Internet of Things (IoT) System For Diagnosing Power Transformer Faults Using The IEC 60076-1 Standard: Review
Internet of Things (IoT) System For Diagnosing Power Transformer Faults Using The IEC 60076-1 Standard: Review
Internet of Things (IoT) System For Diagnosing Power Transformer Faults Using The IEC 60076-1 Standard: Review
Abstract:- The evaluation of Internet of Things (IoT), to a Cisco report [1]. Prior to recently, the internet allowed
which are contracted to research the adoption or people to connect and communicate with one other, but as of
acceptance of IoT technology, is deemed to be a subject of late, objects have been able to sense their surroundings and
vital importance. Studying the adoption or admissibility exchange data with one another. IoT has impacted a number
of IoT technology is not a brand-new study area, and of other areas, including smart homes, agriculture, and
numerous scholars have undertaken the task. The current medicines. IoT has not yet achieved significant progress in
and upcoming generations of Internet are being shaped one area, which is the power system environment. Integrating
by the Internet of Things (IoT). The main aim of this communication capabilities into a network of widely
survey, contrasted with previous surveys, is to scattered, heterogeneous, and closely spaced objects is the
systematically evaluate the IoT technology research in aim of the Internet of Things.
condition monitoring of power transformers to proffer a
thorough cursor that can facilitate scholars to accomplish These smart devices generate data that is compiled,
additional research in IoT acceptance. Almost all assessed, and dispersed for use in subsequent processes by
appliances may now be remotely monitored and IoT services and applications. Various data formats and
connected to the internet thanks to the Internet of Things. protocols are carried by the Internet of Things network for
Power transformers play a crucial role in electrical various applications utilizing various technologies. IoT
distribution networks, and their reliable operation is technologies develop and change as a result of the shifting
paramount. The existing diagnostic tests outlined in the demands of people's daily lives. Because of its limited or
IEC 60076-1 standard are essential for ensuring lossy identification, the Internet of Things (IoT) environment
transformer health but suffer from manual procedures, presents a number of issues, making data security and
leaving them susceptible to human error. This traditional confidentiality crucial. Every owner of a transformer wants to
method not only introduces the potential for inaccuracies maximize the efficiency and use of this vital equipment in
due to human involvement but also incurs significant order to maximize their return on investment. Transformer
operational costs and delays. The need to physically owners have historically used predictive and corrective
dispatch technicians to transformer sites for routine maintenance techniques for this equipment. Corrective
diagnostics hampers timely fault detection and preventive maintenance ensures that transformer parts are used without
maintenance. Therefore, there exists a pressing need to reservation in practice, but it comes at a cost to the utility in
modernize and enhance the diagnostic procedures by terms of labor, downtime, and non-routine maintenance
integrating emerging technologies like the Internet of requirements. By carrying out preventive maintenance, which
Things (IoT). This paper will review the most recent involves determining the lifespan of specific parts and
techniques for transformer health tracking system using carrying out maintenance before the actual breakdown
IoT and highlight the contemporary approaches. A total occurs, a number of utility owners have been able to advance.
of 50 primary research literature that was published Although the high costs of labor, planned downtime, and
between 2018 and 2024 were surveyed in this review underuse of the component during its operational lifespan
paper. persist, this strategy prevents unanticipated and catastrophic
failures. Utility owners are now leaning toward developing a
Keywords:- Internet of Things, Transformers, Sensors, predictive maintenance model that improves the maintenance
Systematic Literature Review. cycle and counteracts a corrective and preventative
maintenance approach, thanks to the development of the
I. INTRODUCTION Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Just-in-time component
replacement is a strategy used in predictive maintenance. By
IoT is transforming contemporary civilization. The reducing unplanned maintenance and labor expenses, this
Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected technique extends component lifespan in addition to
devices that communicate with one another by sending and replacing components that are closer to failure. A detailed
receiving data. Approximately 500 billion gadgets will use examination of the primary research elements of digital twin
sensors and be connected to the Internet by 2030, according technology in transformer condition monitoring, including
the kind of transformer or physical item, the examined remotely monitored and connected to the internet thanks to
transformer aspect, the digital model platform, the the Internet of Things. IoT is a significant advancement in
communication channel, the cloud, and the type of digital artificial intelligence and a step toward integrating into
twin, is conducted. contemporary culture. Due to their widespread application in
digital systems, electronics, and equipment, they also grew to
II. LITERATURE SURVEY be a significant component of the engineering sector. IoT
consists of a large network of interconnected devices. These
The work in [8] examined the current, voltage, digital technology tools gather information, process, and
temperature, moisture, and oil level of a 3-phase oil evaluate it, and then do the tasks in accordance with the
immersed power transformer. Node-MCU was used as the configurations of the programs, as illustrated in Figure 1. The
microcontroller which was embedded with 4 sensors namely: sensors, which are covered in more detail below, enable this.
