Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

The Effectiveness-NTU Method

13-68C When the heat transfer surface area A of the heat exchanger is known, but the outlet temperatures
are not, the effectiveness-NTU method is definitely preferred.

13-69C The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer rate to the
maximum possible heat transfer rate and represents how closely the heat transfer in the heat exchanger
approaches to maximum possible heat transfer. Since the actual heat transfer rate can not be greater than
maximum possible heat transfer rate, the effectiveness can not be greater than one. The effectiveness of a
heat exchanger depends on the geometry of the heat exchanger as well as the flow arrangement.

13-70C For a specified fluid pair, inlet temperatures and mass flow rates, the counter-flow heat exchanger
will have the highest effectiveness.

13-71C Once the effectiveness ε is known, the rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperatures of cold and
hot fluids in a heat exchanger are determined from
Q& = εQ& max = εCmin ( Th ,in − Tc,in )
Q& = m& c C p ,c (Tc,out − Tc ,in )
Q& = m& h C p ,h (Th ,in − Th ,out )

13-72C The heat transfer in a heat exchanger will reach its maximum value when the hot fluid is cooled to
the inlet temperature of the cold fluid. Therefore, the temperature of the hot fluid cannot drop below the
inlet temperature of the cold fluid at any location in a heat exchanger.

13-73C The heat transfer in a heat exchanger will reach its maximum value when the cold fluid is heated to
the inlet temperature of the hot fluid. Therefore, the temperature of the cold fluid cannot rise above the
inlet temperature of the hot fluid at any location in a heat exchanger.

13-74C The fluid with the lower mass flow rate will experience a larger temperature change. This is clear
from the relation
Q& = m& c C p ∆Tcold = m& h C p ∆Thot

13-75C The maximum possible heat transfer rate is in a heat exchanger is determined from
Q& max = Cmin (Th ,in − Tc ,in )

where Cmin is the smaller heat capacity rate. The value of Q& max does not depend on the type of heat
exchanger.

13-54
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-76C The longer heat exchanger is more likely to have a higher effectiveness.

13-77C The increase of effectiveness with NTU is not linear. The effectiveness increases rapidly with
NTU for small values (up to abo ut NTU = 1.5), but rather slowly for larger values. Therefore, the
effectiveness will not double when the length of heat exchanger is doubled.

13-78C A heat exchanger has the smallest effectiveness value when the heat capacity rates of two fluids
are identical. Therefore, reducing the mass flow rate of cold fluid by half will increase its effectiveness.

13-79C When the capacity ratio is equal to zero and the number of transfer units value is greater than 5, a
counter-flow heat exchanger has an effectiveness of one. In this case the exit temperature of the fluid with
smaller capacity rate will equal to inlet temperature of the other fluid. For a parallel-flow heat exchanger
the answer would be the same.

UAs UAs
13-80C The NTU of a heat exchanger is defined as NTU = = where U is the overall heat
C min (m& C p ) min
transfer coefficient and As is the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger. For specified values of U
and Cmin, the value of NTU is a measure of the heat exchanger surface area As. Because the effectiveness
increases slowly for larger values of NTU, a large heat exchanger cannot be justified economically.
Therefore, a heat exchanger with a very large NTU is not necessarily a good one to buy.

13-81C The value of effectiveness increases slowly with a large values of NTU (usually larger than 3).
Therefore, doubling the size of the heat exchanger will not save much energy in this case since the increase
in the effectiveness will be very small.

13-82C The value of effectiveness increases rapidly with a small values of NTU (up to about 1.5).
Therefore, tripling the NTU will cause a rapid increase in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, and thus
saves energy. I would support this proposal.

