Aerospace Research in Bulgaria

Volume 13 o
Sofia o 1997
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

PeAarrluonHa KoJrerut AKAAeMI THo laAarencrBo

"flpoQ. Mapnn ,{pnnon"
H.
r.
n. PeAarrop
I. Mrmes,n. Henorcxn,H. Hever, H. Esrlnvrora
fi. fleHes,A. Ilonoa, X. Crulpugonor,
C, Cranpen, H. Ctoftren, JI. @wnuron,
C. {aruonos
Oopvar7Ox100/16
fles. xoru l0
Editorial Board

N. Georgiev @ditor-in-Chiefl, fleqarrillla

G. Mardirossian (Secretary), na AraAevrclro rBAareJIcrBo
P. Velinov, P. Getzov, T. Ivanova, "flpoQ.Mapru,{pmror"
D. Mishev, P. Nenovsky, N. Netchev lll3 CoQnr
P. Penev,A. Popov$. Spiridonov, yn. "Axa4. feoprur Eonuet', 61.5
S. Stawev, N, Stoitchev, L. FiliPov, IIop. Ne 2008
S. Chapkunov

A,4pec

A€poKocMr,IcecKIir. H3cJreAB aHrur

r Brmapur
I4ncrllryr g a KocMIrFIecKlr
rccnegnarurr npu EAH
Ermapnr, Corfnr 1000,
yn. "Mocrorcra" J\! 6

Address

@ EAH, I4Hsrrryr
3A KOCMUTIECKI,T I4ICJIEABAHIIX
Bulgaria tw7
ISSN 086r-1432

AE
KOCM IAL{ECKU
I,T3CJTEABAHVLfl B EbirrfAPkrfl
13
I
COOHT . 1997
E:bJIr-APCKA AKAAAMnI TIA HAYKH'TE
I

Cr4tpxanue Content

E. .{uua'rpoa B. Dimitrov
Btpxyteoptrra na neprvp6al'HBHil'a
rpaB[rau[s u a
nrrprseu (lou
unoxHnn Jlarpa
E. ,{,nun'rpoo
Br,pxy reopurra ua nepryp6arnBHara rpa-
BI|TaUHC 14 TBaHTOBaTa rpaBUTaU'|fl Ha
nupuoeu {ron. II. flpunoxdune Ha KoBapHatrrHH
npou3BoJtnr.r ].r reH3opr4 or rpvru paHr / | 8 third rank tensors / ||
M. ,[auutpona
Monrr lu 6rprlfl'e Henep[o]lnqHn Bapuauutl
peHTreHoBaTa cBgl't4MocT Ia ce [oparKlaT Bl|B
B
variations in X-rav
Iin outcr patt of an'
BbHuHara qacr Ha arpeur4oHHltg noror / 25
M. [ruurpona
Crpyrrypa na arpeuuoHHot'o reqeHHe B Trcna M. Dimitrova I

asof,Ha rbeglHa orgreua xalo {yuruur ra pa- I

Structure ofthe accretion flow in a close

AHZUIHATa CKOpoCT Ha srhqaHe - AByMepHa
qHcJreHacnMyJrauun I 34 binarv as a I'unction ofthe radial inflow
velmiw - 2D nume rical simulation / 27
'l
A. Aanos, A. Eoqen
I

ToqHoct Ha Mo,ueJtHlre npecMrraHut 3a uenlfle

Ha CnTTHHKOBITe MarHrToMsrpr{qHu u3MepBa- D. Danov, A. Bochpv
uun 136 On the accuracv-nragnetometer
of thb model of the main
tield in satellite measure-
rnents / 42 |
I

I
lI. |-eqor, fI. Xpncron,
fL Aunelon
(DynruuouarHa rliarHocrHma Ha ctrcreMn 3a
H anaparr ua 6asara

,[??*,ffiffi11T"X 3;

B.Eapauoa, X.Xpnmon,
f.MapAupocru V.Baranov, ph, Christou
G. Mardirogsian
b-
Determination of the angle of lbrmation of
pseudometeorite particle-s in no'rmal scheme
ofangle approach ofa cumulative lining / 53
B. Bapauoa, 14. Jllona, X. Xpucrou, V. Baranov, L Lopa,
3. {nsfiros
MexaHlsr'a npo6rrsr KepaMuiqecKofi o6runsxn
Ch. Christov5 Z. Chiwikov
agpoKocMuqecxoro annaparn / 54 The mechanisln of performation ofthe ceramic
lining of aeroCpace vehicles / 58
H. Euprox, B. ,{,auroa
N. Birjuk, V Damgov
Qualitative
generalized
a
odic
parameters.
equauon an sses
B, Aauros inHamilton
llpuelrHm na rpagrru.MoHHr,t BbJ'lHu / 93 V Damgov
B. 9uupeo, H. Hcaeo, B. Opaencxn, Cravitational rivaves receiver / 83
A. TeoAocnes, E. Eoiluen V. Chmyrev,i N. Isaev,
Elempouarnrreu xourpol <n KocMoca 3a
V.Oraevski, D.Teodosiev,
I B.Boichev

M. Baqon
flceraoorpaxareneH Mero.[ 3a onpeAeJlflHe Ha
apeftQonaia cropocr ua ceo6oaut'ftour nor '
.aencrBHe Ha nocroflHHH r{ B3auMHo nepneH.qr-
rrynnpHu MafHmHo u eJ|eKrpHqecro noJre c
nPol,|sBOnHO pA3npqAeJreHHe no ocra Ha
€neKrpxqecrHff serrop i | 05

.[. forer 1

EueprocrpyrrypeH HHEap[aHr.
flpeAnocrarrr lrcrurHocr / 142
D. Gochev
Energy-structure invariant. Premises and
essence / 137

Cxodurexut | 143
Repofts I 143
Aeua4nz u rocvonanrur@ 3t pcu,txu | 147 Popular avialion and space rcsearyh | 147
In memoriam I 159
In menoriam | \59
Etrrapcra aKaAeMHr Ha HayKnre o Bulgarian Academy ofSciences
AeporocrruuecKu u3clleaBaHnr o E'tlrapttfl . l3 o Aerospace Research in Bulsaria
l-
CoSur o l99ToSofia I
I

I
I

On the perturbative gravitS,r and

quantum gravity theory onla curved
background. I

I. Second-order gravitatiorlal
Lagr angi an de comp
(R.evised version)
o si tion f

Bogdan Dimitrov

High Energy Astrophysics Section, Space Research Institute,

Bulgarian Acadenty of Sciences I

I
I

Introduction and motivation for rthis research

I

The theory ofgra

tions. has important implications in th
contemporary infl ationary universe sce
The old. fundametttal theory o
DeWitt [3-6], provides the general theoretical background f{r the definition of
the S-matrix, the effective action and etc. - all of them relatitfe to a background
field. This field was not specified, but most important, it was {ssumed to be fixed
and asymptotically flat. As Bryce Dewitt himself remarks in fris well-known pa-
per [3], "the extension of the theory to worlds in which spaceitirne is not asyrnp-
totically flat remains a program for the future'. Later on. tlie necessity to con-
struct a gauge invariant effective action, based on the loop expansion [7] and the
inclusion of ficticious particle loops [8, 9] lead to an inlvestigation of the
tWork iffi"a irr part by the National Science Foundatircn of Bulgaril under grant IS NIP-
753
 perturbative gravitational Lagrangian structure. In this L[grangian the metric is
decomposed into a flat background metric, denoted by
6u" ( 6 the a-dimen-
sional Kroneker symbol) and also a fluctuating metric i u" , idintified with the
graviton field [9]:

(l) d'u = 6uu + Il'u .

Again, the assumption about a flat background nl,retric is a very c;onven-

the invariance of the mr:tric under an infinitesimat gauge
fflg:j::ilI;:u"rn
(2\ lF = f +€u(x)

one can compute also the induced change in the gra field h" [g].
Further, th€ necessity to investigate the one-loop of the sca-
ies
lar field when the gravitational field is treated as an exte field [0], provided
the motivatio,n for decomposing the gravitational to second order
on an arbitrary (non-flat) background. However, the ition turned out
to be rather cumbersome and inconvenient to deal with [i0, I l].
In a more concise and compact manner, the pert{rrbed to second order
L.agrangian was derived in [12] by using covariant deriv{tives in respect to the
background
DacKground rnetrrc.
rnetric. As rs
is well known [13], the notio
implies an important physical meaning, related to t
under an infinitesimal parallel transport along a giv
to write down only the gravitationalpart of the qua
stein-Maxwell fields), derived in Il 2]:

,,\
(3)
ldo x1;,-syil-
L
+(o"n,r)r"u*(o" n*) *+(,r, -i r,o)'
+ ! n"u(x , * t, )"u* ]

nt derivative and I o9* , X anrJ, X,

y of background fidlds. In spite of the ule

the quantized (perturbed) fields are tr

striction that the variational derivative
background (classical) fields and metr
fact coefficient functions (in front of i) in the first-ordpr perturbed gravita-
tional Lagrangian Lt and the performed expansion 6e{tuiuation) is around
 I

the fixed background metric, the assumption is equivalent td vanishing of Zr.

As will be seen further, such an assumption will no longer tlold in this paper.
bacause it will be proved that Lr enters also in the expressipn for the second
order perturbed gravitational Lagrangian Lz and therefore it has to be taken
into account.
It is obvious also from expression (3) that the gravitqn propagator will
no longer have the simple form (in momentum space): i

(4) Ar.r,(p)=
f 1u"^upu
r 6ou6p^ - s*6^u)
derived in [8], but will have a more complex structure. Indeed, jthe need to inves-
tigate the effect of the gravitational perturbations and of the jgraviton creation
rate in the in flationary universe scenario raised the important problem to find
the graviton propagator (derived from second-order perturbatiire theory) in some
real cos er of publications dealsiwith the probtem
of findi homogeneous and isoiropic spacetimes
[14], in mes [5] and especiall] in the de-Sitter
spacetime il6-181. For example. in [9]the gravitorr propagatirr in the de-Sitter
spacetime has been found to be divergent. However. the graViton propagator
has not yet been found for other types of background fields, which are neither
he reason is that the quidratic part ofthe
has not been yet investigated in details.
his subject remains the paper of Barneby
[20], where the formalism of covariant differentiation was suqcessfully applied.
However. it is the putpose of this paper to find the most generbl structure of the
second-order Lagrangian and afterwards (in the next papers) the graviton propa-
fo
gator itsolf. It will he proved in the iftportant terms in
the second-order Lagrangian and in vp been omitted in
[20], which makes the investigation i
i

Basic assumptions and second-ordgr gravitational

Lagrangian decomposition i

Our aim in this section will be to deconrlpose the gravita-

tional Lagrangian:
(-5) t= -GR= -,[Ed, q, = -Gd' K,,
corresponding tp the background
,
egravitational fiild - Lt andto the
(5) r(,, is the Riqmann tensor and
by the metric tensor f-,, which is split
 into a background paft Ef,) and a fluctuating part d"
(6) gu,=drl,'+hr,'
It should be emphasizedthat (6) is not an expa]nsion around a back-
ground geornetry, hut represents a fluct
on a curved background geometry. Thi
cation, because the fluctuating field m
pendent, but the background field may
a real cosmological spacetime-a de-Sit
perform the decomposition (5) according to (6), an invdrse metric
4/,u to sec-
ond-order is defined as follows:

(7) dP = dotru
_lrtrtt a41ra1

The above formulae should satisfv the relation:

(8) gr,,,d'P = 5f,

to second-order in 4,u, unlike the definition in [20], whe{e the inverse metric is
defined only to first-order. It is also assumed that an invelse background metric
dllt"' "*ittu and all indices are raised and lower-ed with the background metric
g[] and do,u'. Since the Riemann tensor 4-" i, given by the well-known
formulae:

= a"f,l" d,fft + f_i"fl" f,i"rl"

_ _
(e)
4"
the Levi-Civita (symmetric) affine connection f,i (with { minus sign):

(10) r,li, = -*a""(ru*" t 6,gt,- 4"g,,),

has to be decrcmposed first. The assumption tnrat formulde (10) is valid for the
total affine co,nnection fff, is equivalent to the assumption that the total metric
is a Riemannian one. i.e.

(l l) 91,,;o = a ogr, + f,i" g^, * fjug,,u = o,

;ffiT i3;H::*l' fl* ;l*:l it"#:

0) and (l l) are $quivalent and fotlow
tion can be madg that the background
metric is also a Remannian one:

(12) l?, = a"d,Y * rll)'sli) + rii)'s{'/ = o

where the symbol I denotes a covariant derivative with respect tb the background
affine connection f,l|)". Since the background metric is a real cofmological metric
and all of them are Riemannian, this is a natural assumption. .d,s will be shown
in the following papers, the assumptions (ll) and (12) will havi profound conse-
quences for this theory. By using (10) and (6) the total Levi - Fivita connection
can be decomposed into:

(13) r,l" =r,13)" * 4J" * 4,)"

*tt.r" f,!3)" is the usual background affrne connection una ]{,11" uno {])"
are the first and the second fluctuation connections respectivfly, given by the
expressions,
i

(r4) 4?" = ;a""(a,,dlr + a,{,1) - a"A'J) - + lt""(a ph" +ia,hv" - a "4,),

(t s) I{)" = ! h*(a rh,, + o,hr,- 4"4,") * 4,'"
where
(16)
4?,' =-!rqn"p*d,? * a"3f) -a"dry 1= rr"l',h,!|)".
The last formulae is in fact the contribution from the nfodified (with the
term fth"g inverse metric. In (16) the expression: i

(17) A*do)+ a"g{"q - a"

has been used, which can be obtained

g!9). from the affine connection form
tensor (9) it can be obtained that: i

( l8) 4"" = 4?,1 * 4,1f .4,?,1

wrrere ^(,1)i is the background Riemann tensor *d 4ll 4?i are the
first artd the second fluctuation Riemann tensors respectively:"44 I

(re) 4ll9 = a"Alu - a"4!u* 4l,rj:,u * 4lurly, - 1#urj3,'

- 4lorll'u,
 4?.1 = 4,",,1 .4,?,1

The tensor is the same in structure as thJ tensor , uut wittr

{,i)rl {,lf
fdlF lformulae 15) instead of 4]u (formutae l4). The same refers also for the
tensor 4,1),1, outuined from
413 uv repracing ail tensprs ,i]p with dJp.
Using (19) and (16), the tensor .{l,j can be written as:

(2r) 4,',,,1 = 4"'lu * l"1",(r,ll]f - rJ:il)+ z(rjp'{)n - pro)o;{o)n)

where 4-'f ir, as will be proved later, a tensor quantity:]

(22) 4"'ll =(a",a"),"rjl"t, -(h",ho),"[j9t.

In (21) and (22)the usual symbol for
I
been
replaced by a commd ",". Finally, in ord onal
Lagrangian decomposition, we need also the ition
ot rls
'

(23t G =G"'(r +in-[nir; *+l')

i

yhele 4= tt.Substituting all expressions (7)" (18) - (22)]into (5) and represent-
ing the Lagrangian as: 1

(24, L=-In- L- L ]

we obtain that

(2s) q =J {'| do'u"4,1',: ,

(26) L, = ! hL, * J s, (sr')*Rlf - ir**ll'; ).

(27)

4 = [(n2 - ni n;)4 + ! nt, * JF (n;,r*nll,; - r'l*lf * s(o)"",rlly).

 Discussion

In this paper we have decomposed to sepond order the to-

talChristoffel connection form f,i of t
l6) and also the total gravitational La
the second-order Lagrangian (27) is ex
order Lagrangian Irr Q5) and \(26i).
through lo. I

In paper II it w ing Levi -lCivita connection

43" tr+l is a tensor on 4t"'ultts -,to) is not a
tensor. However, it wil gle out fr$m ,{,i'" a tensor
and a non-tensor part and to express the tensor part throulh the connection
43".
' This is an important fact since perturbative quanturh gravity deals ex-
i

clusively with tensor quantities. i

Acknowledgements, The author isto grateful Physics Depart-

ment at the lnstitute for Nuclear Research a ian Academy of
Sciences for the numerous and helpful discussi

References
I

l. Do w ker, H.F., R. La fla m me.-Nucl. Phys. B. 366, 1991,209'232'

2.Tsamis,N.C.,R.P.Woodard.RelaxingtheCosmological Cotrsfant. Institutefor
Fundarnental Tlreory Preprint UFIFT - HEP - 92-23,Crete-92-15, Otitober 1992, Uni-
versity of Florida. i

3. D e w i t t. S. B n y c e. Dynamical Theory of Groups arrd Fields. Ne{ York, Gordon and

Breach. 1965. i

4.De Witt,S.Bryce.-Phys. Rev. ,162,1967,Nr.5, ll95- 1239. i

5. De Witt,S. Bryce.-Pliys. Rev. ,162,1967.Nr.5. 1239- 12J6. i

6. I sh a rn,C.J.. R. Penrose, D. W. Scia r a (eds.).QuantumGravify2' Oxford,Claredon

Priss, 1981. i-
7. Stelle, K. - Plrys. Rev. D,16,1977,Nr.4,953 -969. -j
8. C a p p e r, D.M. G. L i e b r a n d t, M. R a In o n - M e"d r a n o. - Plrys. Rev. D' 8' 1973'
'N. rz,4i2o-433t. I

9, C apper, D. M., M. R a m o tr - Med ra

10. T' H o o ft. G.. M. Ve I t m a n. -Ann. Inst
I l. A I v a rez,En rl q u e. - Rev. Mod. Phys.
12. Deser. S.. P. va nN ie u we n lr u izen.
13. La n da u, L.D.. E. M. Li fsc lr i t z. A Co
Moscow, Nauka Publishing House, l9
14. A en, B ru ce. - Nu,cl. Phys. B, 287, 198
II
Tu ry n, M ich ael. -J. Math. Phys., 31, I
15.
A I I e n, B r u ce. - Phys. Rev. D, 34, 1936,
16.
A I I en, B ru ce, Mic h ae lTu ry n. -N
17.
18.Anton i ad l s, I., J. I liopo u los,T,
13, t3t9 - 1322.

9
 19.An ton i a d is, L, E. M otto la. -J. Math. phys. 32, 1991, Nr 4,1037 - 1044.
20. Ba rneby,T. A.. Phys. Rev. D, 10, t974,Nr.6, t74t - 1748.

Received 15. XI. 1995

Brpxy reopnrra Ha repryp6a,ipnnnara

rpaBnTarlufl n KBaHTOBaTa rp{nuraq uf,, Ha
r{3r(pr{BeH ooH. i

I. PagraraHe Ha rpaBnrarlnonrfna JlarpaxuaH

AO BTOpr{ noprAbK I

r{uunrpon
Bor4an
]

(Perorue) I

B raru nrpBa pa6ora or cepur ft pa6orn

craHAaprHHrr rpaBnraquoHeH Jlarpaxran e pa3noxeH do nropn "r*on*o
nopr.ulK no
orHoueH[e Ha nepryp6aqnr.r Ha rpaBfiTaqHoHHOTO Hanpaneno
pa3narafieAoBTOpn nopsAtt( cbtrlo l{ Ha cBrp3aHosrra, u
!One. e
lrarenropa ua puuan.
B pa6orara e ycraHoBeHo, ve Jlarpax'aHrr ot noprArK ce
n3pa3flBa uper JlarpaxHaHa or nrpBfi noprAbt( H To3H H{ "rop,
6OHOTOTO noJre.

l0
Brlrapcra aKaAeMHt Ha HayKl'lre o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences i

AepoxocnrnlecK[ H3cIe.qBaHur n Er,nraprlr o l3 o Aerospace Research in Bulgaria

CoSur o l99ToSofia

On the perturbative gravitY [nd

quantum gravity theory on ? curved
background.
II. Application of covariant derivatives
and third rank tensors*
(Revised version)

Bogdan Dimitrov

High Energy Astrophysics Section, i

Space Research Institute, Bulgafian Acadentl of Scienes

Preliminary notes

In this paper all e

per [] will be simplified and written i
physical conclusions can be made. Thi
(I.12) and defining a covariant derivati
to the background symmetric Levi- Ci

(l) hpv* = oohr, +fl!'h*+ rjf)'lu, + o. j

The definition is in acco convention in the

expression 1t. 101 for f[])" and is different from
zero because the tensor field 4,u ies from the back-
ground netO g["0 .

* Work supported in part by the National Science Foundation in Bulsariai under grant No NIP'
7s3. I

ll
 Throughout the whole paper the Roman letter I
[",,, o.no,, formulaes,
used in the previous paper I.

Third-rank tensor fluctuation] connection

I

In order to define

(z) H[:J" =-trrot'"(hu.,h *4'u -/,*).

i

An important conclusion can b

tensor, unlike the background connecti
tuation connection. Fonnulae (2) was
pointed out that it is valid only under
nature of the background geometry.
_r"Py.upplying again formulae (2), we can rewrite the expression (I.15)
^ llliu'"
for in the following way: I

(3) Lfi" = F4" - h* h,r fJ,

where 4j'" ir the tensor quantity:

(4) *4,ou
4r" =th"'(h,n -f*,").

h*hr,l
out.

First-and second-order Riemarfnian tensor and

covariant derivatives of third-r[nk tensors
I

.r22),*4t."""0'ff;oiil:Ji:T,fJ,HlTT:ff [:lllff 'J:;'jil",1111"1:i

l2
tensor :

(s) r4,ll = 4ll - 4lJ'r 9u*49ur l.?'*4ll f 1,?'

with respecl 1o P(o)p. The above definitiorl is consistent with definition of a

covariant derivative of rth rank tensor, given in [3]. By mean of (5) the expres-
sion (I.19) for
^dlf acquires the form:
(6)
4l]9=491 -r1l[
If we apply the formulaes (3) and (5) to the
we will obtain:

(7) 4?,1 = l'z)p - ou'0,"4): + If'h,,(r l'J'r $u- fl"r !?u)

* r,l3,. -Uf'h,").,r1l)' ) * 4?J
f(d"'r."),"
*n"r" {3f is given by tlre formulaes (I.21) and (1.22) and
quantity:

(8)
4", = lif -4.l,lr $p+rfl'a[}u -rrlg'
It may be verified that both sides of the expression:

(e)
{,1/" = -+lo'""(4ru * 4q, - 4r")
can be multiplied UV 4? and therefore:

(10) [ou* 40, - huut,= -2#) 4J" .

By means of (10) we obtain:

(l l) r,!z)o = i h"(h,0, t hu,t,- nuq") = -gjo)7ro"g1ys = g(o)P'hrnH[!' .

Also, the Leibniz rule for a covariant derivative of a product is

valid:
orPq
(r2) 1,3,Y = - E'o)w 4*Ilot - f
The covariant derivative 4qo easily be expressed
"un
 1l') Uy means of a cyclic change of indices, then sumrr,ling up the three equa-
. tions (10) and finally equating the obtained result from (tO). The final result is:

(r3) 4oo=-ll,?41,*4,,4'1. I

Formulaes (6) - (13) can be used to find a modified expression for

(r+1 4)! =-44!] + l}toe lot(14!'4' * 4?' {|,').

,^\^ It is imponant also to see that the only terms iri the expression (7) for
4i'j , which contain partial derivatives, are

(l s) (.f"t""),
"r,f)'(/"r,,),,,
f,f)'
and also the term:

(16) 4iJu = (h"h",),,r,13'u -(rr"4,)."rl9u

which is a part of the tensor 4,i',1 tt.Ztl. However, sinpe it is inconvenient to
deal both with partial and covaiiant derivatives of one and the same tensor field
4u, we will r.rse (l) and also the formulae:
(17) 4=tf;-/rrf(o)P-il,f'fl' l

to express all partial derivatives through their covarian! ones. Afterwards, alt
covariant derivatives of 4" are expressed through the tliird-rank tensor {}"
by means of ( | 3) and the following expressions are obtaihed for ( I 5) and ( l6):

(18) (.d"rr,"),,rj!' -(tf'h,")."r,13,' = tfi,n, + t4f,r,t,+ u!*, + fi,,

- tr o*41,! + ff' n,(rl,llj - rj:lf ) - ry n:(r!,i,'r$u - rl}"rl'/u ) ,

(le) 4"'lu =(1"1",),"r,{!, -(h*h,,),"r,11,u

(rt"l",)"rjl,t, -(h" h",) 4t_,
=
"rlly =
where f"" i, the tensor quantity;

t4
(20) 4, = ry(r,l;tt4ll'-r,13,u41')
and l4f*, * Wro, are similar tensor quantities:
(2t) Hfuo, =4(rl3,"r*o - rly'r4J'o),

(22) Wro, = tf" dlF!,i,tr 114tto - rll,"r4)') ,

(23y wlro, =t{o)o+1"(p{3)'rr$o - rl"t'al}')

(:24) Htuo, ='r,'(r,13,',4u - rj:" 4") .

Note that expression (19) is invariant under ,.pla.erirrnt of all partial

derivatives with their covariant ones. This property is not v{lid
v{tid for expression
(18), which is similar in structure to (19), but its tensor indicps have a different
displacement. , I

We have obtained all the necessary form of .ffij .

Usingformulaes(7),(8), (1.21),(1.22),(14).(18) efollow-

ing modified expression for the second-order R

(2s) 4?,1 =-44I *,11'j * 4?j.43j *Wy.4Wy

where we have used the notations:

(26' 41,j = z(n*n" ff)! - If'h,,Ay:\ ,

(:27) 41'j = 4owtt"t(rl}, 4o - 4l' 4,),

(28) 4?i = ,f"r^(rjil3 - rllf )+ r'n",(rjill - rj]lj)i,

(2e) 4?f =>r*):

Ftl
and Izj"2]P and W;!: (r=1,..,4) are given by expressions <zo)l - fzqlrespec-
tively.

t5
 Discussion

The main result of this paper is th4t the second-onder Ri-

emann tensor and therefore the gravitational l-agrangian can be expressed only
through the background variabl"r fo)u',fjf)",fJ|]$ an{ the fluctuation vari-
ables {.,u,/ill",4lf Note that to each background !,ariabte corresponds a
fluctuation v;rriable. There is also a difference - for exaqlple to the baclcground
non-tensor connection fjl"corresponds the first fluctultion tensor conlr€c-
tion .{f " ; to the partial derivative fjff cor.esponds tlle covarianl derivative
4,k
structure of the rsecond-ord(r Rienrann tensor (25)
e simplified expression, oblained in [2]. The terms
also the quadratic connection term
present in [2] and also in fhis paper. The sum of
these terms, althouglt cornprised of third-rank terrsors dnd tlreir covariant de-
rivatives, is rrery similar to the expression for the field strength fi, in non -
abelian gauge tlreories [4, 5]:

(30) Gi,,,= 0r4 - O,Au + ge'b" ,1A:; g:lonsr

where ,4j, is a vector non-abelian gauge fietd. Having in mir]rd the well-known anal-
ogy between lJre theory of gravity and the non-abelian gaule field theory, c)ne may
assign to A!,, the Christoffel connection syrnbols of second kind fj", which play a
similar to A"^, role, but in general relativity. The investigatiln on this subject is far
from being completed and that is why so re ofthe subsequenf papers will be devoted
to tlre some asipects of this theory (panicularly the integral ffnnulation).
'It is irnportant to mention that besides the familiar frprn [2] terrls, new tenns
V:,,,Wk,,G,fou huu* appeared in the second-order Rieman]n tensor'(25) in this pa-

per. The sum of the terms 7j"2lp (20) and I/(31,, U: t, 4)(2r) - (24) will be

called a 'potential' term of interacting backgrourrd and fl on connections.

Anottrer interesting consequence from the calculations is tthe pos-
sibility to del[ine new canonical variables. The fact that the fluctuation metric
tensor {,u enters the Lagrangian without any partial or iant derivatives (re-
member they have been eliminated by use of ( l3)) means th{t a conjugate canonical

l6
impulse cannot be defined similarly to the way this is done in canonfal gravity theory
[6] through the relation:

AL
(31) P"' :- ag (ttre dot means a time derivative).

However, a generalized canonical impulse.

(32) flx'u =k
similar to the one, defined in [2] by the formulae:

(33)

can be introduced. Also, it can be noted that expression (ZA) {r (Ji .ontuint
partial derivatives of the background connection I,1l'", which inakes it possible
to define canonical impulses:

(34) rr
"r =at
- pptf)c

It can be cftrecked that while

Lagrangian (1.24) - (1.27) llr will be a
nonical variables will be treated in a su

Acknowledgements The author is grateful to Dr

ment at the Institute for Nuclear Research and
Sciences tbr the numerous and helpful discussio

References

t7
 5. Ry d e l,--I1e w is if. Quanrum Field Theory, Cambridge, University Press,
198s.
5. B a rv in s ky, A.O.- Physics Reporrs, 230,1993,p.237.

t5. xL t995

Brpxy reoplrflra Ha repry

rPaBlrTarluf, tr KBaHToBaTa
r,r3Kpr{BeH ooH.
II.llpranoxeHr{e Ha r4 rrpor{3BoAHkl
oT TpeTr,r paHr

Eor4an fluatnrpoo

(Pesroue)

B Tagu Bropa pa6ora ca

on H NOTVqCHI,ITE B
npeA[rrrHara pa6o'ra u3pa3u 3a rpaBuraquosxnr JIa oT nbpBH l.r oT
BTopH noprA6K. BtseAeH[ ca KoBapHaHTHH n Ha TeH3OpU OT BTOpr,l
H TpeTH nOpfAtK, r{pe3 KoHTO rpaBnTarIHOHHr{rT rpaxnaH nptl4o6r,rga
cpaBHurenHo KoM[aKreH BrnA. Pasxpur e cbrllo O I,IqECKH'T CMHCIJI HA
TeH3opHure qfleHoBe a Jlarpaxua'na.

l8
Ernnapcxa aKaaeMnr Ha HayKure o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
AepoxocrrluuecKu r.r3cJlerBaunr n Er,lrapnfl .13 . Aerospace Research in Bulgaria
Co{rr.rr ol99ToSolia

Can quick nonperiodic variafions in

I

ositv
JLi be nroddced
in outer
ion flow i
I

val
I

Space: Research Institute, Bulgarian Acadetyl of Sciences

I

Introduction i

With the progress in computing machiriery and numerical

rnethods during last decades, the numerical models of accreti$n flows revealed a
lot of detailes, which were not possible to be predicted analytlcally. The simplest
standard model [tr,2] was replaced by two-dimensional [3-6] iand during the last
years by tree-dimensional numelical calculations [7-13]. I

It was slrown that an accretion flow possesses a colnplipated structure and

its parameters depend on radial distance from central object as iwell as on azimutal
angle [3,4, 13 - l5]. I

There are not yet fully studied all relationships betweelr structure, respec-
tively luminousity and external parameters (such as directionl and accretion rate
of inflow gas stream), internal mechanisms (such as type of vliscousity and opa-
city) and their variations.
On the other hand, with the accumulation of more and imore observational
data about the X-ray sources, identified as binaries with acpretion flows, it is
seen that in many cas,es the luminosity and spectra are strQngly variable. The
variations are very different in amplitude as well as in timeiscale. The most of
quasi- and nonperiodic behaviour can not be explained injterms of standard
analytical or one-dimensional calculations I

Most of the scientists believe that quick variations are claused by the irasta-
bilities in the inner regionsi of the accretion flow, i

This paper is one of a series wlrere we try to investigatg the stability of the
accretion flow structune towards the exchanges of external larameters and re-

19
 sulting behaviour of X-ray luminosity produced at the inner boundary of the accre-
tion flow.
Using a two-dimensional numerical model we invesiigate the influence of
inflow direction and inflow stream debit changes on the structure of an accre.
tion flow. It is shown that such changes may produce qui{k variations in the X-
ray luminosity.

Numerical model

The numerical model is based on tfre largescale particle

method [16]. The calculations are performed in cylindridal coordinates in the
noninertial corotating frame, with origin in the center of ihe compact ob.ject.
In the computation equations are included the gravftational forces of the
both stars and the centrifugal force. The presure is the surf of gas and radiative
ones. The energy equation is written for the case of an opticaly tick flow. The
basic equations and numerical method are fully described in Ref. 17.
The calculatiens have been perfonned for a close biirary, containing a red
giand with a mass Mr:4Mo wich filled its Roc,he lobe. T|,|e compact object is a
neutron star with th thass equal 6 n,S Mo
and the radius of 106 tp be small enough noi
to be important for efn the binary siystem
components is 10rr cm. We considered a region up to 5.10r0 cm from the cernter of
neutron star which ilnclude the first Lagrangianr point.
The gas strearn through the inner Lagrangian point ib with a constant ac-
cretion rate of l0-e Mo per year and tangential velocity efiual to the Keplerian
one. The changes in direction are modelled with variation$ in radial part of the
inflow velocity
Results and discussion

ln this paper we try to investigate the influence of instabili-

ties in an inflow gas stream, caused by instabilities in clrnpanion star atmo-
sphere, on the iaccretion flow. These instabi by change of the
accretion rate and the direction of the gas point.
As a base of investigations it is used that the accretion
flow has reached in the aase of radial inflow velocity equal [o 0,5 of the azimutal
one. The radial inflow velocity is chang
a time of about 0,1 s. This value corresp
the accretion flow reaches a new station
changed back to the value of, 0,5 azimut
In Fig. I a.nd 2 are shown the surfa
in the cases of V_eqrual respectively to
the surface density distribution in station
value of 0,5 Vb.

20
 v

x
-l
Fig. Il. The surface density distribution in stationary state in the case of I/" o,5vF The compact
objectt is placed in the point (0;0). The tirst Lagrangian point have coordin :s(-l;0)

t4
?F+

x
-l
T surface density distribution in stationary state in the case of V,o= 2
Fig. 2. The
,. The compact object
aced in the point (0;0). The tirst Lagrangian point have coordinates (-l;0)
is placed

21
 -l
Fig. 3. The surlbce density distribution in stationary state after the change o[ V,rfrotn 0,5 to 2 ti,mes I/,r.
The compact object is placed in the point (0;0). The first Lagrangian point have coordinates (- l ;0)

As it is seen from these figures, the

ter but the second shock front becomes st
In Fig. 4 is shown tlre behaviour
object surface first 5 seconds after beg
shows several oscilations with decreasing anrplitude. The tiftescale of them is less
than I second. l

l0r7

a
Fc)

1036

30 /,s 35 ]

4. The behal'iour o1'X-ray luminousity from the compact ob.iect sfrrfhce first 5 seconds after
F-ig.
begining of its variability, defined from the increase of raclial inflow vefocity

22
 The variability of {
begins at distance more than l0r0cm dfter less than 30
seconds. It means that the signal has travelling with a speed of order of l0e cm/s
while the maximal radial velosity in the flow is at least l0 times less than this
value. All this gives the reason to say that the change of flow plrameters at the
outer part of the flow produr., *uul propagation tlrouth alliire flow region,
Comparing this with the results of investigations of an apcretion flow in
binary system with elliptical orbit [ 5] we can say that the waveslaie propagating
along the shock fronts.
In Fig. 5 is shown the behaviour o
moment when it reaches new constant
Vrto the initial value. As it is seen
after all above described processes t
state, with stronger second shock front and as a result of thisi whith strongar
outflow from the region around the outer part of the flow. This fiew state are less
fuminous. All the process after the change of V,rtakes less tharj one minute.

l037

sq)

1036 B c
30 /rs 60
Fig. 5. The behaviour of X-ray luminosity from the compact object surface ifter the increase of
radial inflow velocity till the moment of reaching a new coristant value - se$ment AB and then
after back change of V,,,to the initial value - segment BC
i

In Fig. 6 is shown the behaviour of Z" after increase of the {ccretion rate l0
times for a time of 0,5 s. As a basic state it is taken the same statilonary state with
V,o= 0,5 t is seen from this figure and Fig. 4,
the incre iour like that whiclt is coused by an
increase m. i

Recently many authors have considered the shock front$, formed in the
accretion flow in close binary systems as the main place where the energy and
angulare moment transfer ocrcur [8-21]. i

Some authors have investigated the wave propagation in axisyrnmetric

I

23
 1037

.{f,
$
o
\l

1036

30 frs 3l
Fig. 6. The behaviour of X'ray luminosity from the compact ob.ie{t surt'ace during the tirst
5
seconds after begining of its variability defied fro

acretion flow 122-241 as a possibility to d

In this paper we show an evidence
flow. As a result, the instahilities of the i
order ofseveral seconds and less than a s
duced at the inner ow. one
lt is alternative possibility
for the origin of t e to the mainly believed now that sornl
instabilities at inn roduce them.
This work is only first step of this i
isolated change in the inflow direction ar
realistic case both these will be acted tog
of X-ray luminosity should be very compl
nature of the processes in the flow mediu

Corrclusion

We have presented two-dimensionaf largescale particle nu-

merical investigation of the reaction of the accretion floq in close binary coused
by quick changes of inflow stream direction.
The shock fronts formed in the accretion flow not d{stroied, moreover they
become stronger as a result of such variation of inflow direction.
The numerical model does not show any computalion instabilities in this
cas€' so it seams to be usefull for modelling of the flolts with variable inflow
str€ams.
The X-ray luminosity produced at the inner bounda/y of the accretion flow
shows strong variations very soon after changes in the para$eters at outer boundary
which is one evidence for wave propagation along the sho"k f.ontr. This gilves onl
alternative possibility for explanation of the quick aperiodic variation in X-iay lumi-
nosity as a result of variation in inflow stream paramerers.

