Goat and Sheep Production

SCIENTIFIC NAME
• Capra hircus - domestic goat
 Inventory of Goat by Farm Type and Region,
Philippines As of 01 January and 01 July 2020–
2021
Inventory of Goat (Backyard)
Inventory of Goat (Commercial)
DISTRIBUTION
Advantages of Goat Production

1. Goats, being small animals, require only small

initial investment.

2. Goat raising can easily be integrated with crop-

based farming systems.
3. Goats have other inherent advantages over
other ruminant species such as;

a. Early maturity
-Goats can be bred as early as 8 months old and
produce milk five months after.

b. have higher fertility

c. capable of multiple births(twinning)
d. shorter gestation period.
4. Goat meat (chevon) is popular
Constraints

1. Lack of and high cost of quality breeder stocks

2. High mortality rate at pre-weaning stage
3. Endoparasitism and development of
anthelmintic resistance
4. Absence of a defined breeding program
 Breeding system
-mating of animals to combine desirable qualitative and quantitative
characteristics through planned systems

2 TYPES:
A. Inbreeding
A.1. Close breeding
A.2. Line breeding

B. Outbreeding
B.1. Crossbreeding
Systematic crossbreeding
Single cross
Three-way cross
Backcrossing
B.2. Upgrading
 SYSTEMS OF FEEDING
The system of feeding in the country can be
categorized into five:

1. Tethering
2. Extensive
3. Intensive
4. Semi-intensive
5. Integration into crop agriculture
SYSTEM OF FEEDING

1. Tethering
2. Extensive system
3. Intensive system
4. Semi Intensive system
5. Integration into Plantation Agriculture
– Integration of Livestock into established
tree crops.
 Integration into Plantation
Agriculture

• Benefits
– Increase soil fertility
– Control of waste herbage growth-minimize
labor for clearing herbage
– Possibility of high-crop yield
 Housing
-Housing provisions are necessary.

Separate pen should be provided for:

• Lactating
• Dry does
• Kids
• Grower
• Buck
 Space Requirement for Goat
TYPE OF ANIMAL MINIMUM FLOOR
SPACE (sq.m)
Ram or Buck 1.8
Doe with kid 1.5
Weaner 0.9
Yearling 0.9
Kid 0.4
Doe 1.2
 Housing and Equipment
(Facilities)
Goat house specifications:
• Backyard – 2 x 3 m = sufficient for 2 goats

• Shed Height: 3 m high

• Floor = wooden slats 2.5 cm thick, 5 cm
wide
• Floor elevation: 1 to 1.5 m
• Minimum space per animal: 1 sq. m
Modern Housing
Fencing
Nine eye hog wire is the cheapest and most effective fencing available locally.
Fence specifications:
• Height: 1.5 m
• Post must be 3-4 meters apart and divided
with paddocks.

• Goats are fond of pounding their feet and

scraping their bodies on the fences so it
must be sturdily built.
• Barbed wire is not recommended.
 Pasture
•A well developed/improved
pasture can carry up to 15
head/ha.
•When semi intensive
method is observed,
provision of a developed 3
ha./50 hd.
 ROTATIONAL GRAZING
• Pasture divided into
9 paddocks will be
desirable.
• Separate pasture
paddocks should be
provided for the dry
doe, buck, kids and
growers.
BREEDS OF GOATS
• Goat breeds currently raised in the
Philippines:

1. Anglo Nubians
2. Boer
3. Saanen
4. Toggenburg
5. Alpine
6. Philippine Native
 Nubian
a.k.a. Anglo-Nubian

• characterized by long drooping

ears, convex (roman) noses and a
short, glossy hair coat.
• it is the distinctive convex facial
profile between the eyes and the
muzzle, and the long bell-shaped
ears, that immediately identify the
breed.
• The ears should extend about
one-inch beyond the muzzle.
They are medium to moderately
large in size with good stature
 Boer