Temperature & Humidity sensor, Current sensor, Voltage Wireless networks abound on IoT platforms. An Internet of
sensor, IR sensor. Things (IoT) environment is made up of networked devices
with sensors, CPUs, and other complex hardware that are
[9] Examined the current, voltage, temperature and oil connected to the internet and use that data to transfer, gather,
level of a power transformer using ESP32 as the and act upon it. IoT sensors take measurements of physical
microcontroller with the 4 sensors embedded. Blynk App was quantities, sending the data to an MCU for processing and
used as the cloud and GSM was used to send SMS’s of analysis. The MCU then sends the data to the cloud for
abnormal conditions to the operators.[10] designed a health additional processing and storage. The IoT system responds
management system of a distribution transformer. to any anomalies it detects by executing program
ThingSpeak was used for examining the graphical signatures configurations.
of ambient temperature, winding temperature, oil
temperature, Current, Voltage and Oil level. This was done
by 7 sensors embedded to a microcontroller and ThingSpeak
used for, storage, processing, and display.
Winding Resistance
A transformer's DC resistance can reveal a great deal
about itself when measured from one external terminal to
Fig 4 The Communication Channels another. More subtle issues can be found in addition to the
obvious faulty windings (such as an open winding or shorted
turn). Apart from the winding, the on-load tap changer and
multiple welded and mechanical connections also need to
receive the DC current. Direct current shall be used for the
measurement [23].
Ardiuno Cloud sensors, and other electrical components. They help control
An online platform called the Arduino IoT Cloud the device's operation and behavior during data processing
facilitates the creation, deployment, and monitoring of and transmission. In an IoT system, microcontrollers are
Internet of Things projects [30]. It makes it easy to create, essential for establishing connections with and exchanging
administer, and install linked apps on compatible hardware. data with other devices and systems. They gather, process,
Furthermore, it is possible to create an elegant dashboard for and transmit sensor data to other systems or devices via wired
gathering, presenting, and modifying data from IoT devices. or wireless communication protocols. They can also
Three simple-to-use tools are included in the Arduino Cloud understand and receive commands and control signals from
toolbox, which facilitates the creation, monitoring, and other devices, which they can employ to direct the embedded
updating of linked IoT projects during their whole lifecycle. device's actions and behaviors. Microcontrollers' tiny size,
The end user can aggregate variables from linked devices inexpensive cost, and low energy consumption make them
using the Arduino IoT Cloud. After that, a completely ideal for use in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. They are
customized dashboard with the variable values and appropriate for a wide range of IoT applications since they
aggregation results is displayed. The functionality of the can be configured to do a wide variety of functions. Because
offline, traditional Arduino IDE are also available in the web they consume less energy, they are also excellent for battery-
editor [31]. On the other hand, it makes it easy for the end powered gadgets [33]. Commonly used microcontrollers are
user to transport all drawings and libraries and access them briefly discussed below-:
from any PC connected to the Internet [31]. There is a free
plan available on the Arduino Cloud that can be used ESP32
indefinitely. However, the end user must purchase a premium Due to its quick CPU, low power consumption, Wi-Fi
package in order to get more advanced capabilities like over- and Bluetooth capabilities, and portability, ESP32 is a great
the-air upgrades. option for Internet of Things applications [33].
[9]. Amol A. Sonune, Mayur S. Talole, Sumit V. [18]. Sudhir Anakal, Sritha P, Sangita Rani Kar, Dekka
Sonkusale, Ankit A. Akotkar, Piyush S. Jaiswal, Satish, A Rajendra Prasad, A Sangeetha, Sajitha LP,
Vivek N. Gayki, Condition Monitoring of Distribution Transformer Monitoring and Security System Using
Transformer using IOT, International Journal Of IoT, 3rd International Conference on Innovative
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol 9, Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM
pp. 335-338, 06 June 2020, ISSN: 2278-0181. 2023), pp. 1-6, 2022, DOI: 10.1109/ICIPTM57143.
[10]. Rajesh Sharma, Design of Distribution Transformer 2023.10117801.
