‫خ‬ٛ‫خ انثمه‬َٛ‫ى انسذٔد انخشسب‬ًٛ‫تص‬

‫شح‬ٛ‫انصغ‬

Design of Small Concrete Gravity Dams

 ‫انًذتٕ‪ٚ‬بد‬
‫‪ .1‬تصُ‪ٛ‬فبد انسذٔد‬
‫إخت‪ٛ‬بس يٕلع انسذ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫إخت‪ٛ‬بس َٕع انسذ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫انسذٔد اإليالئ‪ٛ‬خ (انشكب ي‪ٛ‬خ)‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫انسذٔد انخشسبَ‪ٛ‬خ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫إستكشبف انًٕلع‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫تذه‪ٛ‬م ٔ تصً‪ٛ‬ى انسذٔد انخشسبَ‪ٛ‬خ انثمه‪ٛ‬خ‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
 ‫‪ .1‬تصُ‪ٛ‬فبد انسذٔد‬
‫دست إستخذايبتٓب‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ .1‬سذٔد تخض‪ُٛٚ‬خ ( ألغشاض انش٘‪ ،‬إيذاداد انً‪ٛ‬بِ‪ ،‬تٕن‪ٛ‬ذ انطبلخ‪ ،‬انتشف‪ ،ّٛ‬انخ)‬
‫‪ .2‬سذٔد تذٕ‪ٚ‬ه‪ٛ‬خ (تذٕ‪ٚ‬م انًبء انٗ لُٕاد فشع‪ٛ‬خ)‬
‫‪ .3‬سذٔد دًب‪ٚ‬خ ( نهتذكى ف‪ ٙ‬انف‪ٛ‬عبَبد ٔ دًب‪ٚ‬خ انًذٌ ٔاألساظ‪)ٙ‬‬

‫دست انًٕاد انًستخذيخ ف‪ ٙ‬اإلَشبء‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ .1‬انسذٔد اإليالئ‪ٛ‬خ (انشكبي‪ٛ‬خ) (تشاث‪ٛ‬خ ٔصخش‪ٚ‬خ) )‪(Rock and Earth fill‬‬

‫‪ .2‬انسذٔد انخشسبَ‪ٛ‬خ (انسذٔد انثمه‪ٛ‬خ‪ ،‬انسذٔد انمٕس‪ٛ‬خ ٔ انعٕاسض )‪(Gravity , arch and buttress dams‬‬
‫‪ .3‬انسذٔد انثمه‪ٛ‬خ انذجش‪ٚ‬خ )‪(Masonry dams‬‬

‫دست عًهٓب انٓ‪ٛ‬ذسٔن‪ٛ‬ك‪ٙ‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ .1‬سذٔد تسًخ ثًشٔس انًبء عه‪ٓٛ‬ب )‪( (overflow dams‬انسذٔد انخشسبَ‪ٛ‬خ‪ ،‬انسذٔد انإليالئ‪ٛ‬خ انصخش‪ٚ‬خ انًذً‪ٛ‬خ)‬
‫‪ .2‬سذٔد ال تسًخ ثًشٔس انًبء عه‪ٓٛ‬ب )‪((non-overflow dams‬انسذٔد انتشاث‪ٛ‬خ‪ ،‬انسذٔد انصخش‪ٚ‬خ غ‪ٛ‬ش انًذً‪ٛ‬خ)‬
‫‪ .2‬إخت‪ٛ‬بس يٕلع انسذ‬
‫• يٕلع عُك انضجبجخ )‪(Bottle neck‬‬

‫‪Dam‬‬
 ‫بس َٕع انسذ‬ٛ‫ إخت‬.2
‫بس َٕع انسذ‬ٛ‫ انعٕايم انًؤثشِ عهٗ لشاس إخت‬.1

‫خ انًٕلع‬ٛ‫غجٕغشاف‬ •
‫ب ٔدبنخ األسبط‬ٛ‫ٕنٕج‬ٛ‫انج‬ •
‫ انًٕلع‬ٙ‫خ انًتٕفشح ف‬ٛ‫َٕع انًٕاد اإلَشبئ‬ •
‫ط‬ٛ‫دجى ٔ يٕلع انًف‬ •
‫خ‬ٛ‫ئ‬ٛ‫اإلعتجبساد انج‬ •