• horned breed with lop ears and

showing a variety of color patterns
• doe is a low maintenance animal
that has sufficient milk to rear a
kid that is early maturing.
• The mature Boer Goat buck
weighs between 110-135 kg
(~240-300 lbs) and ewes between
90 and 100 kg (~200-225 lbs).
Saanen
• White or light cream in color
with white preferred. Spots on
the skin are not discriminated
against. Small spots of color
on the hair are allowable, but
not desirable.
• They are medium to large in
size with rugged bone, plenty
of vigor yet feminine
throughout.
• The ears should be of medium
size and carried erect.
• A tendency toward a roman
nose is discriminated against
 Toggenburg
• Breed of dairy goat originating in
the Toggenburg valley
of Switzerland. The oldest breed
of dairy goat in the United States,
the Toggenburg has proved widely
adaptable. It is characterized by a
comparatively small, solid-
coloured body of any shade of
brown, white ears with a dark
central spot, two white stripes
down the face, and predominantly
white legs. As is that of other
goats, milk of the Toggenburg is
whiter and more easily digestible
than cow’s milk.
 • No distinct color has been
established, and it may
Alpine (French) range from pure white
through shades of fawn,
gray, brown, black, red,
bluff, piebald, or various
shadings or combinations
of these colors.
• Both sexes are generally
short haired, but bucks
usually have a roach of
long hair along the spine.
• The beard of males is also
quite pronounced.
• The ears in the Alpine
should be of medium size,
fine textured, and
preferably erect.
 Philippine Goat
• Two varieties of
Philippine goats raised
for meat production:
1. coarse haired type is
cream, tan or light
brown and usually
polled.
2. fine hair variety is
black or brown and
may have a white belt,
usually horned.
 Selection criteria
• A. Does
1. Does should not be less than 25 kilograms.
2. Udder should be palpated for abnormalities.
3. Teats should be uniform and large enough for
easy milking.
4. Good appetite, alert eyes and well formed
pupils.
 Selection criteria
• Bucks
1. One year old buck that has successfully mated
once is desirable.
2. Should be accompanied by pedigree records
3. Good producing line based on farm records
4. Buck must come from doe with high twinning
rate
5. Must be active and ready to breed in-heat doe
Economic traits considered in selecting
breeders/replacement stock
1. Growth rate
2. Prolificacy
3. Body Size
4. Milk yield
5. Resistance to disease
6. Adaptability to environment
 OTHER MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
• HOOF TRIMMING
• DISBUDDING/DEHORNING
• CASTRATION
• TATTOING
• EARNOTCHING
• CULLING
• RECORDING
Hoof trimming
- Prevent toe
malformation and
foot rot
Disbudding/ Dehorning
- Remove when the
kid is 3 weeks old
- Eliminate
unnecessary
injuries
- Dehorned animal
is more docile
than horned
animal
Castration

-best done when kids

are 2-4 weeks old

-operate early in the

morning to minimize
bleeding

-castrated males grow

faster and eliminate
goaty male odor
Tattooing, ear
notching/ear tagging

-For identification
 CULLING
• The process of eliminating undesirable
and unproductive animals in a herd and
they should be recommended for
slaughter
 Recording
• Very important managemanet practice,
since most decisions in the farm are based
on records.
 Identification

• Tattooing, Ear Notching and Other Forms of

Identification – In order to keep track of
individual animals, a positive identification are
needed. No recording is possible without this.
 Nutrient requirements of goats
• Water- animal’s is body is 70% water and
is the most critical of all nutrients required.
• CHO
• Fats and Oils
• Protein
• Minerals
 Guidelines in feeding goats
• Goats can consume more feeds of up to
6% of their liveweight compared to 2-3% in
cattle

• Unlimited access to fresh grass and

legume- best and most economical
 Guidelines in feeding goats
• Never allow goats, especially kids, to
graze fresh pastures after fresh rains-
nutritional disorders such as
enterotoxemia and bloat are likely to
occur
Growing goat requires 12%
Crude protein
• Good-quality grasses contain on the
average only 8-9% crude protein
• Mature grasses contain 4% crude protein
• END
Feeding Habits of Goats
▪ Browsers
▪ Don’t thrive well when kept on one feed for
any length of day
▪ Wide range in taste in feeds
▪ Prefers wide variety of feeds and vegetation
▪ Reject feeds which was soiled by other
animals
▪ Prefers aerial part of vegetation (20-120 m
above the ground)
The following are observations on the
feeding habits of goats:
• They will accept a wide variety of feeds.
• They do not thrive well if kept on one feed for
any length of time but prefer to select from
many varieties of feeds.
• They generally refuse anything which has
been soiled by other animals.
• Their appetite for any given concentrate fed
in quantities of over 0.45 to 0.91 kg/day often
decreases within a short period of time.
• They have a higher tolerance to bitter tastes.
 Practical Feeding Guides:
Lactating Does:
– Forage about 6 kg/hd/day
– Molasses 1 kg/20 l drinking water – to
increase water consumption
– Vitamin-mineral salt – ad libitum