13-55
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-83 Air is heated by a hot water stream in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The maximum heat transfer rate
and the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid properties
are constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and air are given 95°C
to be 4.19 and 1.005 kJ/kg.°C.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold
Air
fluids are
10°C
Ch = m& h C ph = (1 kg / s)(4190 J / kg. ° C) = 4190 W/ ° C 3 kg/s
Cc = m& c C pc = (3 kg / s)(1005 J / kg. ° C) = 3015 W/° C

Therefore
Cmin = Cc = 3015 W/° C 1 kg/s

which is the smaller of the two heat capacity rates. Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Q& max = C min (Th,in − Tc ,in ) = (3015 W/°C)(95°C - 10°C) = 256, 275 W = 256.3 kW

The outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot streams in this limiting case are determined to be

Q& 256.275 kW
Q& = C c (Tc,out − Tc,in ) 
→ Tc,out = Tc ,in + = 10°C + = 95°C
Cc 3.015 kW/°C
Q& 256.275 kW
Q& = C h (Th,in − Th,out ) → Th,out = Th,in − = 95°C − = 33.8°C
Ch 4.19 kW/°C

13-56
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-84 Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet temperatures
are given. The rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperatures are to be determined. √
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The thickness
of the tube is negligible since it is thin-walled. 5 The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and oil are given to
be 4.18 and 2.2 kJ/kg.°C, respectively.
Oil
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
160°C
Ch = m& h C ph = (0.2 kg / s)(2200 J / kg. ° C) = 440 W/ ° C 0.2 kg/s
Cc = m& c C pc = (0.1 kg / s)(4180 J / kg. ° C) = 418 W/° C

Therefore, Cmin = Cc = 418 W/° C Water

Cmin 418 18°C
and C= = = 0.95 0.1 kg/s
Cmax 440 (12 tube passes)

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Q& max = Cmin ( Th ,in − Tc,in ) = (418 W/° C)(160° C -18° C) = 59.36 kW

The heat transfer surface area is

As = n(πDL ) = (12)(π )(0.018 m)(3 m) = 2.04 m 2

The NTU of this heat exchanger is

UAs (340 W/m 2 .°C) (2.04 m 2 )
NTU = = = 1.659
C min 418 W/°C

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.95 and NTU = 1.659 is determined
from Fig. 13-26d to be

ε = 0.61
Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes

Q& = εQ& max = (0.61)(59.36 kW) = 36.2 kW

Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are determined to be

Q& 36.2 kW
Q& = C c (Tc,out − Tc,in ) 
→ Tc,out = Tc ,in + = 18°C + = 104.6°C
Cc 0.418 kW / °C
Q& 36.2 kW
Q& = C h (Th,in − Th,out ) → Th,out = Th,in − = 160°C − = 77.7°C
Ch 0.44 kW/°C

13-57
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-85 Inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids in a double-pipe heat exchanger are given. It
is to be determined whether this is a parallel-flow or counter-flow heat exchanger and the effectiveness of
it.
Analysis This is a counter-flow heat exchanger because in the parallel-flow heat exchangers the outlet
temperature of the cold fluid (55°C in this case) cannot exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid,
which is (45°C in this case). Noting that the mass flow rates of both hot and cold oil streams are the same,
we have Cmin = Cmax = C . Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger is determined from

Q& C (T
h h ,in −Th ,out) C (T −T
h h ,in )
h ,out 80° C − 45° C
ε= & = = = = 0.583
Qmax C ( T
min h ,in − T c ,in ) C ( T
h h ,in − Tc ,in ) 80° C − 20° C

13-86E Inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids in a double-pipe heat exchanger are given.
It is to be determined the fluid, which has the smaller heat capacity rate and the effectiveness of the heat
exchanger.
Analysis Hot water has the smaller heat capacity rate since it experiences a greater temperature change.
The effectiveness of this heat exchanger is determined from
Q& C h (Th,in − Th,out ) C h (Th,in − Th,out ) 220°F − 100°F
ε= = = = = 0.8
&
Q max C min (Th,in − Tc,in ) C h (Th,in − Tc,in ) 220°F − 70°F

13-58
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-87 A chemical is heated by water in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet temperatures
are given. The outlet temperatures of both fluids are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The thickness
of the tube is negligible since tube is thin-walled. 5 The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and chemical are given to be 4.18 and 1.8 kJ/kg.°C,
respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch = m& h C ph = (2 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. ° C) = 8.36 kW/° C
Cc = m& c C pc = (3 kg / s)(1.8 kJ / kg. ° C) = 5.40 kW/ ° C Chemical