24
Ref f erences r

l.Hayakawa.S.-Physic.sl(eports,l2l,1985,Ng6. i

2. S h ; k u r' 4 N.1., R. A. S rr n )' a e v- Astron' and Astro.ph'24' 197.3' p'.337 '

i. s u * a d a K., ll. M a t s u O a, M. I n o u e, I. H i r o c lli i s u - MNBAS' ZZ+' .V'^!!l'
+. H1 . r t i. e i t , M . H . M. Astron. and Astroph. 1994. (preprint nulnber AIAP-1994'025).
-t9.81^'

5.Whitehurst, R.-MNRAS.266. 1994'p.35. I

6. S avo n ij e, G.J., J. C.B. P ap a I o i zo u

7. H i ro se. M.. Y. O s ak i -PASJ, 1990, 42,
8. H i rose, M., Y. Osak i,S. M i nesh i g
9. S a w ad a. K., T. M at s u d a- MNRAS,
10. Mo I ten i. D..C. Be I vede re, C. L a
ll. l,anzafam e, G., G" B e I v ed e re, D.
12.Lanzafa me. G.. G. Be I v ed e re, D.
13. Megl i cki, Z.,D.W i c kremas i ngl
14. S a wad a. K.. T. Matsud4 I. H i roc
15. D i m i trova, M.M., 1,.G. F i l i p o v -ESA
16. B e I o t z e r k o v s ky, O.M" Computation m
Nauka, 1985 (in russian).
l?. D im itrova, M.M., A,erospace Research in Bulgaria 1997.N'!13.
18. S p r u it, |
H. C.-Astron. and Astrophys.. 4. 19-87' p. l?3. .
i

tS. Vi r h n ia k. E.T. l7?th Meet. R'mir. As on. Soc..-Bul. Amer. Astr$n.

i
Soc.,22' 1991.
N 4' p'1236'
20. V istr n iat<. ll.T.. Nr{
N,tr. [r rr
H uan o t??th
q n g. l77th Mer
Meet. Amer. Astron. Soc.. Su l. Anter. Astron. soc.,
1991. Nlt 4.1256.
21.Ro zv czk a. M.. H.C. Spru it-Ap.J. 417,1993,p.677'
22.Ok uda, T.. S. M inesliigc-MNRAS,249, l99l.p' 684.
23'chen.X.,R.E'Taam-MNRAS,255'|992,p.5|.
24.Rubow, S.H.,J.E.Pr i ngle -Ap'J',409'1993'p.360. I

Morat rtlt 6bp3l4Te HereproAI{qHI'I BapIlaIIIdH B

peHTreHoBaTa cBeTnMocT Aa cg [opaxAaT BbB
BbHrrrHaTa qacT Ha aKpeulroHHl'Ifl noToK

Mapn.r ,{uunrpoea

(Pesrcue)
Ha AByMepeH qucreH qoAen ce H3creABa
C noruourra
peaKqilrTa Ha aKpeqgoHHnr [oToK B TrCHa AeOfiHa :se:aria cHcTeMa cnpflMo
pe3Kh npoMeHH B HaflpaBneHHero Ha BThqauHfl ce ra3oB nproK'
H:CIeAsaHO e nOBe,AeHHeTO Ha peHTFeHOBaTa SBeTHMOCT, H3IbqeHa 01'
BbrpeulHaTa rpaHHqa Ha TeqeHHeTO cneA Te3n npoMeHH' H3CreaBaHa e
cra6unHocTraHa crpyKrypinra HaTeqeHHero cnptMo re3l{ npoMEHn' B clrqoro BpeMe
ToBa e TecT 3a npgno)KtiMocTTa Ha qlrcneHl'ttl tvloAeJl el Cnyvafi Ha CHJIHO
HecTaqhoHapHH pexuMH. i

Ha6rrc.u.aear ce HrKonKo ocqHnau|4H B peHTreHoBara pBerHMocr HtKoJlKo

25
 ceKyHAtr cneA npoMeHHTe Ha BtHrrrHaTa rpaHnqa Ha uero. Tosa e eAHo
,AOXa3aTeJICTBO 3a pa3npocTpaHeHr4eTo Ha BbJTHH no uHara Ha yAapHHTe
QpoHrore, rfopr-,tupauln ce B p$yJrrar or npr,tJrnBHoro Br Ha BTOpaTa
KoMnoHeHTa Ha.qDofiHara cucreMa. Ocur.tnaunHTe ca c oTnoprarKa Ha
eAHa ceKyHAa. Tosa Aasa anrepHar[BHa Br3rvroxHocr 3a ne ua Orpsure
HenepHoAt4qr{u npoMeHn B peHTreHOBaTa CBeTl,tM KaTO pe3yJrTaT OT
HecTaonnHocT BbB BTHqaUnt ce ra3oB noTOK.

26
 I

Brnrapcra axa4etcrr Ha HayKI,nE o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences i

Aeporocvnuecrc{ H3cne.lpanlfl{ a Etlnapnr o 13 . Aerospace Research inj Bulearia

Corlur r1997.Solia

Maria Dimitrova
Space Research Institute, Bulgarian A""d"*+ of Scienccs

Introduction
i

Wirth progress in computing machiner[ and numerical

methods during the last decades, numerical models of accretibn flows have re-
vealed a lot of detailes, which can not be predicted analiticailly. The simplest
standard model [, 2] was replaced by two-dimensional [3 - 61 q"d during the last
years by treedimensional numerical calculations [7 - l3]. i

It was shown that an accretion flow possesses a complic{ted structure and

its parameters depend on radial distance
angle [3, 4. 13-15]. The accretion flow
These shocks are regarded as a place
transphere is accomplished [6].
Two- and three-dimensional calc
Sawada [9]. They showed that the spiral shocks are not diffefent in both cases.
Not yet fu all relationships between
luminosity and s (such as direction and
gas stream, and distance betrveen the two
nisms (such as type of viscosity and opacity) and their variations'
This paper is one of a series rvorks rvhere We rvill try lto investigate the
influence of external parameters on the position, strength arld stability of the
shock fronts in accretion flow. i

In this paper we investigate with a twodimensional nuqlerical model, the

influence of inflow direction on the structure of accretion floriv and the lumino-
sity, produced in inner boundary of the flow.

27
 Problem definition

The numerical model is built on thf basis of the rargescale

particle method[I7]. This is a combined Lagrangian- iudrian
method. Each time
rrrlsrv'r is qlvroeo
interval rs into tnree
divided rmo three steps. During the first (Eirlerian) step, tnydrody_
1
namic equations are solved over fixed Eulerian grid h'thle aid of suitabkf scheme
of finite differences with ut account of gas irrin into iir. *ril During the se_
cond (Lagrangian) step we compute the substance
flu*e$ tnroutfr the cell walls,
The gas in .'rch cefl is con iderei as a single d;, p;i.[;;;rg
the third final
step the new values of parameters (v,.,ve,p and r)
aJ,e recalculated tflor each
cell in the Eulerian grid. The stability requirement conlditi.,n is srreh rhqr rhe
time step should be selected in a way that no large p
This method describes well the formation of s
particles which makes it relativerv comrared ro other
iffl""HffiJL"r fast
The calculations are performed in a noninetial cilinldrical reference
frame,
centered of the neutron star and corotating with the close
[inu.y In this case the
equation slstem is as foilows [], 4]: nngurar verocity or
finury system is

M,and Mrare the masses of the stars and R,, ls the distance between
il*:
The equation of motion is

dV
dt '-o,r-r-!r,.,,
P ' P-
r'eru

u'here

GM,
r
[r'+R; -Zr.'.rr..or,p]i

28
 I

o, | ,, *( nn \' _um *,,r,

I 1,
+.rs2;blr-*16;,1 -r, -J

is the sum ofgravitational and centrifugal forces.

Fi,r, is the viscouse force. In this calculations We kinetic viscosity
7

rl=lol 2.

The equation of continuity is

do
--_=_pyV.

Equation of state involves both gas and r.adiative

P =' PoPT + P,To,

We use the energy transfer equation for the case of thick flow []

ac kL,
=#-4 _ th
7r" J\
where the luminousity from th

and the optical depth is

H
I
x= lkpdz
0

k = koto + k",,k", = 0,2(l+ X),

7

kub" = krPT 2,ko = 431a24 Z{l- X)

where Xand Zarethe mass fractions of hydrogen and metal

29
 I
K:pAIf, where p: 8'TI
is the disk height and A is tlle absorbtion coefficient

o" =
#n *\ is the electron densitY'

The z - longitude of the flow is calculated fpom the hydrodynamical

equilibrium equation in z direction

The calculation of .I/ was used only as a verificatibn for reliability of two
d i mensiolr
aproximat ion.

Calculations and rerrults

The calculations have been perfornied for the closre binaly,

containing a red giand with mass Mr=4MA wich hlled ils Roche lobe. 'l'he com-
pact object is neutron star with mass equal to l,5IV$ arid radius of l0'cm. The
magnetic field was assumed to be enough small not to Qe important for the gas
motion. The distance between the binary systems comfonents is l0"cm. We
regarded reg,ion up to 5.10r0 cm frorn the c,
Tlre gas stream tlrrough the inner
of M 6 /year and tangential velosity
direction is rrnodelled with variations in
Six cases ware calculated. The radi
0,5, l0 and 2 times azimutal, wich corresponds to infloil angles equals respec-
tively to 0',1',14',30',45" and 60' from tangential direction.
The callculatiions ware interrupted when the X-raj, luminosity .I,^ estab-
lislred a constant value. This corresponds to one stationary station of flow.
In all six cases accretion flows with sirnilar structures are formed . Two
spiral shock fronts are clearly detacted [l5]. Similar gtructure was found by
other autors f3, 6,9, l4]. In all their w
they obtained diffbrend position of the
The surf,ace density in cases of q, -
field and llin case of, u = 60' are shown
The only important difference in s
relatively stronger when the inflow ang
fiefd and H arc neglectable. The depen
surface density from the inflow angle
dence on the inflow direction show Z

30
 outer boundary of examined region too (see Fig.4 a,b't. i

The difference between the parameters of accietion floirv when the inflow
direction is diferent should be leades the change of the flow the change of
inflow direction. {hith
i

-l 0

-l 0i
Fig. l. Surface density in cascs ofc=0o(a) and a=60o(6)

3t
Fig. 2. Velosity field(a) and H(b)in case of a = 6d

32
 30 60
Fig.3, Dependerfe of the maximal temp€rature (a) and maximal surt'ace (6) from the inflow
f
angle. The spots conesponds to the crise ofet=f , , | 4' , 30,'45 ; and 60 ', itude ofchanges in
temp€rature is 5 times and in surface density: 30

60

Fig. 4. Dependence of the X-ray lUminosity from the newtron star surface (a ) the outflow
temp trougth the out boundary ( D ) tiom the inflow angle . t he spots to the case of
c, = 0', l', 14 ',30 : 45 tnd 60 I Amplitude of changes in both values is 20

aa
JJ
 Conclusion

Sorne conclusions folous from the {esults of this irnvestiga-

tion. The first one is that in close binary including red gihnt filled its Roche lobe
and compact object with non strong magnetic field the aciretion flow hari a struc-
ture with fwo spiral shock fronts. The second one is that in the cases wirth differ-
ent inflow dlirection the parametters of
surface density, and therefore the opti
with the increase of inflow angle. The
surface is maximal in cases of tangential
mal value fcrr 15 - 25. This means that
ray luminosiity in quiescent phase can
stream pararneters. The last conclusion i
ity, forced try sonne kind of instability
change in accretion flow and X-ray lu

Referenrles
!. H oyakawa S. -PhysicsReports, v.l2l, 1985, Ne 6.
2. S h ak u ra,N.I., R.A. S u n yae v. - A&A, 24, 1973,p.337.
3. S a w a d a, K., T. M a t s u d a, M. I n o u e, L H i i o c h i s u. - MNRAS, 224, 1987, p.307.
4. H ee m s ke r k, M. H.M.- Astron and A
5. W h i t e h u r s t, R., - MI,IRAS, 266. 1994,
!. S av o n i.j e, c.J., J.C.B., P ap a I o z o u,
1.Hi r o s e, M., Y. O s a k l. - PASJ, 42, 199
8. H iro s e, M., Y. O saki, S. M i
9. Sawada, K., T. Ma tsu d a. -
10. M o I te n i, D., G. B e I v ede re, G. L a n
ll. L a n zafam e, G., G. Be I v e d e re, D.
12. L an zafam e, G., C. B e I v e d ere, D.
13. Me g I i ck i,Z.,D.W i c k remas i n g I e,
14. S aw ad a K.,T. Matsu da, I. H I roc
15. Dim itrova, M. M.,L.C. F'ilipov, -ESASP-311. 1990,p1255.
k. a, M., H.C. S pr r u i t. - Ap.l. 417, 1993, p. 677.
f 6. R o z y c z
17. B e lotze rko v sky, O.M. Computation '(in Meth6ds in Machlnics ContinuousMectiums.
Moskva, Nauk4 1985 russian).

Crpyrrl,pa Ha aKpeur{oHHoro reqeHne B

TrcHa ABOfiHa 3Be3AHa Cr,rCTerha KarO
Syrrrqr.rr Ha paAuilIHara cKopocr Ha
IlTL.qaHe - IByMepHa nrncneHa qr,rMyJrarlu.s

Il pa6orara e npeAcraBeH AByMepeH qucreH MoAen Ha

TA3OBOTO TEI{EHHE B TtIcHa AsofiHa'3Be3AHa cacreMa, cr.q'Lpxarqa qepBeH ruraHT

34
u HeyTpoHHa 3Be3Aa, KOeTO Ce OCTUIeCTBTBa npe3 B5 HATA TOqI(A HA
Jlarpan x. 06 crxAa ce crpyKryp ar n Ha req eH rd ero.
HscreApaHo e Bflr,rflHrlero Ha paAnanHara Ha cKopocrra Ha
Bruqauufl ce rasoB [oToK Bbpx), crpyKTypaTa Ha floxasauo e, qe B
3aBI{CI,|MOCT OT paALraJrHaTa cKopocr Ha BTr.rrraHe Teq HneTo ,4ocTHra
cTol{r{oHapHo cscTosHHe c p:Bnr4qHu MaKcr4MaJrHa noBapxHnr{Ha
nITTHOCT H CbOTBeTHO npr4TexaBa pa3nl,IqHa peHTIeHOBa MOCT.

35
 Etrrapcra aKa,qeMHr Ha HayKHre o Qulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aepoxocrrrulecru u3cJrerBauur o Et4napur o 13 o Aerospace Rese4rch in Bulgaria
Co$xr o1997oSofia

[uaurtp fiauon, Anercan4rfi Eo,rea

Jla6oparopur ilo cJrbrr,reao-seMuri ersleficrnu.r, EAH

fltpnocreneHHa 3aAaq a ilpn cnrrJHHKoBHTe MafHHTo-

METPHqHH I,I3ONEABIAHH' E CPAFHEH}IETO HA AAHHHTE C M]OAEN HA MA|H}ITHOTO
noJre. ToqHoro no3HaBaHe Ha MoAenHoro MaTHHTHo noJre e Heo6xoAr,rMo KaKTo
3a caMHr HayqeH aHarH3 Ha AaHHHre, TaKa H npH pfuranaHe Ha peAHua
cnoMarareJlHl4 3aAaqB. rlecro [oJlyqaBaHlrre pa3nr,rKn ca rlenpueuJruBo roJteMH,
Koero BoAx Ao onpeAeneHu 3arpyAHeHnr flph r,nfrepnperauHe,ra Ha
H3MepBaHHrTa.
or l98l n. o Eraraplrr ce H3BbpuBa' [peu,3Hr,f crbrHil,rKoB14
MaTHHTOMeTpHqHH H3MepBaHHfl C nO Orqra ua 6rlrapc(r varHuroMerpH or
cephrra HMAII, KoHTo Jlerflr Ha H3K
"I4nrgprocvoc - Br,lraplu 1300',, A
Oqe npr.r parrrer(AaHe Ha AaHHHT
B npeAcTaBrHe Ha pa3JnHKHTe H3MepeH
300nT no MoAyn (Snr.l [l]). Orasa
nponpaMa CADR [2] za onpeAenrH
crorcoo6pasHo H3MeHeHHe or noprAbna
npn npeMHHaBaHe npes HyJreBw uac (
Ocseu Ha nporpaMnn rpeurKH, floA
AeJreHocrra B KoopAntHarnTe Ha HC3 ce
HaqaJrHHTe ycnoBH{ npr{ HHrerpHpaHe yp
rc Moxe Aa 6b.u,e prcnuqH a. 3aHC3,,I4ur
or l2'no brbJr H 4 km no pascrorur,re [3].

36
 ,s -)t
I
h c)
5
^T 14R o

100
0
81624 5(i 64

-100
-200 ;t"---,74=l:1
-300
Ceauc 232

CADR
SAOSPOOR
Op6ura

oJre 3a ToTaIHnf lt pa3n[.rH]t

ua HC3 "HHrepr 6ma23l.
JlbJrxfi Ha rpeuKa rpa$crara

.{pyr nsrorHnK Ha npeurKa Moxe Aa e caM[rr MoAeJr unw/n

HenoBar& nporpaMHa peaflr{3aqnfl. "u."r|,.""
i

MareMarnqHurr Mo,{eJr Ha 3eMH

cQepnqnn xapMoHHKH. KoeQraqr.reHrn
yrBbpxAaBar [pe3 ner roAHHH. 3a r
roe$nqneurr,rre ce l,tHTepnonhpar H
BapHauHH. CrcraeeHfi H yrBtpAeHH c

3HaquTeIHO OTAaneqaBaHe oT 3eMH

BHTEJIHOCTTA HA MOAEJIA 3A BEKOBHTE B

B ceraruHa'ra pa6ora ce nocraBt

(Aonycranara rpeuKa) e cle4urre cJryqan, BnHreu{H Bbqxy roqHocrra Ha
MOAeIHOTO npeACTaBrHe Ha [OJreTO:
l. fpeuna B onpeAenrHe noJloxeHHero Ha HC3 - nosn{nonra
I

rperrrKa.
2. Pasnu\ws s croftHocrHTe Ha roe$uufieHrl,tre na rrld.qela Ha 3eMHoro
MafHHTHo none. | '
ulr
I

3. HenpasuneH ur6op na 6por xapMoHHqHH B nponpa{aure rpeuKa

I

JI
npH H3non3BaHe Ha MoAe.[a.
4. fle'roqno onpeAeJrflHe Ha KoeQt,tqheHTrire ga ueN[nHHH enoxu.
flog oqenr erHpfire cnylar pas6nparvre qerr.rpa
BerurrnHfi - Bap HHTeH3HTeT) ua uarnnrHo'r'o noJre
u Bapr.Iaur.rH'ne npn H3MeHpHne Ha cboTBeTHhfl
flapaMc'I"bp (noop1nnarh,, MoAeJl n Ap.). Oqenxltre ca B "6a3oBH" To,rKH, c
KoopAHHaru (ft, e, <p) npn Ar.rgKperHom lu no reorparlc(a AbJtxhHa H ruhpuHa
(o6uto 364 x:. 180 rovru) nplt eAHa u clqa Bycot{hHa $70 knr HaA MopcKoro
paBHHU{e.
flpn pasrnexAaHe Ha nbpBnfl cnyvafi - tno3r.tqnoHHpra rpelxKa, 3a BcrKa
"6a3oBa" roqKa ca us6pana 26 "nepnSepHu" roeKH c rQop4lluaru (R + 6R, 0
+ 60, g + 6q ) H FpeuKara e MaKcrrMaJrHr,ur MoAyr Ha BapHaqhrra B rroJrero
Me)KAy "6a3oBara" o re3u Tor{RH. B cr' rrsercrBr4e c roperfsao>xeHoro npueMaMe
60 = 6e = 12 n 6R:4 km. Oavoro rpecMrraHe n:etpuieaue c nporpatvla [4.|.
3a ouesra Ha roqHocrra Ha MoAena (onyrafi 2) cue u3non3BaJllr ABa
BapnLHTa Ha MoAernpaqu nirorpar"rr [4,5], ronro ce pa3JrHqaBar caMo no
noe$nqneuT u , a n l4l or [7]. Ter{r nporpaM?r ca unpoKo
H3rIor3BaHH c s, CAtll n 4pyraai:.
3a ga ut uz6panun 6pofi c$epur{Hu xapMoHHKH,
cMe H3noJr3B flolyvaeaMe aMnJt[TyAara,3a BcRKa
xapMoHnttHa BbB BoHqKU "6asosn" To.tKr4, cJteA Koero cjrunparure oftpeAeneHnt
6poft vleuoae (or 1-or 40 l0-r noprarx). flolo6Ho ua ripyrn u3cJleAor]arerH,
npH flpoyqBaHero r-rH ure AonygHeM, qe fl3MeHeHriero Ha cr[epHvHh xapMoHHqH]r
rcoe$uqneHru (CXK) e MHoro ManKo B paMKr4re Ha eAHa rpAuua, oKolo enoxnTe
Ha onpeAensuero Hna. TasH xnno'rega H3cJteABaMe orAeJlHo (ax. no- rope clyuafi
4), naro H3noJr3BaMe nporpaua [4].
Pesyrtratnre ca rpeAcraBeHr4 r'pa$HvHo. Crr4rre ca EnrocrpnpaHu c $ur. 2
u tfr,rn. 3. Taruaa rpaQr,lru HMa 3a BceKH or aHarrrn3upaHute clyuau, Ho rflxHoro
KoJIHqecrBo e raK.oBa, Lle He 6nxrue MSTJIH Aa rH npbAcraBgM Bc14ttKilTe.
H Ca npeAcTaBeHH B
ra6nnqa l, rr4ero e floKa3aH Aua[a3oHbr Ha H3M B pa3npeAeJr,eHHeTo
Ha pe3ynrarnre tro neorpa$uqu KoopAr{Harfi.

-90 -45 0

38
 pl/tT)
tlo
fio
,0

<Dur, 3. tlpocrpaHcrseHo Hgobpaxeure ua "nos[unoHHara" rpeura - pa3ttlruTe BiroranH[r nHren3rrer

[n'I], npecuerHar no uolea [4J sa eucovnra 870 km, npu Baprdpaue Ha KoopAularnre Ha npecMrraHe
I

Ty* tqe pa3ilreAaMe [peAHMr{o pe3ynrarure 3a roraJlHugl unreHsprrer, (h

ra6rrqa I ce sHxAa, qe Hafi-roneMu pa3nhKH ce nonyuanar p 3aBHcHMocr or
lr3noJr3BaHur MoAer, oKoJro 200nT. Ilosuur4oFrHara rpeurKa BqAH Ao no-MarKH
pa3JrHKH, oKoJro 150nT. flpn nsnol3BaHe Ha 8 srvrecro na] xapuouuru l0
peuruKnre ca ou1e no-MaJrKH, orcono 70nT. I

flo4po6Ho npeAcraBsHe Ha pa3nxKnTe B npecMerHarn", ln" ruo4ena [5] n

[4], toralen HHTeH3Hrer 3a eroxa 1982 r. H BHcoqHHa 870 kq e HanpaBeHo Ha
Qnr. 2. Ha uucrn tunpHHH (oroao 20"), pasnoJroxeHu noq'rul crMerpxqHo, ce
oqepraBar no uec'r eKcrpeMyMa BbB BcrKo nolyxtl6o. i

Or o6erunoro rpeAcraarne ($ur'.3) na nosnuuoHHara rp$ulra B ToranHnfl

lrHreH3rirsr ce BuxAa, qe rr e uafi-ronrua Ha cpeAHH runpHHl4. 3a pasluxa o'r
Qur.2 TyK HrMa oqepraHH noranHh MaKcHMyMH, a ABa "xpe6erf", orHoBo noqru
cHMerpHqHH, c ocu npu6nusurerso ua 45".
i

B [] ce rBrpAIr, r{e MeroAHTe 3a onpeAentHe Ha KoopAnua{nre Ha cnGTHHKa

AonycKar rpe[Ka, Korro e Hafi-roncva 3a reorpaQcrcara ruupufra, Karo Aocr[Fa
Ao 1". flocoqeuo e, qe npeAH3BHKaHaTa or roBa rpeulKa a ripecrr,lrraHero Ha
Tor€urHnr uHreH3arer e nafi-norrua Ha cpeAHH u.:ripHHA. Tonzi ctornercrBa Ha
cerarrHure pe3ynrarn (Qur.3). i

Ourypa I 4eLronclpnpa AoKonKo u3nor3BaHero Ha pas4nuuu fiporpaMn

3a reoAe3uqHo npuBbp3BaHe BJlufle Bbpxy nonyqaBaHure p$synraru. Ocnes
npeKbcBaHero, noJryr{eHo o'r H3flofl3BaHero Ha nporpaMa CAPR (eana MHofo
crapa Bepcur.), nne BHxAaMe u noAo6ne B xoAa Ha orAenH[Teirpnwr, KoHTo ce
i

i39
I

I
 paurHqaBaT caMo no B cssrrnrara Ha Hacro{uara pa6ma itoxeM Aa
npeAnonoxlM ABe nptrqnHu rd'rooa: I ) Ha ecrra crrnKa pdgflurara B KoopllnHarlre
e pa3JrHqH8,',r.e. ABeTe oporpaMn pa6mnr pauhluo; 2) na ocrra crrnKa
pa3JrHKaTa B KoopAHHaTH',t€ e HTa, T.e. Anere nporpdur pa6orrr eAHaKBo, Ho
3aJtoxeHHTe HaqaJrHH yclofnn ca pa3rl.tqHn. B rpa{Ha cMerKa HeroqHo,t.o
npecMtraHsTo
nnFnMOT4um^ ur
Ha F^nhft .rr.dh.i6^
BOAn AO ChCTeMaTilqHA rpeuKa B TOTtUtHHfl
hHTeHSrTetraoTTaMuAO B KpHBHre xa Qnr.l.
Pagrn,{hrra Merqy [5] u [a] ce nonyqaBfr snawrenrrn - $nr. 3.
Ilpnvunnre Ba roBa ca i

- roeQnuueHrnre 3a 1980 r. u 1985 r. ca palnuvHu B H3nol3naHfire

MoAenHpautn ilpul
MuAEJrrlpiltrl]r nporpaMn
paMyt tJl n
[5] 1{l;
t,| [ ];
- [3noJr3BaHa e Me]KAr,tlrHa loAl.t eJtflHe Ha
roeQnqueHrnre (1980r. n lN85r.), rar rar croxr.t ce
H3noJt3Bar sa auHefiHa nn.re$nonaqnr,
lloryreurre pe3ynraru irpneuaue Karo cyMapHa rpeurra or t,t3MeHeHilflra

Aa npeAnonorcl{M, ve rrrqqealr [5] xaro no-cTap nnacr ftrqgcrBeHH rpeutKH.

Ta6ruual. Min/Max u rpuTe KoMnoHeHTr, tt HHTeH3Hrer (Molyna)

Ltar&nflroro none ,a Da3H, cnyuaii

cnyqAt"{ fpeurn fpsura fp ClxKA l-pcura

Molyn Br [n1'] BI lnTl Bl'[nT]
ln1l
l. Hcro,tHo no.rtoxeHHe
d.ft-4km, 6'0=6 p=2, +33/+ | 55/-244 l4t -r 35 2t-69
13
2. Moacr [3J auecro
uoaea [4] 22w+22p -300/+400 -t I y+l t0 -30r0/+300

3. Oceu BMecro.lecfl'
xapMoHrqH|{ -58/+7? -721+76 -) il+57 -43/+46

4. Cyuapna rpeura
e.luoopeueuuo I u 3 3s | 220 60 | 283 t6 I 164 3 t93

5. Or rutepno.nauur
l9tl r, ao 1983 r. 149/+23 -t40 I 232 J/t22 -91/+92

Curraue sa Bb3Mo)t(Ho eAHa rpeuKa nph onpeAe ItHe nonoxeHl,teTo Ha

HC3 aa ce KoMneHcnpa or rpeuKara npu H3rron3BaHe Ha Mo.qena. 3arosa sa

40
MaKCHMyMHTe Ha fpeuKara oT MoAefla, a cneA ToBa re31,| Ha rpeuKa.
.re ga6eflexuMo H3MeHeHHe B pa3n hMa nPe3 oKoJlo
^flcuo ce BHil(Aa,
l0o. XapamepHnflT uaqa6, T. Hap. "Ape6noruaula6Hjr" . e noA 2'). flo raru
npuqllHa cqHTaMe, qe HBcreABaHnre B rasn pa6ora HA HETOqHOCTH B
npeAcTaBtHeTo Ha MoAenHoTo ManHHTHO nore ca H npH aHaJlH3a Ha
"Ape6notrlaula6unre" f BJIeHl.tt. flpu 4anxeHHeTo ua Hp3 oKoJlo 3eurra
r,r3creABaHaTa oT Hac FpeurKa ce BKJll,oqBa B pa3nnKaTa Ha noJte H
MoAennoro nore. Jlecuo Mo)KeM Aa npecMerHeM, qe aro HC3 e4uH o6opor
oKoJro 3erusra 3a noBeqe or 70 min "B
HhcKoqerorna (f< 0,05 Hz), cbcraBflqa
MHoro H3cJteAoBarenH npneMar
roe$nqueurure Ha MoAera e He3HaqH
eAHa roA[Ha re pa6ornr c eAHH H cbul
APyro npeAflonox(eH]le, npaBeHo or cb
ue roe$nqxeHTlre ce lt3MeHsr nH
flocreAuoto e usnoJr3BaHo fi B MoAeJlH
npecMerHaroro ManHilTHo nore [4] sa
Peayrrarure ca [peAcraBeH]t Ha peA 5 B ra6l. l. Ycra u ca pa3nuKH OT
nopflAbKa Ha 70nT. Pasnpe4eneHhero HM e cbqo raKa quKntl Ho c no-4o6pe
H3pa3eHh eKcTpeMyMH OKoJto MarHHTHltTe noflxrcn. fO{err,rnHaTa Ha Te3u
pa3nffKx Hr AaBa ocnoBaHlte Aa cMf,TaMe, ve rnnefiua u w rpn6va
.qa 6rAe npfinaraHa il B paMKHTe Ha roAqHara. flo roeg ua{1r roe$aqneuru're
Ha MoAefla 3a AeKeMBpH x1e 6'bAar no-6fl1srcn .qo roe$uUueuture 3a cfieABaulara
roAHHa, orKoJrKoro Ao re3u 3a reKyuara (rarro e npnero cena).
Oqarcsar,4e nonyqeHqTe pe3ynTaTH Aa noMorHaT u npy H3CneABaHe Ha
fionoc$epHHTe l'oKoBH cHcreMH. I

4l
 i

cccP, r982.
H. nporpaMMa "CAqR" Arr pa3qera
HOMtlqeCKHX KoOPAilHaT n APyTHX
cnyrHnKa. M.. HKH-AH CCCP. Itpenp.70/

p r. HanilrauuoHHar npHBr3Ka
r_c_6 e
"HHreprocruoc - Eolrapur 1300". M.,

, M. P e r e d o. A set ol fortran subroutines for

n the earth's magnetoNpheare. SpRL, University

ll_a n H r a u.'! u a n. IlaxernporpaMM aJtt

.Kor'ltlrer. 1987.
6.

eference Field.
i

1
I

I
lloczrrigna xa 20. IILlgf
On the Jrruru., of the model qf the main field
_l
in satellijte magnetometer measirrements
i

Dim i tart, Dan o v, Aleks an der Bbch ev

I

(Summaly)
I

ith the main field model,plays a major

nalyses.It is accepled that the accuracy
rmined by the posipional error as well as
luding the secular variation representa-

simulated by varying the coordinates of

the observed point.For the exa/,ninatio

effect comes to itil maximum (LAT =

45o). These types of error exhibip a very low frequency flucltration (f = 0,05 Hz).

42
Eurrapcra aKa.leMnt Ha HayKHre o Bulgarian Academy olSciences
AepoxocMr.te.*" ,r.1"Auu"ur n Erlrapnr . l3 . Aerospace Research inlBulgaria
Cognn ol997oSofia

(Dyn<qnoHam{a AEarHocrI,IKa cI'IcreMIr

lHa

Qynrquvl Ha Volutl

ITernp feqon, ITnarren XPncroe,

ITnaueu AHretroB

.l'Iucvuryr sa KocMn,IecKH uzue4aann4 EAlf

Tagn crarufl e npo

H n3CJIeABaHe Ha KOMnn'lbpHl,l cHcTeM
na 6arara Ha MoAeJIH Ha Xoap", ny6nra
"AepoKocuuqecKn H3cneAsaHils s Et
KOHTpOI n AHarHocrl.lKa Ha cHcreMH
Sarupaul ce Ha nMHTaquoHHo MoAe
aJrropnTMl4 3a HAeHTHSnraqnr Ha
rnpexoAHHTe Qynxutlll B peA Ha oproro
Bne4pmauero Ha 6opAoaure qnSponn n3qHcrHreJrHH n[auI'lHH no3BoJrl4
n3noJBBaHeTO Ha npoIpaMHH MeTOAH 3a KOHTpOn n AHATHOCTI',IKa Ha cncTeMuTe
3a ynpaBneHue Ha JIeraTeJIHll tnApATn. Orctcrsnero n{ AOnIJIHnTeJIHa
anapaTypa 3a KoHTpon H rr,BKaBocrTa npn npeHaCrpofira Hp anropHTMHTe h
pexnMHTe 3a KoHTpon H AI,IaIHOCTHKa, KaKTO t4 Bb3MOXHOCI-ra 3a oTKpIrBaHe
Ha oTKa3H H IIoKaJIH3aqt4tTa Ha HeH3npaBHocrHTe n0 nporpaM$H ntr, o6yclann'r
Ece no-uupoKoro pa3npocrpaHeHne Ha re3u MeTo.llH ra o6irrn oT yKa3aHnt
TI,IN. I

I ldr.n"lr"o"rura cc QnHaHcupar or HaunoHa.n*r {loua "Hayvuu urcrrca"a"{oo" npr MOHT aoro-

nop Nt ll-305/93

43
 Paspa6orerara cxeMa (si*. ty no3BoJrrBa Aa ce cbqqTaflT B.3MoxHOcrHTe
3a
KOHTpon Ha rexHHqecKo'[o c1rcrornne na oGerra KaKTO B
npocrpaHc,r.Boro Ha
cHrHarHTe, TaKa H s npocrpanfTBoro Ha napaMerpuTe.
B ntpnnr cnytailt ce. ocfurecrBrBa cpaBH"ru"" Ha npexoAHrre
Ha npoBeptBaHHr o6eKr
syHrurr
Ha EraJroHHns MoAen yJG), npH Koero rpxlea
xu)ln
Aa e B cHJIa 3aBhcHMOCTra: I

(r)
/f \ .I
I

vt4-v,,/0l <6 ,
I

KbAero i =1, 2, ..., fr E 6n{nr Ha KoHTpon,paHure rnixoaa Ha c'creMara r.l

MoAena. I

B CbOTBeTCTFHe c nbJtHHt JIl,rHeeH

a crpaHuqHqro ABHXeHHe Il] ,
na Qur. 2 .]IIo cBorra crpyKrypa
a KoHTporr, Koerp e ycraHoBeHo B I2l
qper cpaBHrBaHe Ha pearqunrelHM npu
eAHHHqHn BxoAHH pts4eficranr.

vlt)

Vcrpoficreo
3A ETAIOHHH
CI,II'HAflH

EraloHen Enor sa
cpaBHrBaHe
MOAen
e*(f)

Cnrsan
H4eutu$nrarop 3a oTKAI
?i aiu

flporparrluo
ycrpoftcrno

ycnoBue (l) u no,4aea cnrua].n 3a orKa3 (cr:l) nnu r!npuu"o", (cr=0), e

3aBhcr4Mocr or BeflHr{HHara Ha parctmacyBaHero
e,(r) . ppr.r rona eraJroHHurr
MoAen H3rlbrHcBa
H3rtbrHcBa QyHrquu rur,rrauuoHeH
QyHr,rurn Ha ilrur.rrauuoHeH MoAeJl c r,rstoAHr,r
r,rsx]oAHrn cnfHaJlH, Kot4To
f Korrro
H3xoAHTe Ha "p"-]n""
ca Aocra'brrHo 6rnaru ao cunn{rure Ha H3xoAHre peanl''s o6err. flaheuunr
rputepnfi no3BoJtrBa Aa
no3BoJrrBa ce rpy6u npeu-rrcr.r ([Hesannr.r
rperuKH ( orr'su) a
{rnpnrr
I

44
qee
OcseH BHe3anHr,rre orKffrH, npeArolceHara cxeMa rvroxe af on_peAenu 6_aaHo
H3MeHt IqH ce nporpect,tBHn orKroHeHur or HopMalHI4r pexn M uQ padora na o6e xra
H CHCTeMaTa 3a ynpaBneHHe, nplr KofiTo orMoHeHHtra Ha c|/rHann y[t)
He n3nH3ar or rpalxruara Ha AonycKoBnfl nHrepBafl (-6 /,6 r). Ilosa cbcrorHne e
xapaKTepHo sa 6asHoligL.reHrqr.rre ce napaMerpr Ha HA CHCTCMATA B

pe3ynTaT Ha cTapeeHe, KaKTo fi npH T.Hap. nocTeneHHn orKa3u. orKpnBaHeTo Ha

no.qo6un aeQerru n H3MeHeHHs B cxeMara ({ur. l) ce ycrpoilcruo sa
piuno3HaBaHe, Kogro no rcoe$tqueHTHTe Ha pauroxeHne a.Ha na Yolru
W( t noseor.rBa orKpaBaHero Ha cb3Aanara ce cr,rryallntr tl
) BHflBAHETO H C

rrpeABapuTenHo 3aAaAeHHTe.