• Topography.
• Geology and Foundation Conditions.
• Construction Materials Available.
• Spillway Size and Location.
• Environmental Consideration.
 Factors Affecting the Selection of the
Dam Type
1. Topography
• example: A narrow stream flowing between high,
rocky walls would naturally suggest a concrete
overflow dam. The low plains country could suggest
an earthffll dam with a separate spillway.
2. Geology and Foundation Condition
• Foundation Type, its geology, permeability,
condition of under-lying strata, existing faults,
and fissures.
 Factors Affecting the Selection of the
Dam Type
3. Construction Materials Available
Materials for dams such as: soils for embankments
(earthfill). Rock for embankments and riprap (rockfill
dam), and concrete aggregate (sand, gravel, crushed stone)
(concrete dam). Availability near the site will reduce the
cost of the dam considerably.

4. Spillway Size and Location Size, type and the

natural restriction to its location will control the type of
dam. Large spillway (combining the spillway and the dam
in one structure or building a separate spillway and using
excavated material for earth or rockfill dam). Small spill
way (earthfill or rockfill dams if suitable material is
available or concrete gravity dam)
 Selection of Dam Type

5. Environmental Consideration
• Environmental consideration became very important in
the design of dams.
• Environmental Impact Assessment is necessary before
building a dam. The results can change the type and/or
size or location of the dam.
• The cost of environmental protection can be considerable
(moving people, land substitution, itc.).
• Small dams has less effect on the environment than large
dams.
 Foundation Types
A. Solid rock foundations: (have a high bearing capacity)
any type of dam can be built (material availability and
overall cost will decide the type of dam).

B. Gravel foundations: If well compacted, Suitable for

earthfill, Rockfill, and low concrete gravity dams. (high
permeability in these foundations suggests providing
cutoff or seals).

C. Silt or fine sand foundations: Suitable for low

concrete gravity dams and earthfill dams if properly
designed, but they can not be used for rockfill dams. The
Main problems for this foundation (Settlement, piping,
excessive percolation losses and the need for protection of
the foundation at the downstream toe from erosion.
D. Clay foundations: can be used for earthfill
dams (require special treatment, field tests) but
not suitable for concrete gravity dams and
should not be used for rockfill dams. large
settlement occur if the clay is unconsolidated
and the moisture content is high).

E. Nonuniform foundations: for example rock

and earth foundation. A composite dam can be
built (earthfill or rokfill dam on the earth part of
the foundation and concrete gravity dam on the
other part (rock foundation)
 Site Investigation
• Geologic Investigation
Geologic Investigation stages:

1. Reconnaissance of the project area to detect geologic

conditions which could affect project feasibility.
2. Geologic mapping of the dam and reservoir site and
location of sources of construction materials.
3. Subsurface exploration, which may include
geophysical surveys, drilling, and exploratory pits.
4. Foundation evaluation entailing soils and/ or rock
mechanics investigation.
 Most Significant Geologic Hazards
1. Land slides (vaint arch dam. Italy, 239milion cum of earth and
rock, wave height of reservoir water was 238m above reservoir level,
2500 dead.

2. Active faults and seismicity.

3. Land subsidence (oil fields, ground water extraction ). Carbonate

rocks such as Limestone and dolomite are soluble in slightly acidic
ground water. This leads to creation of caves.