Therefore, Cmin = Cc = 5.4 kW/° C 20°C

3 kg/s
Cmin 5.40 Hot Water
and C= = = 0.646 110°C
Cmax 8.36
2 kg/s
Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes
Q& max = Cmin ( Th ,in − Tc,in ) = (5.4 kW/ ° C)(110° C - 20° C) = 486 kW

The NTU of this heat exchanger is

UAs (1.2 kW/m 2 .°C) (7 m 2 )
NTU = = = 1.556
C min 5.4 kW/°C

Then the effectiveness of this parallel-flow heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.646 and NTU=1.556
is determined from
1 − exp[ − NTU (1 + C )] 1 − exp[ −1556
. (1 + 0.646)]
ε= = = 0.56
1+ C 1 + 0.646
Then the actual rate of heat transfer rate becomes
Q& = εQ& max = (0.56)(486 kW) = 272.2 kW

Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are determined to be

Q& 272.2 kW
Q& = C c (Tc,out − Tc,in ) 
→ Tc,out = Tc,in + = 20°C + = 70.4°C
Cc 5.4 kW / °C
Q& 272.2 kW
Q& = C h (Th,in − Th,out ) → Th,out = Th,in − = 110°C − = 77.4°C
Ch 8.36 kW/°C

13-59
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-88 "!PROBLEM 13-88"

"GIVEN"
T_chemical_in=20 "[C], parameter to be varied"
C_p_chemical=1.8 "[kJ/kg-C]"
m_dot_chemical=3 "[kg/s]"
"T_w_in=110 [C], parameter to be varied"
m_dot_w=2 "[kg/s]"
C_p_w=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]"
A=7 "[m^2]"
U=1.2 "[kW/m^2-C]"

"ANALYSIS"
"With EES, it is easier to solve this problem using LMTD method than NTU method. Below,
we use LMTD method. Both methods give the same results."
DELTAT_1=T_w_in-T_chemical_in
DELTAT_2=T_w_out-T_chemical_out
DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2)
Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm
Q_dot=m_dot_chemical*C_p_chemical*(T_chemical_out-T_chemical_in)
Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_in-T_w_out)

Tchemical, in [C] Tchemical, out [C]

10 66.06
12 66.94
14 67.82
16 68.7
18 69.58
20 70.45
22 71.33
24 72.21
26 73.09
28 73.97
30 74.85
32 75.73
34 76.61
36 77.48
38 78.36
40 79.24
42 80.12
44 81
46 81.88
48 82.76
50 83.64

13-60
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

Tw, in [C] Tw, out [C]

80 58.27
85 61.46
90 64.65
95 67.84
100 71.03
105 74.22
110 77.41
115 80.6
120 83.79
125 86.98
130 90.17
135 93.36
140 96.55
145 99.74
150 102.9

13-61
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

85

81

77
T chem ical,out [C]

73

69

65
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
T chem ical,in [C]

110

100

90
T w ,out [C]

80

70

60

50
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
T w ,in [C]

13-62
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-89 Water is heated by hot air in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet temperatures are
given. The heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger on the water side is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The overall heat
transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and air are given to be 4.18 and 1.01kJ/kg.°C, respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch = m& h C ph = (4 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. ° C) = 16.72 kW/ ° C
Cc = m& c C pc = (9 kg / s)(1.01 kJ / kg. ° C) = 9.09 kW/ ° C Water
20°C, 4 kg/s
Therefore, Cmin = Cc = 9.09 kW/° C

Cmin 9.09
and C= = = 0.544 Hot Air
Cmax 16.72
100°C
Then the NTU of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 9 kg/s
0.544 and ε = 0.65 is determined from Fig. 13-26 to be
NTU = 1.5
Then the surface area of this heat exchanger becomes
UAs NTU C min (1.5)(9.09 kW/°C)
NTU = 
→ As = = = 52.4 m 2
C min U 0.260 kW/m 2 .°C