Ktr 6r=KFrl+xtr

T,Y

b3 b4 I+T*P

t+Trp7o
03 6" oz

Ktr 6c=Ktr(t-t,)

Qur.2

Cncreuara or Synrqnu sa Yonru Wlt ) ce rBqBa NbTHA CHCTCMA

oproHopMupaHu $yHrqur.l [3-5], T. e. BcrKa a6colxrrso pr a [0, l]
Qynrcque y (/ ) uoxe la 6r,qe npeAcraBeHa cbc 3aAaAeHa ro BbB BHA HA
cyMa or KpaeH 6poft r[yurqna sa Yoaur (Sun.3a) :

45
 l

(2) v(t) 2 a,(T) w,{t), i:1,2,1.., o ,

H 1'O3r,r peA npnTexaBa cBo paBHoMepHa cxo4u{ocr, axo Syuiqna'ra e
HenpeKtcHaTa B TO3U
Hgex'uaQnraroprr ( ur. l)
KOMaHAHTe Ha nporpaMHoTo
B peA Ha Vonur tlpexoAHu

(3) a,(r) = l'[ ,,u, 'iG)

KbAeTO 7" e nepuo4 ua

@yuxqunre ua Volu
3aAaBaT u OnpeAeIrT
u "n4eurnSnKaropat',

,(t)

O yurqroualcu Yrsorurcl eT 0p
upcobparyrarca

<Dnr.3a

y,(t)

Trf,r cp 0 yurqr Vrsorurcr HrErp 1r0p

np co 6p r;tyl trel
Qur.36

flolyuenu're roe$uqq,r eH"ru a

MOfaT Aa Ce H3non3BaT 3a npoBepKa Ha
qpe3 cpaBHfBaHeTo HM c lpeABap
ycrpoilcraoro 3a pasno3uaBeHe nprr

46
 I

Tesn npoaepKfl ce H3BbpIIIBar nepnoAuqHo D 3aB[cntortl o" KoMaHAI{re Ha

ycrpoficrso.
I

nporpaMHoro I

Koe{ltqueutnre cPaBHcBar B
ycrpoficrnoro 3a pa3no3 noKan?I3hpa
MgcToTo Ha oTKa3a, KaTo

a,r: 0'7532 an= -0,0279 ar= - 0,0128 a,r= - 0,0037

a,= 1,2006 a.= 0,0014 %='0'0506 a,r= - 0,0037
ar: - 0,7456 a,,: - 0.273Q a,,,= - 0,0880 a,.: 0,2889
a.:-0.2188 ar= - 0'5349 tr,= - 0,2547 a,r: 0,076 7

Onr. 4

Iloayveuurc p$ynraru roKa3Bar, qe npeAroxeHHsr FeroA e npnnoxaM

npn cHcTeM[Te 3a KoHTpon ft AHanHocrhKa Ha cHcTeMHTe lSa ynpanaeHHe Ha
rerarerHH anaparH. Te ca opueHrHpaHH KIM uHopoBa peanh3auufl H Monar Aa
6rAar eOeKTnBHo peanrcnpaHu npeAn BcuqKo c urt$poBr l6oploen MauIHHH,
T.e, ocHoBHara o6Jlacr ga rflxHoro H3nor3BaHe ce flBgBar uf$poanre cHcreMI4
ga ynpaBneHue r{a o6errn H H3n}rrarenHn creHAoBe c uu$poBtt l,BqucJtl'treJlnu
MAIUI{HIT.

47
Jlnreparypa
l.KpacoBcxufi,A.A.CncrenuaoroMarnqecKonoynpaBneHnflnorcroMnunornpyeMbrx
JrerareJrbHbrx an[apar(,a. M.. BBhA "H.8. Xyrorcrafi", 1971.
2. [' e u o u, fl .C. AsroNrarfiqno ynpaBneHuc Ha crpaHi.rquo'ro lenx$ure ua rslarerulnfl
anapar. IIIrou(lepeuuufl no aBnaunr, Ilnoeana, 1990.
3. Bac H r eB, I,i. B. uAp. AnroMarn,tecxuft KoHrpoJrb tl cr{cTeM ynpaBneHHrl
clrJroBblMtd ycraHoBrar{u Jlerarerbnbtx annaparos. M., nuocrpoeHne, 19139.
4. Il e r r o a, 'L T. HaeHrur[uraull{ Ha oberrtre ga C.. TexHnxa, 19E4.
5.Karafixos, H. lf. I{u{rpona o6pa6orra ua curHa.nure.C., l 988.

Ilocrznuna pa 19.VL 1995

The aircraft automatic control syfstems

functional diagnostics based

Peter Getzov, Plamen Christoll, Plamen Angelov

(Sunmary)

The paper presents a nrethod for aircraft automatic con-

trol systems' (ACS) functional diagnostics, based on the poefficients identifica-
tion of the step responses expanding i
developed scherne combines the possibi
cal state for both the signal space and tlr
device is developed according to the st
the side motir:n. Besides sudden failur
appearance o1' slowly changing prolre
the object and the control system, wlrer
not pass beyourd the limits of the adrnissible interval. Thel, Walsh functions and
the di and determine accbrding to the program
from and the identifyin! unit. The obtained
coefic s can be used for dihgnostics of the work-
ing capacity of the model itself by compaling fhem with ihe predeterrnined val-
ues.
The obtained qualitative and quantitative results shlw that the proposed
approach and algorithrn are applicable in systems for control and diagnostics of
aircraft ACS. They are oriented towards digital realization dnd can be used mainly
in computer-aided diagnostics.

48
Iirlrrapcra aKareMtln Ha HayKI4Te o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
AepoKocMnqecKH t43cJle.(BallHt B Etarapur o 13 . AerosPace Research in Bulgaria
I

Cofinr ol99ToSofia
I

Onpe4eJIeHLr.u yrna
nceBAoMereopI{THblx
"HopMaJlbHofi " cxeMe cxJIo[bIB anvfl
Ky Mynflrr.rBHofi o6nprqosrd I

Bnrrop Eapaaon, Xpucro XPwcloa*,

fapo Maplupoc.sv**
Tyttcrurt rocy,4apcraennui ymrrBePcflT'er,l Poccw
* Boeanuii ttayvnurt rexHu,recrwfi uucrniyr, Eotraput
** .I'Iucrnryr KocMwqecKnx EAH

Onpe4eren re yrna SoprrluPonannr

qacrnu, npu "HoprvralbHofi" cxeMe cxronuBaHur KyMy o6rnt{osrn a
3aptAax c rt4Hsoil rrItr u3 HeoAHopoAHol'o B3pbuBqaroro tuecTBa tBJIgeTcf
MexAltHHo[ gaAaqefi onucaHnt npoUecca Sopr'anpoealtn1, pa3BuTHs 14

npoHrlKaHltt Meleoputfrblx qacTilq e o6runnry H KoHcTpyK[r'uo rootruqecKux

[l].
I

annaparon
Ony6rrrcosaHHulfi cnoco6 Dr BAo-
MereopnTHbtx qacrnu npu "pa4uarbHofi" anofi
o6raqosrn l,rMeer uelulfi ptA HeAocl carb
rloprrruporaHur nceB,AoMereoparHbtx q I2l.
"PaANarruafl" cxeMa He yqurbtBaer
nceBAoMeTeopHTHbIx qacThq, qTo npI,IB
pacqere crcopoc'nefi oSxarHc greMeHT
o6rr4uoaxa llMeer Qopt'ty oAHonoJlocr
qacrlaq.
4nr QoplarapoBann.fl BbrcoKocKopocrHoro noroKa ncenAor'rerleopuTHblx
Heo6xoAuuocrb noBbtueHnfl ToqHocrll npu oni'lcaHnl{ npouecca
q npuBoAur i< r,nnonu3oBaHnto
crHsHofi o6ni{uosru - MeraHI4e
t-______-_
nepneHAHKyn+pHoM BHyrpeHHoH

49
 noBepxHocrlr o6nuqosru.
flpn onrcaHnu upoqecca cxJronHBaHHs Anf, onpeAeneHnf, yrna
QoprraxpoaaHrrr [ceBAoMereopHTHhrx qacr,u r{cnoJ' g3oBaHbr cneAy*,r,l,ne
AonyuleHHr: soprr'ra AeroHaq[oHHofi sorHH onpeAenretcr pacnonoxeHHeM H
roxQurypaqnefi luHgu [3] urn HeoAHopoAHocrbro B3pbrBqaroro aer{ecraa
[4]
("noABnxsa.g" rr.iH3a co cKopocrblo ABHxeHlrt coHPuepuuoil cKopocru
4eroHaquu); 6epenorofi es$exr orcycrByer, u{.repuan o6rnqoorcu
HecxHMae'Mufi; ue yr{HTbrBaercr ropMoxeHHe u HarpeB o6nnqoeru
npr
cxJIonBIBaHuu. Ha puc.l nso6parreHa "HopMarrHar" txeua cxJronbrBaHH,
KyMynflTr'rBnofi odrnqoEKH 3Apf,Aa, B Koropofi o6pafyorrlHe
nneuseft n
BHyTpeHHe[ noBepxHocrn O6lnqorxn 3aAaHbt
Qygrrfgsl,rh y : e(x) w y : r(x)
He rBJrflloquuilca .nnsefinurut.

K(D)
t--.-

4x)
RID)
x'1+fi@)

Ptc. |, "Hopualsga.l" cxeMa cxJtonbrBaHu, KyMynsrusxoft o6aruoaxa

PacnpocrpaHeHrfe H3KpHBneHHoro rnngofi

[3] nail HeoAHopoAHocr'ro
B3pbrBrraroro BeulecrBa [4] Qponra AeroHarlHouHofi ao,hnH rpoH3xoAHT
tls
roqKn K(Dr) c paAHycoM orcrorulefi na pacmoninu ao(Dr) or Haqaro
_R"(D),
KOOPAHHaTHofi cr.rcreuur.B clyvae roqeqHoro Hcror{HaKa AeroHaqHr{ Ha fpaHH
JIuH3bID"=-const, R,(Drts const n ao(Dr) = const [2]. B clf,rae nuH3bt cJrox(Hor-o
npoQnar (Dr= const) HIH HeoAHopoAHoro sapsAa (Dr= f (y)) - R^(Dr)
n
rBrrrrorcr Oyrrqn"*ra noBepxHocr' nn*rir
?9@) -n "rdaropoAHocrH 3aprAa
13,41.
B uoueur BpeMeH[l /u cerrenue oneMeHTa o6lnloeru dx uaqnuael
ABHxeHHe K ocn cHMMerpilH 3aptAa tto HopManH r sHyrdeHuefi noBepxHocTH
o6luqoarcn. 3a nperun dfroqra t, npoilaer nyrb ,z:

50
noBepxHocru sa ero BpeMt onpeAentrcTct coorBercrBeHHo (2)j' (3), (4):

(2\ AA'--=*'-ffi,
rAe A' A" - paccrosHue Ao oct,t no HopIuaJlH r r (x) B ToqKe '; F - uecTsufi

(3)
naqaluruft yron naKnoHa o6auqosxn;

,=[tr-ffi]+,'

(4) "=[*r-ffi]l'.#l
"- '
fcosP 4t )L' wi ) i

Tarsu o6pasou, raHreHc yrna Sopr,rhpoBaH,t ,nf""ttu nceBAo-

MeTeOpI{THoIo nOToKA npu "HOpMaI6HoM" CXIonuBaHuh I veCtXoft qaCTH
KyMyntrlrBHoft o6rnuonrcu Alnsofi dxonPe.qelserct Il3 Tpeyron$ur<a A"B"C xax
(crvr. prac.l): i

(5) tgo(x)=
B"K I

A" K

rAe B"K=8"'Ccos(p+op); A"K =Csin(F+oF)'

V{Htunax, uto:

(6) p+ op=arctgfl (x)+ l' (x) dx)

H nocre npeo6parosaHnfi, nupaxeure (5) npuMer BI{A:

5l
 + r-"dx)f
Q) tg,ri) =[r* *-rcosfatctg(r'
t cos(arctgr,,l

arctg(r' + r,,dx)

. rdl$sinlarctg(r' + r"dx)l
lld cos(arctgr,)

<Dopruyna (7) rnnrercr 6ole

no3BoJrfler npo[3Bo.qHTb pacqeT yrna
qacr[Il, npH "HopltarbHofi,' cxeM
o6pasyrculux noBepxHocrefi o6luqonr
JTHH3OBOTO y3rra wu HeoAHOpOAHOCTT,T
FlolyueHHufi yrol rBrqerc
MOAenEpoBaHr,rr npoqe cca pa3Bnrvfl tr
qacTHu.

Jlnreparypa
l.Bapa u o e,
tr a, B.,
D., X. ncro
.ll,p Hcro B, C.
,r. Xp rros,
lle rKoB, K. BosAx ne]s. parpa6ornaHe
u. IIe 6orAx parDa6orsaHe na Ha
KyMyltarnBHH 3aprAu 3a il3crpeJrBaHe Ha nceB4oMereopurNr.r "e]t. .raci4rtr.t. _ Aepoxocrr,l,
H3cneAB. n E'urapnr, 1994, Ife I l. l. l

2. Sapa H os, B., X. Xpucros, K. Foc.rA x H e s, C. ll-I erK o D. H{cleaeaHe

ua Sopunpane.ro
nTB3oyf'ppprreH norox or qacrnr.rn. - Aeporocu. H3crroAB. n Errrapuir, iSss,x
19
3. E ap a H o B, B., x. X
ts., X. cio
x p nH c r o r.AeOop"rpl"i"""
B, {eQopr,lupoaaune SpoHra sorHbr AeroHaunu nqnrofi s

4.

floprynnna 22. I. 1996 r.

52
 Determination of the angle of fo of
pseudometeorite particles in a no I scheme of
angle approach of a cumulative li

Victor Baranov, Christo Christov,

Gara Mardirossian

(Summary)

The determination of the angle of formation of

pseudometeorite particles in a normal scheme of angle of a cumulative
lining by a shielded charge or another one with an inhomo explosive
agent is a3r intermediate task from the description of the of formation,
development andpenetration of meteoriteparticles in the lining and
construction. As a result there's obtained an expression for angle spoken
above, as a function of parameters of the charge,

53
 Etlrapcra aKaAeMur Ha Hayxllte o Bulgarian Academy ofSciences i

AepoxocrvruvecKr{ r43crerBaunr n Errrapxr . o

13 Aerospace Reiearch in Bulgaria
CoQnr o1997oSofia

Mexasu3M npo6 nrvrfl,re$arrau.recKofi

o6lrrusrrd aopoKocMrlrrebKoro am:apara

Burrop Eapaaoa, I:[ropn ll)ou,

Xpncro Xpncroc *,3aestennh Vnanron*$
i

entetrt yuuaepdVrer, Poccut

rexau,recKuii n+crilryr, CoQuz
Pyce

Bsrcoral rBepAocrb ,n KepaMHKH B

""p"o.foftrocru
coqeraHHil c orHocltrelno ue6orruofl nrorHocrbrc Aen+ror ee nepcnenTnBftbrM
3arIlHTHbrM MarepuaJroM npH npoeKTHpoBaHHH paSrinuHurx KocMHr{ecKHx
annaparoB, oco6esHo MHoKparHoro noJrb3oBanua. B cdsgu c erHM aKryanbHa
npo6rer,aa u3yqeHHr ee crofirocrn K BbrcoKocrppocrnorvry yAapy vl
npoHuKarcrrleMy sogAeilcrsr4lo x(ecrKnx uereoputuux qacruq. Huxe
aHanmHpyercr MexaHu3M pa3pyueHHs KepaMuqecrcofi hperpaau rolulnuofi 11
)KecrKl|M UHnr,rHApl4qecKHM yAapHuKoM rrlaccoft M p,ttl cnyqafl HopMaJlbHoro
yAapa co cKopocrarc Vo.
B uoueur yAapa or nuqeBofi noaepxuocru] nperpaAbt HaqnHaer
reHepnpoBarbcr BoJrHa Hanprx(eHHfr c)Karnfl. Tax xarc p rcepaunre B cflny ee
xpynKocrr{ He p&rBr,tBarorcr 3Haqr.treJrbHbre nnacrnvecdue 4eQoprr,raqHlt Aax(e
npn pa3pymeHne, ro nepegur.rft Qponr Hecer Hanprxeuilr

,llitPrE P,
(l) "
Gn = 7!- ,:: Vi,
,,1 .E,F', l- ,J Erp,
rge Er,E2 - MoAynH ynpyrocru MarepnaJroB nperpaa{r n yAapHnKai p,, p2 -
nrtorHocrn MarepuanoB nperpaAbl r,r y.Uapur,lrca, coornefcrBeHHo.
rlpu gocrux(eHHH Qponror,l BoJrHbr nanprxefin n c)Karufl rurrHofi
noBepxHocrH npeFpaAbr npoH3xoAHT ee orpaKeHEe n rpaHc$oprvraqHr tB BoJrHy

54
HanprxeHrdfi pacrrxeHnr, Koropafl pacnpocrpaHtercs n o6par{orrr HanpaB-reHnu,
nntepQepnpyr c naAatoulefi sorHofi HarlptxeHnr ix.arnfl.'forAa cyMMapHoe
HanpmKenne B nporsBonbHoM ceqenun nperpaau []
(2) ooQ\=oo- o"(z),
I

rrc o"(z)-HanprxeHue cxar'r B MarepuaJre KepaMHKr , .al"""n z B MoMeHr

npuxoAa B Hero orprx(eHHofi sorHH HanprxeHuf, pacrexexltn t=(Zn- zlt"

(3) o"(z)=o.op[-
ffu-d)
tAe d=. tri
r
f
- cropocr pacnpocrpaHeHr{x ynpyroft aorHH n rcep{ume; ,S- nnoqqAr
- P-'
---Y ceqeH[rr yAapHHKa.
MrrAeneBa
I

Puc. l

))
 2h- z
Pacc*aorpnM Mo eHr BpeMeHH (puc. r). Marepnaa
,
npenpaAbl flepeA yAapHHKoM JIeBee ceqeHut"= zt HfxoAI,ITct B c)KaroM
cocTotHHHn, npaBee B pacTrHyTO
pacrrxeHHn oo\2,) paBHo Aonyc
Tpeul,tHa! HapyuaeTcr cnJrotl|Hocrb -
6yayr Becrtd ce6r asroHoMHo. flpr.rve
pacnpocrpaHeHHe Qponra BoJrHbr H
nponrofi4er orpDKeHHe BoJlHbl Hanpt
ee B BonHy cxarr,tf,. flpn erou coorserc
BK 6yry
nep or(t
NOJtOB

B CeqeHfifi zt paBHA:

o,(d= o,[, - *o[- ?#t, -.)]] =

lol' '
orxyAa KoopAnHara BeporrHoro o6pasoeaunt neprofi B nperpaAe
npr npo6rrun JpeIuI'rHbl

(4) Z,=h.#'4'-*l
o6pasoaaHrae rpeq,Hbr B ceqeHn, z, - ueo6xoar"ir" Ho He Aocrar,oqHoe
ycnoBHe oSparoeanur B HeM orKoJrbHor-o pa3py ,ex"f.
,{onolHureflbHbrM
ycnoBHeM Anr nocJleAHero rBrrercr HaJruqHe rper.rluH u no 60noeofi
noB€pxHocrH qHnlrHApa AHaMerpoM d0. r| cr,r ry orfcycTBr,rq pa3BiHrbrx
nJracrHqecKnx aeo0pruaqufi e BorHe, pacnpocrpaH rrcqa]scq o npaoofi qacru
nperpaAH, BOrHa Hanpr)rceHr,rfi pacrrxeuHfl HMeer nocforr-lnyro aMr|nHTyAy
o"(z)= u reHep'pyer Ha 6orosofi roBepKHocrn yngMsHyrofo qranHApa
,[olo
KacaTerbHbte HanprxeHr,tr t HTeHCHBHOCTbT:

flpu nu nol neH He ycJloBufl >l"l B nperpaAe peanrcyercr ruruHuE orKorl

H COOTBeTCTByroqee 3HaqeHHe "
zl onpeAenHTcr TaK:

56
(s) 2,,_h
+w

(6)

fIoAAeficrsneM 3Toro HanpflxeHufl Ha UHIHHApH noBepxHocTl,l

d, 6y lyr reH epnpoBarEcfl KacareJlbH bl e H anps xeunn f2], e Moryr npH
onpeAeJreHHbrx yc.noBnlx npt,tBecrn x o6pa:onaHnrc n . flpnne4euHoe
KacaTeJrbHoe HanpsxeHue, yqHTblBalouee pacnpeAeneHHt
cyMMapHoro HopManbHoro HanpffxeHnfl (6) no 1:rnre qacTtt. MoxHo
onpeAennrb raK:

(7)
S 'iu4",r)or.
,'nP=ndoz, J, fo
Tenepu ycnoBne o6paroraHur npo6xn s resofi qacr'l FperpaAbt HMeer
I

Br4r T,,p >lTf r vtJrv,c yqeroM (6) u (7):

(8)
(8)
\-, a,
-noo
I tt zp'ItD
I4io,o,*o[-ry)1""r(m-']=.i,',
"*pL ll*p\
M M )-,- r).
"ol2-E-l l> t,,
41111.

ButnonHeHne ycnoBufl (8) n conorynHocTl.l c (4) n (5) lorjra'recKh o3HAtlaer

nonHoe npo6ntne yAapHHI(oM nperpaAbt B 3oHe II n Qasono{ nlocroctu nt
(pncynox). I

Eclu yclonne (8) He BbtnorlHsercfl, ro s resofi lacrn nperpaAbl

Bo3MoXHbt MHoxecTBeHHbte noBTopHbte orl(onbt, l,t noJIHoe npd6nrne nperpaAbl
Moxer nponeofir'n, HanpuMep. B 30
orMernTb, qro B 3oHe III paspyueuue r
TaM HeT H MeHblUat no cpaBHeHuIO
HanprxeHr4il npn $r.rxcnpouanHofr n
o6pasonaunro npo6xn. Bpeur neP
nocneAyrcqnx) o'rrcoron /, (pncyHotc
MoxHo onpeAenhrb 6er nprHqntt[aJIb
ypanneHnfi . c coorBercrBylou-u,tMH HM HaqaJlbHsrun ycnonna$n.
Taxuu o6pasou, noKa3aHo, qro pa3pylxeHMe KepaMr'r{ecrofi nperpa/{bl

57
 MOXer npo}|3ofiTr,t 3a cqer MHO]KeCTBeHHoro orKoJra eb ruurunofi qacrn
Aefi crsnr orpaxeHHux pacrrrt{Barculnx uanptxeuufr n
ilfr,
renep[pyeMbtx sonHofi nanpnxenrfi cxarur. ]CSopr,aylnpoBa Hbl

B€pof,THHe KOOpAHHarbr cegeH||fl nperpaAbr, B Koropbrx

iosunraror
pa3pyueHrr.

Jlrreparypa
I' E a p a H o o, B.JI, H.B. Jl o n
a..Jlpororuuc ynpyro-Bn'ronlocrnr""duc EoJrHbr B crcpxnsr
rofi aruuu-llsoecrru BY3, 1993,.i0 l.S4-57. ]

2.BapaHoB.B.JL.H.B.Jlona.paAualrHucBorHbrrpy,rcHlr,"npoJqor""orocABlrraB
n u n. D,Jt,. vr.b. Jt o n a. raA[aJlbHbtc BoJtHbt rpyrtcH],|x |,| npo]qorbHoro c.q
ynDyro-Br3xonaacrrqccxofi nnacruHc c orqcpcrncM r Hcusolppvrvccrofi
-I4erccrts By3, [989. .t\tr 7. 22-30.

Ifocrynnna

The mechanism of performatfon of the

lining of aero-space vehicles

Victor Baranov, Igor Lopa, qhrhto Christov,

Zwezdelin Chiwikov l

(Summary)

58
Etrnapcxa aKa,ueMufl Ha HayKure o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aeporocuu,recKu l,t3ore,tlBauur o Etlrapnr o 13 . Aerospace Research lin aulgaria
Co{rur ol99ToSolia

Qualitative analysis of the frpe processes

in a gen eralized linear oscitlating circuit
with periodic parameters. I. Structure
of the differential equation$ and
classification of the free prdcesses in
Hamiltonian oscillating cirbuitsl
I

Nikotai Biriuk, Wadimir Damlgv*

I

Voronej State University, Depaftment of lhysics

394693 Votonej, Russia I

*Space Research Institute, Bulgarian Acadenly ol' Sciences

Introduction
of linear oscillating systenfs with variable pa-
The analysis
rameters, and particularly of such with parameters that reimain periodical in
time, is of fundamental importance for the investigation of odcillating systems in
a general form []. The parameters of nonlinear oscillating lsystems depend on
the voltage applied and on the currents that flow through them, and these, in
their tunr, are functions of time. Thus, in the long run, norflinear systems are
also systems with variable parameters. In this connection al princiPle of linear'
linkage is formulated in mathematics [2]. lt is related to thq idea that the phe-
nomena and properties of norrlinear systems can be realized (i{r the sense of simu-
lated) for each specific (particular) case in the respective linelr systems with vari-
able parameters.
Qualitative analysis assumes considerable importarise in the investiga-
I

ional Fund "scientific d.r.ur.h" ,nd",

Ng TH-54e/95. I

59
 tion of complex oscillating systems, since it allows of ide{rtifying
fying the mcst
mcsl
eral features of system behaviour.
The paper reveals a general method for analyzing linlar systems with
odic and almost periodic parameters.
The generalized linear (Fig. l) with feriodic paramet
called so forth to pnay an the theory of nonlinear oscilla
and in radiophysics. Its d s that it is useb in radiophysicr
signal oscillating circuit parametric amplifier or generato{, in the proclss of
cillation modulation in ggneraror systems, etc. l$
rn generator Its lndlrect
indirecd slgnlltcance
significance ls
is ccon
tioned by the fact that it is a heuristic model of nonlinear dutino,rous and
autonomous second-order systems employed in the analy$is of process stabil
in such systems. ]

The paper provides an analysis of the free processes ir.l an oscillating

i
fromm the point of view of their bounded or unbounded natdr.e.
natJr. or, in other
it studies issues of the stability and instability of the oscillati

spective of the task makes it interesting from a practical pfint of view, sirrcJt
parametric oscillating circuit is quite rich in particular c{ses, but principle
specific particular case can reveal the overall diversity of flossibilites for the
cillating circuit.

equations can be classified within a definite sett of classes bv zones of stabili

and instability. These zones can be presented in a two-dirqensional plane as
eas with sutficiently complex tbrm which intertwine and

space obtained by rotating the plane round an axis lying fn this plane. The
spective results are obtained by employing incomparably
{

cal concepts.

60
 Structure of the differential equatiohs
describing linear oscillating systeins
with positive parameters i

Linear oscillating circuits qan be described by applying a

first-order vector linear differential equatron

/l
(l) at=A(t)z+f(t),
dt

where z
a tditnensional vector, whose elements can represe4t capacitor charges,
is
magnetic flux rurnning through inductances, etc. A(t ) is a zj x n -dirneusional
matrix whose elements can be expressed by circuit paranretefs (inductances, ca-
pacitances, resistances), f(r) is a free *dirnensiornal vector, iwhose components
are determined by the electrornotive forces connected to thei circuit and by the
parameters of the system. I

In order to identify the structure of equation (l), we shall fnitially analyze the
following equation of the free processes with "frozen" (timje-independent) pa-
rameters:
d
(2) :x=Ax"
dt
I

wlrere,4 = const. If all the parameters of the system are positi{e, the solution will
satisfy the condition: lim x(t) = g . I

It is obvious that the Iattffiuation meets the condition that iSp,4<0, (Sp,4 is the
sunr total of the main diagonal tenns of matrix A).
L e m m a l. Any radiophysical system with constpt positive param-
i

eters, containing active resistances with currents flowing thjrough them, is de-
scribed by a system of differential equations with constant boefficients, whose
matrix includes non-positive main diagoreal elements, at lelst one of which is
negative.
L e m m a 2. The main diagonal in the matrix of tlje first-order vector
i

differential equation of a radio circuit with constant positivie parameters, con-

taining only real reactances (with losses), consists only of nepative elements.
The condition that Sp,4<0 and the following Lemma ale valid for circuits
made up of ideal reactances with constant positive parameters. I

L e m m a 3. The matrix of the vector differential equatjon of a radio circuit

containing only ideal reactances with constant positive parame{ers has a zero nrain
diagonal.

61
 The Lemmas formulated abov
linear radio circuits (we shall term it a s
positive parameters. They are character
tains no derivatives of the circuit para
lowing theorem can be formulated in t
Theorem l. Any radio circuit
capacitive loops or inductive nodes are
The proof of Theorem I is bas
that the derivatives of the circuit para
after excluding one ofthe charges in a
fluxes in an inductirre node.
With a view to extending the sco
ally stationary circuits considered above, the latter can be
{-eformulated as sep!-
rate theorems.
Two connected oscillating circu
serve as an example off a structurally st
ing circuits with external capacitive co
ally stationary circuit, since in this case
loop. ,

equation de$cribing
circuit with
rameters

The free
with changing parameters (Fig.
tion

(3) = A(t)x,
fr*
x= colon (*r,*r),*, =* - normalized charge of the c{nacitor,
=#-
*q ",
normalized magnetic flux of the induct ance, A(t) =
lnr!)\, i, j = I,i,
arr(t) = -6ffi.0 ,ar,(t)= qmro,

62
 R(t)

-1,
c(0 q0 4.t)

Fig, l. Linear generalized oscillating circuit with

If x, is excluded from system (

equation with regard to x,. A scalar eq
in an analogous way. These are equatio

(4) d2x .,dx+ a,(t)x a,

fi:.
I

EA\# =
i

where I

f rr- | t
I

A substitution of variable in (4) by x ="*pl -

L iZ6
J",(.+laS lf ri"tOt
I J I

'' n P(t)
-\ = g, /-\ I ,, -t tl ArQ)
n/-\=' ur(t)-
(s) 1*
dr"-,+ P(t)Y
qullt)-iT
Given the assumptions that in (4) x= 4, then I

63
 P(t) =

drc
dt2

In the
I

v t:

p(t) =

Equation (3) can be reduced to a vector equation a canonical type

analogous to (5) by carrying out the following substitu

x = z*r{} i[, ,to *,,,@ptr]

We obtain

/1
(6) 1"
dl
= B(t)z, where

z = colon( 2,, r); B(t) = {o o(il, i , j =

"
1

br, = -bz, = *(u,, - arr)i b,, = a12;b21

The condition that ir,r=ois indicative of t canonical charact

equation (6). In the case under consideration it is in a her simple form,
If we introduce a Hamiltonian function, i.e, squ re form ofthe s

64
(7) H(t,2,,"r) =lau(t)"| - b,,(t)2,2, -l,o,r(,

Equation (6) can be written in the form of'the f ng system

oz, 02., AH
(8)
0t
- ,^oI ozt

Let us compare the canonical system (6) with the ation sf a general
type (3). It is evident that the elements of the second dia I of the
matrix are identical, while the elements of the main diagon differ. They
are presented in an extended form:

R*u
4r = -too!,o*, =u(o - ,!),u,, - -too
L

R"o,'=-P'Grr,r=
Wf
Hence the conclusion that the necessarv and suffici t condition for
the oscillating circuit to be described by a canonical equati is

Rro, = -P'Gror'

It is obvious that any conservative oscillating ci (R=0, G=0)

is described by a canonical vector differential equation.
It is not difficult to verify that if a Hamiltonian ins circuit is de-
scribed by equation (8), the coefficients of the first deriv has an average
value equal to zero, since

o' u, =ftnc
u' --
!,n' .

Let us express the Hamiltonian function of system ) by using the cir-

cuit parameters

65
 (e)

when analyzing the canonical system it is importqht to identiff the r

negative condition,
rrsEarfvcL;uuur.ruu, H(t,z,,zr)20, for allvalue
ra\rrztrzz)ZU,rorallvalue wfilch,
which
solution of the equationz, and zrareunkno*n. fh. in (9) i
serious impediment to such an estimate. That nequal
zl+zlI Z z?+z?
rz, . to obtain the following bilateral estimate
-;--
-
t
(10)
)

Asa
(G=0,R=

of ons
be
(4),
for

(11

66
 is a symmetrical matrix of the Hamiltonian function (9).
Since 7-t -- -f , equation (l l) can also be written in form

(r2) t4"=Hz.
dt
Sometimes it is convenient to present the initial system 3) in the form of
an integral system of equations, If, for instance, x(t) = lx 11( ), ii =r,z is a
fundamental system of solutions to (3), it will satisfo the inte equation

x(t) ="(r.) * Ja(s)x(s)as,

ti

where ir the matrix of the initial conditions.

"(ro)
This forrn of the oscillating circuit equation is convent when using
the successive appnoximations metlrod, in the case of seeking a solution in the

form of x(t\ ="(t)* Z*rQ\, where *oQ)= Ja(s)x*-,(s

k=l tn

x0 = x(/0) .
This recurrent formula allows of consistently identif,ing series terms in
the solution. It would not he difficult to show that this series is ly and evenly
convergent over an arbitrary finite interval.
Further on we shall demonstrate a, multistage ion approach.

the equation will assume the form

6'l
 (t4)
fit =c(t)y,
c(t)=(i,,u, ^^,,
?;l?), c,,=u,,*(
A comparsion between (14) and (3) shows tbat ion(14) an
oscillating circuit with constant capacitance or inductance, whi all
other respeotive parapeters vary in tirrre.
Let us continue the transformation bv the following
tution in (14)

, = " "*o{i' yr,, (o * r,(r)l*}

The result is

d
(15) 1z
dt = D(tlz .

where D(t) =(i'

ru d,,(t) =
^^n ?'!),r,r,), iG,
Obviously (15) is a simplified canonical system, one ofthe
elements is oonstant.
Finally, if we bary out the following substi in equation (15)

z(t) = n(t)u(t), r(r) =

[i"t' ;) *, shalr obtain
(16) = *r(t\u . M(t) =(o ,.,, :

68
where r(t) = at2a2t + dll _dd,,
dt

System (16,f describes an oscillating circuit without ,ofr.r. which con-

tains one reactance.
ume-cependenf reactance.
re time-dependenr! I

The system (16) is much simpler than the initial system @;, and the solu-
tions of 'both eouations are related in the
both equations wav:
,llowins way:
the --,llowing I

(t 7) x(t) = *(t,to)N(t)u ,

where *(t,to)= *o{}if*,t"1 + a,,(r).+ ur,(r)

l' ,, L

The investigation of the free processes in linear oscillating circuits wittl

time dependent parameters of a general type is connected lwith enormous
mathematical difficulties conditioned by the general characterlof the problem.
Indeed, it is necessary to examine a huge number of equations (3;(3) characterized
aij , ij =1,2.
by four functions - the elements of the rnatrix a,, =1,2 |

The canonical systems lend themselves to a sufficiently a( and clear

classification by boundedness or boundlessness of their solutioirs. The possible
canonical systems make up a set that can be visualized as a s$t of points in a
three-dimensional cylindric space. The cylindric space breaks into a set of
alternating areas of, stability and instability. Certain investigalions have been
carried out and they have yielded a sufficiently com picture of the

parameters.