4. Presence of liquefiable soils in critical locations.

5. Leakage through points or erodible formation (can lead to piping,

when hydraulic gradient exceeds the buoyant force of the soil
particles (h/L> (G-1)/(1+e)).
Piping
 •Embankment Dams
1. Earthfill Dam
• Types of earthfill dams:
a. Homogeneous
b. Modified homogeneous
c. Zoned dam
Range of Impervious Cores Used in Zoned Embankment

Size of Core
Embankment Dams
Recommended slopes
Earthfill Dam Examples
Earthfill Dam Examples
 Embankment Dams
2. Rockfill Dms
• Types of rockfill dams:
a. Central core
b. Sloping core
c. Diaphragm
Rockfill Dam Examples
Rockfill Dam Examples
Embankment Dams
Filter Criteria
Embankment Dam, Seepage flow
Concrete Dams
1. Arch Dam
Concrete Dams
1. Arch Dam
Concrete Dams
2. Buttress Dam
Concrete Dams
2. Buttress Dam
Concrete Dams
3. Gravity Dam
Concrete Dams
3. Gravity Dam
 ‫خ‬ٛ‫خ انثمه‬َٛ‫ى انسذٔد انخشسب‬ًٛ‫م ٔتص‬ٛ‫تذه‬
‫انمٕٖ انًؤثشح عهٗ تٕاصٌ انسذ‬ •
)‫ (أيبو ٔ خهف انسذ‬ٙ‫ ظغػ انًبء انخبسج‬-‫أ‬
a. External water pressure (head and tail water).
)ِ‫ انسذ ٔانمبعذ‬ٙ‫ ف‬ٙ‫ أٔ انشفع انًبئ‬ٙ‫ (انعغػ انًسبي‬ٙ‫ ظغػ انًبء انذاخه‬-‫ة‬
b. Internal water pressure; i.e., pore pressure or uplift in the
dam and foundation.
‫ ظغػ انتشسجبد‬-‫ج‬
c. Silt pressure.
‫ انمٕٖ انُبتجّ عٍ انضالصل‬-‫د‬
d. Earthquake forces.
‫ ٔصٌ يُشئخ انسذ‬-ِ
e. Weight of the structure.
‫ انجسش أٔ ظغػ انثهٕج‬،‫ انمٕٖ انُبتجّ عٍ انجٕاثبد‬-ٔ
f. Forces from gates or bridge and Ice pressure
 ‫انمٕٖ انًختهفخ انًؤثشِ عهٗ جسى انسذ‬

‫خهف انسذ‬
‫أيبو انسذ‬
‫ٔجٕد يبء خهف انسذ‬

‫‪H1‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬

‫‪H3‬‬

‫‪U‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
 ‫انمٕٖ انًختهفّ انًؤثشِ عهٗ جسى انسذ‬

‫ال ‪ٕٚ‬جذ يبء خهف انسذ‬

‫‪H1‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬

‫‪H3‬‬

‫‪U‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
 ‫ظغػ انًبء األيبي‪ ٙ‬أثُبء انف‪ٛ‬عبٌ‬

‫يُشأح انًف‪ٛ‬ط‬

‫‪H2‬‬
‫لٕٖ انضالصل‬
‫تٕص‪ٚ‬ع لٕح سفع انًبء ثذٌٔ عًم تصش‪ٚ‬ف نهً‪ٛ‬بِ انًتسشثّ يٍ خالل انمبعذِ‬
‫تٕص‪ٚ‬ع لٕح سفع انًبء ثذذٔث تصش‪ٚ‬ف نهً‪ٛ‬بِ انًتسشثّ يٍ خالل انمبعذِ‬
Basic Load Conditions
Basic Load Conditions
Basic Load Conditions
Basic Load Conditions
Basic Load Conditions
 ‫يتطهجبد اإلتضاٌ‬

‫‪ٚ‬جت أٌ ‪ٚ‬صًى انسذ انخشسبَ‪ ٙ‬انثمه‪ ٙ‬ن‪ٛ‬مبٔو ‪ ,‬ثًعبيم‬ ‫•‬

‫أيبٌ كبف ‪ ,‬انذبالد األسثعخ انتبن‪ٛ‬خ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اإلَمالة (‪)Overturning‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اإلَضالق )‪(Sliding‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ظغٕغ تذً‪ٛ‬م تشثخ انمبعذح‬
‫)‪(Bearing pressures on foundation soil‬‬
‫‪ .4‬انجٕٓد ف‪ ٙ‬انخشسبَخ )‪(Stresses in concrete‬‬
 ‫سيٕص )‪(Symbols‬‬