Pregnant Dry Does(non-lactating)

- Concentrates 0.2-0.7 kg/day
Yearling Does
• Concentrates 0.2-0.7 kg/day
• Forage 5 kg/hd/day

Breeding Bucks
• Two weeks before and during breeding
season – 0.45-0.9 kg concentrates

Young kids
• Milk replacer 0.5-1 l/day 3-5 times a day
for 2 weeks
FORAGES = are live plants eaten by goats w/c are naturally
growing or planted, they maybe grasses, shrubs, tree leaves,
food feed crops that can be given as 100% of the animals
diet.
CROP RESIDUES = these are waste products from crop
production that can either be fresh or dried, seasonally
abundant, have low feeding value and should not constitute
no more than ½ of the diet.
CONCENTRATES = are commercial formulation or agro-
industrial processing byproducts that have concentrated
amount of nutrients, they are often given in small amount
because of their high nutrient concentration and cost.
Recommended rate of concentrate
supplementation by age group.
AGE GROUP RECOMMENDATION
1 month – 3 months 25 -50 g ground corn

3 months – 6 months 50 – 75 whole grain corn

6 months – 9 months 75 – 100 g whole grain corn

Dry ewes / does (Not 100 – 200g whole grain

pregnant) corn
Pregnant ewes / Does 150 – 250 g whole grain
corn
Lactating ewes/ does 250 – 300 g whole grain
corn
Ram/ Buck 300 – 500 whole grain corn
CONCENTRATE FEEDING
FODDER TREE FEEDING
 WORKABLE YEAR ROUND
FEEDING PROGRAM
J F M A M J J A S O N D

DRY SEASON RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON

IMROVED PASTURE WITH
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
FOOD-FEED SYSTEM
NURSERY FOR SEEDLINGS
LEGUME STRATA
FEED MIXER
FORAGE CHOPPER
HAMMER MILL
CORN SHELLER
 Feed Requirements
AGE FEEDS AMOUNT PER
DAY

Birth – 3 days Colostrum Ad libitum

( 3-5 times
feeding )

4 Days – 3 Whole milk ( 0.5 – 1 L/kid

weeks Goat/cow milk) divided into 3
Vitamins and times feeding
Minerals Ad Libitum
2 weeks – 16 Whole milk or milk 0.5 – 1 L /Kid
weeks replacer divided into 2 time
Grass, Legume hay or feeding
Quality fresh forage
Vitamin. Mineral mix Ad libitum
Water Ad Libitum
Starter Ad Libitum
Increasing amount
Forage, vit. Min. mix without causing
4 months kidding and water Digestive upset
Forage, Vit. Mineral Ad libitum
Dry, Pregnant, mix, Ad Libitum
Buck Water Ad libitum
Forage, Vit, Minerals Ad libitum
Lactating Mix Ad Libitum
Water Ad Libitum
Concentrates 03-05 kg/ lit. of milk
produced
FEEDING GUIDE
❖Varies with, species, type and age of animal.

❖ Larger species have higher feed requirement.

❖ Younger animals have higher protein and

energy requirement than older animals.