13-63
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-90 Water is heated by steam condensing in a condenser. The required length of the tube is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The overall heat
transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heat of the water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.°C. The heat of vaporization of water at
120°C is given to be 2203 kJ/kg.
Analysis (a) The temperature differences between the Water
steam and the water at the two ends of the condenser are 17°C
∆T1 = Th ,in − Tc,out = 120° C − 80° C = 40° C 3 kg/s
∆T2 = Th ,out − Tc,in = 120° C − 17° C = 103° C 120°C 120°C
Steam
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
∆T1 − ∆T2 40 − 103
∆Tlm = = = 66.6°C
ln(∆T1 / ∆T2 ) ln(40 /103) 80°C
The rate of heat transfer is determined from
Q& = m& C (T
c pc − T ) = (3 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. ° C)(80° C − 17° C) = 790.02 kW
c ,out c ,in

The surface area of heat transfer is

&
Q 790.02 kW
Q& = UAs ∆Tlm → As = = = 13.18 m 2
U∆Tlm 0.9 kW/m 2 .°C)(66.6°C)
The length of tube required then becomes
As 13.18 m 2
As = πDL 
→ L = = = 167.8 m
πD π (0.025 m)
(b) The rate of heat transfer is
Q& = m& C (T
c pc −T
c ,out c ,in ) = (3 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. ° C)(80° C − 17° C) = 790.02 kW

and the maximum rate of heat transfer rate is

Q& = C ( T − T ) = (12.54 W/ ° C)(120° C -17° C) = 1291.62 kW
max min h ,in c ,in

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger becomes

Q 790.02 kW
ε= = = 0.61
Qmax 129162
. kW
The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 13-5 to be
NTU = − ln(1 − ε ) = − ln(1 − 0.61) = 0.942
The surface area is
UAs NTU C min (0.942)(12.54 kW/ °C)
NTU = 
→ As = = = 13.12 m 2
C min U 0.9 kW/m 2 .°C
Finally, the length of tube required is
As 13.12 m 2
As = πDL 
→ L = = = 167 m
πD π (0.025 m)

13-64
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-91 Ethanol is vaporized by hot oil in a double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger. The outlet temperature
and the mass flow rate of oil are to be determined using the LMTD and NTU methods.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The overall heat
transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heat of oil is given to be 2.2 Oil
kJ/kg.°C. The heat of vaporization of ethanol at 120°C
78°C is given to be 846 kJ/kg.
Ethanol
Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is
Q& = mh
& fg = (0.03 kg / s)(846 kJ / kg) = 25.38 kW 78°C
0.03 kg/s
The log mean temperature difference is
Q& 25,380 W
Q& = UAs ∆Tlm  → ∆Tlm = = = 12.8°C
UAs (320 W/m 2 .°C)(6.2 m 2 )
The outlet temperature of the hot fluid can be determined as follows
∆T1 = Th ,in − Tc ,in = 120° C − 78° C = 42° C
∆T2 = Th ,out − Tc,out = Th ,out − 78° C
∆T1 − ∆T2 42 − (Th,out − 78)
and ∆Tlm = = = 12.8°C
ln(∆T1 / ∆T2 ) ln[42 /(Th,out − 78)]

whose solution is Th ,out = 79.8° C

Then the mass flow rate of the hot oil becomes
Q& 25,380 W
Q& = m& C p (Th,in − Th,out ) 
→ m& = = = 0.287 kg/s
C p (Th,in − Th,out ) (2200 J/kg.°C)(120°C − 79.8°C)
(b) The heat capacity rate C = mC
& p of a fluid condensing or evaporating in a heat exchanger is infinity,
and thus C = Cmin / Cmax = 0 .