‫) ‪(kN/m‬‬ ‫لٕح انشفع انًبئ‪U ٙ‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪(kN/m )  V‬‬ ‫تجً‪ٛ‬ع نكم انمٕٖ انعًٕد‪ٚ‬خ يع لٕٖ انشفع انًبئ‪ٙ‬‬ ‫•‬
‫تجً‪ٛ‬ع نكم انمٕٖ انعًٕد‪ٚ‬خ ثذٌٔ لٕٖ انشفع انًبئ‪ V ٙ‬‬ ‫•‬
‫تجً‪ٛ‬ع نكم انمٕٖ األفم‪ٛ‬خ‪ H‬‬ ‫•‬
‫تجً‪ٛ‬ع نكم انعضٔو دٕل َمطخ )‪ (O‬ثٕاسطخ انمٕٖ انعًٕد‪ٚ‬خ يع لٕٖ‬ ‫•‬
‫انشفع انًبئ‪ Mov (kN.m/m ) ٙ‬‬
‫تجً‪ٛ‬ع نكم انعضٔو دٕل َمطخ )‪ (O‬ثٕاسطخ انمٕٖ انعًٕد‪ٚ‬خ ثذٌٔ انشفع‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ MoV‬‬ ‫انًبئ‪ٙ‬‬
‫تجً‪ٛ‬ع نكم انعضٔو دٕل َمطّ ثٕاسطخ انمٕٖ األفم‪ٛ‬خ ‪ Moh‬‬ ‫•‬
‫تجً‪ٛ‬ع نكم انعضٔو دٕل َمطخ )‪ (O‬ثٕاسطخ لٕٖ انشفع انًبئ‪ MoU ٙ‬‬ ‫•‬
 (Overturning) ‫ اإلَمالة‬.1
 MO  MO
V
 1.5 or a
 MO V
H
 MO H

 M  M - MO V
 MO
O O
v H
V

B H M O
e= -a
2 Dam base e a O
B/2 B/2
V : Summation of all vertical
B/3 B/3 B/3
forces including uplift.
B/4 B/2 B/4
B
 ‫‪ .2‬اإلَضالق )‪(Sliding‬‬

‫‪  V  tg‬‬
‫= ‪F.S‬‬ ‫‪ 1.5  V    V- U ‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫= صأ‪ٚ‬خ اإلدتكبن انذاخه‪ ٙ‬نهصخش= ‪45o‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ V  tg   1‬‬ ‫عندما يكون‪:‬‬

‫‪H‬‬
‫أٔ‬ ‫عُذْب ‪ٔ,‬ف‪ ٙ‬دبنخ األسبط انصخش٘‪ٚ ,‬جت تصً‪ٛ‬ى خُذق سبَذ )‪(Key trench‬‬
‫يثجتبد دذ‪ٚ‬ذ‪ٚ‬خ )‪.(Anchors‬‬
 ‫• صأ‪ٚ‬خ اإلدتكبن انذاخه‪ ٙ‬نًٕاد االسبسبد‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫ن وع الم ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـادة‬

‫‪45 o‬‬ ‫صخ ـ ـر‬
‫‪30 o‬‬ ‫رم ل‬
‫حصى رم مي‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
ِ‫م عهٗ انمبعذ‬ًٛ‫ ظغٕغ انتذ‬.3
 V  6e 
1 =  1
B  B 
O

 V  6e 
2 =  1
B  B 

2   V  MO   MO H
2 = , a= V

3 a  V
‫خ‬ٛ‫ تتٕلف عهٗ َٕع‬ٙ‫جت أال تتجبٔص جٕٓد انعغػ انًسًٕح ثٓب ٔانت‬ٚ
.‫األسبط‬