Classification of the free processes

in Hamiltonian oscillating circuits

The canonical syste

tinct and clear classification by boundedn
It is possible to create a comprehensive

69
erning the free processes in a linear oscill
the sake of visualflzation we shall use a t
broken down into a set of alternating area
Consider a canonical svstem wi
vector form
d
(18) A" =
The fundamental matrix of the
given the initial conditions z (0) =^I; wh

(re) z(t) =

properties nf
The nrnnerrtiec of fha
the mqfrinea
matrices ii
)
a),(f is a real matrix-function

P( /) or antiperiodic, PQ+f1:-p1t), T - per

i.e. it exists almost everwhere and is sum

b) DetP(/): I ,
c) K is a real square matrix wit
The investigation of the propert
in the stability analysis. If the matrix
known, matrix rK will be determined in

(20) K==r'I
TItt*
z(r)1.
The alternative sign in (20) is chosen in such a lway as to secure a real
matrix K.
r

Let us dwell more elaborately on matrix sets 4 ana {z(r)} r

sake of visualization we shall use geometrical terms.

l. Structure of the set {K}

We shall present the set of various constant
matrices rK with zero spur in the following form j
tem O xyz. This presentation yields an ordinary (Euclidean) space.
A completely defined matrix Kcorresponds to each point in space.
The characteristic equation of the matrix,

(2t) Det(rK- X/) = 6

hasthefollowingform:1"2= x'+ y,-zt.

i

Given a real f , this characteristic equation represent{ a single-band hy-

perboloid, whose canonical equation is in L.^- E- ll----:---f
the followine -
formf
|

*' ,y'
,,, +:T-
/;l;/;
"'-,
=l'
^-,
I

z
Circ umference

Hyperbc ta v
Y
x
t
I
--\
a
Fig. 2. Single-band hyperboloid illustrated the characteristic equation of the ma{rix at a real (a); double-
band hyperboloid illustrated the same at imaginary (D)

The graphic representation of the single-band ln

Fig. 24 where a = ?u and b = )t are the real semi-axes and c l= /, is the
rmagnary semr-axls.
If I is imaginary, (21) determine

*.+
EE
The graphic representation of the

I
 Fig.2b,where a= rt and b- 1L areimaginarysemi-axps,and c=1" isareal
semi-axis.

When l,=0 , theresultisaborderlinecaseof {cone: x2 +y2 - 22

separating the two farnilies of the abov
ally, we shall ascribe a plus sign to the
sign to their bottoms. The set of the poi
C" and C- respectively. The set of
(xz + y' < z') will be denoted as O(O
points ( x2 + y' > z' ) will be designated as .1L ]

It turns out that systems (18) with periodic or anti$eriodic solutions cor-
respond to the set O (those are systems
with unbounded solutions are in congru
surface points of the double-band hype
The three-dimensional space co

(o
(c) t = s[p -B\
o' )S
'
= BS/S-I (feto;,

where .9is a real matrix, 2,,, e and p are real numbers,

It follows frorn equation ,S-leK'^g = ej-'(s that:

(-x, 0 \
-when KeH-e*'=Sl"
\o e-r,"'/lS-'
K ec-
- when
"",
=
"(l iJr '

72
 I

- when K eO - e{' =5"4rt5-t = S(/cospr +,Isin )s

Hence, in case (a) both solutions of the fundamental (18) are un-

bounded, if the whole time axis is taken into account / e (- oo, ). ftne object

of consideration is the semi-axis / e[0,*), one of the solu of the funda-

mental system shoutd be regarded as unbounded (exponenti increasing), and
the other one as bounded (exponentially decreasing).

ln case (b) one solution under irritial conditions z,(0

odic or anti-periodic, while the other one - under initial condi

is linearly increasing. In case (c) all solutions are bounded'

Let us once again refer to formula (20) and consider issue ofthe
signal-valuedness of the matiix K.
Fot' tlre sake of simplifying the presentation, we shall the
fotfowing denotations: KT:y, 4T)=n. Then equation (20)
following form:

(22\ eY =!.8'
As a result of a relevant transformation the matrix be reduced
to one tlre following forms:
of

(a') p>0, F+1,

(b') ,-(:

(a
(c')
\B

-^
IJ
 If the matrix + B can be reduced to tbrm (a,) oJ (b,), there is a solution
onlyintheca umbersofmatrilx *.8 arepositive.The
sign in (22) is condition ur *eit. This is tire only solu-
tion and it is wing formulae: j

In case (a')

(23)

(24> h(ta)=tB-1.
lf B = t.f , we arrive at the solution by applyingl the formula:

(2s) h(r r) - msars (z = o,tr]t 2,t..),

where n is an even number when a prus sign is ascribed

{nd a negative number
when a minus sign is attributed. ]

When * B canbe reduced to form (c') and A + all values tn(t a)

[.t,
are yielded by the formula 1

(26\ ln(ta)=ffir-(p* m)cteer

(a = 0,+1,+2,1...)
where e*io are the characteristic numbers of the matrix
iA(O . g < n); z is an
even number when a plus sign is ascribed and a negative nlrmber when
the sign is
minus. I

It follows from (22) that Det ev - sspt - 1, Spl,=0 i.e. all solutions y
of equation (22)fallin space R3. f

For matrices y and + B itis po rsible to have simlltaneous occurence of

either cases (a) and (a'), or cases (b) and (b'), or cases ( c]; ana (c,). so, we can
conclude that in the case of unbounded increase in the sol{tion, i.e. (a,)
and (b,).
l_
matrix f = ;[t z(T)l has a singte vatue and f e n Ub. tJC-

74
 In the of a bounded solution (c') the matrix Kis {rot a single-valued
case
one. There are two options here: a non-trivial one, when Kl,eO, and a trivial
one, for K=O(in the second option the matrix degrades to ajzero one).

f[ to denote the top and bottom pf the hyperboloid

Let us use fo* and
Tt2 ^, and l,
*'r + y') - 22, = -fu; O{ Orto designate respectir4ely the upper and
I

lower area between the cone: *' + y' - 22 = 0 and this hV{erboloid; Oi and
I

Of to mark respectively the areas between the top and the blottom of the cone:
1"-
x'+y'-22 =0 andthehyperboloid: x2 +y'-"'=-ft;rl
If matrix f(f)l tras a single value
we take into account the fact that the
determined by the matrix r( in (19), it is obvious that in ordpr to ensure a one-
value functional matrix of solutions (19) it would be necessafy and sufficient to
select the matrix K falling in the area.
i

2. Structure of set {Z(r)}

We shall use @, to denote the set of secpnd-order matrices

with constant real elements and with a determinant equal to pne. Let us assume
that x is a matrix belonging to this set. It can always be presfnted in the form

(27) x = alb,

where a is a vector corresponding to the first column of th{ matrix, and 6 is a

vector corresponding to the second column of the matrix. T[re elements of ma-
(a. 4)
=l -," D')I
trix x areexpressedthrough theprojections ofvectort aan{ b.x
I r" .

The angle between the vectors is established accordirlr8 to the formula:

(u, b\
cI, = arccos'luln= arccos

It turns out that the detenninant of the matrix x canlbe presented in the

75
 form

(28) Det x=lall6lsina=1.

Let us exarnine solution (19) of the canonical systfm of two equations.

Given a fixed d the matrix z(t) is an erement of the set @r]; in the case of chang-
ing time this matrix is continuously converted from onr.f.rr.,.nt (matrix) of
the
set @, , into another element of the same set, i.e. a trajecto[y is described in
@" ,
which can be visualrized as a curve situated within a torus tfie. f l. We are, inter_
ested in the normalized matrix of the so
jectory is an unit matrix, and the final

Fig. 3 Visualization of tlie solution as a curve situated within a torus

Fig. 3 can be treated in another way as well. Let usjconsider a section of

the torus with plane z= 0.Theresult is

this circuit corresponds to a constant v

Fig' 3 shows one of the solutions 4t ), corresponding to jttre initiat condition

rr)
"'=[0,/ . I istheangleofrotationofthevectorx(/)fortfretimeinterval[0,r).
The angle.of rotation over the time span of one period f i... fo. the inrterval

ft,t =Il, is of particular interest. I

It follows from (19) that z(T)

As a result of the condition that
val of A,t = T the vector z(/) turns at a

76
(20;7 Qr = flTt,t (n
\ll -= 0,+1,+2,...)
vr!Lr:-)'.', i

where a is an even number for a periodic matrix P(t) andanjodd number for an
anti-periodic matrix. We have to point
conditions, i.e. two arbitrary vector sol
cal system rotate in synchronism so th
changed. Hence, n in (29) is a system c
quite an important characteristic from the viewpoint of the ptability theory.
Formula (29) allows of classify
values of a. Indeed, each particular can
matrix z(t), hence its own matrix as
revolutions .arover an interval A/ =
canonical systenl under consideration. i

Let us carry out a qualitative examination of the be$aviour of the solu-

tions of canonical systems. Let us assume that there is a canpnical system

(30) = A(t)2, SpA(t) = s.

*r"

We shall consider the set ,D, which is made up of of periodic

.triads
piecewise continuous functions (elements of matrix ,q@) arr('|,arr(t),ar,(t). We

introduce the followins",norm in .f

J[l
u,, {r)l*t a,,(t)1+1 a,,(t)1pt

Then ^C is transformed into a complete linear normafized space (Banach

space). i

Each ma.trix ,4 has its corresponding matrix functiof z(r) which. in its
turn, is juxtaposed to a couple of matrices f(t),f where f{t) eO,C) is metric
space, K e H LIC U Oi The conespondence intlicated ab{ve is written in the
I

following way: i

uoi)
We use o to de of the coo tem in R3. Then
C = C* UoUC'- . We f) into a set of subspaces,

77
 O = I O, , and introduce the following designation!:

Hn=clnxH, ci* =clnEc*,

Oo=QoxO1*, C'- =t2,lC-,
Cn=(2,,xC, C'i,'=e,NO
I

The product of the sets slrould be seen in the follovf ing way: A(t) e H ,,
it n(t) e{2, K eH.

The following denotations are used:

u= 0 H,,,0= (1 0,,,c= tt=40 c,,c'* =n=40 cj,c"o =',(

)U cl,c' =c*UC-,
rne rulqaffrenlat
The matrices z\t)
fundararental mautces z(t) relateo
related to tne clnonical sy
the cpnonlcal systems be-
longing to different areas of stability have dift'erent reprbsentations:

A(t) eH -+ z(t)=rtOs[i ,
(l'o),
I ")"
-sinBr
Ao eo + z(t)= P(,)s[:"jfj
cos Br )', ]
(0. u .;J ,

A(t) eC'* +
.(r tr)
z(t) = P1 a"Io
l

, )t\
l

The open connected sets O, are referred to as st[bility (boundedness)

areas, the open linked sets
^E1, are res
are the boundaries between the areas o
themselves are referred to the unstable
that of the growing unbounded solutio
Let us consider the issue of the c
tant for applied prohlems. The matrix
can be viewed as a trajectory in torus
sponding matrix function. Therefore on

78
 H'#?;11iiil:ilT U6i f#li,H$i:J:;
e, set{z(r)} should be arranged inisuch a way as to
form a space analogous to tpu"" E for matrix {a(l)} . It shoqld also be shown
that the corresponrC ence l()
+> z(t)isreciprocaliy.ontinuolrr. Seeking to ar-
range set {z(r)} , we introduce the following intervals: i

o(2,,2,)= supll
o<tsT",(t)
- zr(t)ll Jfu*p,@ - r,Ollllat
o
.

Then set {"(t)l 6ike I ror {a(r)}) becomes a coniplete linear nor-
malized space. These two spaces can be treated as identical aqd denoted in the
same way - as t. The tlependence of the matrix functions z'(t)on the matrix

-a(r) is continuous. Moreoverthere is observance of this contin{ity both by norln

and by interval. i

As shown above, the points on

trices with a determinant equalto one)
K'represent matrices with a trace equa
single value it would be sufficient to select such points for mitrices K that lie
between the upper and lower bottom of the two-banfl hyperboloid:
+L
tu
) a 1
z' - x' - y' = , and to include one of the two boundaries in this part of
;*
space R3. The bottoms of the two-band cone: + *t y' - situated be-
"'')are
tween the bottoms of this hyperboloid. The space between tlpe cone bottoms
corresponds to the unstable area. The space between the respQctive bottoms of
the cone and the hyperboloid corresponds to the stable area. T]he surface of the
cone is the boundarv between the stable area and the unstable one. but it is
unstable area. Any point belonginglto torus @, , i.e.
th constant parameters zcan alway$ be presented in
way the stable and unstable areas, vVhich are already
determined by matrix K, can be trans
shown that the matrix function z(f)
@, , and the number of windings for a
canonical system is in the z-th stable or
the end of the winding at the close of in
,ll^+^-^- f*^*
distance from +L^ 4ag-a
the .,^-{r-
torus center i- +L^
^^ in
as the ucgrrrrurrg ur rrc urrcr vpl. lll Lutr u.lstr ul

79
instability, the end of the winding proves to be further aqay from the torus center
than its beginning. Let us replace the torus containing fLL]winOings *itn f ia.n-
tical tori, each containing one winding of the solution. et us cut each torus at
one and the same place along its section
different direction along axis z (the re
togetlrer the section ends of the different

and obtain the cornplete solution- Thus, i

n
with ; windings. By deforming the spiral area directly onf can obtain a cylindrical
spaceivhose sectiott is shown in Fig.4. The space itself cair be obtained by rotating
the figure round the hatch-dotted line.
The cylindric space ,It3 encompasses various cano]nical systems. ,A particu-
lar case of suclr systems is, for instance, Mathieru's equatior{ (the dotted line in Fig. 4
indicates the area c;orresponding to Mathieu's equation).

1'
C., C:
Fig. 4. Three-dimensional cylindrical space the points ofwhich represenl the set ofcanonical
equations of the secorid order

Conclusion

The systems of linear differential pquations with periodic

coefficients can not be solved in a general form. This is rlhy the qualitative meth-
ods for solving those equations are of s
necessary the initial system of equations
ate form. lt turns out to be that for di
simple form of the equations" are quite
sible to find such form of equations al
Herewith the resonable areas of applyi

80
discussed. It has been demonstrated that the system of equations, describing an oscil-
lating system, can be transformed using variables substituting, in fhe form, character-
istic for the Hamiltonian systems. A qualitative picture of the free processes in an
oscillatirrg system with periodic in time parameters has been prdsented on the basis
of the rnathematical theory of the Hanrilt
payed to the problenr of stability accordi
mensional cylindrical space has been pu
describing every possible oscillating sys
has been divided into accounting areas,
unstability of the canonical syslems. A co
rarneters is set in corresponderrce to the e
allows to make a methoclologically consis
with periodical parameters in accordance with the most importani indication, nantely
the stability and unstability according to Lyapunov's propoundi{gs.

References
l.Il xy6o s r.l q, 8.A., B.M. C1'apx uHcKw fi. JlnneftHr,reaur[t[epeuuaa.nbHbre ypaBHeHHt c
ncpl4oauqecKurrau roorlrrllr.ruraeHraMu H hx npuJloil(eHus, M., Flayxa, 1987.
2.5 ur l o s. 8.O.. P.?. B vr u oip aa, A.M.f pa6 ru arr. B.B. l-l e rrr sr ur n ft. Teopnr nora-
talerefi Jlrnyuoua 14 oe ltpunoxeHhx K Bortpocav yuroftvltoocr4. M.. Ha1'xa. l9li6,.

Received I7. IV. 1996

X.aqecrseu aHaJILI3 Ha cBo6oAHHTB upoqecl{ B

o6o6uleH JrI{HeeH rpenrflIrl Kpbr p nep[oAuqHl,t
uapaMerpr.r. I. Crpyrrypa Ha HUIdaJIHY,ITe
ypaBHeHlrt r,r KJrac[0r{KaII}It Ha BOOOAHI{TE

npoqecu B xaMr,uIToHoBI,I rrlr4 KpsroBe

Huronart Euprcr, Bnagu*rup

ypaBHeHHt c
sauo oco6eHo
3HaqeHhe npn4o6u nar KaqecrBeHHTe MeroAH sa HtcreAsaue. 3a E HEOOXOAHMO
H3xoAHara cucreMa an$epeuuuaJrHH ypaBHeHur Aa ce KbM HAB.
noAxoArqara Qoprrra. B cralnsra ce o6ctxAar o6lactu na
npHJro)KeHHe Ha eAHa HJrH !,pyra tfoprtra Ha cucreMara ypaBHel-IHt.

6 8l
Pasrae4aH e o6o6uleu rpenrcr.u Kpbr, cbAbp)Karq HBl4 BbB BpeMeTO
peaKrHBHr{ (C n L) r
aKrHBHlr erreMeHrr{ (R u @. flox ce, qe cuoTeMaTa
auQepenqualHr ypauneHur, ont,lceaula o6o6rqerur Kpsr', MOXe qpe3
3aMtHa Ha npoMeHJlr{BHTe Aa Oe npHBeAe K5M Br{A, sa Xa[,rHrroHoBr{Te
cr{creMn. HgnorssaftKrl MareMarHqecrara reopnr Ha c[cTeMn, e
AaAeHa KaqecrBeHa KaprnHaua ceo6oAHnre npoqecn B Kprn c nepHoAuqHH
BbB BpeMsro napaM€npu. Oco6eno BHl,tMaHue e orAeneHo Ha saycrofiuurocr
no Jhnyuon..Ha unoxecrBoro ypaBHeHar Ha TpenTf,rqn KpbroBe c
fiepnoAHr{Hfi napaMeTpl4 e nOcTaBeHo B csOTBeTCTBHe IIHIHH,4pHrrHO
npocrpaHcrro. Tosa npocrpaHcrBo e pae6uro na MHOXECTBO ObJIACTH,
csorBercrBarqfi na o6lacrare Ha ycrofiuaaocr r,rl ueycrofivuBocr Ha
KaHoHHgHr,ITe cncreMri. Ha scrKa roq
cboTBeTCTBne KoHKpeTeH Kpbr c ne
no3BoJrrBa Aa ce HanpaBH MeTOAOIOT
Tpenrrrrlr,tre KpblroBe no Hafi-sax
ueycrofi vr,ruocrra no JknyHoe.

82
Etlrapcra aKaAeMlrc Ha HayHHre r Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aepoxocrunuecxu H3cJIeABaHnn n Etlraput . l3 o Aerospace Research in Bulgaria
CoQurol99ToSofia

Gravitational waves receivei

Vladimir Damgov

Space Research Institute, Bulgarian Acadent! of Sciences

Introduction

Attempts to register space gravitational ivaves have been

made in a number of countries for more than a quarter of a c$ntury. Differeirt
modifications of Weber's massive mechanical oscillators have ldeen used for this
purpose [ - 3]. The importance of these studies consist in thei attempt to con-
firm, first of all, one of the most essential corollaries of the $eneral relativitty
theory and, secondly, to provide new channels for gaining inf;ormation on the
Universe, It is thus necessary to design a highly sensitive receivel for the registra-
tion of weak gravitational waves which are transmitted by a hifpothetical spar;e
sources and reach the Earth. The radio-physical foundations o{this problem are
laid down by the school of V.B. Braginsky [4,5].
The present paper tackles the problern of further improv$rnent of gravitia-
tional wave receivers by increasing their band range along wiih keeping of in-
creasing their sensitivity. A resonance gravitational waves recei]ver is considered.
A mechanical oscillator with a quality factor q" x !01 - 1010 i$ used as an aerial
sensor, which provides a high level of the eigen fluctuation noifes. The expected
frequency range of the basis types of space gravitational source$ is -f < l0' - n 0.
Hz. The information on the shape of the expected signal is of sfecial interest frrr
Astrophysics. Hence, parallel to the receiver sensitivity, the prQblem of rcalizing
a wide band range recording is of special importance.

Diagram of the gravitational wavep receiver

The diagram of the gravitational wave repeiver is shown in

Fig. l, consisting of: HQMO (GS) - high quality mechanical ofcillator (gravita-
tional sensor): 4-FEMPS - 4-frequency electro-mechanical p{rametric systeml

83
 4-FPA - 4-frequenrcy parametric amplifier; pG - high freqrfency pumping generator:
DPA - degenerate panametric amplifier; FC (x2) - frequpncy converter (doubler);
SRO - system for oscillations registration.

tput

Fig. l. Diagram of thc gravitational wave receiver

4-FEMPS is to compensate the elasticity of the gravitational sensor

HQMO (GS), which provides practically an frequencv ndependence of the im-
f
pedance and of the tnansmission coeffi
tional wave receiver within its working
low noise amplification of the received
to noise, DPA is a second parametric a
a low-noise amplifrcation, damps down t
of 4-FPA. PG provides a direct high fr
It supplies DPA, too, through FC (x2).
higher than the frequency range of the
cluding unit SOR of the gravitational w
ing of the HQMC) (GS) eigen free osc
identified on such a background. parallel to ttre basic prfblem, SoR is a system
for damping down seismic, electromagnetic and othei rloise effects, clristurbing
the receiver functrioning.

Ha' MO( GS) : 4-FEMPS

I 'l
4-FPA
l ro,

Fig.2. An idea of the design of a gravitational wave receiver

84
 To state things more r;lear, the idea of the design of a gr{vitational wave
receiver is 9-'--_ in Fig.2" A mechanical oscillator with mass dand differential
given -_-
coefficient of elasticity K stands for HQMO (GS). rhe transfprmation of the
mechanical oscillations into electrical ones is performed by a dapacitive sensor
Q directly switched to HQMO (GS). The capacitive sensor an element of
the oscillating system CLR which, together with the pumping PG and
on line with HQMO (GS) realizes negative elasticity and I parametric
amplification, combining the functions of 4-FEMPS and 4-FPA. For a definite
set-up of 4-FEMPS, its reaction to the mechanical modulation dt C is expressed
by an introduction of an equivalent negative elasticity and an eduivalent friction
in the mechanical oscillaror HQMO (GS) [4,6-9]. In this casd 4-FpA lacks a
definite parametric element, whose parameter should vary withlthe high pump-
theory of parametric systenis. However, the
through the capacitive senspr C causes the
ence combination frequencips, which deter.
mine the CLR system character as a 4-frequency parametric aniplifier (4-FpA).
DPA can be designed by employing a bridge-balance circuit with high positive
input impedance and low eigen fluctuation noises [9-l l]. one Qf the soR pos-
sible configurations is given in [3].

Analysis of the noise characteristics

The well known electro-mechanical analQgies [12] can be

used to perform the analysis. They allow for the reduction of tfre problem to a
pure 'electrical' problem [3]. such analogies are: the electro-rdotive force €),
mechanical force, inductance +) mass, capacitance <+ elasticitf , resistance 6)
friction, etc.
An equivalent circuit of the gravit
noise sources, is given in Fig. 3. The equ
oscillator mass is expressed by the eq
resistance Go. The gravitatiortal senso
tive parameters {, C" and by the cond
is represented by the equrivalent condu
tive capacitance Co-introduced in the
c_eiver. The presen-ce of 4-FPA is out
Y p and by the complex admittance Y oaa , added due to the reriersibility of the
modulation - parametric interactions in 4-FPA[l l, l3]. Since a farge coefficienrt
of amplification of 4-FP,4, as well as of DPA, is expected to be aitained, DpA iri
presented, together with SOR., as an amplifying two-port unit (load) ATp (L),
with an input general complex admittance IZz
The noise-generating properties of IA, HQMO (GS), 4 FPA and ATI'

85
 l

(L) are characterized by equivalent effective values ofnoipe electric current genera-

tors {{*,,,\iT",^llT. uva noise voltage ln and byja noise correlation admit-
tance l'"or, which are determined by.the followinj expressions [14,15] :
GGSN,Gos = Gc + Gs,4Np=
4o, = /---\ Rel, N,fr, = GlrN,Fr, = R*rN,
ll-t--ll-l
Y-, = ({t,;, ,lu'r;)/lU'*|,
where A/
is the absolute temperature (for HQMO
(L>- T : Tr, A,f is the frequency band,
lent noise conductance and the equivalent
unit (load) ATP (L). The mark "r" deno
sibility of introducing additional noise in
FEMPS is taken iinto account bv includi
,-
,li'*o . The additional noise, due to the re
due to the mutual cornbinational noise tr
bands I I I , I 3]) is expressed by means of th
(noise of type *I/f') can be neglected and their relative vJreight is considered to be
negligible, since, in 4-frequency parametric systems, they {re present as a rule in the
infra-low frequency region only, till units Hz [3,9]. l

It is not difficult to show that the use of 4-FEMPS pxpands significantly the
receiver frequency band as a result of the capacitance Cp full comperxation (i.e.
compensation of the elasticity of the gravitational sensor). For a positive detuning
@r,
-
5=;
aVp
of the oscillating system CLR,' where @o,,
Ptl tas the system resonance

frequency and Qo is its quality factor, a

troduced in FIQIvIO (GS) [4], with a co

the amplitude of the supplying voltage,

^Sand do are the area of the capacitor plates (the cafacitive sensor) and the
initial distance between them, respectively. It is obvioug tJlTat increasing the am-
plitude Uo for other intact conditions, a full compedsation of HQMO (GS)
eigen differential elasticity can be attained. The problenl is now to estilmate the
effective use of 4-FEMPS, regarding the possibility of ing the sensitivity of
the gravitational wave receiver within the significantly frequency band.
The necessity of equalizing HQMO (GS) frequency {haracteristic, including a
reactive parametrio compensation, can be shown by the equivalent elec-
tric parameters - see Fig.3. The high-quality mech nical oscillator has a

86
strongly expressed resonance characteristic. The response of a system with such an
input selectivity to an arhitrary signal is always a sinusoid with a frequency, equal to
the resonance frequency of HQMO (GS) andradically different ffom the form ofthe
acting gravitational wave. The processing ofthe signal at the receiver output by using
such a frequency filter at the input is a difficult task. Really, tfoe output signal is
practically determined by the free oscillations of HQMO (GS), wliich are oscillations
of frequency co* and with random amplitude and phase. The diffprence between the
real record and the expected one, corresp
used in order to isolate the signal, carryin
lbrce. During the receive of a wide-band
partofitsspectrumisoforder Q' (Q is
too high and practically unattainable acc
isolate the whole spectrum. For instance,
needed to receive the whole signal spectrum, for Q" =10u. This to a23-
digit binary code. Modern gravitational sensors have as a rule -l0ro. Hence., an
equalization of the amplitude-frequency characteristic is to be in order to
receive and process a wide-band range signal. The canonical to the solution
of this problem, in accordance with the detection theory, to use an optilnal
filter. Ifthe character ofthe expected signal is that of white noise, the optimal filter is
to posses an amplitude-frequency characteristic opposite to th{t of HQMO (GS).
Such is rejecting filter with the same quality factor Qand its {esign is practically
difficult, due to the impossibility of satisf,ing the requirements for parameter stability.
We consider a simpler technical solution. HQMO (GS) freduency characteris-
tics of transmission can be given in the following fonn:

where 5 =;;,
- to"
al, is the signal frequency of the range of giravitational waves
expected. The frequency transfer charac

quency characterlstic can be solved by

using independent operations: (i) a removal of the neak the transition
8vo fn
Uand of HQMO (GS), and (ii) a correction of the frequency characteristic. llhe
!l
first operation supposes damping of the HQMO (GS) eigerf free oscillations

87
 and this is the most often performed in SoR by the use o{ a self-adapting systenr
which compensates oscillations with frequency at* inthe output units of the gravi-
tational wave receiver. The compensation is realized on the
lasis of a generated os-
cillation with the same frequency and a
second operation is supposed to be perfo
ceiver. Here we mean the cpmpensatipn
sensor(see Fig.3), when ol(C" - C
*_l =
(GS) is close to I and it cai be speiifred
i

I l

kou(co) ='

since the following condit on is fulfille d: atL,(Go+ G" + G ..t, which is re-
)
late!
ated to the extremely wea interaction between'thi
lated between'the gravitaiioiil
between'thI gravitafioiil wave and matter
grav"itafiof,i
!o
(atLGu<<l) and to the high quality factor ofthe gravitationalisensors ( alz"6, << I
).

HQMO(CS)
-i -
+FEMPS
+r'eups
- -i t-
- +rpn - -- I -- -,-ierpriiu{i'
L
-.-;
i

I;+t
I
I I
frl il
I

G )l tlir)
r
I I )l
T'IT I
I-
tl I in" G
IJE I
tl Ii, JU:,,
,|,

Fig.3. Equivalent impedance - noise circuit of gravitational wave recei{er

Since the system lacks impedance matching, the nfise coefficient of tlre
circuit in Fig.3 can be determined as

(l)

where

Y,
YL
I

-2u-'*lrr,,,(U;, *v, +v, *y)rr)|, Yr+?'^+Y"+\

88
I/u is the total complex admittance of IA and HQMO (GS), IZ, is totalcomplex
admittanceintroduced by 4-FEMPS into HQMO (GS). The (t) can bre

rewritten as
(2\
F*rlto, +lir+Yo
F=l+ Fur"rrr*.
*- GorN

.*ltu", +t', +v,*Y*.1' -zli",,(";r-rv, +v, i;,,)f ,

effect of the irr-

noise coefficienrt

of the considered gravitational wave receiver takes the form

(3)
U'zNe Gor rG, +Go Guaa
F =l+*. Fo-,rrrr*- 4rT,A,IGo,

. + G, + G, - G,oo)' - zlv",,(v., + G, + -Orrr)lf

Xl@.,

89
 L+
Yo, ,,1
I
[tz "l
4
\,, T
J-n:

Fig'4. Equivalent impedance - noisJ circuit of the 4-liequency pararjreric amplifier (4.,FpA)

To deterrnin ifl" we use t

FPA, given in Fig"4,"wherb G is the
R (see Fig.2). Considering that the ca
gravitational sensor HQMO (CS) with a
the band ofthe expected gravitational w
Ccan be linked with voltage onto it through the followirfg complex matrix equa-
tion: l

i,
i_
t-
(4)
i_
Here I p are the complex amplitudes of the cuirent and
?nd ^u o .the v.ttage.at
the pumping frequencv. (D' under which pG is functionfng, i*,U*ana il,U_
are the complex amplitudes of the currents and the vciltages at ihe summary
(.o*. =o, *o.,) and difference (ro- =@
r-ol") combinftion frequeo.y,."rp".-
tivelv. l

I'u:,I/s* and
The admittance I/,,r.,Y;. and yr-
V- are in fact theltotal admittance of the
are
circuit in Fig.4 at the frequencies
'-'-- a-- p,@-* *rrs
and rrl_, respebtively.
w-
P',--.+
If we express the currents I Pt'+ and i and thb b voltaee
voltase itirn the matrix
^,1. t- t:
rquation (4) as noise currentsEe
equation currents.(see. Fig.4) I _-,i,
" J(*,i_l+ i'*-,t +
i'*o,I*1,+
-.
J; {1;-
and a noise voltage LI + we obtain ^l
o rlU'*,
I

u',0=n,+l .n.l+l'

where D is the determinant of the matrix in (4), and D,o,D* and D_ are the

90
respective algebraic complements.
Considering that the generalized input adrnittance of f-FPA is expressed
from the matrix equation (4) as
Io D
(6)
Up=-,
Y^
Dp

we obtain the following expression for the total input noise purrent f *o-oroof
4-FPA:

,7)
(7) V, n- rro = f'*o1',,1' = itr, + f .l+l' + 1;l
l

r.€., the additional noise current, introduced by 4-FPA, is

(8)
-&.ad=r'..11' .*l+l'
It is obvious that the sum of the admittance Yu and {o,,0, given in Fig.3,

are deterrnined as: li o + Yuuo = i -,, - (Yo, * i, + V r)

Estimations and conclusions

The paper discusse.s the idea for etiminpting the radical de-
fect of the gravitational wave receiver, that is, the receivef extremely natrrow
band, impor"a Uy the requirement for an extremely high sensitivity. The study
proposes'to eliminate this defect by performing a compensption of the capaci-
iance (the differential elasticity) of the gravitational sensor through a negative
'llhe latter ip to be created and
capacitance (a negative differential elastisity).
iniroduced in the gravitational sensor by a 4-frequency eleptro-magnetic para-
metric system.
An approach to study the receiver noise clraracteristips is outlined' How-
ever, the following considerations are to be additionally laid down.
parallel to the negative differential elasticity, positivg effective friction is
f the gravitational sfnsor (that is shown
rmines the occurrerice of an equivalent
essence of this effedt, however, consists

9l
 in the fact, that the effiective noise temperature of the
mechanlcal oscillator decreases
equivalently and become T"rr=!.
T"rr.=f. In the terms of the ,drectricar ransuase,
ranguage, the
", YP
Qn
spectraldensity ofthe introduced additional noise current
7t in the sensor equivalent
l

circuit (Fig.3) is giverr uv,

1 x KT,Gnlro,
t-s c) instance, @ p = ZnlAro s-r and
0" = 2rr s't the introduced noise.urr",ri ?*iil U" Itcan be shown, on the
I
basis ofequations (4), (5) and (g), that the detuning
ofthe electrome-
chanical parametric system, c.reatilg negative capacitance (nelative
elasticity), causes
a negligible
e rrsErrlBruri rlsrgase
increase or
of me eigen fluctuat
the elgen fluctuat'
ofa super stable 4-frequency electro-mec
tive capacitance (negative differential el
using a super condructing resonator a
autotuning.
a way for exploring and anafyzing such a perspec_
th
tive _
in fhe gravitatilnal, high qualitty, me-
chanica ;lH:J".$,"n
receiver sensitivity. It is obvious that
characteristics, including a full speci
line approach, an opposite transition
formed by using electro-mechanioal anal
tational seilsor be entirely (and quantitati
Refferences

, V.l. p a n o v. - Syserls with small dissipation.

D o u b o s h i n s kll. - Electropromishlenost

ve sensor - spectrumj analyzer. RB patent

8'M e d y.e^d^" n' v.r', A.A. B e ro v. - paramctric and osciilating systenfs. Moscow. MGU. r990,
3| -39.
t;ot"tn;illlr
circuirs of,o ,yrt"n.,r. Rorrre, rtaly,

8-73.

r Publisher, 1986,
15. Ka rp o v. y.S., y.lvlt. L u k i n. V.l
Nct2,263t-2671.

92
16. L an i n. Y.8.. A.B. M an u k 18, 1970,
J\l!I.40-43.
25. V. 1995

IlpnerraHnK Ha rpaBHTauI,IoHHI,I BfrJIHI4

C qea cr,rJlHo pasrrruprBaHe Ha rrec ATA JIEHTA HA

[pneMHr{Ka Ha rpaBr'rralluoHHu 6eg csqectBeHo BJro
BbJrHr,r BAHE HA HEIOBATA
qyBcTBhTerHocT e pa KanauHTerbT
npeAnoxeHo Aa ce KoMrIeHc
(q u$epeH q vrar*ara eJracrr Hocr) ua rparurauuoH H r,It
rr HK C NOMOI{TA HA
orpr,rqarelreH l(aaaunrer (orpr,rqareJrHa 4u$epeuqr,rar a eJracrr4quocr),
rrpoH3BeAeHa or 4-qecrorua eneKTpoMexaHfiqHa napa HqHA CHCTEMA.
Ha6elngau e [oAXoA 3a H3cJreABaHe Ha uryMoBHTe Kn Ha npneMHHK
Ha rpaBLrraIIHoHHt4 BbJrHI,r, CbCTaBeH OT BI4COKOKaq TBCH MEXAH]4qEH
ocrlnnarop, 4-qectorHa eJreKTpoMexaHHqHa napaMerpuqHa 4-.recroreH
napaMeTpHr{eH ycHnBaTeJr, r43poAeH napaMeTpurleH yc lt cficTeMa 3a
perncrpaqsr Ha rpenreHurra. llscreABaHulra Ha o TEJ]HI,I CJIEMCHTU
(rcounoneuru) u perar?rBHu $nruuecru eQerru, npo FtH OT pa3J|I,rqHI,I
aBTopr4, ca o6eAnueHu B eAHa o6ula KoHqe[qut 3a aapa6ornaHe Ha
txHpoKoneHToB BHcoKorryBcrBnrereH IIpI4eMHuK Ha rpaB HH BbJIHH.