❖ Dry or non pregnant animals have lower

nutrient requirement than pregnant or
lactating animals.
FEEDING GUIDE FOR KID OR LAMB

❖ Make sure that newly born kid or lamb are able to suck the
first milk (colostrums)of the doe or ewe
❖ If artificially fed make sure that feeding bottles are clean
and kids or lamb are provided at least 0.5 to 1.0 liter of
milk substitute over three feeding schedules a day
❖ (Milk replacer 0.5-1 l/day 3-5 times a day for 2 weeks)
❖ Provide vitamin mineral supplements
❖ Make clean water available anytime
❖ Make quality forage available starting at 2 weeks of age
❖ Provide concentrates with 18 to 22 % crude protein
gradually increasing the amount up to 0.2
kg/head/day at 4 month of age
FEEDING GUIDE FOR LACTATING DOES/EWES

▪ Confined does/ewes should be given quality

forage of approximately 6 kg/head/day
▪ Make clean water available anytime
▪ Provide mineral supplements in form of
mineral blocks and table salt or salt block
ad libitum
▪ Molasses (1kg/20 L drinking water) – to
increase water consumption
▪ Provide concentrates with 16 to 18 % crude
protein at 0.3 to 0.5 kg per liter of milk
produced
▪ Administer vitamins for stocks with poor
appetite
 FEEDING GUIDE FOR PREGNANT AND dry
DOES/EWES
▪ Pregnant does/ewes should be fed with quality feed
to build reserves for coming lactation and to
ensure normal development of the developing
fetus
▪ Dry does should likewise be fed with quality feed to
build reserves for the next gestations period
▪ Give concentrates with 16 to 18 % crude protein
at the rate of 0.2 to 0.7 kg/day depending on
body condition
▪ Clean water should be available anytime
▪ Provide mineral supplements in form of mineral
block and table salt or salt block
▪ Administer vitamins to animals with poor appetite
FEEDING GUIDE FOR YEARLING DOE/EWE
▪ Maintain them in good pasture alone when not used
for breeding
▪ Forage 5 kg/hd/day
▪ Supplement ration with 0.4 to 0.9 kg concentrate of
16 to 28 % crude protein two weeks before and
during breeding
▪ Make clean water available anytime
▪ Provide mineral supplements in form of mineral block
and table salt or salt block
▪ Provide vitamins especially during peak of breeding
period.
FEEDING GUIDE FOR BUCKS/RAM

▪ Provide liberal supply of quality roughage

plus 0.2 to 0.7 kg/head/day concentrate
with 18 to 20 % crude protein
▪ Make clean water available anytime
▪ Provide mineral supplements in form of
mineral blocks and table salt or salt block
▪ If confined give them quality forage at 5
kg/head/day
CONCENTRATE MIXING
UMMB PREPARATION
UMMB FEEDING
Herd Health Program

General disease preventive measures:

• Start with healthy stocks. Isolate for 30 days
after purchase.
• Deworm, delouse, immunize during isolation
period.
• For pastured herds, deworm every 3-4 mos.
• Provide adequate quality ration.
• Provide proper housing.
• Practice sanitation in pens.
• Graze in safe pastures
-(snail control and pasture management).
• Delouse.
• Cull unproductive breeding stocks.
• Conduct regular checks for parasites.
• Segregate immediately animals that are
visibly ill.
• Immunize regularly.
• Segregate goats from other animals.
• Add vitamin/mineral supplements for confined
goats.
 Record Keeping
• Types of records:
• Identification
• Production records
• Reproduction and/or breeding records
• Herd health and disease control records
• Feed record
• Others (herd inventory record, pasture
production, personnel services, etc.)
To be able to manage your goats, you need some
basic system of record keeping. Your system

• should be able to give you the following information:

• The exact number of goats that you have (broken
down into different age categories)
• The dates when your ewes give birth and the number
of kids born
• The number of goats that die (and the age when they
die and cause of death)
• The exact goats that have been treated (for what and
with what)
• Who the mother of any particular kid is
• When a particular ram was brought into the herd
• The age of any particular goat (the year it was born)
• The number of goats sold, time when they were sold
and prices obtained.
REASON FOR NOT RECORDING
❖Raisers do not know the important of record
keeping.
❖They do not know what record to keep and how
to keep and use them.
❖They do not know how to use the data gathered
and collected.
❖They have difficulty in identifying animal.