 V : Summation of all vertical

forces Excluding uplift pressure force
‫جٕٓد انعغػ انًسًٕح ثٓب نًختهف إَاع األسبسبد‬
‫سعة التحمل األمنة القص وى‬

‫)‪)N/mm2‬‬ ‫ن وع الت ربة‬

‫ت ربة مغمورة‬ ‫ت ربة جافة‬

‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫ال رمال المتجانسو المدكوكو و خميط ال رمل وال حصى‬

‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫ال رمل المنتظم التوزيع المدكوك‬

‫‪0.075‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫ال رمل المنتظم التوزيع السائب‬

‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪02‬‬ ‫الطين القاسي (اليابس)‬

‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫الكتل الطينيو شديده القساوة‬

‫‪>1‬‬ ‫‪>1‬‬ ‫الصخر‬

‫جٕٓد انعغػ انًسًٕح ثٓب نًختهف إَاع األسبسبد‬
 ‫ انخشسبَخ‬ٙ‫انجٕٓد ف‬
Compression: ‫انعغػ‬ :‫خ‬ٛ‫انجٕٓد انًسًٕح ثٓب نهخشسبَخ انكته‬
V  6 e  Compression: 42kg/cm2
C =  1    1.7
B  B 

Tensile: ‫انشذ‬
V  6 e 
T =   1.7
B  B 
1

 MO V   MO H
Shear: ‫انمص‬ , a=
V
 H 1.7
S =
B ‫م‬ًٛ‫ يعبيم تذ‬: 1.7
 ‫• انجٕٓد انًسًٕح ثٓب نهخشسبَخ انكته‪ٛ‬خ‬

‫إجهاد القص‬ ‫إجهاد الشد‬ ‫خمطة الخ رسانة‬

‫‪N/mm2‬‬ ‫‪N/mm2‬‬
‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪1:2:3‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.50‬‬ ‫‪1:2:4‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪1 : 2.5 : 5‬‬
 ‫● إختبار اإلنزالق‬

H 
530

530

530
 0.9718  tgα
  V- U  tg  56  B +111.4 56  7.75 +111.4 545

 V =   V- U  tg  =1 for rok

tg  1
=  1.03  1.25
tg α 0.9718
1
or :  1.25
H
545
545
 H=  436 kN/m 2
1.25
kN 94= 436-535 = ‫خ‬ٛ‫مبٔو لٕح أفم‬ٛ‫( ن‬key trench) ‫ى خُذق سبَذ‬ًٛ‫جت تص‬ٚ ‫إرا‬
 ‫● تصً‪ٛ‬ى خُذق سبَذ )‪(key trench‬‬
‫‪.1‬تصً‪ٛ‬ى عشض انخُذق )‪(k‬‬
‫ف‪ْ ٙ‬زا انتصً‪ٛ‬ى أخز انم‪ًٛ‬خ ‪ 0.3N/mm2‬إلجٓبد انمص )‪ٚ (Ultimate shear stress‬عتجش يُبست‪.‬‬
‫‪1.7   H  103‬‬
‫=‪τ‬‬ ‫‪ 0.30 N/mm 2‬‬
‫‪1000  k‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
‫‪1.7  530  103‬‬
‫=‪τ‬‬ ‫‪ 0.30‬‬
‫‪1000  k‬‬
‫‪k‬‬

‫‪k = 3.0 m‬‬

‫‪ .2‬تصً‪ٛ‬ى عًك انخُذق )‪(t‬‬
‫إجٓبد انعغظ األفم‪ ٙ‬انًسًٕح ثٓب نهصخٕس = ‪1 N/mm2‬‬
‫‪(530  436)  103‬‬
‫=‪τ‬‬ ‫‪ 1.0 N/mm 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 1000  t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪94  103‬‬
‫=‪τ‬‬ ‫‪ 1.0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 1000  t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪t = 184 mm  200 mm‬‬
‫● يثبل نتصً‪ٛ‬ى سذ خشسبَ‪ ٙ‬ثمه‪ ٙ‬عهٗ أسبط صخش٘‬