Health Management System using IoT Sensors, [19]. Liang Chen, Meng-Meng Jia, Xiao-Dong Yuan, A
Journal of Soft Computing Paradigm (JSCP), Vol 03, Robust Framework Design of IoT Monitoring Device
pp. 192-204, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jscp. for Power Distribution Network, Asia-Pacific Power
2021.3.005. Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), pp. 1-4,
[11]. O. YAMAN, Y. BICEN, An internet of Things (IoT) 2019.
based Monitoring System for Oil-Immersed [20]. Jesus Hamilton Ortiz, Javier Ferney Castillo Garcia,
Transformers, Balkan Journal of Electrical & Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf, Fernando Velez Varela,
Computer Engineering, Vol.7, pp. 226-234, July 2019, Pedro Jefferson Barragan Baron, Jhon Hadder
ISSN: 2147-284X, https://dergipark.gov.tr/bajece. Guzman Atehortua, Development of a Module for
[12]. Rajeshwarrao Arabelli, Durgam Rajababu, Measuring Electrical Variables in Power Transformers
Transformer Optimal Protection using Internet of Based on IoT to Manage and Monitoring by
Things, International Journal of Innovative Telemetry Mechanism, Tech Science Press, vol.3, pp.
Technology and Exploring Engineering, Volume-8, 55-63, 11 April 2021, DOI:10.32604/jiot.2021.
pp. 2169-2172, September 2019, ISSN: 2278-3075, 014736.
DOI:10.35940/ijitee.K2032.0981119. [21]. Danish Equbal, Mohit Bajaj, Manzar Nezami, Tahir
[13]. Chanudon Chueapram, Kanyama Kamata, Tanapoom Khushaid Lone, IoT Based Classification of
Rueangphaisan, Yuwarat Srisupawong, Noritsugu Transformer Faults using Emerging Techniques of E-
Kamata, Development of the smart Transformer Nose and ANFIS, System, Frontiers in Energy
Detection Learning Kit Using IoT, Internation Journal Research, pp. 1-15, 11 October 2022, DOI:
of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 12, 10.3389/fenrg.2022.1020040.
pp. 1191-1197, November 2022, doi: 10.18178/ijiet. [22]. Steve Ranger , The Internet of Things explained,
2022.12.11.1738. https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-the-internet-of-
[14]. Mayur Ramdham, Samiksha Mahajan, Payal things-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-iot-
Shivankar, Mayuri Belpande, Divya Raut, Komal right-now/ [Online], 3 Feb 2020.
Wadatkar, Bhupendra Kumar, IoT Based Distribution [23]. International standard, IEC 60076-1 2011.
Transformer Health Monitoring System, International [24]. Ralph Heredia, What are IoT sensors,
Journal for Research in Applied Science & https://www.zipitwireless.com/blog/what-are-iot-
Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Volume. 10, pp. sensors-types-uses-and-examples [Online], 30 Aug
3945-3950, June 2022, ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 2021.
45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538. [25]. Vrinda Mathur, Top 10 IoT Communication Protocols
[15]. Anthony Kwarteng, Stephen Kwaku Okrah, Ben to know about, https://www.analyticssteps.com/
Asante, Patrick Smanor Bediako, Design and blogs/top-10-iot-communication-protocols-know-
Construction of an IoT Based Distribution about [Online], 17 May 2023.
Transformer Condition Monitoring System, The [26]. Vishal Gaikar, The beginners guide to the Internet of
International Journal of Engineering and Science Things, https://medium.com/globant/iot-basics-and-
(IJES), Volume 10, pp. 20-44, May 2021, ISSN (e): its-presence-in-globant-ccc38aff3208 [Online], 28
2319-1813 ISSN (p): 20-24-1805, DOI: September 2021.
10.9790/1813-1005032044. [27]. Arm, IoT Cloud, https://www.arm.com/glossary/iot-
[16]. Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj, Design on IoT Based Real cloud [Online].
Time Transformer Performance Monitoring System [28]. Math Works, Internet of Things Using ThingSpeak
for Enhancing the Safety Measures, IOP Conference https://www.mathworks.com/help/supportpkg/arduino
Series Material Science and Engineering, pp.1-5, /ref/thingspeakwrite.html [Online], 2023.
2020, doi:10.1088/1757-89X/988/1/012076. [29]. Diksha Rana, Looking over the top 11 cloud platforms
[17]. K. Banumathi, M. Grace, G. Kalaikaveya, S. Shobana, for Internet of Things (IoT), we highlight the
Monitoring of Transformer via Internet of Things importance of scalability, cost, and connectivity,
Using GSM Technology, International Journal Of https://dzone.com/articles/10-cloud-platforms-for-
Science Research in Science, Engineering and internet-of-things-iot [Online], 19 May 2022.
Technology (IJSRSET), Vol 4, pp. 647-651, 29 March [30]. Karl Soderby, Getting Started With the Arduino IoT
2018, ISSN: 2394-4099. Cloud, https://docs.arduino.cc/arduino-cloud/getting-
started/iot-cloud-getting-started [Online], 19 Aug
2023.