Good production records can only be kept if the

individual goats in the herd is properly identified.
HEALTH MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
1. Sanitation
▪ clean pen daily and washes at
least 3x a week
▪ Disinfect twice a month
▪ Provide separate pen for the for
disease animal
▪ Limit visitor coming into the farm
▪ Quarantine the newly arrive
animal for at least 1 month
before mixing with the main
breeding stock
2. Deworming
3. vaccination
Sheep Production
⚫Scientific name: Ovis aries
⚫Common names:
➢Sheep: Bilibili; Karnero; Tupa
➢Lamb: Nati
⚫ Chromosome no:
➢2n = 54
⚫ Major sheep producing regions:
➢Eastern Visayas
➢Central Luzon
➢Western Visayas
➢Central Visayas
➢Northern Mindanao
⚫Origin:
➢Importation of sheep breeds (Merino,
th
Rambouillet, Wiltshire, Lincoln) in the early 19
century
➢Imported sheep breeds showed poor
adaptability to local conditions
➢Continuous crossing or grading up yielded
more adaptable strains
➢Imported breeds to upgrade the local sheep
herds:
➢Shropshire, Barbados Blackbelly – adaptable
➢Polled Dorset, Border Leicester, Kathadine,
St. Croix
⚫Philippine Native Sheep
➢Believed to have originated from the Merino
imported during the Spanish era
➢White is predominant color, brown and brown-
white also common
➢Male is generally horned & Roman-nosed
➢Female is generally polled, either straight or
Roman-nosed, thin-tailed
➢Ears erect
➢Adult weight: 29.6 kg
• Raising sheep in the Philippines can be as
profitable as raising goats in local farms. Sheep
contributes to food production, rural employment
and gross national product by converting roughages
into meat, wool and skin. Although Filipinos do not
generally eat meat lambs, there is a growing
demand for mutton and scope for export of meat.

Factors that have contributed to the decline in the

sheep industry in recent years in States
• These include:
1. seasonal demand for lamb meat.
2. low per capita consumption.
3. low wool prices.
4. use of artificial fibers instead of wool in clothing.
5. problems with predators.
6. high labor requirement in the sheep
enterprise and a lack of suitable labor.
7. a lack of improvement in the slaughtering
and marketing infrastructure.
Sheep make a good second enterprise on a
farm because:
1. wool and lambs provide extra income.
2. the initial costs are low.
3. the enterprise does not require expensive
housing or equipment.
4. sheep make use of pasture crops that might
otherwise be wasted.
5. sheep can be fed on roughages and small
amounts of grain.
6. market lamb returns compete well with other
meat animal enterprises.
7. sheep can improve the pasture mix lamb,
wool, and beef prices fluctuate independently.
• The major disadvantages related to the
sheep enterprise are that

1. dogs and other predatory animals attack

sheep.
2. sheep are susceptible to internal and
external parasites.
3. there are increased labor and management
requirements.
4 . wool prices are quite variable.
Worldwide production systems include:
• Very extensive
• Extensive (semi-intensive)
• Intensive - Very intensive
• Transhumance (migratory)
• Nomadic
• Village and smallholder
Systems of small ruminant production in the
Philippines:
• Tethering
• Intensive – not very common
• Extensive
• Semi-intensive
• Integration into plantation crops
⚫ Live fences for sheep:
• Madre de Cacao/Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium)
• Dapdap (Erythrina orientalis)
• Kapok (Caiba pentandra)
• Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)
• Kalumpang (Stereulia foetida)
• Malungai (Moringa oleifera)
• Kamachile (Pithecolobium dulce)
• Others
• General space allowance: 1 m2 per animal
• Shed 2 x 2 m = 2 mature ewes and their
lambs