93
 Stlrapcxa aKaAeMHr Ha Hayr(rlTe o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aepoxocurvecxu H3cJroABaHnr o Etnrapnn o l3 I Aerospace Resefrch in Bulgaria
Co$ur o1997oSofia

EnerrpoMarHr{TeH KoHTppn or Kocuoca

3a rlenuTe Ha eKoJrorHflTa,
rlpe4.I3BecrrlB aHe u Korqpo.E Ha rpr4p oAH r,r
6eAcrBras r{ rexHoreHHr{ fcaracrpo$ra.
ErcnepuMeHT "Ceu3Mo[ForHo3" or
KOCMUIIeCKV npoeKT "E4nHCTBO"

I{nxonart -$caea,
fluuurrp Teo4ocmen*,

Lruc,rNryr qo seMeH MarHerrnta noro"fpu n pasnpocrpaHeurre

Ha paIHoBbJrHn - -I.I3MhIPAH, fucu.r f

* Llncruryrsa KocMwrrecKn nscnertanp|,n EAH

flpo6neu;rr sa u
pe3ynrar or flporr4r{aulure ua 3eus
3eMeTpeceHHt, I,I3B!pUIBaHeTO Ha noBb
Ha qApeHH B3pnBOBe unH ApyrH TexHore
aKTyaJrHocr. B no4xpena Fra roBa e H
HAurvrfl nex e o6sserio or ooH :a Mex4ynap()AHa AeKaAa 3a HaMaJrf,BAHe Ha
npHpoAHHr pzcx (IDNDR).
{Hec vnoro Hay'{Hr,r nybluxaqnu 0a nocBereHr{ Ha aHaJril3a Ha
H rrcKoqecrorHr,rre BblHoBr,r l,t3Jtr qBaHl|r n fi onclcoepara
u] rrl arunrocr[epara ua
3euflra, c qen rbpceHero Ha aHoMaJrHlr eQexru crc ceu3MorqHHa npupoAa, r(onro
ce npoflBtBAT Ha pa3rHrrHr4Te eranr{ or no4rc,ToBKara rla 3eMerpeceHAflTa U
MOrarAa ce H3noJI3EarKaro nporHocrHrrHU npr43Har{r,r
tt-+J. B ntpnurep a6oru
Ha ra3ll reua 6e noKa3aHO, qe npu npeJrHTaHe Ha fiouocQefHHTe cfltrHr,rq]r HaA
orHr4rqara Ha 3eMerpeceHHr MOrar Aa ce Ha6nro.qaFar HapacH arru flo
IdHTCH3HBHOCT UIYMOIBC B OTAENHH CNCKTPAIIHI{
AHANA3OHH riO.q NNU OT NOP'IAbKA

94
Ha 15 kHz. De HanpaBeH onHT 3a crarucruqecKn aHaJILr3 H4 ronflM o6eu or
cnbTHr,rKoBrn AaHHH 3a H3MepBaHe Ha HncKorIecToTHl,l lIJyMoBe HaA
ce[3MnsHoaKTrrBHH pafroHr.r, B pe3ynrar Ha Koero s qacrHdcr 6e Hanparcu
H3BoArr 3a cbulecrByBaHero Ha r. Hap. "uIyMoBH notcr". Tosa ca 3oHH c
a[Io M aJIHO B I{COKa I,I HTeH 3 I4B HO CT H a HI,ICKO I{eCTOTH HI"]e lt3Jlb qBaHn t,
cTHMynnpaHH or npoltecnre Ha no,uloroBKa Ha 3eMerpeceHlrflT+, qI,IHTO pa3MepH
ca oT nopfiAaKa Ha 60" no AbJrxr,rHa u 3ono rxHpHHa c qeHrlp n o6nacrra ua
ornHr.rqero Ha 3eMerpeceHr,rero. B no-xrcnn pa6orr [5-7] ca noxflrauu p$ynrarlt,
cBr,rAereJrcrBarrll,r 3a Bbrbyx.4aHero Ha ynrpaHr,rcKorlecrorsu e.ilexrpoMarHHTllI
0no
noJrera B MHoro recHn r,oHn((6 AbJrxHHa) n fioHocoepara j xonro ce rBflBilT
MarHr,rrocnpelHaru Ha orHr,rqero Ha 3eMerpeceHl,tero, npn rQna qacoBe npeAll
HefoBoro HaqaJro. Tazu sa6m<tAaBaHa orpaHurreHocr Ha soH{ra Ha aHoMaJI}Io
H3JrrqBaHe e nHTepecrxa KaKTo c ua6nrcAaBaHero Ha e$e$rn, cBbp3aH[ c
npeAcTorr{oro 3eMeTpeceHr,re, TaK,a v c Bb3MoxHocTTa Aa ce noKanH3}Ipa
npeABaplrreJrHo HeroBoro orHrrrqe. floqru BbB Bu,IrrKr,I e4cnepnueHTa;IHr,l
pa6oru no AncKyrrdpaHkrfl npo6neu ca a*ann3.t4paHn AaHHn of tecnn o6ractn,
nonyqeHr.r c noMouITa ua 6op4onn cneKTpoaHanrr3zrropu s OHr{-auanaroua. B
crarnflTa uaM oJr qa H oB r,rAp. [8]canpe4craBetfiuauatn]upaHl4AaHHHor
lf:lMepDaHHr B eAHa ur4poKa qecrorHa HBuqa (0,1 Hz <F< 20 kHz) na
eneKTpoMarHrirHl,r H3JrbqBaHrrf, s fioHocQepata npeAIJ{ Haqaroro Ha
3eMeTpeceHr{ero n ca I{3creABaH4 ArHaMI,lrIHHTe XaparTepucTI4K14 }Ia
ceu3MoJrornqHrlTe fionocQepHlr cMyIqeHI4t c BI,IccfKo rpeuerio 14 cneKTpaJIHo
pa3perIIeHr4e.
flo raxrs HaqHH HaJruqHure eKcnepl4MeHTanfitvr AaH4n I{ TeopernqHu
MoAeflr,r noKa3Bar, qe ctrqecrByBa Bb3MoxHocr3a nporHo3l,Ip{ne r,r xonrpoJl Ha
npnpoAHr4 u rexHoreHHu KaracrpoSn, xaro MoIqHH 3eMerpqceHrr, ar,apuv c
aroMHrr eneKTpor{eHTpann H Apyr[, Ha ocHoBara Ha peryJrrflnra ua6nrcAeHut
(uounropunr) na peAr4rla $Nruvecxu napaMerplt Ha rloBbpxHpcrra Ha 3eurla,
n aruocQepara u oroJro:leMHoro KocMnqecKo npoclpaHcrBo [9 - I l]. C npnrraepu
3a 3eMeTpeceHr4rTa e noKa3aHo, qe cbrrlecTByBar npoqecH npeAEecTHVIlrr, Kott:to
3anoqBaT Aa ce pa3BHBaT H nporBflBar
6e4crnue, Karo ro H3npeBapBar BrB B
AopH ceAMpruu. Tean flprcqecn ce
xapaKTepHcTr4KuTe Ha eneKTpo Maf HHT
- reoMarHHTHH cMyuleHnfl c qecrorll F<l0Hzna noutpxtfiocrra Ha 3erus'ra
u n fionoc$epara;
- KBa3I,InOCTOtHtilI,l eleKTpHr{ecKH noJrera B 3eMfra, atnaocQepara h
fioHocrlepara;
rQepara;
- aHoMarrHn enexrpoM yHrI/KHq/OHq
I3oHr,rre n aruoc$epara
Anana3oHkrre aruoc$epa'ra npl

- cMyrrleHlrr B aMnnr4ryt( re or CAB- a KE-

PAAHOCTAHIII,IH;

95
 - aHoMuutHo cBereHe ria arruocQepara B onruvuuf Ar,tafla3oH or Abn)KHHH
HA BbNHI,ITE;
- cMyrrleHr.r.fl a ocnonuafre napaMerpu naE u F o6riacrnTe na fiouocsepara;
- HsMeHeHnr e fiouHnf cbcraB u reMneparypatai ua fionocQepara.
floguananero r.r cnpenpeMeHHoro perucrpi.rpaHe Ha cHrHaJrHTe
AcrBo sa npeayfrpexAeHue sa crnxufiHlr
aAaqaTa 3a cbSAaBaHe Ha CHCTeMa 3a
MeHU CMyrqeHur KaTo ereMeHT oT
Tpon Ha nqcJreAcTBtrflTa oT Cr4JtHH
HoreHHH xaracfrpoQr,r.

a1a za Ha np'poAHl4fl pr4cK

"ur-""{re l

MepHaTa cxeM4 Ha penficTpHpaHe Ha

p8.3nnqHu reoQueu.rHn naparufrpu, cB6p3aHn C forBeulo pe culHo 3eMerpeceHr{e,
c [oMouITa Ha KocMurrecnu {napar.

Ennqeurrp ua
3eMeTpeceHr4eTo

Tpaelrcropnr na
Op6rra ua KA qacTruHre

Cr.upau rnr.Hu Ha
reoN{eTpuqHoTo noJre

\'- 'IpeftQ Jra nporouure

3ona'ua n3canBaHe,fu
"u"t"q"t"

orr'1. flpuvepna cxeMa Ha u3MepBaHe c floMourra Ha ftocMr.{gcKn aflaDar Ha pa3Jil4r{HI,l

reo(usuvulr flapaMerplr, cBGp3aHu c rorBeulo ce cHJTHC] sever,peceHr.ie

96
 Ctc ctsuecrHo pealu3l,IpaHa HayrtHa anaparypa, o6pa6orra n
HHTepnpeTaqHfHanoflyr|eHaTanur[optrlaqnroTeKc[epnMeHTHTe
"Ceg3uonporHo3" n "flapauerbp" Ha op6nranuara cranurug "MHp" H Fila
MaJIKHfl aBTOHOMeH CrIbrHt4K nO CI4JIaTa Ha noAnl4caH ,qoroBop MexAy
I43MI4PAH ,Pyctrt u Etnrapcrara aepoKocMnqec1a areHIIHt !131, qe yuacrBar
n btrrapcxu cneqnaJrucrrd.
OcHosHnrr eJIeMeHT Ha cl,lcreMara 3a MoHl,tropuHr lra reoQuanvuu
napaMETpI{ or KocMoca - aBToHoMHHsr MaJIbK AuarHocrll'reH QntrHnx, rpR6na
Aa oTroBaps Ha cneAHHTe I.ISr4cKBaHnq:
- Aa pa6oru Ha Kpbrona op6nra n noJloxeHuero My AF ce onpe,(erq c
roqHocr 2 km no BHcorrhHa r4 nepneHAprKynrpHo ua op6utanfrara nnocxocr u
l0 krn no AbnxuHa na op6nrara;
CI,ICTeMaTa 3a KOHTpOI HA OpHeHTaULtra
Aa erpnreHa opHeHTaq[trtl My croqHocrHe
no
- Aa ocnryprna a6conrorHo npuBbp3BaHe Hap$ynrarure qT I43MepBaHl,ltra
BbB BpeMero c roqHocr He no-Jloua or 0,1 s BbB BcI,tqKI,t pexl{l,tll Ha pa6oT a ua
6opAonara releMerpns;
- cHcTeMara 3a ynpaBleHne Ha KoMnJIeKCa HayqHa anapaTypa Aa ocHrypflBa
Bb3MoxHocr 3a npeAaBaHe Ha He no-MaJIKo or 20 nporpaMHl4 { 20 e4uoxparnn
KoMaHAlt 3a ynpaBneHlle Ha pa6orara Ha xoMnJleKca nayvnla anaparypa Ha
CNbTHLIKA: ]

- Aa IIo3BoJIsBa aKTLtBlIa pa6ora Ha op6nra He [o-MaJIKo]or l8 Meceqa'

3a peuanage Ha Hay'{HI4Te 3aqaqv Ha excnepnuenrurp ce npeABuxAa
u3noJI3BaHeTO HA TpH peXlIMa Ha h3MepBaHl/-A C MaJlKtlR pnelluanusHpaH
CNITHI4K.
l. Pexnu Ha MoHuropltHr, nnu pexI,IM Ha MHHuManHara leJleMerprar. flpll
Hero ce peann3r,rpar HelrpexbcHarH AeHoHotrlHH ltsuepnan!fl Ha KJIIotloEll
Qne n vecxu tt apa Merp H, KaKBHTo ca KBa3[ nocro,tH H t,tTe elexrpn uecK]I noJlera,
cneKTpI{Te Ha eneKTpo}ilarHhrt{I4Te BtJlHl4 e YHTUKHTI/OHr{ raafia3o*a,
cneKTpHTe nnu uHTerpanlna"ta I{HTeH3HBHocr na xo:re6aHl,z.ATap nntrHocrra na
nJra3Mara, r(oHqeHTparlusra Ha JreKnre itoau u hHTeH3nBHocTTa Ha norol{t{:re
BHcoKo eHeprgruqH H qacril\u u us 6panu eHepreru'{ H v KaHaIrlr. c M aJrKa cKopooT
Ha 3anr.rrBaue (ornoprAbKa Ha eAHo 3anltrBaHea ceryH4a). Tor$ pexl'IM Aonycxa
HenpeKrcHato na6rrcAeHlre MexAy orAenHnre ceaHcn s{ npe4araHe Fla
r,rnsoprraaqHqra or 6opAororo 3a[oMHtIqo ycrpoftcrno [tu Ha3eMHHTe
Te[eMeTpuqHH cTaHqHH
2. Pexuu Ha JroKaJreH MoHltropngr. B ro3n pexHu cp octqecrBlBar
na6nroAenufl Ha naJrHHr uaSop or $usuvecru napaMerpu, saaofxet B KoMnJreKca
HayrIHa anaparypa, no BpeMe Ha BcHqKI4 op6utra Ha cntrHt'IKf, npeurHaBarqn
HaA gAr4H or ce!r3MHrrHoaKTlrBHlITe perHoHI,I sa 3eurra - Kariluarxa-fnonut,
Kntaft , cpeAHo a3narcKara 3o ua, Kanr as-Vlp arr, Eanxaucrnn flonyo crpoB HnI,t

97
 ApyrH Ha3eMHH
ira uoruuo
r,r3TorrHHr{r4 aKTr.rBHO Bbpxy oKorHara
wera.
WeAa. "rt4e{rtn"e
3. Pexnu Ha Qusu
npoBexAaHeTO Ha rleneBr.r
KOCMI,IqCCKH I{JIU HA3CMHfi
H3MepBaHHr cbBMecTHO C
B3ar{MHoro pa3noJroxeune Hd KocMHqecK}rre .4\apar]/.u
$pocrpancrBoro. B rosu
pexlnM pa6orra rTbJrHurT roirrnnerc oT Hay[rHa anapafypa
Ha cnaTHr{K a npl|
MaKCr{MaJrHa reJreMerpw u Q npnBlur{aHero Ha rcnvxfa cpeAcrBa 3a Ha3eMHO
-
neoQusuuecro n pa4raoQnsn,fecxo ocnrypsBaHe.
]
.tlporpauara or cbtit, Ha3eMHH reotpnsuuejcnu u pa4uoQnruvecxu
Ha6nrcAes'r B e*cnepunrlnra "ceH3MorporHor"
H3MCPBAHH', KATO MI,IHI4MYM B H'KOJIKO Or NS6POEH'']'E
]"*oo""u perynrpHri
CC':NN14qHOAKT,IBHI4
pafioHn, Ha cJreAlxt4f, na6op or
Quruvecrr,r ttapaMerprl:
- BapHar{uHTe Ha enexr]puuecKr4Te 14 MarHfiTHr,rrf noaera B qecrorHHrl
Anana3eH or 0,1 Hz <F< 30 FIz;
-BApwaunure Ha KBa3r,rnpcrorHHr,rre enexrpnqHra n{onera r,r
3eMHr,r roKoBe;
- aMnJrI{Ty,4Ure u Qarnre Ha crdfHaJrr,rre Ha HUCTO.{eororHr.{Te
npeAaBarenr,l,
3a rpacera , npeMr,rHaBarqu nda cel,r3M )aKTHBHu soHu: ]

. XAPAKTCPICT}IKTITE HA CCTECTBEHI'TC KHTI/OHq U3IbIIBAHHS,

B TOBA
qr,rcJro 6nnsrure r,!
AaneqHr,rrd arrr,t oc$epr,r qn ;
- ocHoBHnre fi ouocrlepHr,r napaMerpH, BKJrrosr.rrerjno HeeAHOpoAHocru c
pa3nr,rr{Hu upocrpaHcrBeun uauta6n: l

'BApUA\UHTe B r,rHTeH3ulnocrure Ha aruocQepuur$ euncur,r B onrr,rqecKr,rq

Ar.ra[a3oH or AlnxrrHr{ Ha s!fiHr.rre.
Heo6xo4rauo e crqo npbnex4axero Ha Ba Ar,rarHocrr,rKa Ha
cruMyrrupaHu fionrcc$epnn ne$anopoAHocrr4 c He Ha xapaKTepHhre

Ha ocxosara Ha Ha ,I ONHT B CNbTH eKcnepilMeHTu nO

HsMepBaHe Ha KBa3HnocTot HU H npoMeHJ[rBrd eJre pHr{ecKl,t noneTa B
Ernrapne ule 6r.qe tI I43rOTBeH MATHUTHUflT BIJIHOB
KoMnJreKc (EBK), Tofi rxnrlqna 6nox ilarqurtr u
OHHH NJIATKI{ 34
H3Mepr4TeJruure 6lorone. pdrynrarrrre or npoBeAeH
eKcnepnMeHTIr C
npa6opure LI3Cn, HBK-OH]II , AEII-ZE, KEM_1,2,3 u npeAcTorrqfir,lf
crapT

98
Ha cnbTHr{K qHrdTq cbcTaB HayLlHa
araparypa e raKa d, npn6opbr KEM-
4, ca 6azara, HrrrHlr{T rcounlenc EIJK.
llsnclcaHnrra K'bM crreuuaJrr.t3r,rpannl MaJrbK 4uamocfuueH cntrHr,rK 3a
KOMnaKTHOCT, aBTOHOMHOCT, H3KJTK)qnTeIHa HaAe:ffAHOCT, BhCOKa TOqHOCT Ha
rcMepBaHure Susu.recxu BeJrfiquHH H npoAbnx(nreneH cporc n[ SyuxquouapaHe
Ha c[brHHKa Ha op6ara (ue no-malKo or l8 rrleceqa), Halarar cBo]rre
onpaHHqeHHr H n3I,rCKBaHI4r KbM HayqHara anaparypa, BKrloqeHa B HeroBr4'
cbcTaB,
Malroro rerJro ua cnrruurca (
reoMerpnqHu pruMepr.r (uunuugrp c 4n
orpaHuqaBaT AbDr(UHaTa Ha uIaHfHTe, H
H o[peAenrr cborBerHo M€urKara 6aza z
npeABr4)KAa H3nOn3BaHeTO Ha BapHaHT
JIerflJI na cy6cnrrHHqh're o'T THna "Marnou" [9].

@nr.2. KoucrpyKulrt ga uoso6rora Ha .&arqura 3a u3MepBaHe Ha ererrpra.recrt,t noflera, cbc

crr,KJloBbrnepoAHo noKpt4Tl.te Ha pa6orHara rroBbpxHocr

To[ npeAcraBnrea c$epa c AuaMerbp 80 ffifi, I noxpurue o'r

c'rtruoo6pa3eH BbrnepoA [X5], MoHTUpaHa KbM r{aHrara .rpe{ Kpene)r(Ha oc or
Aypan. Elexrpouuara nJlarKa Ha npeAycuJrBareJrfl ua 4arv{xa e MoHTr,rpaHa
Blrpe n cQepara, Karo e H3rror3BaHa H eKpaHnpaqa ryrnftra ia nlarrara c qea
HaMaJl.rrBaHe Ha BBHTTTHHTe BJrH{nns. He ce rl3non3Ba ca{aerpuparr(a oc r4
noAaBaHeTo Ha noAxoAsrr{o Hanpe)KeHHe B6pxy HoceqaTa 14, cr{MeTpr,rpau{r,rTe
ocu, KaKTo 6e npra eKcrrepnMeHTnTe c npudopare .{E[I-2E u I/.3CTI-2M or

99
 npoeKTHTe "A[IEKC" u "Hnrep6or", c qer cvrraerpusupaue pa3npeAenennero
Ha noreHqHaJra B oKoJrHocrra Ha cQepara. Tora e uexena{eluo [opaAH MaJrKoro
pa3crorHne MexAy Aarquurrre H Kopnyca Ha cnbrHrKa (f ,5 m).
B eAus or qerHpuTe AarrruKa ule 6tAe uervrepuada reMrreparypara Ha
npeAyclrnBarenr 3a KoHTpoJr Ha HeroBoro Or erccnepuMeHTr,tre,
npoBeAeHH c aHarroruqHa anaparypa Ha 6opla ua THHKa "Matuou-3 u
4", e ycraHoBeHo, qe reM[eparypara Ha mrarxara Ha BareJrr :a rcp6nrn

us6panara KoHcrpyKrlr,rr Ha rvrono6rora Ha Aar{uxa, ocnryprBaula

HeooxoAHMara ro[JtonpoBoAHocT r{pe3 ulaHrara KbM ropnyca Ha cr]brFrr{Ka.

20 l:Iz - 16 kllz

guQepcx quunu ycuagmelu

aexmo0u Sulmpu

t2 6un elfn m ummorHnu

JAf

CTIAC
z raHMa l2x
nrPile^eH uausamoP 102{
!092
Ha cnekmpa 4m5
8t 92
15000
E {ukcupuu {ecmomu

Ha Surypa 3 e npe4craneH4il 6lotc-cxeu

6lon-cxeMara
uta HL
Ha elenrDouar Hylr*vlr KoMrrJre
enenrplrvrat HrdrHl,rfl KoMl Kc

100
 - cy66nox Ha 4u$epenquanHlire ycl4JlBarenlt (CAD - $pe4HarHaqeH e 3a
sopr'rr,rpane Ha HanpexeHnr, [po[opIII4oHaJIHIt ua roneuhHnre Ha Er u E,
KOMnOHeHTHTe Ha ereKTpUqeCKOTO noJre, nonyqaBaHl,l OT t{ETl4pnl'e AaTqHI(a fi
$opunpane Ha ner rxHpoKoneHToBV cvffHanra ex,
AHana3oH 20Hz <.Fk I kHz sa nocneAparqo npeAaBa
qacr Ha reneMerpuqHar cucreMa. flpu6optr urut
eneKrpr4qecKo noJre B Auana3oF{a *0,3 V/m c pa3peureHlle 0,2 mV/m (npn
H3[on3BaHe ua l2-6urooa oqraQpooxa).
- cy66nox ra cr6npaue r,r o6pa6orxa Ha Hr4c
(CHrI). Toft e npeAHa3Haeren 4a cr6upa u o6pa6orr
KOMnOHeHTI,I Ha Ma|HI'THOTO noJre n .{DeTe KOMnO
noJre B r{ecrorHrdr Anana3c)H 0,1 HzcF<30Hz Ha sx
c JreHra Ha nponycKaue 0,1-30 Hzce noAaEa r,tr(roprr
ADere KoMnoHeHTH Ha eJreKTpr,rqec(oro none) u or 6noxa qO-3HtI (sa rpnre
KoMnoI{eHTn Ha MarHurH(rro none).
- cy66nor napaneneH auann3arop Ha cneKrbpa (CIIAC) - npeAcraBilflDa
AByr(aHaneH napaneneH aHaJrlr3aTop Ha cneKTrpa Ha cHFHaJrr,rTe oT eJIHa
eleKTpilqecKa u eAHa MaTHHTHa KoMnoHeHTa Hil efieKTpovafHnTHoTo noJle.
Cnexrpannnrr aHaurn3 Ha ABere KoM
JTeHToBH $unrpn, HacrpoeHr4 Ha oceM
ca orpa3eHn ua 6nox-cxer\dara Ha npn6
- cy66nox 3a ynpaBneHue H KoM
ocbulecTBflBa ynpaBneHueTo Ha pexH
BbJIHOB KOMNJIEKC.

OqarsaHr,r pe3yJrrarr4 or npoBexfiaHero Ha

eKcnepnMeHT "cel,I3MonporHos" p noMoIIITa Ha
MAJI'bK ABTOHOMEH CNbTHI4K I4 HA3CMTIII
r43MepBaHr{t

.{ocera H3cneABaHero Ha pa3nl4qH}rre rI,InoBe npeA-

lt ce
BecTHlrrln Ha 3eMeTpeceHus oT KocMoca r{Ma Hecr4cTeMaTr4qeH xapal(Tep
peanH3Hpa KaTo cbnrTcrBar{n 3a4aqu B paMKHTe Ha eAHV hnn ApyrH
KocMur{ecKr4 npoeKTH. B pesylrar Hacroflrqr4r rvrouehr nMa HarpynaHo
Ha roBa B
roJrflMo KoJrr{qecTBo pa3HopoAHr4 AaHHH or pa3nHqHu Koc\4r,rqecKn anaparl,r,
Konro He BHHaFU Ca CbBMeCTrdMn, a nOHrKOra n CH rlpOTnBOpeFaT eAHH Ha Apyru.
"Cen3rtlonporHo3" np,eAcraBJIrIBa It6pBarr IIeneBV excnepnuent, xoilro u1e
ce peanH3r,rpa Ha cneuHalrHo c1,3.{,8.rl,eH KocMnqecKH anapaT, 3a eJreKTpoMarHHTeH
fiouocrpepara. I-lerla e orrpnlane H alalrll.o Ha
rfr rrJra3MeH MoHLrropHHr Ha
npeABecTH14uu Ha 3eMeTpeceHr4t. noJ-ryqaBaHe Ha r43{oAHIj AaHHU 3a

l0l
 npoeKTr,rpaHero r{a cntrHr.rKoBa cr{creMa 3a nporHo3zfane Ha 3eMerpeceHr4g,
orKptrBaHe H KOHTpOI Ha npr4poAHH r4 TeXHOTeHHU rar{crpoQH or KooMoca.
flpe4nonara ce, qe peailuga\unra Ha erccnepurraeuda "cer,l3lronporHo3" B
nbJrHHr n o6enr qe AaAe Bb3MoxHocr: r

a) 4a ce paspa6orsr MeroAn 3a oneparnBHo nporHo3;apane na seMerpeceHnt

oT KOCMOCa:
6) Aa ce paspa6orrr MeroArd 3a orxpr,rBaHe r{ oT KOCMOCa Bbpxy
nocJIeACTBnfl Ta oT p a3nnq Hrr THnoB e TexHoreHHr4 u;
n) 4a ce paspa6orrr MeroAH H cpeAc,rBa 3a Ko oT KOCMOCa Ha
H3UVTAHnflTa Ha opbxnq c rortMa pa3pytxr4TenHa B pa3IHrrHHTe CpeAH.
Cucreruara 3a KoHTpoJr u{e ce ctcrord or crrbrH It Ha3eMI{a qacT,
oc[ryp,rBarrlr4 l.t3MepBaHero Ha Heo6xognunre napaMeTpH Ha
S
cpeAara n fioHoc$epara u Ha noBbpxHocrra Ha 3err,rrr[, H o6rua cfic'reMa 3a
cr6npaHe H aHanns Ha uHsoprua\uflTa.
cntrnnrosara rd3MepHTeJrHa qacr e nocrpoeHa nrfxy cncreMa or ronflM
6poft (oxono 12) MaJrKn aBToHoMH14 Awarlocr,,rqil-n cnbrHrrut{, qrruTo
oponranHn nJrocKocru ca paBHoMepHo pa3npeAeJreHr,r n! 4rnxuna. cr,crasrr
Ha HayqHara anaparypa n nporpaMara Ha pa60ra
- {a re:n cnrruuqn 6e
o6oqroraxa no-rorpe. I

HaselrHara n:rMepr,rrenHa qacr Ha cucreMara e nocrloeHa Ha ocHoBara Ha

cbBr(ynHocr o'r ronru 6pofi aBTOHOMHT,T Ha3eMHu cr{nqara, o60py.qnanu
c
KOM[JreKc[ or HenpeKbcHaro pa60rerqr npn60pu sa r.r$rraepnaHe Baprraqnure
Ha ecrecrBeHr,rre ener(TpuqecKH n MarHrrrHH noJrera pasnuqHH qecrorHrr
{
,4 3oHr,t orAanxr4HuTe
H MeTeoponoFnqecKu
14 cTBUe CtC SaaaqHTe
3a AaAeHr4r peruoH. I4uQoprraaqnflTa,noryqeHa or re3H rair'reprarennH
cpeAcrBa,
CC CbXPAHflBA B TIAMCTTA HA ABTOHOMHHTE CTAHqNU
rA NPCT,iCTO MC)|(AY OTACJIHHTE
ceaHcl{ 3aBp xru anrofoMHu, AuarHocrr,rqeH
cnbrHr,rx or
uaquH na 6o
aHe HaA
{raHqnara. flo rarus
eH cntrHr4x rqe ceicr6r,rpa uur[opuaqur,
lpeAcraBnrBarrla c6op or fionocSepHr{ r.r Ha3eMHu aaunil, noJrytreHn r
dunsru
I4NI{ B EAH}| I,I CtIIIH I,IHTEPBANH OT BPEME. TESIr
AAHITI,II C" TPAHCNT4PAT B
Llenrrpa sa o6pa6orr(a aHaJrn3 Ha 'q' c noMor-rra
uHQop*uq"l"nu Ha
reocTaqHoHapeH crrbTHuK. 'u
Anrououur,rre craHr{rlH Tp
ycrpoftcrna, cpa6orraqu npu onpeA
KOHTpOIHT4 napaMeTpH r,l noAaBarrl
Kpr,rrnrrHnre napaMerpu "tpt6na ga
BeposTHo e c Ta3r,r 3aAaqa .4a ce 3a
KocMr,rqecKilailaparu c noMorrITa Ha nruHufrTa:la Bp.b3Ka:
Malrx AnarHocrrrqeH
ctrbrHr{K-reocrarluoHapeH crrtrHrrK_fiHnorr,rpyervr ropa6.

t02
 rroTeHrII{aJlHo ohacHH oT rneAHa
AstouorvrHnTe cTaHr{Hr,l ce pa3noJraraT B
TOI{KA HA rcBIHPEAHHTC CI,ITYAqUU 3OHI,I, B TOBA I{NCIO B TPYAHO AOCTbNHI4 3A
npe6unanaHero Ha xopa Mecra (n nuannncrn paftoHn, B oKeaqa, BKJIrcqI4TeJIlito
r{ noABoAara, B nycrrrHnre, 6nusxo Ao onacHn npo}t:tBoAcrBa, tlApeHn I,I paKerHH
rroJrrrfoHr4 H Ap.).
Cucrenaara or MaJIK14 cnbrHulrtI
cTaHrIHr.r Moxe Aa ce pa3rnexAa K
peruaBaHeTo Ha urrpoK r(pbr oT npa
H3r{CKBaUIn npOAbJr)Kr{TeJrHr,r r,r3MepBaHr{fl HA naPaMeTpI,ITe Ha
eneKTpoMarHr4THr4Te troJr auHa nJra3Mara u fiouocQepata. p 3aBl{cuMocr or
KoHKperHr,rre ga4aqv npu6opuurr crcraB Ha cnbrHtdllllTe u HA
n3MepBaHHre Qnsrauecxr4 Eernr{nHr,r Moxe Aa 6tAe ur H U .4OnbnBaH,
floAo6nr,t r.r3MeHeHltfl He BJrHflrr Bapxy o6ulara xonQnrypaqnN ua cucreMara [l
r [rpaBrT eAHo AosTaTrq cMyuIeHIffi
n fionocQepara, npeAn3 sAeficrsus
Bbpxy oKoJrHara cpeAa npnpoAHI,I
t^-^----- --^ D^----^
6ercrsus Ha 3eMcra.

Jlureparypa
l. C a a o D cK H ft, M.A. 9lexlpovarut{THbre npeABecrHttKtl M., Hayra,
1982. c.88.
2. f ox 6ep r, M.8., H.l{. f ep rue H3 o H, I4.A. f yt}el ug H ap. O oQQexroa
aogAefic'rnHs oreKTpuqecKax nolefi cencMHqecKoro Ha noHocQepy. -
feouraruerusu n aopoHoMr4r, 24, 1984, l&2, c.217.
3. Parro t, M., M. M. M ogilevsk iy, ULFemissionsassociated earthquakes and
observed in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. - Phys, Earth. . Inter.,57,1989,
p.86.
4. 9 rrl urpe o, B.M., H.B. I4 c a es, C.B. 6 rr
[.f.
u e n, I- o q e s. 3aexrpuuecrr.le n
oqaroM 3eMJrerprceuxr. - feouaruern
5. E nn n q e H K o, C.8.,,A.C. Vn,ruu, 3.@
npoueccbr noaroronKr{ aeunerprceunft
6. Larki na, V.L, V.V. Mi guI i n, O.A. M
low frequency radiowave emission in t
Earth. Planet. Inter., 57, 1989, p.100.
7. H a Phenornenh Related to Earth
t99a, p.671.
8. M o o n oB. H46urcleHue3neK'Ipo-
Ha I4C3 "{Hreprocrvroc-24". -

9. f o q e n, .{. Ilpo6reMu npn ulnoJr3BaHero Ha Koct\4l4qecKa uHSopruaunf 3a nporHo3 Ha

3eMerpeceHur no eJreKTpoMarHr,rrHH rrpeABecrHHuu. - Aepoxoctvrn$ecrn nrcleAraHu e
6tarapr.rr, ISl3, (no.q ne.rar),
l0.Mapanpbcs karacrporln.Q., EAH, 1993;
ll.Rikitake, T.
12. YrpynueHHar np cMHeecKoro arpnepurrteHra
"EanHcrso" . 1995, I'KA.
I 3. f,ororop uexqy EornapcruM a3poKocMt4qecKilM areHTcr 'Be
no no4roroBxe sKcnepnMeHTos CEI,I3 IOIPOT'H ra
EAI4HCTBO, r.Corpnr, l8 anrycra, I )95 r.
14. Tris k a, P. Asubsatellitefor mother daug rteractives s.,

r03
 l'

10, 1990, Ng 7, p.165.

'H.
15. T e o A o c H e B. A., Il e q e u f, K o s, fi. f
l
P. Br o n. f. Cr.au es. Mcrorsatr
orHeynopHlt MdtepuaJln cbc crtKJ|oB6rne
Peny6nuxa Erarapnr.

floctznnna na 4 .IL 1996 r.

