The participial phrase
works as an adjective modifying “girls”.)
Infinitive Phrase

It is a group of words with the

construction: to + present form
of the verb.
Examples: to run, to talk, to
copy, to encode
Infinitive Phrase
An infinitive is formed from a
verb but doesn't act as a
verb. It acts as a noun,
adjective, or adverb, and it is
actually made up of two
words: to + verb.
Infinitive Phrase

It is made up of an
infinitive and the words
that modify and
complement it.
Infinitive Phrase

Examples:
1. Edward loves to run marathons.
2. Esme used the binoculars to see her
favorite band.
3. Jack waited to eat the cupcake.
Infinitive Phrase
Be sure not to confuse an infinitive with a
prepositional phrase beginning with to.
Examples:
● Infinitives: to fly, to draw, to become, to
enter, to stand, to catch
● Prepositional Phrases: to him, to the
committee, to my house, to the
mountains, to us, to this address
Uses of 1. Noun
2. Adjective
Infinitives 3. Adverb
Infinitive as an
Adjective
Infinitive as an Adjective

1. Mr. Medina is the man to

see. (modifies a noun)
2. In this event, he is the
one to beat. (modifies a
pronoun)
Infinitive as an
Adverb
Infinitive as an Adverb

1. The game was painful to watch.

(modifies an adjective)
2. Candy arrived too late to help us.
(modifies an adverb)
3. We came to hear the music.
(modifies a verb)
Infinitive as a
Noun
Infinitive as a Noun

1. To survive is now their only ambition.

(subject)

2. Jack’s ambition is to fly.

(subjective complement)

3. His orders to pacify the rallyists were

disobeyed and violated. (appositive)
Gerund Phrase

It is a group of words with the

construction: verb + ing and
functions as a noun.
Examples: my being here, you
wanting a new car
Gerund Phrase
It is a group of words with the
construction: verb + ing and
functions as a noun.
Examples: my being here, you
wanting a new car
Waiting for his grades drove him
crazy.
 1. Subject
Types of 2.
3.
Direct Object
Object of Preposition
Gerund 4. Subjective Complement
5. Appositive
Gerund as a Subject

A gerund (or gerund phrase) can be the subject of a

sentence.
1. Gardening is my favorite leisure activity.
The gerund Gardening is the subject of the
sentence.
2. Decorating our house has been a family tradition at
Christmas for years.
Decorating our house is the gerund phrase that is the
subject of the sentence.
3. Roaring filled the air at the track.
Roaring is a gerund used as the subject.
Gerund as a Direct Object

Examples:
1. I love sleeping through the
night.
2. My parents prefer eating
dinner alone.
Gerund as an Object of Preposition

Examples:
1. The doctor suggested drinking warm
milk for sleeping through the night.
(For what? For sleeping through the
night.)
2. By crying like a baby, you won’t get
anywhere in life.
Gerund as a Subjective Complement

Examples:
1. A good exercise is swimming.
2. My favorite thing to do is cooking.
3. Her favorite thing was listening to
music.
Gerund as Appositive

Examples:
1. Sean’s goal in life, becoming a criminal lawyer,
will be achieved this year.
2. Miss Johnson’s wish, becoming married before
the age of 30, is typical of today’s young
woman.
3. Eric enjoys his hobby, cooking.
Verb Phrase

It is a group of words with the

construction: helping verb + main
verb.
Examples: have sold, had worn,
has appeared, will be delivering
Verb Phrase
It is a group of words with the
construction: helping verb + main
verb.
Examples: have sold, had worn,
has appeared, will be delivering
He has appeared on screen as an
actor.
 Clause

A clause is a group of words

with a subject and predicate
and may or may not express
a complete thought.
 Clause

1. Principal Clause
2. Subordinate Clause
Principal Clause

It is also called independent clause or

main clause. Only a principal clause
can stand alone as a complete
sentence.
Examples: I believe the speaker.
He talks well.
Subordinate Clause

It is also called dependent clause because it needs to be

combined with a principal clause to have a complete
thought. Subordinate clauses will often begin with
subordinating conjunctions, which are words that link
dependent clauses to independent clauses, such as for,
as, since, therefore, hence, consequently, though, due to,
provided that, because, unless, once, while, when,
whenever, where, wherever, before, and after. They can
also begin with relative pronouns such as that, which, who,
whom, whichever, whoever, whomever, and whose.
Subordinate Clause

Examples:
because he ate all the food
when he arrived
after they left
Adoniram Judson could translate Greek when he was 12.