Consumption Water
• 2-3 liters for every kg of DM
• Increases to 50% during latter stage of
gestation and during lactation
 Crossbreeding
• Crossbreeding is recommended when
producing market lambs. While several
crossbreeding systems may be used a three-
breed rotational cross is the most desirable
for producing market lambs.
• Crossbred lambs have several advantages
over straight-bred lambs. They
– make more rapid gains.
– are more hardy and vigorous.
– have a lower mortality rate.
The advantages of using crossbred ewes
instead of straight-bred ewes include:
• greater fertility.
• higher lamb survival rate.
• higher lambing percentage.
• better milk production
Characteristics to look for when selecting the breed of
the ewe to use in a crossbreeding
• program include:
• early lambing ability.
• high lambing rate.
• greater ease of lambing.
• better maternal instinct.
• higher milk production.
• greater longevity.
• better wool quality and higher quantity of wool
produced.
• early sexual maturity.
• greater potential for accelerated lambing.
• good udder soundness.
Nutrition (Feeds and Feeding)
• Compared to goats (and cattle):
• Grazers rather than browsers, therefore, less
competitive when raised in shrub lands
• Less selective like cattle
• More sedentary (spend more time seating)
• Can select nutritious parts of plant better than
cattle
• Can walk long distances in search of feed
• Less adaptable to heat stress
• Less efficient than goats and water buffaloes in
utilizing fibrous roughages
The American Veterinary Medical Association
recommends lambs be docked at the distal
end of the caudal fold or longer to reduce the
incidence of rectal prolapse.
 Management from Lambing to
Weaning
• Docking, or cutting off part of the tail, is one
of the first management practices performed
after lambing. Dock lambs between 3 and 10
days of age. Docked lambs stay cleaner and,
therefore, are less likely to get diseases or
parasites.
• Docking the tail too short can cause rectal
prolapse
• Docking may be done with a knife, burdizzo,
elastrator, emasculator, “all-in-one,” electric
docker, or hot docking iron.
• Care of the Breeder Ram
– Must be separated from rest of lambs at 3
mos. of age
– Selection is at 8-10 mos. of age
Care of the Pregnant Ewe and Newborn Lamb
– Records
– At least 1 week before lambing, keep in a confined
area for closer observation
– Signs of approaching parturition
– Fretful and nervous
– Flanks on either side of tail become hollow.
– Slight mucus discharge
– Paw her bedding around
– Restless
– Umbilical cord should be tied and cut 2-3 cm from the
base of the navel
– Afterbirth: passed out within 30 min to 4 h
• Care of the Lambs
– Ewe and lamb should be in confined area for 1 week
– After 1-2 weeks, they may run with the rest of the flock

• Dehorning
– Chemical method – potassium hydroxide – burn horn
tissue 2-5 cm in diameter
– Hot iron cautery – red-hot iron 1.3 cm in diameter
– Dehorner

• Castration: 2-4 weeks old

– Surgical, Emasculator
– Elastrator
– Burdizzo

• Weaning: 3-4 mos.

• Shearing
– Before onset of summer (or after the cold
mos.)
Although the Philippines is not a wool-producing
country, it is a good management practice to
shear the sheep. This is best done just before
the onset of summer.
Age estimation in sheep:
• • First week – temporary lateral incisors erupt
• • 2nd week – temporary central incisors
• • 3rd week – temporary medial incisors
• • 10-12 mos. – temporary incisors are worn and
loose
• • 1-2 years – permanent central incisors
displace temporary counterparts
• • 2-2 1/2 years – permanent medial incisors
• • 3 years – permanent lateral incisors erupt
• • 4 years – permanent incisor teeth
• • 4-6 years – “swallow tail” form of the incisors
• Breeding and Reproduction

• Sexual maturity – 6-10 mos. old

• Heat period – 18-24 h
• Time of ovulation – 25-30 h after onset of
heat
• Estrous cycle – 15-19 days
Common signs of estrus in sheep:
• Submits to mounting of ram.
• Vulva is swollen, inflamed, and pinkish in
color.
• Clear and stringy mucous discharge emerges
from the vulva.
• Urinates frequently.
• Frequent wagging of tail, especially when
another sheep rubs against her.
Gestation period – 5 mos. (150 days)