Electromagnetic control space for ecologic

needs, advanced notificat and control of
nature disasters and tech ic catastrophes.
Experiment "Sei smopr ognoz" of the space
project "Edinstvo"

Vitalij Chmyreu, ttikolaj Viktor Oraevski,

D i m i ta r Teodosie a Boj ch o
(Summary)

A system for electromagnetic trol from space is pre-

sented, which contains small satellites, earthbased and a control center
for advansed notifi cation of stron g earthquakes and on the Earth.
The configuration of lowfrequency wave complex, electromagnetic
fields flgnn bg4rdofsnralt-sat6lliteji, is presented. The me 's data are to be
.-us&t6i identifi cation of precu rsors of stron g eartq uakes.
___*-

t04
 vx[re . Bulgarian Academy of Sciences --L :-
tn
ir" " sr".^:p"s o 13 Aerospace Research
'

NOCT'O'HHLI }I B3AIIMHO
o I4
nep[eHA]rKyJIspHI',I M arHI',ITIf
eJIeKTpuqecKO noJle c
npolr3pouuo
pa3nPeAeJleHue uo ocTa Ha I

efleKTplrtlecKl',Ifl BeKTOp

Munqo BaqoB
CoO'"i
Haunouaten l{enrtp no Xnruena'

l. BtseAeHue
]

eHeprst u tA"1^:1::i9y" t
npouec' np]'l
.[ncunaqnnra Ha eHeprHtl ce
Ha riefisara r"rexaHjauna
xofi.ro KHHeTuqHaTir'KoMnoHeHTa
eueprrar []'.
npeo6paryna BIB BlTpeurHa BtrpeurHara
o6paten npouec' "t
B [2,3].
"r,i"A'ut "p'I-1:il::1::
Ha
KoflTO u*y"ynrpa B c craBHI{Te TeJIA
eHepru'EcI4gTeMaTaHaI43KycTBeHMoAe[..np.o6pu3yBaB*urreru.|HaeHeprufl
a,
Ha BbprennBo MaKpoABrxe"ne,
crdcTeMaTa.
npeo6pa3yBaHe e ycTaHoB( H 3a 3aKpI'Ira oceBo-
AAucunatnBH[rr npouec ua
qpe3 I't3cJIeABaHe B 3aMecTBaul nnoc
cuMeTpHtltla cllcreMa
ra3oBt4 iloHt't c Hl4cKa KoHueHTp
.[orasauo ', tt *'i"
TonJIuHHo ou'**"t-*o'q
6t'npafina nJIocKa AI'IOy
U nAearleH efleKTpHqecK
noBbpxHocr Ha rBbpA HeMarHhreH
h B3aI4MHo nepneHAplKy
cTBHe Ha nocToflH*',' *o"o"nHl'l

105
 r efle*rp'qecKo ro fiosrre n3BbprrrBar no""nr{ro.ren 4pe[Q c xpafi-
(^E) noJre,
Ha cKopocr.
B regu ycJloBlrt rorrJrr,rHHOTO ABI4 KeHng Ha fionure
KoMnoHeHTr,t, KorlTo ca pa3nr,rqfiMfl. Oceen o6lqaftHara ""u-a"a
xaorTprqHa
KoMnoHeHTa,fiouhte uwar u MaKpocKonr4'{Ha KoMnciueHra
Ha rortrJrprHHo
ADHxeHI4e' B noonnpaHa il ycraHoBeHa cflcreMa
ABere KoMi[oHeHTu Ha rorrJII,rHHo
.qBHXeHr,re ca He3arr,rxBarr{}r, a KrI{
Ha a[Hcunarnnri{ro npeo6pasyBaHe e
e4nHuqa [3].
.{pefiQtr sa ftouure n HanpeqH' MarHr,rrHo , .n.*rpd"ecKo noJre e HapeqeH
"HeAHCHrrarHBeH Mar(pocKonHqeH
npeHoc" GIM[). vclorroro orpeAeneHr,re
"HeAUCHnarnBeH" e BbBeAeHo
n [2] rcaro ocHoBHa ornrvnteaHa xapaKTepfi crvKa
Ha Bce'.H npeHoceH flpoqec,3a no,uAbpxaHero
ua rofiro rr""purna pa60ra.
Ilssecrtru ca ABa,.He4ncnnarl,tBnr,r" t: "d., Te ce orHactr ao
HacoqeH npeHoc Hia ycKopeH u
frouu"tfl.T"T:flrpoqe$a'
HacoqeH npeHoc na fionpr B HanpeqHr,r MarHr,rrHo
"He4ncunarr.rBeH', npeHoc fionure ry6rr
or Kt,tHer]I
eneKTpo MarHItrHo r,r3Jr6qBaHe. Cne4onarenHo yn
"Hegr4cunarvBeH" eBHHarIz ycJIoBHa H T,
eKopeloHa
eneKTpoMarHHTHa eHeprr,rfl, Konro ce u3JraqBa
n npoqeca]na HM[I.
HMn e npoqec Ha paspeAeHftre fioHHs upa'u pra" none. Toii
e |{ npoqec, KofiTo MoxeAa 6r4e roruuecrBeHr) oqeHeH "l"u.rnrso
a{o 6r4e pa3rpaHr.rqeH
or Bcr'rqKr4 Apyrv rrpeHocH' npoqecu. B'.r.rxu Ap irH nfrro"r,
npoqecr ca
ruc*narvBHr' r4 Te 3ar,xBar a*o 3a rtxHoro no44l,pxpne He ce rr3BbpruBa
pa6ora.
Brs scsxa cncreMa or pa3peAeua frounzwpa"" .p"fu r{ MarHilrHo
noJre
Mofar Aa cbrrlecrByBar napaneJrHo KAKro
rhcufrarn},nJ ru*a vt,,Heaucnna_
T',BHH" npeHocHr,r npoqec'. B eAua r43on'paHa ya"drouaHa
, cr4creMa or
pa3peAeHa fioHasupaua cpeAa H MarHlr.rHo
noJre HrMa yc.tQiltunu AHCUIIA.TflBHH
npeHocHr4 rrpoqecH. HO B cncreMara Moxe ycr,ofivuno
au]""u1".r"yBa KpbroB
HMn na fionu. Kprronurr HMrI sa fionn . p*"ro"..o_-
Mar(ponpoqec fo-oopnr"M nper'oceH
[3].
ErnaropuaJrHara o Jracr B MarH,Toctpepara
J4"u nJraHera Moxe
"u c{creMa c nocroqHeH
onpocreHo Aa ce cBeAe Ao 3aKpura oceBo-cr4MerpprqHa
npHToK Ha eHeprur (or xo'','4qecKara parua\us)
xrfr,r o6paryBanqara ,,
pa3peAeHa fiouzsupana cpeAa B MarHr,rrHo
noJre. I

B [3] e o6ocHosaHa re3a, qe

'{p$ ,eficrnuero *pu.oi HMrr eAHa raKaBa
3AKpura cHcreMa c nocrorHeH [pnroK Ha eHeprfir"u
pu{""uecHo crcroqHHe
""o
Ha oceBo BrpreHe, xoero e eAHOTUnHo c paBHOBecHoro
BbpreHe Ha ctulara. Ho H3oJrr{paHa c}rcre ua. {raro""r, Ha oceBo
kI s
MaTHHTHOTO H3JIbqBaHe B ChcTeMnTe,
B T.rl. npailn,il\]4
ca TOqHo KoMneHcnpaHH CbOTBerHo qpe3
[pr4ToK Ha
o6parno npeo6pasynaHe Ha eneKTpo MarHr4THa eH
epr
Torasa eHeprufina sr Gatanc,u
Apyr flpoqec
"r"*,

t06
HflMa Aa 3aBncn oT eJIeKTpOMaTHHTHOTO It3IbqBaHe. .{UnaUU[aTa Ha BCI'tqKl't
Apyrn napanenHl,I npoqecu Mo>t<e Aa 6rAq crarncTuqecKu tl3cnpApaHa' Karo He
ce orquTa flpoqecbT Ha eJIeKTpOMaTHUTHO I,t3JIbqBaHe. TOrasd TOqHOcTTa npLl
qe
e.IIHo cTaTncTl4qecKo tt3cneAllaHe Ha HMII HxMa Aa 0e HaMaJru +Ko npHeMeM'
ilosnre He H3JIbqBar eJreKTpoMulrHHTHa eHeplfis'
Tyx u1e H3cJleABaMe Kpbt oBr4 npouecli Ha rIMII CaMq B yCTaHOBeHH
sar(ptrrl,r oceBo-cl4MeTp[tlHU cl4cTeMH, KOI,ITO Ca l43fpaAeHlt oT pa3peAeHa
fionnrupaua CpeAa H MaIHHTHO noJle n npH npeAnOJIOXeHue, Fe CI4cTeMI'lTe HIe
lI3JIb qBaT eJIeKTpO MaTHHTHa eH epf ltfl .

I{elra Ha ra3}I pa6oTa e Aa c I cb3AaAe MeToA ra riPra6lu3uTenHa

KOJil4qeCTBeHa OI{eHKa HA eKBaTOptIanHaTA KOMnOHeHTa Ha KptroBl',lfl [oToK c'T
fionn (HMrI) n rtlarnn'rocoepHTe Ha ecTecTBeHI4Te I(ocMl'IlecKH TeIa qp03
peuaBaHe Ha eAHoMepHil napaMeTpplqHa 3aAaqa.
flo-xourpeTHo 3aAaqaTa e La ce cb3AaAe MSTOA 3a qffcnpHo npecMflTaHe
Ha MaKpocKonuqHara bflroBa cKopo
Ha ftoHu B ycraHoBeHu 3aKpLITI,I OCeB
HA BbHUIHa eHeprnt noA AeficTBll
eneKTpl4qecKo noJle, KoHTO IrMaT npoI43BOJIHO pA3npeAeneFHe no ocTa FIa
eleKTp14qecKuq BeKTop.

2. Pa6oreH MoaeJI

PaborHaqr Moqen (PM) e 6esxpaen nnpcbK aHaJror Ha

ycTaHoBeHa 3aKpuTa cHcTeMa, n3rpaAeHa oT 3aTBOpeH uunt'IHApuqeH
oTpaXaTeJIeH Kopnyc, pa3peAeHa cpeAa oT ra3oBI,I itowu nocTpsHHo MarHI'lTHo
noJre, Koero e roJrtpn3t4paHo aKcHaJrHo H uMapa1nanHo pa3+peAeneHl4e [2].
Vqacrrr or 6$KpaeH IIJrocbK PM e npe4craBeH na t[rr' f .
"pa3peAeHa
OnncaHuero Ha PM u{e 3anoqHeM KaTo onpeAe.nl{M noHq'rl,leTo
fiounrnpaua cpeAa" (PiiC).
PftC napravaMe Ta3H cpeAa, B KotTo aKo Tn e noA geficrdue Ha MaIHHTllo
noJre, qeCTOTLITe KaKTO Ha eneKTpI4qeCKHTe B3aHMOAeilQtnUr OT MatKI4
pa3cTOrIHI,Is, TaKa yLApHIlre B3al{MoAeficTBl,tt MeXAy o{.Uennure fioHH s
v Ha,
cpeAara ca MHoro no-MaJIKl,I no croftH
Cnenosarenno PftC I4Ma cBoficrBa, 6JI
I4scneAsaHero Lqe HatrpaBHM nPI't
Ha HAeanHa TeqHocT. Toraga KoJrl4qe
noJlyrrHM, ule ce orHacflT 3a cpeAa 6e3 B
6'a4ar reoperur'rHo eKcrpeManl{I4 tto cr
Cera ule o6ocHoseN{ KpalKo IIPex
MOAen Ha r43CJreABaHe.
B:axpnrun oTpaxaTeneH LlnnI4HAbp Ha I,I3X9AHl4fl MoAen ficrsa aKcHaJIHo

t07
 lr*
!t,

v =t/
J i0 r'0

v;-
t5;..-.
/2t..-.
Yii,.-
y;;,:.
Jr'zn '

Our. I

MATHHTHO fIOJIE, KOCTO NPH B3AHMOAETCTBHC

C OTPA3bHITTE ftOHH CI,3AABA B
qeHTpanHo'to HaITpeqHo ceqeHHe
Ha qHnHHAbpa eAAHI KOaKcHaJleH noToK OT
3apeAeHr qacrHqn (HMn)
l2l. Taa
[oToK Mor(e Aa 6bAe OnpeAeneHa no
noBspxHHHa Ha rlHxtrHAbpa qp
Hera'o6pasyBarerHara Ha
oT HeroBHf, paAtrye. Torasa cpeAHOCr
u noJreTaTa B MOAeJta e TaKOBa, qe pa
eKBHT'MfieparypHo, eKBfiCKOpOcrHo r,r eKB]rnoreHq'ar]io npocrpaHcr'o
TaHreuuuaJlHara cKopocr Ha KoaKcfiaJrHuf, noroK [2,3].
uoxb aa 6r4e onpe4eJreHa
qpe3 pe[aBaHe Ha
AByMepHa 3aAaqa Bbpxy 3arBopeH+ KpHBa r'tHvt'., Korro
" HanpeqHo Qeqesue Ha tlilnilHll.bpa.
puuuo npr.lQnH)KeHr4e Ha 3aTBOpeH
" c orHocHTbJrHo ror.sM pa1uyc t4
n lpocrpaHcrBo e.roap Ha 6errpae" nno.r*
orpiDKaren c npHnexauo nJlocKo-flapanenHo eKBMnpocrp{Horao.
B rosr cryuafi
cKopocrra Ha HMII y^o_ro" Aa ce orpeAeJlu {
;MepHa
napaMerpaqHa 3aAaqa [2], uanp. no ocra Ox
na ..
l.
OHr. I ctnnaAa
PasHHHara Ha qeprex(a or
rn .rOv
Ha AflcHo op'eHrfipaHa npaBobrbnHa KOopAHHarHa
cnQteua xyz . Xopnzoi-

108
TaflHaTa 1u1t4s, != lo npeAcraBntBa ycJtOBHo I,l3O6p0(eHlIe Ha fiesKpaeH nJlocbK
ABycTpaHeH H AHoy3eH oTpaxaren Ha ftoHs. c npeKibcBaHB ItuHAu
! = /i*Qc-1,2..,n) B ropHllfl (i:l) I'I B AonHI'lt (i =2) nonyo6eM PM ca
ga
npeACTaBeHH AtIcKpeTHH 9KBIIHHBa. TyK IIle fi3noJl3BaMe lil cnoMaIaTeJIHI'I
eKBHHuBa, KoHTo ca ycnopeAnH [I 6e3KpaftHo 6rtt{Sro Ao tl3cneA$aHoTo eKBuHHElo
/.1*, Hanp(Mep orpax(areJlHHTe noBbpxHocrr4 Ha ABycrpaHHllg OTpaxaTen ce
HaMHpar Ha HHBa, KOHTO Ca O3HaqeHI4 ycJloBHo Ha qepTexa d., .Yrc*r.91 !zo*r,
Karo lim4.+e=%, Koraro e <.< l(e + 0) .
Tyn qe npHeMeM, qe cTofiHocrl,lTe Ha Banuvl1.HvTe t6 9a npeABaPhTeil-
HO }I3BECTHH.
flonepusaqvrrTa vt pa3npeAeneHnero Ha ABere fioJlera Eio^ Bk ute
oIIpeAenHM.q,onbJIHaTeJlHO B TeKCTa. Ha Qur.l e nOgcHeHa cfMo TtxHara rrr)-
nflprttga,t\t4t qpe3 ttpaBo a o6paruo ycnoBHo 03Haqer|ue, KoHTo oa
83aUMHOH3KntoqBalUU.
Kamo B l2l, TaKa H TyK u1e HanpaBHM H3cneABaHe qa HMII caMo B
paBHHHaTa (LB) Ha MarHUrHo B3ar4MoAeficrBre, T.e. B xQy. El,no raKolla
u o.n[qecrBeHa oueHKa Ha HMf[, 3auloro BcHq-
K TABHlrr)' I]peHoceH npoqec cb H3BbpLuBtf BW-
lI opMarlHa HA B . Heu{o noBeile - KonHqecrBe-
HhTe oueHKu, KoltTo ue [oJ]yt{t4M ule Ce oTHacflT eAHSHaqHq H Ao aHanonus-
HH Ct{CTeMU, B KOIITO n(OnflpH3auuflTa HA ABeTe IICTIeTa e noqTofiHHa' Ho B3a-
uMHaTa opueHratluf Ha BeKToplt'rc B vE
e nponanolua. B ro34 cnyqafi HopMan-
HaTa KoMnOHeHTa, flonyqeHa oT pa3JIoxeHHeTo Ha BeKTOp E np flocoKa Ha BeK-
rop -B 3aeAHo c'bc cbtqgt BeKrop B onpe4ensT naJrHo HMII. {pyrara KoMIIo-
HeHTa HA E, Ta:;vr KOITO e CbOCHa Ha .8, BOAH AO AHCHnaTHBeH [peHOC Ha fiOHI4
no HanpaBneHHe Ha cBojaTa oc.
,{nnxeunero Ha BceKu orAeneH ilou c tuaca miw efleKTp4qecKh 3apflA Qi,
rOero roft H3BtpuJBa B paBHHHaTa Ha MarHnTI{o B3aHMoAeficra{e u1e onpeAennM
c eAHa BeKTOpHa Bernr{HHa no creAHl,tg HaqI'IH:

(l) io2 virvlF;

vijk =viike''--;

KbAero j e nuarunepHa eAnHnqa; 'i,o =?n

KOMIOHeHTa Ha cpeAHaTa TOnJIHHHa cKopoCT, KOtTor s PM e npuCtufa Ha BCe]KH
fioH or BAA i, Koraro r()fi oe HaMHpa Ha eKBHTeMneparypHo lnao !.1e, ri.i*'
reMneparypa Ha fioHHTe BHI( .rHa HHBo !i*, k'KoHcTaHTa Ha Eo'nUMaH, q-
or
MOMeHTHa cTofiHocT Ha paBHhttHnfl brbJl, KoftTO BeKTOpbT ViilHA oTAeIeH ftr3H
cKflrorrBa c noJro)rcrreJrHara nocoKa Ha ocra Ox n<> nocoKa rfa lacoeguKoBara

r09
 crpenKa ($ur.l ).
Hexa Aa cH mpeAcraBHM, qe ca Hr,r r43BecrHt{ KaKTo
4mntnrylure vijk, TaKa
I4 r4i{TepBanHTeor 4eficreureluu croftHOCTH Ha apryMelrr.a <p 3a BCrKa roqKa
(xyz) s 3aKpHTHr o6eu Ha PM, nxfioqHTerHo Blpxy oTpaxare-qHrre
IIoBbpxHIlHH.
MepHa qaAaqa, KosTO onpeAenq
fion, r{ra 14 ABHXeHTltero Ha

Ha eAHa no4o6Ha eAHoMepHa 3a1La.ra.

Hrzre reJra u npQqecure s pM.

2.1. Orpaxarel

Mexaunqsr,rflr orpaxarer (yo) p orf rBbpA

"unpu"."
HeMarHr'rreH Marepr{ar Ha rdAeaJreH eneKTpr.rqecKra zsonf,rop.
Tofi e oesxpaeH,
f rrocbK' TbHbK,
AByCTpaHer{, HenpoHnqae}i, u Ar,rtfyseu
Qrpaxaren ua r,iouu.
orpaxarelrrpa3Aenr MexaHr,rrrHo pM na ropeir r{ AoneH nolyo6eu.
sa fronure cneA yAlp ca cnfvafiHfi r4 paBHoMepHo
aHcTBeH brbJr or Zn crepbalraHa. flrocxilqr
ycnopeAHo Ha BeKrop B(Quf.l). Torana rocoxure
eHr,f e B paBHnHara xOy ca cnluai.tnu H paBHoMepHo
pa3[peAeneHv B Tpaqvtr-lH o'r g =0 lo g = n pa[uaHa B ropHr4s
or (p=n4orq=)n pa4uaHa B AonHr,ts noryo6eu. OqesHAHonoryo6er'l rz

e, qe ryK
upeneoperBaMe rplreHeTo Ha rzounre rrpH [nb3raHe
Fo noBbpxHocrra Ha
oTpa
c or'ax(a-
TeJIt aTeIHa no-
Bbpx rrypHa (Tiio = { = const) pa3AenrrrenHa
rpaHHqa MexAy raBoBara pr Aneleropr4.c.:Hara cpeAa r Ptvt. Torana crz]TucT}t_
qecKoro lr3cJreABaHe ua HMII Moxe Aa ce urnrpruta rpr4 o[pocrsBarrlo
AOnycKaHe, qe H BCeKr4 OT.U,eneH aKT Ha OTpaxeFrr4e e enacrizuHo n:anuo4eficrBue
I2l.
fltpnoHav aJrHo H3 cJr e4taHero rrle r,r3Bbp rxu M 3 a P\4corpaxareJr,ano-
HararbK n :a PM, B xoilro orpaxarenrrr e orcrpaHeH.

2.2. f4oueu ras

MHoxecrsara Ha r7oHure M 0,, ABere crpaHr4 Ha

HenpoHrdr{aeMilfl n eKBr4TeMneparypeH orpaxaren ca vd*ar,r"Ho pa3AeneH[r.
ftoHure or ABere crpaHn Ha orpaxareJrr ocbrrlecrBrBar Hg3aBr4cHMo ,ronJr,HHo
ABIrXeHIte.
Bcsxo MHoxecrBo M e orpan'qeHo MHoxecrBo o iiouu elzc). orpa-

ll0
HuqeHoro MHoxgcrBo tW =ZMi @c6cron or rpon3BorreH, rr,o ofpaHuuen 6poft

noAMHoxecrB a M, (i= I,2".'..).9ucrom r e orpann.reno orroire qpe3 ycnoBnero

ga PfrC.
Bcrxo noAMHolr€crBo M, ce cb
pnqecru sapr.l ( ei) izoau.
Cyruapnara Maca Ha iionure or

Haqr,rH c M =ZU, ulnt M .

Ternonara KoHrleHrpaqns Ha fioHnre or M v M, t\e osfauuu c

(2) s,=*.
Bcuqrn fioHn s M eao""*r"trio .urn6y.{o-orpaKarerlHara
""!{run
"
noBbpxHocr B cBor nonyo6e:u .rpes 4eficrar4e Ha AByKounonenrino BeKTopHo noJle
(ELB ). Torara uplr cBoero ronJrHHHo ABrxeHLre BceKrl {on ocrrqecrBt{Ba
nocJreAoBarerHo yAapu c orp:DmareJnr. IlocneAoearenHocrra Ha yAzipure e ctc cJI) raeH
lrrrrepBaJr Ha noBTopeHne\qlxflTo [poArJrxrneJrHocT o0 n3MeHr oT IryJIa Ao BpeMeBaTa
[poAbmKHTenHocT Ha nepHoAa Ha eAHH nbJreH c]cTaBeH ULIK:bJI,
flepuoAm Ha eAHH qbcr,aBen Tpaxo[AaJreH rlrrrcbrr e ()[peAeneH $a nceru rzg fionn
(n ,Q
, ;) oT pa3rpeAeJleHl,Iero Ha MarHHTHara I{HAyKqun B,nn na PM.
[I]e npuerueM, qe MaKcuManHurr BeprnKaJreH pa3Max ria rpaxon4aJrHuTe
TpaeKToprl[ na ftonure (axn. aa BuA lni= /Z*n H Q i = {n." ) B lonvooeMa e
no-MaJrrK cborBerHo or ! n - ! o) unu or y r - ! rr ),(Qur. l ). QnegosareJrHo HrBa
(
r
(
/ru u lz, npeAcraBsr ABgre nbHrrrHu rpaHHuH na PM.
Ovenu4no e, rre Kor{rreHTparrurra no fiouure B Ar,ara ule ce H3M9H'
oT MaKCHMyM Ha HHBaTa Ha r)TpEDI(eHne AO HyJIa Ha BbHrrrHHTe Huso;Vo,
Ha Koero $opuanxo ure oGAnnuM ABere cnpaxarenHu Hr,r ![t*, A !2r)*r, a
<[ropr'ranno HHBo Ha MaKcHMaJrHa fionsa [JrrrHocr s PM.
Ty* tqe [prreMeM, Ere BeJrprr{[rHHTe mi, vr gi ca H3BecrH

2.3. BerropHo roJre

H3secfiIo e f2] ,'Ie cso6oAlrate fionu f eaxpr't o6eu sa

6esrpafino.qrarr
pa3npeAeneHhe pr
rdnJIHHApuqeH M
r[rlxara oc Oy.
MOAeJT qbqrBsTgT'Ba,

CneAosaremro s o6eMa Ha PM AeficrBa BeKropHo noJre c eneKrpnqecKa H

llr
 i

ManHHTHa KOMnOHefrra. 3aAaqnre Ha noBbpxHocreH u ceo6 AeH ApefiO Ha fiouu qe

perxnM npu 4eficTeue Ha BeKTOpHO noJre, KOerO Ce n3MeHr cfuaano IIo ocra oy. C

\, a \ * qe o'r6er gss ane 2 *cnnaa Ho AByKoM non""t"o i

nore, Koero
I "eKrop-Ho
e 3aMecrBauo Ha AByKoMnoHeHTHo BeKTopHo noae I w c nenpe-K.bcHaro
pa3npeAeneHHe no ocTa Ha eneKrpr{qecKHr BeKTOp.

PaupegeleHaero 14 nonrpu3aur,rrra Ha Wtrrl

" \tn) rue onppaennM 3a BcRKa roqKa
'l--
(xyz) n o6ema na PI\4 qpe3 cJleAHHre cKarrapHr nporr""
"*rf",

lzu<! <ln Yrrs y3 yrn*r-",i=1

-@<z<@ Ytr2Y2-Yrru-,,,j=2
(3)
za j= 1,2 u k:0,1,2,...n- l

E(xyz)e.r = E(xyz)e, =0
KaKTO a npH cbxlr4Te ycnoBHt
I

B*,ttG"")
a(xy)e" = B(r)e" = B jr"" = B jr ={: :::'":-: [::::
const<0,'yorno
._ B,)le"
I

KbAero o^,o, u
i

ez caeAHHuqHH BeKTopH no rpr,tre ocn sh xyz; Eu , Bir ca

4aofirca paqnoHanHH .t\rcra, KoHTo onpeAenrr cnd" 3HaK u crofiHocr
"pes
cborBerHo flonspH3arluATa U fOJreMHHara Ha ABere norLron""rn ua w,^ , e
npor43BoneH AHcKpereH cloia (jkk+l) na nlocronuo*"nJ""
"*ur"oo"n.'*"',
BerropHoro noJre He e onpeAeneHb Ha srHruH"r" rpuriruu(J/t, n yrn)ua
'l
PM, eauloro no ycnoBue raM nrua ftosa.
i

Tyn tqe npueMeM, qe BeJruqr4Hure E,n w El ,o ca HssdcrHr.

(3
I

Or rurnoHeirru nu W(rn) ca Bn-

HaruB3auM uenolslaue o3HaqeHue \ro),
To Bl.rHaru crBar l,n rsofrrcu B3anMHo

n2
repneHAl'tKy nflpl[BeKropH 1 EO L Brr ).
B [2] sa.qaqara sa noBbpxHocren gpefiQ e peueHa npn 4eficrBue Ha

eAHOcTanaJIHo Beh ropHo noJle ,t.e. npu 4eilcrnue ua nerrQpHo IloJIe' KoElfo
\,
e xoMoreHHo B qeJILtt o6eu na PM ( }(rl = const sa i=1,2n kl0,l,..,n-l)'
Tyx u1e I,l3loJBBaMe peueHllero, HaMepeHo u [2] r'r raronallqe 4eSuunpaue
wttlno aFrajrofHqeH HaqlIH [I npu cbllll{re [IoAycnoB}lr (3), a drvrenHo

B(xyz)e-=B(xyz)er=o

B (4) cne nr6parn eAHa Asofixa pauuoHanHH qHcJIa (firoa ,Bto) or (.1),
Korro xapaKTepI,I3I,Ipa BeKTopHoro noJle Wtrl B IIe.lrHs ooerr,| Ha PM.

2.4. CwatapHo nore s PM

Tyx u1e [I3rpaAlIM eAHo floile or uuqneHu Belrkrvrrrvr

(cxanapra H nceBAocKilJlapn [4]) U t[yuxqnu H& Lxapalcepu3upiarqu AEHxeHHeto
Ha qacTHu[rTe B IIenHt o6eu na PM s creneH, KOST0 no3Bonfqa [pecMtTaHe FIa
eAHoMepHa (no q ) saaata.
B rosu CMIICIJI MOXeM,qa npt,tqucnnM KtM cxaJnapHoTo noire r PM t,l scuqmll
AsoftxnpauHoHaJrHH qucJra E ip w B.*"u W(rrl or (3) unu ra3l4 Ha Eru u Bronpu
4eficruue Ha l\t or (4).
Cxalapnoro no;Ie s PM qe n3rpaAuM c BSJIHIIHHI,I, B q[ll4[tg o3Har{eH6fl l4e
BbBeAeM TpH- HnH uernpflpa3ptAHll HHAeKcpl. Benn'luHHrP c rpHpa3p[I.ila
t4HAtIKatIHfl ( 4;r ) ufe onpeAennM 3a BceKH nn4 (r) fionu u Hal:a scsxo AucKperiHo
eKBHHHBo !ir . BetnqHF{nre c qerHpHpa3ptAHa nHAI{KaUIn ( Tl4p ) u1e
onpeAenr.rM aHarorn'{Hp no r, Ho 6 sa"/n o6eua Ha npou3BoleH plofi MexAy eAHo
n3xoAHo Hr4F,o yjk u eAHo rpaftno HnBo y jt Q= krl, kt2,..,n).
fltpno llle OnpeAeJluu CeueficrBaTa Ha palIHoHaJIHvTe lfvcIIA, KoI4To 3a-
AaBar napMopoBcKLITe qecro'tu ({x ry) na fionure or BceKH ln.u (i ) BbB BceKI{
AlrcKpereH cnofi u Ha BctKO AI4cKperHo HI,tBo

113
 Q,B ,o [- const 0 aro
> QiB* > 0
(5) oa* =@lik*t-n=; ={=const<o aro g,Bi,r < 0 , i:1,2, k:0,1,..*1 .

Tyx rrre H3noJBBaMe caMo ogHaqesne @rj*.

3a qac'rHHq clyvafi, Koraro s PM Aeficrsa xouoieuuo BeKropHo none

napMopoBcKr{Te qecrorr{ He 3aBHCfr OT BepruKaJrHararpoplauara y, TaRa qe

(6) @iik=0r.lo =
a.B.^
ai"to
-const 5
I

0i.
'mii
I

Aunlxry4ara ,iirra BeKrop v-r 6ewe onpeAeneHa

! {t) *^to eAHo3HaqHa
Qyurcqnr Ha reMneparypara T;ip na npou3EonHo Ho HanpeqHara
KOMnOHeHTa Ha cpeAHara ro[JrHHHa CKOpOOT
"rrd liiy
" ""np!n""Hara synral}rr or
Hara Ha 3apeAeHara qacrriqa , s{qoto rfl ce ABHx(rl B
qecKo noJre c nonflpr{saqnr no opra Oy. tlapaneJrHara
TW u liio Hu no3Boflruu .qu eAHo ABycTpaHHo
",rardBHM
paBeHcrBo, Koero cBbp3Ba Ar,rcKperHnre HHBa e pM no HaqHH
'l
{n"orldfl

LI ior*, = .l/ i* - I
vijr = l, tikr,n
i**r
(7) FV-o; i

' Afli**-t=I7-/i*-r
I

Tonasa HeKa Aa qe 3HaeM TeMneparyp na llio Ha HfiBo !, 1,.Aro

''p'neMeM,
3aMecrHM Tiir n rni B cpeAHara qacr ua (7) H r npecMei"e", ,o rlle nonyqHM
crofisocrra ua v-k B rflBara crpaHa Ha paBeHcrsoro. crda roBa axo 3aMecrHM
B ArcHara crpaHa na (7) HsBecr
/\
Lt io ulLy io u ) peIrHM paBeHcrBor
^
tlrcJreHara crofiHocr n nenpevuara c
npnpaBHHM vii*a\Lvii*4
/\
J
na cpegHal
cnptMo reMrleparypara B noAKopeHHara BeJrHrruula, ro ule noJryqHM
eKBr4reMneparypHara crofisocr r*.r(r*_r). Aro
inooorrn rM, ro or

rl4
 /r\/\/\
T,n.,\T*-,)MoxeM Aa onpe/rearM rr7**r(A nro-,) n T,u.2lTar-r)ur.n.
CreAosarerHo aKo 3HaeM (erunupu.tHo)T* uailouure or oud .tHa eAHo H caMo
eAHo npor43BoJlHo eKBrrHI,rBo !it, To upee (7) nne rvroxe[ra Aa H3rpaAHM
nocneAoBarenHo cKarapHoro noJre a PM no crofiHocrnre IW n T6 aa BcI,|qKH

HlaBa w 3a BceKn enl(i ) fionx.

II{e sanurueu (7) sa etBnTeMneparypHoro HHBo Ha otparira'rerr

(8)

f
-
_1,
v, ii] -- rtv,lo - t,Y iZO - t:
-
@l_
nnr, -
lx\l |
l' Alrot = J/o - /2, > 0'

T, = T'iir: const

PeureHncra na (8) HtMa Aa ce npoMeHcr axo cu npeflcratl,IM, qe o'r-

parrarenrr e PM e orcrpaHeH. Cropocrra vijk e Herrperctcnard BenuqnHa B pa-
6orHuc o6eu u seftHnre c'rofiHocru ca nHBap[aHTHIl or rooa 4tf.nu Ha HI,IBoro Ha

MaKcHMaJrHa fioHua nJrx,rHocr ( y) uua Hrlt HtMa erunrenaileparypHa Mexa-

Tasu uHoapt,taHrHocr noKa3Ba e.qua Soprrlar[a QyuxqHoHaJI-
Hr,rqHa flperpaAa.
Ha Bpb3Ka MexAy flpeHocHure npouecH np[4 noBbpxHocreH h cso6o.qeH (6eg
orpaxeHre) ApefiQ sa fioHu.
Paseucrso (8) e aHaJIHTur{Ho onucaHlte Ha eAHH qacreH cayuaft
(Qi,\znr,xoy'5, xoino Moll(e Aa 6tge o6o6qeH B eAHo arpngpHo rBtpAeHHe -
or
ABere crpaHu Ha e4BureMneparypl{a
eAHaKBure H cso6oAHr.t MltKpoqacruqu
MexaHUqHa nperpaAa B eAHa ycTaHoBeHa cHcreMa I4MaT qAHaKBH CpeAHH
TOnJIHHHT4 CKOpOCTn.
Cera ure norbpcuM HaqilH Aa onpeAenuM rpaHHuHTe, B Kgllro ce h3MeHi[T
croEuocrn're Ha apryMeHra q or (l).
Be4uara MoxeM Aa Ka)KeM, qe [HTepBan]T Ha CTOIIHOCTH HA
I BrB BceKfi nonyo6eu, a cJIeAoBareJIHo n B l{enut o6ev sa PpI e uenpeKbcHar
HHrepBaJr c rorreMuHa or (p = 0 ao Q = 2n pa4uaua([0,2n]). TBEHO C
onpeAenHM nHTepBaJrure orAefic'rsfiTeJlHl4 orofiHocru Ha (p CbOTBETCTBIIT
Aa ,
Ha BcflKo AHcKpeTHo ttuu<> )/ ip .

Herca Aa cH npeAcraBuM, qe e4nu fioH, Koraro ce orAareqafa or orpaxatelr

ll5
 npecnqaHr.tBo y jk noAHrKaKbB trbn <p (Qur. l). cBoeTo.{Bt4}r(eHue
:-' tro rpaxonAalHa rpaeKTopur, rofi ue npeceqe orHoBo HHBO, KOTaTO ce
npu6axxaaaAo orpaxareJrr, Ho noA brbn c Apyra croi (p'. bmure (p u cA'ca
o6paruug crorBerHn BeJIHrrltHu . Bpr:ram MexAy crofiuocrr e Br{HarH
CJIEIHATA

(9) g'=2n-<p.
Tyr ute pa3n[qaBaMe rrJrrd g H uHrep na,u L<p ooi op""o npeMr{HaBa-
He, Koraro re ce orHacrr Ao npeMHHaBaHe tra fiou npep"u unro !i* npl or1a_
JIerIaBaHe or orpaxareJlt, T.e. npu orAaneqaBaHe or
nlnor:o Ba MaKCUMaJTHa
fionua nJ*THocr. brrure H HHTepBanHTe np' oopar{o rpeM'HaBaue (npr.r
Ao6luxaaane) u1e HapH'{aMe o6parurl u qe rH 6erexarr,t lc <p' , Lg',io ,

B ctulara Bpb3Ka u{e pa3nnqaBaMe ,,81

BcrKo HHBo .l/ y . Elaa qacruqa ce ABu
or MoMeHTa na geftnolo npaBo npeMHH
s rofiro rr npeMuHaBa orHoBo [pe3 c
ycnoBl'Ie (t'2.1) 3HaeM' qe Ha HHBara Ha orp'Kenne (yrol",Jy'z,*,) croftHocrn.re
HA 9 CA B TPAHI,IIHTE HA CJIEAHHTE 4AA TIHTEPBATA HA NPABO
'IflHTE
npeMHHaBaHe: I

I
I

(10)

KaKTO r.r qe BbB BCeKH OT Trx syHrqrarra Ha pa3npeAeleHra{ ua fiouu're *yo(e)no

g e KoHcraHra
i

(ll) *0,(,p)=rc,,'(Q)=r,,u(e)=*=ronr,, q
F{or",}
TaKa qe

(r2) I*0,(*)oo = i*,,,(r) & ='i*,,,(d)o = r

arPtu o r I

Aro npunoxr.rrra (9) sa ga npeo6pasynave ( I 0) n ( I 1

),ro r nonyqilM rQ',AQ',jou
Kio(q')na fionur:e B MoMeHTHre, Kor.rro HenocpeAcrBeno :-AAT T'XHOTO
orpDKeHHe, T.e. tfJrrdre, r{HTepBarrHTe n
Synxqnr.rre na AeneHr{e npuobparHo
"npeuuHaBaHe", a HMeHHo

l16
 lAd,,* =dlfr.dl'J =(zl,-q,H) {2,-,pl'iil) =zlr-n l
(r 3) = n = a9'ao = AQzo
lod,'*- =.fl$ -rilf.=@n-,pX) {2"-.pX) =r,-o J

KAKTO H qE

(14) noo(e') =rro(2n-p)=*or(e)=consF*, 7E

tt 2n

J"r,(*)o = J",'o(q) & = I*,,,(q)ap = r

Agio

Eeg Aa AoKa3BaMe rqe o6o6rquM, qe Ha Bccto HtlBo t i* tPI[14 npaBnre Lg ii* H

o6parrure A<p'on uurepnaltH or AeficrsrdrerHt crofiHocrr.l Ha g ca:
- HenpeKbcHarH;
- eAHaKBH no roJreMHHa il B rpaHnqu 0<Lg,io=Lgl',Sfi, raro no
ycnoBne uafi-uarrco Lg,ro^ Lg ,ro l.rMar HyneBu crofiuocru;
- p3afiMHo cr,rMerpil'{Hn B HHTepBana 10,2n ] ua essruoxu{re crofiHocrl{ Fta
tp c qeHrsp Ha cnMerpnr r. I = tt oT MncneHaraoc Gp ;
-JlHBepcHr,r no pa3noJroxeHue B ABara nolyo6eua cnprMo r, I = n (nanp.
aKo q=tAq'ol ,ro 0<g<7r,HoaKo qetAqrrolro nSg32n1.
Orxoso ,rpes (9) MoxeM 4a ce y6e4uu, ue Qynrcqufire Ha pp3flpeAeneHHe Ha
fioHnre cborBerHo'no q H p' ua eAHo npou3BoJrHo nnzo !ip ca]Aae c[MerpuqHr4
$ynrcur.rn c oc Ha cuMerplrr npaBara I = n or MhcJreHa npaaorrufiua KoopAHHarHa
cilcreMa q&^(q)ocBeH roBa, recHo Mox(e Aa ce cro6pasu, a lo-HararbK H rr{e
rioxaxreu, qe apryMeHTbr q e HenpeKrcH na n HeJrnnefiua Qynruut mnepruKaJlHara
KoopAnHara Ha qacrnrlara. Tagu H
pa3npeAene"r. *7*(e) n r7*(g') rara
(nx.(10),(13)) na urnara Ha orpoKeHue,
Qynxqur,l or {p utn <p' B rpaHHUHre Ha
Crrrae'rpurra n neluuefiHocrra Ha K jik

117
 K Zn-qr) = Ku'* (e',) g'r=2rt-9t
a
(1s)
ri Zn - <pr) = Kijr (q'r) Q'z= 211 - 92.

A z*Qr

Karo **(q)? *r*(.p,).

