Physics ProbSet 4

PHYSICS PROBLEM SETS
CREATED AND PREPARED BY CESAR JACINTO P. SALAZAR
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________________

Grade and Section: ___________________________ Score: _______________
PROBLEM SET # 4
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of heat, work, and
energy transfer in physical systems. It encompasses principles governing the behavior of
macroscopic systems, focusing on concepts such as temperature, pressure, volume, and energy.
Key principles of thermodynamics include:
1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Establishes the concept of temperature and thermal
equilibrium. It states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
2. First Law of Thermodynamics: Also known as the law of conservation of energy, it
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It can only change forms
or be transferred from one part of the system to another.
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics: This law introduces the concept of entropy, which
is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. It states that in any spontaneous process,
the total entropy of an isolated system always increases, or at best remains constant.
4. Third Law of Thermodynamics: This law deals with the behavior of systems as they
approach absolute zero temperature (0 K). It states that it is impossible to reach absolute zero
in a finite number of steps.
Thermodynamics has broad applications across various fields including engineering,
chemistry, biology, and environmental science. It is essential for understanding phenomena
such as heat engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, and the behavior of complex
systems in both nature and technology.
Here are some key formulas used in thermochemistry:
1. First Law of Thermodynamics

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊
Where:
• ∆𝑈 is the change in internal energy,
• 𝑄 is the heat added to the system, and
• 𝑊 is the work done by the system.
2. Work Done by Gas
• 𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 for an isobaric process (constant pressure),
𝑉
• 𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇ln ( 𝑉𝑓) for an isothermal process (constant temperature), and
𝑖
• 𝑊 = −∆𝑈 for an adiabatic process (no heat transfer).
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PHYSICS PROBLEM SETS
CREATED AND PREPARED BY CESAR JACINTO P. SALAZAR
3. Entropy Change (∆𝑆)
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣
∆𝑆 =
𝑇
Where:
• ∆𝑆 is the entropy change,

• 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 is the heat transferred reversibly, and
• 𝑇 is the temperature in Kelvin.
4. Gibbs Free Energy (𝑮)
∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇∆𝑆
Where:
• ∆𝐺 is the change in Gibbs Free Energy,
• ∆𝐻 is the enthalpy change of the system, and
• ∆𝑆 is the change in entropy.
5. Carnot Efficiency (𝜼)
𝑇𝑐
𝜂 =1−
𝑇ℎ
Where:
• 𝜂 is the efficiency of the heat engine,
• 𝑇𝑐 is the temperature of the cold reservoir, and
• 𝑇ℎ is the temperature of the hot reservoir.
These formulas provide a foundation for understanding and analyzing thermodynamic

processes and systems.
Instructions:
Calculate the following according to what is being asked in the problem. Feel free to consult
the formulas above. SHOW YOUR WORK
1. If 25.0 grams of O2 reacts with excess methane in a combustion reaction how much energy
is produced?
2. Given the following reaction: 𝐶(𝑠) + 2 𝑆(𝑠) + 78.9 𝑘𝐽 −> 𝐶𝑆2 (𝑙) How many grams of
Carbon can be burned if 268.0 kJ of energy are available?
3. A gas expands against a constant external pressure of 2.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚 from a volume of 10.0 𝐿 to
20.0 𝐿 at a constant temperature of 300 𝐾. Calculate the work done by the gas during this
process.
4. Calculate the change in entropy when 50.0 𝑔 of ice at −10.0 ⁰𝐶 melts into liquid water at
0 ⁰𝐶. The molar heat of fusion for ice is 6.01 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙.
5. For a reaction 2𝐴(𝑔) + 3𝐵(𝑔) → 4𝐶(𝑔), the standard Gibbs free energy change (∆𝐺°) is
−92.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 at 25 ⁰𝐶. Calculate the equilibrium constant (𝐾𝑒𝑞 ) for the reaction at this
temperature.
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PHYSICS PROBLEM SETS

CREATED AND PREPARED BY CESAR JACINTO P. SALAZAR

Name: _____________________ Date:

1. First Law of Thermodynamics

• 𝑊 = −∆𝑈 for an adiabatic process (no heat transfer).

• ∆𝑆 is the entropy change,

These formulas provide a foundation for understanding and analyzing thermodynamic

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