• Breeding Practices for Ewes

– 8-12 mos old recommended
– cull if does not conceive after 2-3 cycles

• Breeding practices for Rams

– 12 mos old or about 25 kg
– Controlled breeding or hand mating – not more than 4
times/wk
– Unrestricted breeding: 1 ram:25 ewes
 Goat Sheep
Weaning Age 2-4 months 3-5 months
Age of Puberty 4-8 months 6-10 months
Estrus/ Heat 2-3 days 24-48 hours
Estrus Cycle 18-21 days 15-19 days
Ovulation 33 hours
Gestation/ 145-155 days 144- 151 days
Pregnancy
• Castration of ram lambs not wanted for
breeding can be done as early as how
many weeks of age?
• Castration of ram lambs not wanted for breeding
can be done as early as how 2 weeks of age.
 Herd Health Program
• Starting a Sheep Flock
– Select stocks carefully
– Deworm/delouse at the source or quarantine
for at least 2 wks
– Give adequate nutrition
• Maintaining a Healthy Flock
– Strategic deworming/delousing program
– Establish a vaccination schedule
– Improve quarantine measures
Causes of Reproductive Failure
• Unfertile sperm buck
• Abnormal sperm
• Hormonal malfunction
• Over fat condition
• Malnutrition
• Diseases and Injury
It is advisable to…
• Buy/ acquire stocks from reputable sources
• Swap serviceable bucks from one owner to
another to prevent inbreeding
• Change bucks at least every 2 to 3 years
• Do not breed very young bucks/does
• Select the heaviest animal among the herd
• Do not use purebred bucks to native does
• Follow recommended management practices
Increasing reproductive performance
• Disease control
• Good nutrition
• Proper age and weight of the animal must be
considered
• Separate bucks form the rest of the herd
• Follow recommended male female ratio (1:25)
• Proper timing in breeding must be followed
• Early weaning must be considered (3-4 mons)
• proper herd health management
• Introduciton of A.I., estrus synchronization
• Proper feeding and nutrition
 Reproduction Rate
• Doe – 3 kiddings per 2 years = 6
kids
• First Offspring – 2 kiddings = 4 kids
• Second Offspring 1 Kidding = 2 kids
• Total = 12 Kids
 Herd Health Program

Most Common Health Problems

1. Weak, Hypoglycemic lambs and kids
2. Posterior paralysis in purebred bucks
3. Gastrointestinal parasitism
4. Non-specific respiratory disease
5. Traumatic injuries
1. Health Program
• Ewes/does expected to lamb/kid in one
week should be isolated in a
lambing/kidding pen
• After lambing/kidding, the animals
should stay in the facility for 2 weeks
before they are allowed to join the herd
• Promotes suckling & prevents trampling;
facilities observation of newborn animals
2. Health Program
– Animals of all ages should be provided with
mineral supplements using mineral blocks
– Useful in the prevention of mineral
deficiencies
3. Health Program
• Lambs/kids should be dewormed at 1 month
of age
• Deworming should be repeated after 2 wks &
again weaning time (3 mos)
• Ewes/does should be simultaneously
dewormed with the lambs/kids
• Deworm every 6 months
• Control infective stages in the pasture
Limitations
• Gastrointestinal parasitism remained a
problem
• Every 6 months interval is long
• Possible build-up of anthelmintic resistance

Modified Health Program

Deworming of kids/lambs (laguna)
• 3 weeks of age
• Repeated 3 weeks after
• Every 3 months thereafter
Deworming Programs
• Sorsogon – Maximum rainful with no dry
season
• Every month
• Albay – No pronounced rain period with a
short dry season lasting for 1-3 months
• Every 6 months
• Masbate – Rainfall is more or less evenly
distributed throughout the year
– Every 3 months
• Pampanga – every 2 months during the wet
season
4. Health Program
• Lambs/Kids should be vaccinated with
Pasteurella sp vaccine at 3 months of
age
• Vaccination should be repeated every 3
months thereafter
• Would prevent a common cause of
respiratory disease
5. Health Program
• Animal raisers should be aware of the
physical causes of diseases. Animal health
education should therefore be considered by
extension workers
• Traumatic injuries should be promptly treated
* Most of the diseases described in dairy cattle
( or any other ruminant) may be also apply to
goats and sheep.
 Animal Products and By-Products
• Milk – processing is he same as in cow’s
milk
• Chevon
– Best age to slaughter – about 12 mos
– 43% dressing
– 27% liveweight lean
– 32% boneless recovery
• Fatter animals – higher yield
• Prior to slaughter
– Breeding bucks should not be mixed with
females and castrated males
– Fasted for 24-48 h
– Allowed to relax, not mishandled, cleaned

• During slaughter – do not allow hair to rub

against the flesh – objectionable odor and flavor
to the meat
• Mutton
– Best Lamb
• Wide, deep, smooth, compact conformation
• Shoulders are thick and neat
• Back is broad and thick
• Legs are plump
• Prior to slaughter
– Fasted for 24-48h
– Allowed to relax, not mishandled, cleaned