The efficiency in this case is determined from ε = 1 − e − NTU

UAs (320 W/m 2 .°C)(6.2 m 2 )
where NTU = =
C min ( m& , kg/s)(2200 J/kg.°C)
and Q& max = Cmin (Th ,in − Tc ,in )

Q Cmin ( Th ,in − Tc,in ) 120 − Th ,out

ε= = =
Qmax Cmin ( Th ,in − Tc,in ) 120 − 78

Q& = C h (Th,in − Th,out ) = 25,380 W

Q& = m& × 2200(120 − Th,out ) = 25,380 W (1)
6.2×320
120 − Th,out −
Also = 1− e m& ×2200 (2)
120 − 78
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously gives
m& h = 0.287 kg / s and Th ,out = 79.8° C

13-65
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-92 Water is heated by solar-heated hot air in a heat exchanger. The mass flow rates and the inlet
temperatures are given. The outlet temperatures of the water and the air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The overall heat
transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the water and air are given to be 4.18 and 1.01 kJ/kg.°C, respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch = m& h C ph = (0.3kg / s)(1010 J / kg. ° C) = 303 W/° C
Cc = m& c C pc = (0.1 kg / s)(4180 J / kg. ° C) = 418 W/° C

Cmin 303
Therefore, Cmin = Cc = 303 W/° C and C = = = 0.725
Cmax 418

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Cold Water
Q& max = C min (Th,in − Tc,in ) 22°C
0.1 kg/s
= (303 W/°C)(90°C - 22°C) = 20,604 kW
Hot Air
The heat transfer surface area is
90°C
As = πDL = (π )(0.012 m)(12 m) = 0.45 m 2 0.3 kg/s
Then the NTU of this heat exchanger becomes
UAs (80 W/m 2 .°C) (0.45 m 2 )
NTU = = = 0.119
C min 303 W/°C

The effectiveness of this counter-flow heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.725 and NTU = 0.119 is
determined using the relation in Table 13-5 to be
1 − exp[ − NTU (1 − C )] 1 − exp[ −0119
. (1 − 0.725)]
ε= = = 0108
.
1 − C exp[ − NTU (1 − C )] 1 − 0.725 exp[ −0119
. (1 − 0.725)]
Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes
Q& = εQ& max = (0.108)(20,604 W) = 2225.2 W

Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are determined to be
Q& 2225.2 W
Q& = C c (Tc,out − Tc,in ) 
→ Tc ,out = Tc,in + = 22°C + = 27.3°C
Cc 418 W / °C
Q& 2225.2 W
Q& = C h (Th,in − Th,out ) → Th,out = Th,in − = 90°C − = 82.7°C
Ch 303 W/°C

13-66
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-93 "!PROBLEM 13-93"

"GIVEN"
T_air_in=90 "[C]"
m_dot_air=0.3 "[kg/s]"
C_p_air=1.01 "[kJ/kg-C]"
T_w_in=22 "[C]"
m_dot_w=0.1 "[kg/s], parameter to be varied"
C_p_w=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]"
U=0.080 "[kW/m^2-C]"
"L=12 [m], parameter to be varied"
D=0.012 "[m]"

"ANALYSIS"
"With EES, it is easier to solve this problem using LMTD method than NTU method. Below,
we use LMTD method. Both methods give the same results."
DELTAT_1=T_air_in-T_w_out
DELTAT_2=T_air_out-T_w_in
DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2)
A=pi*D*L
Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm
Q_dot=m_dot_air*C_p_air*(T_air_in-T_air_out)
Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_out-T_w_in)

mw [kg/s] Tw, out [C] Tair, out [C]

0.05 32.27 82.92
0.1 27.34 82.64
0.15 25.6 82.54
0.2 24.72 82.49
0.25 24.19 82.46
0.3 23.83 82.44
0.35 23.57 82.43
0.4 23.37 82.42
0.45 23.22 82.41
0.5 23.1 82.4
0.55 23 82.4
0.6 22.92 82.39
0.65 22.85 82.39
0.7 22.79 82.39
0.75 22.74 82.38
0.8 22.69 82.38
0.85 22.65 82.38
0.9 22.61 82.38
0.95 22.58 82.38
1 22.55 82.37