Subordinate
Principal Clause
Clause
Uses of Subordinate Clause

1. Adjective Clause
2. Adverb Clause
3. Noun Clause
 As Adjective Clause
It modifies a noun or a pronoun. It appears
after the noun or pronoun and usually starts
with a relative pronoun (that, which, who,
whom, or whose) or with a relative adverb
(after, before, since, when, where, or why).

Example: He removed a violin which was

handcrafted in 1713.
As Adverb Clause
It modifies verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or
verbals. These are introduced by a
subordinating conjunction such as
although, because, if, where, or while.
Example: Joshua Bell, an internationally
acclaimed virtuoso, started to play while
people rushed to their work.
As Noun Clause
It acts as a noun. It usually begins with that,
which, who, whom or whose, how,
whatever, when, where, whether,
whichever, whoever, or whomever. As a
noun, it can function in different ways in a
sentence (i.e. subject, direct object, or
object of the preposition).
Example: You must pursue whatever makes
you alive and inspired. (as direct object)
Sentence
Structures
 Sentence Structures

1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
Simple Sentence

It has one independent clause with

a subject and a predicate.
Examples:
● Exercise is good for the body.
● Fruits and vegetables are healthy
foods.
Compound Sentence
It has two or more independent clauses.
The independent clauses are joined by a
conjunction which is a part of speech
that connects words, phrases, or clauses.
The conjunctions for compound
sentences are: and, or, but, so, moreover,
furthermore, nevertheless, subsequently,
however. The punctuation marks used
are colon or semicolon.
Compound Sentence

Examples:
● She wrote a letter of appreciation to
her friend and her friend sent her a
letter of gratitude.
● She wrote a letter of appreciation to
her friend and her friend sent her a
letter of gratitude.
Compound Sentence

Examples:
● The group planned for a long vacation
but they were not permitted by the
company.
● The group planned for a long
vacation but they were not permitted
by the company.
Complex Sentence

It has one independent clause and one or

more subordinate clauses.
Examples:
● The boys will be working hard because their
teacher will give an incentive of high grades.
● The boys will be working hard because their
teacher will give an incentive of high grades.
Complex Sentence

It has one independent clause and one

or more subordinate clauses.
Examples:
● I believe that he is the greatest of
them all.
● I believe that he is the greatest of
them all.
Compound-Complex Sentence

It has two or more independent clauses and at least

one subordinate clause.
Example:
● The musician gave a magnificent number and the
singers sang a melodious song because they
wanted to make the audience happy.
● The musician gave a magnificent number and the
singers sang a melodious song because they
wanted to make the audience happy.
Compound-Complex Sentence

Example:
● The guest speaker rendered a clear speech;
however, the guest singers performed
hurriedly as soon as the introduction of the
guest speaker was done.
● The guest speaker rendered a clear speech;
however, the guest singers performed
hurriedly as soon as the introduction of the
guest speaker was done.
Biography and
Autobiography
The biography is an account of a
person written by another person,
usually in the third-person point of view.
It highlights different aspects of the
person’s life, including analysis of the
person’s experiences and personality.
Biographies are usually published as
essays, books, and films.
An autobiography is a description of a
person’s life written by that person. The
writer can choose a certain part of
his/her life with the incidents presented in
a chronological order. It is written in the
first-person point of view to give the
readers a clear idea of what happened
and how the writer felt about it.
Thank You!

Ms. Rose Ann E. Lozanta, LPT