Lecture-2 Engine
Lecture-2 Engine
Lecture-2 Engine
ENGINES
[Spark ignition and Compression Ignition engine operate on either a four stroke cycle or a two
stroke cycle]
Classification of Internal Combustion Engine (IC engines)
According to Number of Strokes :
1. Four Stroke Cycle Engine :
In this type of engine, one complete combustion cycle is completed in four strokes
of the piston or two revolution of the crankshaft.
The four events that take place inside the engine cylinder are:
1. Suction of air or air – fuel mixture in to the cylinder
2. Compression of the gases
3. Ignition of the fuel mixture to produce power
4. Exhaust of burnt gases
Principle of Operation of a Four Stroke Gasoline Engine
Principle of Operation of a Four Stroke Diesel Engine
The events taking place in I.C. engine are as follows :
I. Air or air-fuel mixture (charge) is taken in the cylinder.
II. The charge is compressed in the cylinder by the piston.
III. If charge is only air, the fuel is injected at the end of
compression.
IV. The charge is ignited at a predetermined time under specified
pressure inside the engine cylinder.
V. The power developed due to expansive forces of gases inside
the cylinder is transferred to the crankshaft through the
connecting rod.
VI. Exhaust gases go out of the cylinder at regular interval of time.
Suction /Induction stroke
During suction stroke , only air or mixture of air and fuel are drawn
inside the cylinder.
The charge enters the engine through the inlet valve which remains
open during admission of the charge.
The exhaust valve remains closed during this stroke.
The pressure in the engine cylinder is less than atmospheric pressure
during this stroke due to which the charge is sucked in to the engine
cylinder.
Compression stroke
The charge taken in the cylinder is compressed by the piston during this stroke .
The entire charge of the cylinder is compressed to a small volume contained in the
clearance volume of the cylinder.
If only air is compressed in the cylinder (as in case of compression ignition engine),
the fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke.
The ignition takes place due to high pressure and temperature.
If the mixture of air and fuel is compressed in the cylinder (as in case of spark
ignition engine) the mixture is ignited by spark plug.
After ignition, tremendous amount of heat is generated, causing very high pressure
in the cylinder which pushes the piston backward for useful work.
Both valves are closed during this stroke
Power Stroke
When the piston moves up in the cylinder it covers two of the ports, the
exhaust port and transfer port, which are normally almost opposite to
each other.
This traps a charge of fresh mixture in the cylinder and further upward
movement of the piston compresses this charge.
Further movement of the piston also uncovers a third port in the
cylinder called transfer port and the charge is compressed.
More fresh mixture is drawn through this port into the crankcase.
Just before the end of this stroke, the mixture in the cylinder is ignited
in the two stroke cycle.
Second stroke (Power and Exhaust)
The rise in pressure in the cylinder caused by the burning gases forces the piston to
move down in the cylinder.
When the piston goes down, it covers and closes the suction port, trapping the
mixture drawn into the crankcase during the previous stroke then compressing it.
Further downward movement of the piston uncovers first the exhaust port and then
transfer port.
This allows the burnt gases to flow out through exhaust port.
Also the fresh mixture under pressure in the crankcase is transferred into the cylinder
through transfer port during this stroke.
Special shaped piston crown deflect the incoming mixture up around the cylinder so
that it can help in driving out the exhaust gases.
When the piston is at the top of its stroke, it is said to be at the top dead center
(TDC), when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, it is said to be at its bottom
dead center (BDC).
In two stroke cycle engine, both the sides of the piston are effective which is not in
the case of four stroke cycle engine.
SPARK vs COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
• SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
Petrol / gasoline engine
1. Otto-cycle engine:
The heat is taken in at one constant volume and rejected at another constant volume of the
cylinder.
The combustion of the fuel takes place at constant volume. Petrol engine works on otto cycle.
2. Diesel cycle engine:
In this cycle, the heat is taken at constant pressure and rejected at constant volume.
The combustion of the fuel takes place at constant pressure.
Diesel engine works on this cycle.
3. Dual cycle engine:
In this type of engine, some part of the heat is taken at constant volume and the remaining part
at constant pressure process.
The heat is rejected at constant volume
1. Otto-cycle engine:
HEAT TAKEN HEAT REJECTED
CONSTANT CONSTANT COMBUSTON OF FUEL
VOLUME VOLUME CONSTANT VOLUME
1. Gas engine:
In this type of engine, the gaseous fuel like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), coal gas, Bio gas,
Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), producer gas is used to operate the engine. The engine is
equipped with a special modified manifold system.
2. Petrol engine:
In this type of engine, petrol is used as a fuel. A mixture of petrol and air enters the cylinder in a
proper ratio during the suction stroke. The fuel mixture in vapour form is ignited with the help
of an electric spark produced in the spark plug. Their method of ignition is called spark ignition.
Most of the two stroke and small engines use this system.
3. Diesel engine:
In this type of engine, diesel is used as a fuel. Here, the air is compressed in the cylinder and
atomized diesel is sprayed for ignition. The method of ignition is called compression ignition.
All heavy vehicle use this system
According to number of cylinders:
1 9
2
3
5
7 8
6
1. Crankshaft
2. Wrist pin
3. Piston
4. Connecting rod
5. Manifold
6. Flywheel
7. Spark plug
8. Valves
10
13
11
12
10. Engine block
11. Piston
12. Piston ring
13. Wrist pin and wrist pin
lock
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
(ECE)
External Combustion Engines ( ECE )
Where,
A - Cross sectional area of piston in sqm or sqcm
L - Stroke length in m or cm.
PISTON DISPLACEMENT
PD = π d^2 L / 4
where: d = bore or diameter of the cylinder
L = stroke or the distance traveled by the piston
We mean that the space in the cylinder when the piston is at the top of
the stroke is only one-sixth as great as when the piston is at the bottom of the
stroke.
Compression ratio
The higher the compression ratio, the greater the efficiency.
However, as the compression ratio increased, the loads and
stresses upon engine parts become more severe
COMPRESSION RATIO
CR = TV / CV
where: TV = total volume
CV = clearance volume
Clearance volume
It is the minimum volume of the cylinder available for the charge
(air or air fuel mixture) when the piston reaches at its outermost
point (top dead center or outer dead center) during compression
stroke of the cycle.
Minimum volume of combustion chamber with piston at TDC.
TOTAL VOLUME
TV = PD + CV
where: PD = piston displacement
CV = clearance volume
COMPRESSION RATIO
CR = TV / CV
where: TV = total volume
CV = clearance volume
Top Dead Center (TDC)
Position of the piston when it stops at the furthest point away from
the crankshaft.
Top because this position is at the top of the engines (not always),
and dead because the piston stops as this point. Because in some
engines TDC is not at the top of the engines(e.g: horizontally
opposed engines, radial engines,etc,.) Some sources call this
position Head End Dead Center (HEDC).
Bottom Dead Center (BDC)
Position of the piston when it stops at the point closest
to the crankshaft.
Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center (CEDC)
because it is not always at the bottom of the engine.
Some source call this point Bottom Center (BC).
TDC vs BDC
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
BORE/ DIAMETER = 4 cm
SELF-ASSESMENT
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT EVENTS IN EACH OPERATION