I r t- |
* (qrdP = lK ,iodg = l.
Ho raKa qe I *
Atpi* Atp'ir_
I

{nclenoro npecMrraHe Ha BeruquHure Lgi;*il qe onHIneM ro-

HATATGK.
!*(o)
Cera qe norbpcr.rM Bpb3ra Me)r(Ay KoJrr.rqecrBitu ru fionnre, KoHTo
npecHqar ABe ctceAHrl HtrBa B npaBa (o6parHa) nocona. pqeat4Ho e, Lte or Bcl4q-
rH iloHr.r, rofiro ca [peMHHanr npe3 /i*, Hanpurraep r ripara nocoKa, caMo eAHa
qacr or rnx ule AocntnHar Ao cbceAHo uwao !
ip*1. Tash l.racr e nponopqfioHitrHa
HrepBan Le iilrt or nbJrHl,rfl HHTepBaJl
ua fiosure \l***t, KoHro tIpeMHHaBar
tro cfleAHnr HaudH:

(16)

Le i*
I

BeluqnHara \ii*r*t qe HapeqeM npaBo npe4aear{lHo r{Hcno Ha AHcKpe-

ren cnofi (ikk+l) . Onrenu4uo e, ve o6parHgTe npeAarafenuu vytcra, Kor4ro ryK
HflMa Aa fl3non3BaMe, Ca peqHnpoqHH Ha \a1***t. ]

flpanoto npeAaBarenHo qncflo Ha npoh3BoneH rurHpronflacroB cloil (jkl )

MexAy eAHo H3xo,qHo HHBo n eAHo npon3Bonuo uneo yl1 ue orpeAenuM raKa:

(17)
t-ti
0 S\ii*t = \ii***r\4*+t*+2..\yt-rt = < 1' 1l= k +7,k +2,...,n,
[o\i1'***r

ll8
 I

Karo no ycnoBne T16-tn: 0, 3au{oro Hafi-MarKo \qn-r, :O vpef LQ,jr-ro = 0 .

Toraea npeAaBareJrHoro qucJro Me)KAy orpax(arenHoiuneo /;oA eguo

npou3BonHo auto !i1 rqe ce onpeAennTaKa: ]

k
(ls) \p* = !,I70-'"
]

Or ruere npeAaBarenHn qucra (16) ra (18) uoxeu aa onpp.terr{M rernoBara

KoHqeHTparllrfl Ha ra:rH qacr or ftonnre B Mi , Kof,To ce na{aupa nocrorHHo B
cnofi (iklc+l) no cne4uur-HaqHH:

(19) gi1**t= rao*(l - nr**.,). i

Cera rqe onur[eM eAFIa HenuHeftna QyHrqur

pa3cToflHr{eTo MexAy rEoMeTpn'{HnTe r{eHTpoBe Ha e
Hara qHKJroHAaJrHa oKpbxHocr [2]. Croftnocrra Ha
qacrfiqa, ce H3MeHt crbnaJlHo Ha rpaHr,rqara t j* M'
rpaHuuure (.ue6enruam
l\l ioru-"1 ) Ha aceru Ar.tcKf
BEIHqHHA

(20)

t'Pitii* ,(q,
AK, -6
Ak
AK =-
l=lm@l :"on,,=co.u

/\ ))iir*t
'***(utu)
Par*on (9,1 = 'ii*,
-CSAKSI
l1<ak<<l-
r<a,l
<^
e<<l

= const : Co# Co

P*u 9**t
'a*t(q
A* ='[
Ak
l=l#ffi1:*:cn,*cr
 Kl.aero:
limv;i*-., = r,,o,Ei*-" = E.io-,,8i*-, = Bi*-ria,1n-, tfn-,
= , Koraro Lk = -€;
v1i**t* = v|i**ar,Eit*oo = Ei*,81k+tk = 8i1,,@.1**,lr CI1y;trKor-&ToO<Ark<l-ei
=
limv4*ot-" = viik*t,E.ik*r-. = Eip,B.6*r-, - Eli*,@,1k-t-,=io*, *or.uto

A.k = I - ei g * ig**r,g* f g**r.

Pagcloenmo paBeHcrBo (20) norasra, rre aKo e
noA QnKcHpaH rrbn g*, ro rofi, npeutHaeafirn n
npoMeHr HenpeKbcHaTo apnyMeHra g Ha cBC,, BeKT
nocoKa Ha eAHa Qnroapana croilHocr go*,(go*, ,.
cneABaluoro AncKperHo trHBo .J/.;**r.ourcnpaunre crofHocruQ* n g**r (or
Lgiitn A$7**,) ca carpsaHr noMe)r(Ay cH qpe3 Hernu$fina raaucuruocr (20),
raro o6patilMo cb,orB€THH rrJtff Ha ABe cbceAHH HHBa.
Torasa aKo flo3HaBaMe Leitru .o"d rpo,3BoJrHo HHB', ro
"^(q) rcr0.,(e)
HHe MoxeM Aa onpeAeJrHM Le,1o*, Ag,irn*r, "u
Ha cbceAHo HHBo qpe3
MHOTOKpaTH0 peuaBaHe Ha paBeHcTBa oT Bt{Aa

(2t) p,jr(g r) = P7n*,-"(gn*,), (p**r . {aq,-.i}

q, .{a.pro}
naT o us6npaMe nocneAoBarerHo Sr,rxcnpaHr crofiuocru qa g * or r.i3BecTHl.r.s
HHTepBaa aqrr, sa Aa onpeAennu o6paruuo cborBerHHfe (no (20)) aeru.rvnuu
(p1a' , Kohro npuHaArexar Ha HeH3BecrHHr HHrepBaJr Ag,;p*, .

3a 4a norcnnM, HeKa elu pa{rareaao HilBo yio noA

br6n 9 = Qo,9o € tAg,;o I y) noA Apyr 6rbn gr,
qHflTo croEnocr Mo)r(eM
Aa o au{ Ha gu u (21) raro
H3BeCTHa BerHqHHa r peuaBaHe cnpflMo g, .oruoeo
v;ies sauecreaHe e (21)
Ha 9r' no Beqe Karo u3BecrHa BeJrHqHHa lr peuaBaHe a yclnoaurra na cnofi (il2)
HHe Mo)r(eM Aa onpeAelnu croftHocrra Ha brbrl
e,, Ha HilBo .yi, u
r.H.caeaosareJrHo qpe3 [ocneAoBarenHo peuaBaHe na (21) nne
MO)r(eM Aa
cbnocraBnM Ha BcrKa cry.raftua Benr.rqftHa g go nd eaHo ceN.reic,reo
= oT
Qnrcupaun crofiuo,cTr'r pp, noA KoHTO OTAeJrHr.rrr fiou u1e llpecuqa EcHqKH
Bb3xoArr{r'r Hrrsa. Toraea ABHXeHHeTo Ha orAensnr fiou a ptvt
ce xapaKrepfi3Hpa
c eAHa qHcnoBa peAHqa , B Korro caMo nbpBnrr qreH ( rp g, ) e cnyvafiua
=
BEJIl,|qHHA

(22) eo(q)= (,p = qo),g, ,e2,..,e p,..,9,rt.

q,,.{A,f,r"}

120
 .{rlxnnara Ha qucJroBaTa peAHqa (22) e npoMeHnHBa BenHqHHa. Axo

!1r e Hail-encororo Al4cKpeTHo HHBo, Ao Koero eAnn fiou Aoolflra cIeA aKr Ha
orpoKeHfie, ro BcHrrKH Sr.rrcupaHr.r crofiHocru B peAuqara or 9**r ,qo (Prt ca
Hynu.
CreAosarerno (2 l) e aHarltrnqHo cpeAcrn,o, Koero ifo3BontBa Aa ce
u3rpaAl cKaJlapHoro noJle B PM no nef uunun're Ha
pr*(q) LQ,in,LtP,i**,,*oo(o)" q,;(q)Ha BcnrrKr wnva )/ip'
f vpee (16)'(18) n
(19) n no crofiHocrxTe Ha \ii*,.t,\iio*,14 8i1***r.
Cera sera Aa ch npeAcraBnM ABH)KeH[ero Ha orAereH fioH Me)KAy ABe
nocneAoBareJlHH orpa)KeHut. Mex
cno6ogen(6es orpaxeHne) 4pefrQ no4
Bcerm aKr Ha 4uQysuo orpalreHhe npe
cBrqeBpeMeuuo fi AaBa cnyqaen (no <p )
no clcraBHa (Wa) unu npoc"ra (Wt)
napaMerpH ( vik, E.tk u 8.6), Ho ct c clyuafiHa Sasona .qutxnnh . B rosl,t cryuafi
noBbpxHocruurr Apefi{r na ilouure or PftC n PM uoxe Aa 6lrle pa3no)KeH Ha
eAHa rrOcTOqHHa 1,t Ha eAHa c-nyUafiua CKOpOCTHa KOMIIOHeHTa Ha ABH)KSHHe [rO
ocra Ox . 3a Aa h3Bbplxl4M raKoBa pa3noxeHue e neo6xqArMo Aa 3HaeM
IoIeMHHaTa Ha BchqKH Bt:tMOxHn (nO tp ) SarOor nbTnqai H3MnHaBaHH oT
qHKnoHAanHhTe oKpb)r(H6cTl4 3a BpeMeHaTa Ha cao6oAe+i ApefiQ Mex(Ay
MoMeHrHre Ha ABe noc.neAoBa'nenHH oTpax(er,un l2),3a aa Pfl3noxr'rrvr fiouttl'ts
noToK (npu noatpxHocreH Apefi$) 11o cJIoeBe, ule HH e ueo6xoAl{Mo ;la
onpeAennM otqe H Bb3Mo)KHHTe Qaroera flbTHUla BbB BIHIUHHI {iloAo6eM Ha BctKo

urn Ha nbr' Kotro

"r-(t(e)) Sfsoar'rr
Ha xoMofeHuo nerro$no noJte Wt,l@).
fleMnHara Ha norosHilara or rlarorur
nbT, l43MIrHaBaH OT UHKIIOHAaJTHa OKpbxHocT 3a BpeMeTor B KoeTo r{acTlrqaTa
Ce HaMHpa BbB BbHmHl.tr noAO6eu Ha npOH3BOnHO HHBO lir,lwttOuI4TenHO ?I 3a

!p

(23)

a;ip = (D no,Eir = Ep,B.1*; 8,.(P(,,)

121
 flo-natamr Oyrrquma or (23) qe 6erexaM orpc,creHo c
"r-(€(q))
"^(q)'
Oyurqurta e 4e$r.runpaHa B qenu., r{Hreppan [0,2n] Ha Bb3Mo]r(-
"*(rp) HJIoxl,IMa caMo BbB BIHIITHMTe noao6e-
qacrnrlure e cqo6o4Ho (nrva olpaxe-
Ha noBtpxHocTeH apefiQ Qynrqr.rrra
raBo npeMHHaean$, T.e. 3a trjrr4 o,r g = 0
Ao 9=n B roputrr noayo6eu usabrlrror <p-n !o g=2n B AoJtHr,lf,
nolyo6eu.
Pearno, a qpe3 (23) u aHaJrHTHrrHo, Saeonure nfrn'1u Ha ABe rrpor,_
BoIIonoxHH no 3HaK n eAHaKB[ no Maca u ereKTp]rrrecrrl sapr4 (m,=rn, q__q2)
qacrHuH' KoHTO ,UocrHra'n nuno
!.p c eAHaKbB trul $ n npu paEHH Apyft4
ycnoBut ( 4ir = vz.1*, Ei*, Bi), no cJreAHHr HaqHH:
"ucBbp3aHu

(24)
",.n(q) = -[" - ",,o(q)].
oynrqurra e np,nox(n*a 3a H3cneABaHq
H Ha ceo6oAe' (6ee
orpoKeH'e) lpefiS"*(q)
sa fiosa noA Aeficrrile Ha BeKTopHO l(r1.none Tarca na_
np[Mep aKo s PM e orcrpaHeH MeXaHnqHHrr orpiD(arel ( yr) ro fiourre rqe
,
H3BbpuBar Apefi$ npu ABH)KeHHe no nbJlHH Tpaxof4AanHn TpaeKropln.
lr'lcrcperunre eKBHHT4BA !.1r urc pa3AeJrrr ycJroBHo re3H TpaeKTopHr4 J[HHH|{ Ha
ropHu rt AoIIHn qacrH. (Darosnre nbrnula Ha MHcJreHa qni<lor.l4anna oKp,b)r(Hocr
no ABere qacrH Ha eAHa ycnoBHo pa3AeneHa rpaeKropHa
finnw Morar 4a 6r4ar
onpeAeneHH noorAerHo, B rpaHuur.rre Ha eAHH nbJreH rpafi.or.l4aleH qHKrn, qpe3
peuaBaHe na (23).
B rpaur.rqure Ha eAHH rrJreH TpaxonA:rneH qHKb' uHKroHAanHa
"r.{"n""utu
oKpbx(Hocr Ha orAerHuc froH H3MuHaBa
$asoe nrr or 2yt paAAaHa.
(23)sa rpoH3BonHa croftHocr Ha q B r{repnan [0,2n], ro u1e
Arco peuruv
o[peAenuM noroBH]Hara ua Qasoeur nbr or eAHara crpaH{ Ha npor43BorH0 HHBO,
Aro npn paBHM Apyn4 ycnoBur peuruM orHoBo (23), uo sa
{6par"vo cborBerHara
(9) ua ntpalfl brar, To u{e nonyqr,rrrr rioroeuHara Ha r[rasoarar
Ha cbrqoro uuno. Cyuara Ha ABere pfureuna o6paryua e4no
0

(2s) * ooo(zn--.p)= crro(e')= n, <p'= 2n

"*(e) "ro(q)+ - q.

t22
 PaeeHcrso (25) aonasoa, ue {yurqurra "*(q) e cuHre3lpaHa BflpHo, KaKro

H qe Mex(Ay npoqecl4re Ha,,HMfI" nph roBtpxHocreH r'r cno6o4pu ApefiQ I4Ma oute

eAHa (ocBeH (8)) QoprvraaHa SyHrquoH:rJIHa Bpb3Ka. .

Cera HeKa Aa aHann3uparrle $yHrquma o*(q) nra epe$ero, npeAr I{ GneA
Afl HA
viir n
HC HA

o orpeAeJIeHO qpe3 KoMnoHeHTnre Ha

BeKropHoro nOne ( Ei1,,Bi*',), Korro ule Aeficrsar Bbpxy Hefl or nuno )/ip HaralaK.
Ho upes paBeHcTBa (7) w (21) rrloxeu Aa onpeAeJrHM eAFo3HaqHo UtJIaTa
npeAgcropv$ Ha ABI4:6eHHero Ha qacrl'luara Ao !.;*, a [reftuoro 6taeuto
ABHrceHHe Aa npeAonpeAeJrr.tM
qpe3 3aAaBaHe Ha Apyfo npoH?BonHo xoMoIeHHo

BeKTopHo noJle, Koero Aeilcrga s

CreAonareluo QyHrqurla
Ha ftonu noA Aeficrere Ha BeKTopHo non
Ctmacuo (3), Wfzr,l ce H3MeHt crbnzlJl
wnsa u /.it. MeNAY Te3H ABe HHBa HenpeKbcHarure edJlNqnHI'I I t'l v1*
/1r-,
npaKTHqecKH He ce npoMeHrT, AOKaTo Qasoaara tpynrudr ce H3MeHt cbc
cKoK,TaKa qe

(26) o*-,(q) *o*(q), e<<1.

Tyr u1e 3aBtplul,lM t43rpaxAaHero Ha cKaJlapHoTo noJIe,B?M rlaro Ha BctKo HHB6

Jli* cbnocraBHM no 4ue SyHrqr.r, a,;o-,(Q) ra (x,;t(A), *olrto ca eAHo3HaqHo
onpeAeJteHu qpe3 n3BecTunre C'rofisoCTu Ha BCllqKO CeAeM napalvfeTpllrlHl'l BeJIHIIHHH
(vi1r,E7-r= Ei*-t,E.ir,Bio-"= B.in-r,8.1*,ayr-"=(oi1*-t u @iir) n sa BcnqKn
crofiuocru Ha cBos ap['yMeHr Q B rpaH6qgre Ha H3BecTeH l'rnrepean Ag.it'.

3. Peruesus sa eAHOMepHa 3aAaqa [pu

uoBbpxHocreH ApeHQ

3,.1. Peureuue e nbpBo npu6,luxeur'le

perueHue Ha eAHPMepHa 3aAaqa 3a

I] [2] e HaMepeHo
onpeAenrHe MaKpocKOnH Ham cKopocr Ha fioHttTe npn noftpxuocTeH apefiQ
s PM noA AefrcrBue Ha [ocrotHHo H xoMofeHHo BellropHo noJle \tl

123
 ( Eso:const, B,o
=onst).
3aqoro ro ce orHacfl Ao eAnocrtnaJrHa anpoKcr,rMarrns lqi
npoHsBOnHO pa3npeAeneHHe no ocra Ha eJreKrpnqecKm ae{rop.
Ile onuureu roea
peueHHe KaTO H3nOJt3BaMe npHeTHTe Beqe o3HaqeHhr.
Ypaaneuurra Ha ABnx(eHHe Ha orAeneH fion n rp{nraqnre Ha BpeMeBn,,
I4HrepBan MexAy ABe nocxeAoBarenHn npeMHHaBaHur
ua] qacr,qara B npaBa H
o6pa'rHa nocoKu npe3 HHBo /.1p nnar cJteAHH, BUA:

= *u+ vp,*
(e{rin(r,,rt - e s.r(q)). sin a,;r (o)] -
(27) l* *t
l-. = r r[ / z r\ , r.r
lt /.ir * vp iir(e{cos1ro,,or - a*(g),| _ cosaro(g11,
KbAero xo e a6qxca
n-e
nocoKa; v=l;el -
= JliPe nPaBa
ytHBepclrraB
nocoKara Ha orpaxe
flocoKara Ha
[paBo npeMnHaBaHe
npaBo (q)
u o6parHo (g') nperuuHaBaH
Koero e npuero, qe HMa HyneBa c.rofiH
HaMupa e r. (xs,/.i*).
Aro HgnoasBaMe, KaK'ro B [2], nbpBoro ypaBHeHHe ir (27), To MoxeM Aa
onpeAen,M cpeAHara apefiQoea cKopoc'ir@) orh"nnura qacrlrqa 3a
"u
Ha uefiHoro npaBo n o6parHrp npeMHHaBaHe npe3
BbpxHocreH ApefiQ no ocra Ox naorAerHara qacrflua

(28) niu@)= vo;roprr(e)# -+= u*(rp)-+

c o*(q)o (2E) e o3HaqeHa, r.Hap. s r.2.4 cnyua]fina KoMnoHeHra Ha
cKopocrra Ha orAerHa qac'r'l.rqa, c Korro rr ce ABI4'(H no ocra 0x na
FM npra
noBbpxHocreu 4pefiS no4 geficrnne Ha xoMoreHHo nerrofno ,on"
9ficrosara BeJruqaHa \,1.
Erc / Brc n (2S) np"o"lurnrBa cborBerHo
nocrorHHara KoMnoHeH,ra Ha .apefif,osar.a cKopocr.
cena ule ce orKJroHHM, 3a Aa a*a'Iu3ilpa^e KpalrKo cgoficreata Ha cny-
qafiHara KoMnoHeHra Ha cKopocrra u*(q)
np" noC"pxHocreH Apefi;.
@yHrqunra u*(q)e eAHo3HaqHo onpeAereHa B rpaH4r-r're Ha BpevreBfl,
HHTepBan MexAy ABe nocJIeAoBareJIHH orpax(eHut Ha or4enHara qacrHqa,
Ho
rre clyvafiua Qyxrcqr'rn vper cryuaftHara croilHocr ua ceof apryMeHr
cleA g

t24
BcrKo orpaxeHr.re. Oyurqurru uon(rp) e onpe,[eJleHa caMo BtB BbHlllHHfl
rToAo6eM Ha r,r3cneABaHoTo HABD !ip,3aIUOTO TaM TpaeKTOptlHTe JII,IHIdH He Ca
AeoopMr{paH[ qpe3 oTpa)KeHHs.
MOXeM AA C!nOCTaB4M Ha BCeKH bl-bJl
e B ropHI,It [oJlyo6+M lro eAHH brbJl
npeMHHaBaHe B AoIHHt [onyo6eM.
a t^
ai.,o\zTE-q)
\ ca 3a BcrrKa
qBbp3aHH
raKaBa 4rofixa buru qpe3 (25) u (28) no cJreAHLrt HaqHH:

(2e) a,ro(2n- q)= -#S r,,o(q) , o=*f".

Cera Hena Aa cH npeAcraBt,tM, qe orptDrarersl e PM e ot'opanen (uln rofi
e craHaJr npoHnqaeM), xaro npr,i roBa Btpxy fiouure He e ona3aHo HaKatcro
Apyno srgAqftcrsHe. B pa6,orHHq o6eN,I qe Hacrbntr cJIeAHHTe u3MeHeHut:
- fiouure or BceKH nonyo6eru qe ce pa3npeAeJltr s o6ular o6er'r;
- fiounre ule ce ABHxmr no nbflHH TpaxoLIAaJIHu rpaentopnr.
PM, a nofiro orpaxarentr e orcrpaHeH, T.e. B ro{'ro e npeMaxHar
"reneparopa" Ha cry,{aiiuu no q orpa:rceHufl Irle Hape'{eM npeBAoorpaKareJreH
PM. B PIZC sa rceBAoorpol(areJtHnfl PM ue ce reHepupar clyvafiur,r cbcrofll{Ht
H creAoBareluo rpr6aa,qa npeAnono)I(HM, qe clyvafiua'ra xorundueHra a,,n(,g) ,ru
HyneB npuHoc 3a orpeAensFle cxopocrra Ha fioHure rnpu cno6o.{eu (or orpaxennr)
Apefi$ noA Aeficraue Ha (,1 . flocneAHoro rpeAilonolceHud rue AoKaxeM ro-
HaratbK. Tyrc ure nocoquM caMo, qe cpeAHara apefirloea crcopopr no Ox Ha BcTJKH
I,IBO H

ABAHE
([) l'l

crofi uocrnte Ha Beqe ircee4oclyv ai*ture

aHH no cne.[HHc Haq[H:

(30) u,n(q') = aijk(2n- a) = -##l- "*(q) .

EAHaxsara Qoprvra Ha paBeHcr va (29) n (30) noKa3Ba or-rfe eaHa (sN. (E) n
(21)) QoptvtanHa QynrcquoHaJlHa Bpb3Ka MexAy lpeHocufare npoqecu npl4
rroBbpxHocreH H cso6c,4eH gpefiQ.
V tarcpat oue eAHo ceoilcrso
^' "-'-r-" -- Ha SyHrcrlrrru
---- rJ'- -
u,n(g).
K \ | ,f fipet 3aMecrBaHe B
(28) voNeu 4a ce y6ep1rM, rre aKo ABe eAHaKBn, Ho nporl4noiitoloxtto 3apeAr3HH

125
 qacrurlu(If,t = frz,Qr = -Qz) 4ocmrua
eAHaKrB rrul Q eAHo [por{3BoJrno HH
/\
n azi*\g) KaKro B PM , rara HB nceBAoo
HI,I BEqE HAq}IH I

(31) uru(q)=-ffiu,,r.
I

Cleg HanpaBeHoro orKJroHeHHe ue npoAbn*r" otfo"o H3cJreABaHero Ha

noBbpxHocrnur 4pefiQ ua fionu noA Aeficrsue ua Wtt . I

Hera 4a y"to*"" c ou r"t..p"p"ir. nporcBeAe'uero B

!2s) "*(q) "
rpaHHrrHre Ha uHTepBara Lg iir, raKa KaKTo roBa e uanpaneio n [2] sa orpaxareJrHo
HHBo yrc. II{e nolyvrrM MaKpocKonr{qHara apefi$oea crcopoc.r (no ocm Ax) aa
Ta3h qacr or ftoHHltrl noroK, KoflTo ce HaMHpa nocrorHHo mf nturuHnr uoAo6errl ua
ttUlO ! ip, a HMeHHO i

(32) f,
' iiktt - [ "*(r)r'rrb
aq ijk
-ff=o.

Axo sanuureM orHoBo (32) za ABere HHBa ua orpaxpnrle, To Karo orr{ereM

(l l) u (29) ue nonyqnM

(33)

rf
vitoo= *J / \,
a'o\A/dP-d .Ero

2r
v
i@l= vtjoo = v iz,o =* (p)ap - j; = *t e)dp -+ =
Ju,,o "t,Q"-
= -*Jf*%",,0(q)rftp-*

ABe peueHH,t B n6pBo npu6luxeune (vour) na e4uouepu{ ra4ava, onpeAensqa

t26
cpeAHara cKopocr Ha fioHnre o"r MinpH noBbpxHocreH Apef$. .{eere peureHl,ls B
nbpBo npN6nuxeuue ce pa3nu"?"tt no eAHH r$yurquoaanerf uuoxt'l'ren npeA
noAnHrerpanHara BeJrHr{[rna a,o(tp),
Or ryx HararbK creneHTa na npr6l xeHHe ue orfemgsaup c uucleH uHAeKc
B MaJrKr,r cro6u, caMo Kon€tro peueHuero ce orHact Ao qrrloro u3cneA-BaHo
noAMHox(ecrno M, uJrH MHoxecrso M(nanp. v,ilo) za M, uttl v j{r1za Mnpu n
-ro npa6luxeHr.re).
Cera uera Aa np[noMHHM, r{e nrocKutr PM e gaMecrBalq Ha eAHH Il3xoAeH
qr.rfluHApr,rqeH MoAeJr , xofir{r nua rpafinu no norgMHHa: nepnupmp Ha HanpeqHo
ceqeHue 12nRioo2n!.io) n o6pasynarerrHa no ocra Oz.Toravl eneKrpnsecKuflr
rorc, rofiro reqe B paAfl{urHHre FpaHHrIlr (R.ioo !'io u Rr* yr) Ha [oHHl.r.q
qHnHHAbp, Mox(e Aa ce onpeAenn B nbpBo. nplt6ltnxeune or Bc.f,Ka crpana Ha
orpoKarens u c ror{Hocrra ( R.io o /is >> ffi ,tzllnu KoaKcfiarl-Ho-
"r""p.{Hufl
nJlocbK MoAeneH rrpexoA IIo cJreAHHs HaqHH: I

(34) Iii(,)= f 6oo = q,# *^-= E,+#h)

rtAero 1,;11; e n'bpBo npn6rnxenHe Ha TeoperuqHo rurarccfruanuHs eJleKrF 14-

LrecKH roK, nopoAeH or poraquoHHara ApefiQoaa KoMfloHeHta n AeuxeHnero

ua fioHnre or M,' Lt,,o- BpeMero, 3a Koero frouure o'r M, uzuuuazat

orpor(arenHxr nepuMerup ( 2nR,u) ua usxo4Hl,t.fl ulinuHaflruen MoAeJl cbc
cKopocr vl\D.
Cera uera Aa ce BrpHeM KbM nJrocKur PM u aa peunM (3p) m ABe cbceAHH
ausa )/i1, r4 /j**t . ,(aere peureHHs Vir, vt Vq**to, KaKTo 4 npeAaBars;porTo
qltcJlo \A*r*t(16\ onpeAennr MaKpocKo[Irr{Hara cKopocT viikt Ha ra3H qacr
or fionuus noroK, Kosro ce HaMHpa nocrotHHo B AucKpere]u cnofi (ikk+l),a
UMCHHO:
v ii*n - l1 iikk+t v ii**l u
(3s) t,v
ijkk+l - 1-rliiu*t

Torasa teruroBara KoMnoHeHra Ha ApefiQoeara cropocr na ftolrare or M, , Kovno

ce HaMlfpar s crofi (tkl<+1), e onpeAeneHa qpes nporcBeAeHnerd na (19) u (35) no
CJISAHII' HAqHH:

(36) g i1***t vi.1t

** t = \,i, rlv*, - \ryr* ,iyo* ,)

127
 Ho amo 3HaeM apeilSorara cKopocr
To no aHaJlonnr c (34) ule MoxeM Aa onp
B p4AuarrHr.rre FpaHruH ( &o o lit, $**r
B H3XOAHltr MOAeJtl

M;viiu,t
(37) Iriikk*t = I- ry**tQ- i t\ fr;

Torasa orHocrTeJrHt{flT efl B npon3Boles clofi ua

j

rccneABaHr4re MoAenH qe nonyq (ll) (34) s crrenHfls BvrA:

(38) iijr**t= "
. i

Cera aro cyMupaMe (35) no k u npnpar""" p..j,nr?fia c rrBara crpaHa

ua (33), To llle nonyquM eAHo rbxAecrBeHo paaeucTap, Koero npeAcraBntBa
orHoBo r.Hap. nbpBo npa6lrxeHne Ha 3aAaqura 3a noeJtpxHocreH Apeii$, raro
peueHHero e pa3noxeHo Beqe no refroBu clcopQcr-HH KoMrroHeHTH B
AHcKperHHTe cnoeBe na PM, a hMeHHo:

il-l

(3e) v
s
ii1 -- ./8 i1***rv i1***t
k=0

Marpocrcona'{Hala cKopocr vdl(39) ce orHacs car'r! ao BoAMHo-)Kewzo M,

or M =Z t t,. Crcopocrla vlr; Ha rroarpxHocreH Apefi$ ts rbpBo npu6ruxeuue),
i!
c Korro ce ABHXH MaCOBurr ueHTbp (sa nlocrn PM) ua ufroxecr-uoro Muoxe 1a
ce npeAcraBn Karo cyMa or napq[aJrHr4 cKopoc'rHu rounorfeuru t/41;

s\-€tl = g,
vl() = )-,
(40) 8 iv a1r1 L LI ijk,*tv ii***r .
ii*=01
i

3.2. Peureur,reB n- ro npn6nr,rxeHde

I

3a4auara ca noBbp
npu6lnreuuf,, Konro cbBnaAar no @prr,ta c
AKo seruqLruure $,1p1,*1 u Vii***t
Ha crbnaJrHnTe KoMnoHeurn ( E.ie,Bi*)

128
peueHr.tc B ll - TO npH6JIll)|CeHHe, o[peAenqT CKOpOCTta Ha nOBbpXHOCTeH
KOI4TO
ncrne
ApeilO Ha fioHrre oT ABere cTpaHll Ha oTpoKaTent no,4 AeficTBlIe Ha BeKTopHo
Mc nponeaonHo pa3npe,qeneHue no ocra Ha eneKTpn'{ecKttt Beqrop, a HMeHHo

n-l
(41) v.i(,\=It,',,r,,,=1t,E iikk+tviikk+t.

3a Aa noscs1M HeKa Aa. npheMeM, qe cMe npecMerHaJlu AppfiQonata cKopocr

vijo, Ha ftonute or M, u'rtxl{ara reuoBa KoHueHrpaqus g,l$ s ntpsna cloil
(T 0l) or Aeficlsne
e1Hara crpaHa Ha orpol@rens npn rHo

norre WrlE,,.Bro) , Aro aHaflH3upaMe ABere Ben ) s

pa3rupHar BHA, ro ule ce y6ie4mu, qe re ca HHBapHaHTH Ha

]%1 uantn BbHIIIHOTO UUstt !'.1 Ha cros, s xofiro re ca onpgAeJleHH'

Torasa HeKa Aa ch [peAoraBHM, qe or HHB9 I,,3anowa Aa Aeficrsa Ap:iro
BeKTopHo noJle, KoeTo e xoMoreHHo B'bB BIHuHHJI noAo6eu Ha cbuloTo HltBo'
Ffanpavep HeKa B o6erraa Ha MHoronJlacroBtlt cnoil (,fln) seu$ Aa Aeficrsa norte
c KoMnoHeHru E,, vt B , o"r (3). gpes peuaBaHe na (32\ rr.rox{eu Aa onpeAenHM
ApefiQoeara cKopocr Ha ilonure Vijr, BbB BbHlIlHt4c nolo6eM Ha HIlBo l/i l ltpw
Aefic'rsue ta E,, , 8,, Toralra nponopqnoHanHara cyMa

(42) vi,\r) = Siiotviiot -t 8i1nv11,

rrpeAcTaBnqBa peueHr.le BbEr BTOpO npu6luxeur4e Ha 3aAaqaTa, 3a11o4o ce oTHaCt

Ao ABycrbnaJlHo BeKTi)pHo flofle W121 . l7o-uaraTtK aKo uilcneuo
pa3noxHM

BbHurHr,rf, noAo6eu Ha HHBct y I Ha ABa crct (ilz) u (Pn), npPcMerHeM

virz t4
giltz sycnoBufl ta E,, tt B,rzaAaleu HIKaKBH HoeH crofiHocru E,, n B,rw (3) ua
noJrero e croil (i2n),npecuerrteM viru npn Aeficreneaa E ,^ Bi' H cyMHpaMe
TerJroBr.rre cKopocrHu KioMnoHeHrn sa iloHure B rpHTe clos ((l0l),(i 12) u
(i2n)),
To ule [onyqHM vilsl , "f .e. 'rpe'ro npuolH)KeHHe Ha 3aAaqaTa u
T'H'

4. flcen.qoorpaxareJleH MerQA

ITonyueuure AoceFa pe3yJlTaru Morlar Aa 6tAar Hs-

froJr3BaHH 3a peuaBaHe Ha eAHOMe
cKonHqHara 4pefiQoea oKoPocr Ha
npocrpaHcrBo noA 4efirctaue ua n
eneKTpH'{ecKo noJle c npoH3BOJllHO p{l:lnpe

129
 Pe'renuero Ha ropHara 3aAaqa ule AeMor{crpr{paMe geficrrue
xoMoreHHO BeKTOpHO none irrpao npn Ha
wl , "r.e.ue noKa)r(err,r
npu6anxenne rrpeg nceBAoorporareneH
e{no peureHr{e r} n6pBo
Hera fiosure or eAHo no.rlMHoxe
ren apefiO H4A orpararsrr a pM (
Axo clr [peAcraBHM, qe cMe
oKoKeM HHKaKBo Apyro ars4eficrnue r
or ABeTe cTpaHr,t Ha HHBO yo.
Terrosara KC)HqeHTpauus. Ha ra3n rtacr or fionnr$, Kosro cneA pa3npe_
AeJreHHero, ule cie HaMHpa rrocrorHHo B AOJlHr4r nfnyo6erra e paBHa -Ha
orHocureJrHoro BpeMe aa npecroft ua fioxure B cbrqHr no1yo6eu.
Taelr rpera no
nua (ryr) rernoBa KoHqerpalluq Moxe Aa ce npeAcraBr H rineo6nasfua qpe3
(25) e
cneAHHs Br{I:

(43) siz=491 =#.1, ,,0(2o- e)dp = a,,o(,p)Jap

- .