13-67
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

L [m] Tw, out [C] Tair, out [C]

5 24.35 86.76
6 24.8 86.14
7 25.24 85.53
8 25.67 84.93
9 26.1 84.35
10 26.52 83.77
11 26.93 83.2
12 27.34 82.64
13 27.74 82.09
14 28.13 81.54
15 28.52 81.01
16 28.9 80.48
17 29.28 79.96
18 29.65 79.45
19 30.01 78.95
20 30.37 78.45
21 30.73 77.96
22 31.08 77.48
23 31.42 77
24 31.76 76.53
25 32.1 76.07

33 83

82.9
30.8
82.8

28.6
82.7
T w ,out [C]

T air out [C]

82.6
26.4

82.5
T air,out
24.2
82.4
T w ,out

22 82.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
m w [kg/s]

13-68
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

33 88

32
86
31

30 84
T w ,out
29
T w ,out [C]

82

T air out [C]

28

27 80
T air,out
26
78
25

24 76
5 9 13 17 21 25
L [m ]

13-69
 Chap 13 Heat Exchangers

13-94E Oil is cooled by water in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer coefficient of this
heat exchanger is to be determined using both the LMTD and NTU methods.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The thickness
of the tube is negligible since it is thin-walled.
Properties The specific heats of the water and oil are given to be 1.0 and 0.525 Btu/lbm.°F, respectively.
Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is
Q& = m& h C ph (Th,in − Th,out ) = (5 lbm/s)(0.525 Btu/lbm.°F)(300 − 105°F) = 511.9 Btu/s
The outlet temperature of the cold fluid is
Q& 511.9 Btu/s
Q& = m& c C pc (Tc,out − Tc,in ) 
→ Tc,out = Tc ,in + = 70°F + = 240.6°F
m& c C pc (3 lbm/s)(1.0 Btu/lbm.°F)
The temperature differences between the two
fluids at the two ends of the heat exchanger are Cold Water
∆T1 = Th,in − Tc,out = 300° F − 240.6° F = 59.4° F 70°F
∆T2 = Th,out − Tc ,in = 105° F − 70° F = 35° F 3 lbm/s
Hot Oil 105°
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
F
∆T1 − ∆T2 59.4 − 35 300°F
∆Tlm = = = 46.1°F
ln(∆T1 / ∆T2 ) ln(59.4/35) 5 lbm/s

Then the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes

Q& 511.9 Btu/s
Q& = UAs ∆Tlm  → U = = = 2.12 Btu/s.ft 2 .°F
As ∆Tlm π (1 / 12 m )(20 ft)(46.1°F)
(b) The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch = m& h C ph = (5 lbm / s)(0.525 Btu / lbm. ° F) = 2.625 Btu / s. ° F
Cc = m& c C pc = (3 lbm / s)(1.0 Btu / lbm. ° F) = 3.0 Btu / s. ° F
Cmin 2.625
Therefore, Cmin = Ch = 2.625 Btu / s. ° F and C = = = 0.875
Cmax 3.0
Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes
Q& = C ( T − T ) = (2.625 Btu / s. ° F)(300° F - 70° F) = 603.75 Btu / s
max min h ,in c ,in

The actual rate of heat transfer and the effectiveness are

Q& = C (T − T
h h ,in) = (2.625 Btu / s. ° F)(300° F -105° F) = 5119
h ,out . Btu / s
Q& 5119.
ε= & = = 0.85
Q max 603.75
The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 13-3 to be
1  ε −1  1  0.85 − 1 
NTU = ln = ln  = 4.28
C − 1  εC − 1  0.875 − 1  0.85 × 0.875 − 1 
The heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger is
As = πDL = π (1 / 12 ft )(20 ft ) = 5.24 ft 2
UAs NTU C min (4.28)(2.625 Btu/s.°F)
and NTU = 
→ U = = = 2.14 Btu/s.ft 2 .°F
C min As 5.24 ft 2

13-70