]#lt"
Asalorsqno rerJloBara KoHI{eHTparllrr na
ftourlre or M, s ropuux
nolyo6ev (cae4 orcrpaHrBaHe na orpaxarelr) ttte 6tst

(44)
L\ /\
8it = i,, Jo,,o(q)dP
o
r{p" }roHaflHn Bpb3KH (N),(ZS) r,r (30) Me)r(Ay
npeHocHuTe eu u crc,6oAen apsf6, KaKro n vpes (33)
ce AoKa3Ba" pocT vn1 ua fionfrre, KonTo ce HiitMr.rpaT
HaA HHBO )'o ne ce npoMeHq cneA orcrpaHf,BaHe Ha otrpaxareJr{,
BbnpeK}r
pa3npeAeneHHero Ha qacrnqure B ABara nolyo6eua.
AndloruqHo Moxce Aa ce
AoKa)Ke, qe ftoHure noA lo B nceBAoorporareJrHufl pM be
ABHxar no Ax ctc
cpeAua 4pefi$ona cropocr y,21,; or (33).
Aro cyuupaMe cKopociure ( vo
flpoflopq[oHaJrHo Ha TerroBHTe KOHU
(33),(43) u (44) npeo6paryeaMe roJryqe
n grofinu HHTerpanM r{ c6Kpart'tM, To
1
(4s)
v;(rl=-s^ -.
LEiivaul =-E;'
Ero

.Ilpcuara crpaHa sa ('45) cbBnaAa no 3HaK u crofinocr ,frr""r"n reoper'qeH H

" cxopocr
eMnlrpuqeH pe3ynra'r. Ccena.qeHuero AoKa Ba, .re,4peftQoear{
Ha fioua noA

130
AeHCTBne Ha HanpeqHr4 ManHHTHO H eneKTpnqecKo none Aa ce npeAcTaBH
KaTO nponopquoHarHa cyMa oT ABe nceBAooTpD(aTenHH KOMllOHEHTI,I.
flcea4oorpaxareJrHurr MeroA no3BoJrrBa Heflporu peIIIeHr{e Ha
clrllaTa 3aAaqa B ycnoBl,tt Ha BercopHo [oJre cbc cTSnaJrHo (3).
3a uema e AocrarbqHo ra onpeAentlM TenroBllTe $ii ffifiottute
e gaara nonyo6erua npu 4eficilBne Ha
\2o1 .Payeucma (43) u (44) ,qo6ucrcreAHru
yHHBepcaneH BHA

(46)

(,r'*-')40

so=+ Ti

KbAero T,/- e cpeAHo BperMe ua npecroi na fionure or cTpaHa Ha

"1a""".
ficeBAoorpaxareJ', T, =Zti - cpeAen rep'oA UTE UI,IKJI}I B
.i=l / . .\
nceBAoorpar(arerHur PM, ry-BpeMe na npecroft na HOH B CJIOII

Ukk+l\, qo(q) - qncroBara peauqa or (22), a,jk(q k) il d ii**r-" o*,) ca Qy"^'tnt

ua Qaroaur nbr Ha orAeJreH fton, npecuernaru Bbpxy na croft (ikk+l),

ax. (26\, g* H e**r ca ABe nopeAHH Qnxu.rpauH crofiHocru qu(q)

Toraea cyMara

(47)

npeAcraBnrBa perueHr.re e (2n)

-npu6lu
cpeAHara apefiQoea cKopocr na fionu (
ManHHTHO n eneKTpHrrecKo noJte c n
eneKTpxqecKHfl Bermop.

131
 5.O6crNa ame Ha noryrreHuTe pesynraru

Hauepeun ca p
KOJILtqeCTBeHa OIIeHKA C )KeIaHa TOr{H
ceo6ogeu apeftQ na ftonn B ycraHoBeH
pa3peAeHa fioHLBHpaHa cpeAa u nocrorHHo MaTHHTHo nole aKcuanHa noJupH3aqlrt
{
pa4vurHo pa3[peAeneH ue.
^
O6ocHogaH e [ceBAoorpaxareJreH MeToA 3a KoJrhr{ecrBeHa oqeHKa ua fioseu
noroK s o6erua
Ha 3aKpr,rr [Jra3MeH \unAHA'bp, rc<lftro ce nrpfa oKono porauHoHHara
cH oc noA Aeficrnue Ha aKcHaJrHo Ma|HHTHO nOle. A(o cu npeAcraBnM, qe
AIrcKperHHTe opAHHartr !i*
B nJrccK.rs PM (Srar.l) ca 4ncfrperuvt paA[ycvt R,n na
[na3MeHuf, uHnHHAbp,'ro oueHKHTe x.le Ce OTHaCflT AO:
- TeopeTHqHo MaKCHMaJIHaTa MaKpocKorrHr{Ha bfJIoBa cKopocT Ha nJla3MeHHt
V
uHnHHAbp ( o>(2,) = +,
r<^
eN.(47));
- pa3[peAeJreuuero Ha oTHocI,tTeJtHH 11

foJreMI4Ha B KOaKCHanHHTe CJIOeBe Ha qH

- pa3flpeAeneHnero sa fiouure no
LlsnecrHo e npeAnonoxeHr,re, qe Bc a
c nocTorHeH npHTOK Ha BBHUTHa eHep a
fioHuslrpana cpeAa u aKcuaJrHo MarHnr a
TepMoAr{HaMHqHO paBHOBeCHe, npr4 Koero crcraauurB reJra Ha cn4creMara
ocbrrlecrBflBaT cuHxpoHHo poTauHoHHo BtpTeHe [3].
MarnurocSepnTe Ha ecrecrBeHlrre KocMHqecKH renh uorar oflpocreHo Aa
ce cBeAar Ao cHc'reMu or ropHur rnn. CleAoBareJrHq, HanpaBeHoro e [3]
npeA[oJloxeHue uua eneAH'Ag oMI4CbJI - eCTeCTBeHnre KocMHrtecKH Tera hMaT
[apaMerpH Ha oceBo B6preHe, Kohro ca ofipeAereun irpea napaMerpHTe Ha
or fiosu B eKBaropHaJrHara o6lacr Ha {eorra naaruaroc$epa.
KpbfoBr.rr noroK
Bprsxara MexAy ABere porau[oHHH ABr{xceHV{ 3a cnyqar, Koraro
MarHHTHara oc B 0Hc'reMara Ha KocMHqecKoTo r'JIo crdnara c ocra Hit Mexa-
Hrr{Ho BbpTeHe, HMa CJIeAHHI Rt4I'"

(48) Ko(,n) = K+:= 0o, K<l.

KbAero K e usrerpirJreH roeQr,r4ueHr

Xosn're npr "ue4ncanaruBeH MaKpocKo
orqI,ITa AeficrsHero Ha BcHqKH
MuKpomauMogefrcrerr Ha fioHure s nrt

t32
MHKpoqacrHIII4Te B MarHnroc$epara, reoMerpfir{Hn orKJIoHeHI,rt HA MarHnTocrpepara
o'r r,rAeaJIeH oceBo-cnMerpfiqeH MoAen I,I Ap.); o(zr) -'bFJloBa cropocr Ha nItBMeHI4-S
rIHnHHAbp B 3aMeCTBarq MOAeJI; (D s - eMrIHpUr{Hara crofiuocr Ha rJIoBaTa cKopocT
npu MexaHilvuo (oceno) rtprene Ha KocMl4r{ecnus o6exr; 4=40 N lio= Io-
eKBaropr4aneH paAuyc Ha MafH'rroc$epara, s rcoil'ro nnbrHogrra Ha fioHarer e
MaKcllMzrlrHa, r.e. 4 e paAuyc Ha MHcJreH nceBAooTpaKaTen; (2r; - peuleHHe Ha
e,4HOMepHa nceBAoorpaxaTeJrHa 3aAaqa B 3aMecrBarr( oAen Ha cbula.Ta
uarHnrooQepa, e rofiro e orqereHo n Aeficrgrero ua cIlIlH.
{ugleuoro npecMflTaHe Ha \zo\ or (48) ce flocrnra q peuraBaHe HA
'Ey
ypaBHeHHe (47), s Koero BeJlur{HHara e zauecreHa c eAu| AByqneH

ffii9 i*
(4e) Eip) Eik+-; i-1,2, k=0,1,.",rll,

KbAero 91* e Ar,rcKperHa c;roiiHocr Ha rpaBHTaqHoHHoro ycKqpeHHe B ToqKa or

eKBaropHailHaTa paBHHHa c paAHyc 4oN ! *.
B clyuar, Koraro MarHlrtHara oc Ha KocMuqecKoro'rrro He c.nBnaAa c
eHe, Bpb3Kara MexAy aelavufiure o n o1za1 e
"
ua Eonnre oKoJIo npeqecHpaglara MarHarHa oc
BaropHaJIHa u Ha eAHa [on4pHa KoMnoHeH'ra.
,AxyruyraqnflTa Ha Bbprenr4Bo MaKpoABrDr(eHI,Ie B TBbpAoro [Apq Ha KocMtdLlecKara
cHcreMa ce ocbulecrBsBa caMo vpes 4eilcrwlero Ha ernaropna.{Hara KoMnoHeltra

noToK, cnp4Mo npoqecldre Ha

llcraBuM onpoc'reHo bfroBaTa
HTA NO CNETHHfl HAqHH:

cos@
(s0) ,(r,) =t3,,(v)= 0(2,)
COSY'
KbAer @ e nloctK brbJl uexlty MarHltrHara oc Ha rtJtoro tI ocra Ha HefoBcrTo
r\4exaHHqHo BbpTeHe; Y - uorueH'ftra crofinocT Ha nrocKl,tt 6raJI, x<)firo cKJIroqBa
eAuH paAuyc-BeKTop c eKBaropvarHara paBHltHa,K,ofaro BeKTqpbr ce HaMupa B
paBHHHara Ha MaTHHTHHfl eKBaTOp H Ce Bbprr4 C rrocToflHHa bfflqBa cKopocr o(2r)
oKoJIO CBOeTO HaqaJIO Bbpxy MafHUTHaTa OC Ha CUCTe)MaTa.

Arco nnrerpHpaMe u oc[)eAHHM (50) no crofiuocrute Ha uru.rl Y qe nonyqKM

BeJrur{HHa, Kosro, cbrjracH() [peAnoJ]o)KeHfiero or [3], e pan]ua, C TOTIHOCT AO
crofinocrTa Ha MHo)r(HTets tr! or (48), Ha brJloBara cKopocr (Ds, C KOtrO
KOCMNI{CCKOTO T'JIO OCSilIECTBtrIBA MEXAHHIIHO BbPTCHE

133
 (sl)

j' 6,)(Y)o"I' = Ko, t,,rff K^ u)# ",-(; * X) =' ",

"* i#= (,

0.".;
Koperruo e Aa nocoqr4M, r{e eAHa SyHruraouarna nplrra or Br.rAa na (4g) r.rnra
(51) npomaopeq' nnn nafi-uuKo npo'rnBopeqnBo rqe ce plnnacyBa c xarlore3ara
r4 nepuoAnqHa HHBepcHr
3a rrsPnuAnYn.l rFlttsPan)I B nonrpn.rera
noJltpHTeTa ira
Ha MafHHTHHTe
Ma|HHTHI{TO ni
npneTa Ha KOCMHqeCKHTS
oSerrn, HarpuMep 3a 3eMfiTa ro3n nepuoA e or l0i ao 106 n.[5.|.
EAua nponepra Ha npeAnonoxeHrero, .re rprroinrr roroK or fioHlr s
naarnnroc{epfiTe Ha ecrecrBeHHTe KOCMr,rqecK}r TeJla
e ocHoBeH
Qarrop 3a TxxHoro,oceBo BbpreHe [2,3], rr,roNe Aa ce HsBb " d6p"ryruHH'
Purlr cbc cpeAcTBara Ha
npeAloxeHfi r ryK nceBAooTpot(aTeneH MeTOA.
Hera Aa npeAnoJro)r(HM, qe HMaMe a3xoAHn eMnr.rpl.rqHr AaHHu 3a:
- Macara Qn, ) n snpr+a (q) na fioHnre s se uarHnrocdlepa;
- 'rerutoBnTe KoHqeHTpaquh g. na Frcnure n nlaruuroc{repa;
- pa3npeAe.fleHtfrTa Ha MarHltTHoTo. l4 rpaBHTaU[OHHOTO
noJre, B pqAHaJrHHTe rpaHnqn (R,,,Rr,) Ha 3eMlrara qpe3'rexHHTe
cpe,lHra (.ueuoHou{Hu, r'o4r,rruHa) crofiHoc,ru BbB BcHrrKo 2n lplpoitroqKH (rcprrosn
op6mu)| R*
--jk or
vr eKBaropnalHara
srD.tluptt.r_,tHara paBHHHa;
- cpeAHara reMfleparypa lir= d Ha ruasruara B npeceqHure roqKH Ha
npeqecHpaqara paBH[Ha Ha NTaTHHTHHS eKBarop c erua'rop{arHa op6u.ra
c paAHyc
R,u=
R = R Ro,T'e' TeMneparypara BD Tnlrurr
- l-g TeMnenqn/nqr4 ToqKt'tre -y^-----
ilo],rHa nnbrHoclf.
-
Or ropuu.re eMnfipurtltu AaHHH Mo)KeM"u "u*"""-Ha qHo cKarapHoTO
Aa n3rpaAHM
none (r. 2.4) t epun 3aMecrBaul eKBHMoAen Ha 3eMHara N
r{per nocleAoBareJlHo BbBexAaHe
Ha r{HcJreHure u t[yn BEJI!4qHHI{ OT
cKanapHoro none B ypaBHeHHr c HoMepa ao (47\, B Kor,rro p asnrpureua
cMrHa Ha
napaMerpnqHara BeJrr.rqHna Er2(yx.(4g)) u cneA TrxHoro pprilaBaHe qe
MoxeM aa
peurnM H ypaBHeHhe (S l ). CreA npecv flTaHHA,ra u\e
AaHHH 3a brloBaTa
cKopocr' paAHanHOTO pa3npeAeneHHe Ha 3apeAeHHTe Vacrn{r H Ha eneKTpHqecKH'
ToK B 3aMecrBaq MoAefl Ha 3eMHara uaruurocQepa.
flcea4ompaxareJrHufl'r Mero4 6n r.r
Ha ecrecrBeHu KocMHqecKH o6exrs ax
[peHocHr4Te npoqecH B 3aMecTBalr.l Mo.4
pa3yMHo CpaBHHMH c eMIIHpHqHH AAHHV
urH Ha raKHBa 3a H3Becruure [6] KpbroBH eneKrpHqecxn rorope
B AonHHTe H ropHr{re
cJroeBe Ha cblqara uaruuroc$epa.
Ilcea4oorpa)KareJrHurr MeroA e parpa6ioreH npn npeAnonoxeHne, qe

134
BcHtrI(H noAMHoxecrBa Mj or fioHr4 prMar ceqeHuflHaMaRcuM4nHa fiouHa [Jrr,T-
Hocr, KoHTo cbBnaAar c HHBo lo ua PM. 3a,qaqara uMa peuQHme r{ Koraro re-
3Lr CeqeHHf, He CbB[aAaT.

Jlnreparypa
!. A err a Q, A., E..f, nop c K 11. Kypcr$nruxn, M., Burcurar urxona, 198p.
2. B a u o s,fvl. Kptror.norbr< or lasoiia ii6Hra s MarHHrHo rrorre. - Aeporocnin,reeKu lr3cJreABaH[t
a Etlrapnr, 1997, 12.
3. B a u o s, M. KsasHc'rarH'{HH npouecn H TepMoaHHaMHqHu c'bcrorHnr B r,r3rycrBeH MoaeJr Ha
TonflhHeH ABnrarell. - AeporocuuuecKu t43cJleABanne a Eurapuil, 1997, 12.
y t, 3. MarelaalavecrHft,annapar M., Hayxa,
5. M a pa
l
1 Y I I " up 1o c r H, f. ExoxaracrpoQu. C., Barieca,
Qr.tur.r.
1995.
19168{

6. C to H e e s, A. OHsHxa KocMoca. M., C3, 1986.

[focrrnwla na 30. VIil. 199,5r.

A pseudoreflection method for de(ermination

of the drift velocitv of free ions under
the influence of constant and mutdally
perpendicular magnetic and electric fields
with arbitrary distribution along tl,re axis
of'ths electric vector

Milcho Vatzov
(Sumrnary)

A solution of one-dirnensional parameter has been

found, which determines with accuracy the macroscopic y ofthe surface
drifl,performed by free ions above a mechanical reflector the influence of
constant and mutually perpendicular magnetic and electric with arbitrary
distribution along the axis of the electric vector. All other
the problem has different solutions on both sides of the . It has been
reflector determines unflquely the ma
under the influence of the same fields, b
with a pseudo-reflector). The problem
inner friction is negligible. 'Ihe magnet

r35
simplified, be substituted by a model, representing an axial-svrnmet-
ric system of thin ionized medium under the influence of agnetic, electrical and
gravitational fields. The so-called substituting model coi ides with the working
model that has been used in the study. The surggested ion method
represents an algorithm for numerical calculation of the macroscoplc angu-
lar velocity and radial distribution as well ttte electric ts radial distribu-
tion in the plasma cylinder of the substituting model initialempirical data
for relatively small physical quantities.

r36
Eurapcxa aKaAeMHt Ha HayKure o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
AepoKocMa.{ecK4 r43crleABaHltr n Etnraput . I 3 . Aerospace Research i4 Bulgaria
Corlnr o1997oSofia

Energy-structure invariant.
Prernises and essence

Dean Gochev

Space Research fnsiltute, Bulga'rian Acader\y of Sciences

Tnre idea of mutu

coveries and modern physics is in gener
five hundred years thebasic stimulus to t
is its drive for an absolute and everlasti
sive development of technology in the
wards solving of an engineer type of pr
crisis in paradigms [2]. The search for
blind alley leads to the creation of a ph
Space investigations' combine the
approach to the study of the versatility
periods. eigen energy, hLierarchies [4]. A
is observed. Because o,f art increase in
formation, a necessity for description in a new state space.oocurs.
Beside this comp'lexity comes the always prese)nt questi<l4 about ambigLrity:
in classical physics these are the various types of instabilitie$; in quantum me-
chanics - Heisenberg's t'elatiotrs; in stohastic dynamics - the $ifurcation region'
An attempt for a clarification underlies the statement that hyman brain thinks
in incompletefuzzy co,Ces and half-opened intervals with varfably fixed bound-
ary [5]. An attempl has been made for relating such ideas to qhantum mechauics
l.6l
The area between the two poles of the abstract human kriowledge - philoso-
phy and mathematics - is now being filled by interdisciplindry manifestations/
displaysof physical theories which convefge to for analysis arid diverse fi'orn for
prognosls.

131
 The development of processes in structured media i{ determined
by energy.
The modes of her movement are: dissipation, canali zati.ion,preservati'n,
con-
version. The energy exchange is mostly a chaotic casc{de
oi constructive im_
pulses or of ones destroying part of the system.
The suf,port of this structure
depends on critical energy varues for the corresponding
iwels. The scate of the
system is also an energy function. Energetic changes
.Jn]'t ,*irt without the ex_
istence of various types of energy - ttris ueing a
b-asic rapt in the second raw of
thermodynamics. l

Time exists br"cause of a change or of a comparisod to an

external for the
system tact measure unit, out of this
The occurrence of structures in d
of an arrow of time [7]. Basic requir
effect relations to stay unchanged and
there are changes whictr urr noi contin
nowadays is a set of relations between
their relation to the whole [9], From Bel
level depends on the preceding one as
a common implicit order of fundament
The complex adaptive systems bo
oscillate in a state of maximum infor
tion-ary readiness [t2]. In critical states they are charactirized
by reactions of
medium capacity [13]. 'rhe problem of parting the boundaries
and the contact
between the systems is related to the "curse" oi'the boundfries.
Local times and
the media for whose structural levels exist various possibilities
need to be known
[ 4]. For the combination of the proble n "infinity-gouno ry" poincare suggests
ace [5].
the originatin$ of the novelty, of an
relations betwpen local information
s believed that wiqh the elapsing of time
the state exchange of the information field tends to singular{ity,
it is spokin about
a collapse of the wave frunction
[16]. 1

A general question ofevery a

of application. The ternrinological
troducing of simplexity and
operators are used, i.e.. a balance and
causality in mechanics which determines
diffusion [18]. Linearity supposes repet
tions and of the originating of somethin
equations, problems arise with laws for pr
possibility for an unpredictable phenomena. T,he use
of boundary and initial
terms disregards the description of transitional areas.
In ouf opinion the c6ntra-
dictions in linking of tnlnsitional areas is due to the use pf
iiscrete terms for

138
description of fuzzy phenomena. In the solutions of Navie - $tocks, in the sys-
tem, with the elapsing of tirne problems become more complipated, peculiar ar-
eas appear in the state space [20]. In Xenon - Hillis' problerfr [21] with enengy
growing up "islands" of stability appear
again repetitions and changes in phase t
stability is related to the arising of new
In nature there are no peace, balan
being closed and isolated is an abstracti
t levels with re is a contradic-
t tion of ene these levels. i.e.,
t ifestation o ' Nature Presents
no requirement for harmony, i.e., phenomena afe perceived af a sum of periodic
processes because of unspoken presumption that there are allternative positive
and negative changes in the processes' recur-
rence, continuous motion, s are non-linear,
unbalanced, imeversible, m tions are neerJed
beside the generally accepted which are efficient only in simple hierarchies'
When generalizing experimental data we found that ther$ is a self-similarity
between various naturalphenomena. y we can sup-
pose that the evolution of the hierarc y the sponta-
neous and momentary emergence of processes ex-
ists alternative interchange of local structures differing in size and instability'
Th bY the fact lthat their average
val dary values !f each of thern' If
we d. an avala4che-like exPlosion
ofdisorder should foilow and new defin
Systems are set up of two multitud
are hierarchically included and not su
sive and active state. Their organiza
discretisation, i.e., of a boundary betwe
the law for preservation of energy and the occurrence of d new state in sielf-
st to be avoided by introducing of air energy-structure
ists of energy, structure and generating potential (GP). It
of the unpredictability of the new phenomena and the
openness of the systems. It is a continuous value, so it doein't make sense to
Oifine it's velocity of dissemination, as well as it's critical value. In ESI energy is
a value marking the completeness of th
the transformations; the CiP - the arnbi
generalized with the transformations o
of the structure of the last hierarchic I
fined as a phenomenological object in
the systems is described not by "entry"

139
 as an merging which results in loss of indivirJualities. the developmerrt of the
boundary region is marked by blurring the differences between the elernents and
structure multitudes. ithe birth of a new structure, i.e., tfre occurrence of
a new
information is realized when a maximum indefiniteness the boundary region
{n
has been reached. This is called a delta-leap (DL), Durin! DL only
on. porJibr.
state is realized which is not repeated in the same systemfand has not
existed till
the moment of the leap. DL is caused by a spontaneous,]momentary
activation
of the generating potentiar, Gp's action is enzyme-like and after the ."J
DL the GP rernains in a passive state, i
;iih;
region is blocked for an indefinite char
a passive state determines the detach
the evolution of the structure-formatio
described consecutive transformations
a cycle, i.e., the ESI exists because of
cycles. With an increase in their numbe
invariant because of it's probable accu
upon the aforesaid transformations cre
For each cycle exist local time dir
tion in the course o'[time. The configur
by afuzzy fractal[24].
Assuming that there is no inner st
system. of a perpetual energy and infi
which is unlikely to be confirmed in th
The axiomatic being created must
The presented propositions about the n
well-famil iar mathem atical techniques
ample the mixed use of natural ortho
universal identification of classes in th
exponents depend on the scale, the size, t
A generalized Hamiltonian could
of time, conversions between the non
changes expressed through a boundary
We can consider a waveJike proces
ture repetition without the action of a G
a delta-leap as presence and absence of
system can be described as a pack oflo

_
Through using a specific logic of the sequence of t{re conditions vye can
make an elementary modelling if we use binaryioding of tlie state of
the compo-
nents of the invariant.
A primary macro analysis of a system can be ations be_
tween the specific energies and periods of/between
cycles.
The ccinfiguration of the system can be inve g of state
,
t40
space deterrnined by the carmponents o
The use of ftzzy rnultiitudes l27l d
thermodynamics and is suited for an he
nical devices.
The elaboration of a new nrathem
tion of the new logic, for a comparison with classic techni{ues, developm'ent
from the experiment, psychological training for its proper apprehension.
In conclusion we'lll list several problems whiich are un{er discussion: the
isolatedness of fundamental concepts; the emergence of an frnique and stable
solution from a number of unstable ones; the link lbetween th$ measure of logic
and the measure of the spaoe about which it is postulated.

R.e f e rences
l. T y r trl rI u, Cr. Kocvonornc. C., Ka.ntc, 1994, rn.l.
2. K y u, T, Crpyrrypa Hayqnblx peBonroul4r4. M., Hqy{l 19'16, rt. 1,3'
3. ni r o x n-u, H. Horrara Bpa3Ka. C., TexHuxa, 1988',rn.2'-_^
n
4. M b r f i I l. G. Chaos ist uberall. Munchen, Ullstein, 1993' s' 278.

17. St e w a r t, I. The Collapse of Chaos. London, Viking, lll94'p. 19.

f8. A p H o Ir b l, B. V. Ma'rettaruqecrue Meroabl uaccuqQcrofi uexat , M., Hayra, 1989, 4.
19. B; H o n p a,[ o B, A. Heruuefrsue BorIHbl - B: C'ryrrypsl t't 6ut[t un. M., Flayna, l'187.
c.279.
20. A$ p afiM o B ti q, B. C. Henr,rueilHble BoJIHbl - B: ,[nHauuran n. M., Hayr<a, 1989,
c.16.
21. Loc. cit.
22.K a.[ o M u e n, B. .I{unarr.ll'txla u uut}optlauur - YOH, 164' 1994, xn. c.449.
23. Cr p a r o H o B l.I q, P. JI. Flenunefinar HepaBHoBecHarl . M.,Hayn4l985, r'1. 7
24.M an d e I b r o t, B. Fuzzy Fractals - In: Proc. R. Soc. A.1991' p' 23
25.Ka3aKeBuq,B.Cr.arracrr.rqecKoeonncaHrrenl4apoAnHaMuqecrcnx{ennrnH.Jl.,fraApouer-
uspr, 1977, ctp.213.
26.H of s t ad t e r, D. R., Godel, Escher, Bach, 1985, Stuttgart, s. 439.
27.T e f a n o, T.Fuzzy Systems - theory and its applications. LA, Acadeniic Press, 1987, p. 174'

t4l
 EneprocrpyKrypeH r{HBap[a
IIpe

flean foven

(Pesrorr,te)

flpe4crareH e r(parbr( Ko Bbpxy npo6aemn na

r[nsuvbbrra naIlaAHrM[. Ha rasu ocHoBa ca [ocrv fipa*ucsoficrsara Ha
HflKo_H
npeAnoxeH HHBapHaHT, 6azupau Ha flopaxAaut uuan. Cnouenana ce
Ba3MoxHara My ynorpe6a ra uo4nQnqnpaHe Ha H KOI4 MATEMATI,TT{ECKI4
TexHHKr{; Ilpe4noxeun ca HflKoJrxo npo6neua orr(pr4Tl4
AUCKyCn'.

142
Et.nrapcra aKaAeMHr Ha HayKnre o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
AeporocurauecKn H3creAnaHur n Etrrrapilfl o 13 . Aerospace Research ifi llul8aria
CoQnr o1997oSofia

Cro6uennn
flpo6nenru rrpu r,I3no.IlsBaHerp Ha
KOCMLT qecKa HHoOpMarIr,rf 3a
rpofHo3lrpaHe Ha 3eMerpeceHHfl no
eJreKTpoMarHHTHr.I npeABecrrII4III{

.[[eau l-oqea
.l'Iacruryr sa KocMuqecKu uscnel{eauus, EAH

CreAaeanero Ha na6nrcAarerHa Mpp)r(a c Ha3eMlto,

Bb3AyrxHo r4 KocMuqecro 6asnpaue sa cr6npane Ha nuQopMaIIFs or pa3HopoAHH
HeeAHO3HaqHH npeABeCTHHUH 3a 3eMeTpeCeHI4f oT TeKTOH!{qeH t|pOH3XOA e
Lr.
Heo6xoAr.rrtlo ycnoBr{e flph nporHo3rrpaHe U,2]. Taxoe! 3eMerpeceHHe
npeAcraBtrBa MarncrpaneH pa3pHB . Peeynrar e or HeeAHopoAlH 4e$opruaqun s
FeoJIor[qHH nopoAH, npn Ko,I{TO ce pa3KbcBaT aAXe3HoHHll Bpb3KI,l [t ce npotBtBaT
AoHopHo-aKuenropHH MexaHn3Mlr Ha pa3npeAereHHe na elexrpi,Iueucr.r sapr4u[3].
IlpnvuHa ra 4eQoprrlaqnHTe e HapacrBaHero Ha nanpe{eHuero, Karo c
npn6lnxanaHero KtM Kpnrr{"rHa crofiuocr Ha pa3pyrrreHne 3aBucl4Mocrra Ha
THara npoH[qaeMocT oT xapaKTepHHTe BpeMeHa Ha
e uernHeftna. floqsrsar ce u xr,lcrppe3ncHn e$erru.
Ha noAForoBKara Ha 3eMerpeceH{e, npouec, roiiro
o6xsaqa finoq c luHefiuu pa3Mepu Ao HeKoJIKocrornri KHJIoMerpa, ce
xapaKTepH3npar c o6pasyoanero Ha nyKHaruHn 14 cJudBaHero hM. Tosa e ancav6jrn
ot ueo6parnMH, HecrauHoHapHu flpoqecH, Hacrb[BalJln cJJeA croxacrnttHo
AocruraHe Ha KpHrHqHu ctofiHocru Ha cborBerHuTe ynpanarlsautH lapaMerpn,
onpeAenrulu reH3opa Ha Hanper(eune. XaparrepHo 3a nyKHarUHo-o6paayeanero
e MHor(ecrBoro pa3HopoAHH no Susauecra cbulHoc'r eneKTpoMarHHTHH tBJIeH[,rt.
Hanpuvep roBa ce cbnbrcrBa c o6ues ua ftoHsra BaKaHuHu; Ape40 Ha AHcJroKaIrHu,
c XapaKTepHH BpeMeHa o'r lvlHJIHoHHa AO cTOTlxa OT ceKyHAaTa; notBa Ha
"Merarn3npaun" ngpa;ABHXeHHe naQny AHeneKTpxqu;
rore6auHs H peJraKcarrHs Ha Mo3aer{Hn [yKHarHHH'Te;
Bb3HuKBaHe Ha TOKOBH cilCTeMfi CTpyKTypa.

t43
 ElexrpouarHr,rrHoro r,r3JrbqBaHe, B pmynra.T Ha re3n hpoqecu, e B pa3rrurrHn
cy6
rrecrorHtr Ar,rana3oHn - <lr
ao 100 V/m,
B - to l0 nT, perucrpnpa ce p aHe [], 4, 5].
O6pa:ynauero Ha nyKHarHHr4 a3JrbqBaHe,
TpenreHero Ha cb3AaBAHHTe Ar4nOJrvt - c encorouecrJorHo, .c-vtsro eHeprHr.
pa3npocrpauqsaiiKu ce or orHr4r{ero KbM nrtBtpxHocrJra, ce rpaHc(roprvrupa n
Hl'IcKogecrorna. 9ecTo nyKHarllHl,rre ce 3albJlBar c errIeKTpoJIr4T, Bt3HuKBar
AsoftHra crroeBe.
[narpa ura:ra Ha eJrexrpo M arHr4THoro H3JrbqBaHe, npnfl pu 3awsr a v 3ar ax-
BaHero ca cnequ(rnqtHr,r (;nopeA pafioua Ha firf,rroroBKa Ha 3eMerpeceHuero. 3a
onl4cBaHe Ha roJleMl,la 6pofi JIoKaIHI,I HMnyncHu HsrL.{narern ce h3rroJl3Ba
cl4creMa or uecT Henuneftnn qacrHr4 4urperpeuqraanH!,r ypanHeHHfl, B Korrro
BJIr43ar 6l naparvrerrpa [6]. lonuHurenHr4 rpyAHocrr,l Bb3Hr4KBtr"t u nopaAr4
clyuafruoro o6pa:ynaHe Ha KBa3r,I-BbJIHoBoAr,r t4 RBa3r4-"reu1u" c pa3Mepr4
HsKoJrKo xulouerpa ll4].
3a exnarop HarHvI v HLrcKkr lxupr,rHr,r o6nacrra Ha npr.leuaHe Ha u3rrb qBaHero
B MafHr,trocQepara e eJrHnrHqHo nerHo c pa3MepH Hgxorixo rpaAyca, 3a Koero e
HyxHo Aa ce :Hae rvloprporofHqra Ha ecrecrBeHhq ereKTpoMarHHTeH
$OH.
I4:nor:saHeTo Ha MeToAr4Te Ha HeJrLrHeiiHara reof,rerprauHa o[:rr4Ka 3a
npecMq'raHe Ha eJlteKTpoMarHr4THoro r43JrbqBaHe ce :larfyAHrBa or BJrr4flHyero
HA CJIbHqCBATA AKTUBHOCT BbPXY IJIA3MCHHTE NAPAMCTPU, KOCTO I}OAH
AO
o6pasynaHe Ha KaycrzrKu B HarraJroro ra 4e@oxycuparJe B Kpar Ha l,.ua
l7l.
lonuunrenHa HescHora BI3HHKBa or HacnarBaHerb Ha eJreKTpr{qecqu 14
MarHrrrHH noJrera c pit3rl4r{eH HHTeH3r,rrer, r{€)crora n nfo4rrxarenuocr. Te ce
il3JIbqBar rrppr topecnoMeHartrre eneKTporraarnur|H vI flBreH}1-fl,, Kotro
npuApyxaBar nr)pe,4r4rlara fore- u after-ruoxone. [ocroBepHocrra Ha
flporHo3ara e 3arpyAHeHa nopaAr,r ctulecrByBaHero Ha eneKTpoMarHHTHH
npeABecrHtztr\pa3nharHu rlo uarqa6, Quruuecra cruluo,i:r, fipoAbnxr,treJrHocr,
HaqalHo BpeMe; HecboTBeTCTBlIeTO Me
rBneHur; TeoperuqHil:re npo6leu vt, cBl'
Ha none3Hara ua$opuaqur. Cr,u1
ua6lro4eHufl yI LtacrHvr I\4oAeJII4, Ho B
IIoA cbMHeHue nopa4vr xaorut{Htrre pexfiM14 Ha uHoNecrrioro enexTpoMarHr,trH14
raMnyncHu H3JrbqB areJm [4].
3a uapacrnane uHrfopuarr,IBHocrra Ha artalrlzt3a e HyxHo l,r3non3BaHero Ha
anapaTa Ha Aerepr\4vtHucTuqHus, xaoc, T.e. Ha o6p6rqanaqr4 npoqeca
xapaKTepHcrHKV vt cnequr[u.run $yHx
orBopeHara cr4c.r.eMa [8]. Oco6eHo
SpaxranHnre pa3MepHoc:fu Ha reoJroftr
Ha H3rtqBanero [9]]. B nporpan,tuoro o6
Aa ce pr3non3Ba KoHcrpyhpaHa 3a KoHK

144
 .'HeBpoHHa
npeAnoxeHl4Te cpeAcrBa Molar Aa nocnyxar 3t1 cb3AaBaqe Ha
Mpexa", cauoo6yvaBalqa ce B peanHo rpeue Il l].
flpra npenaHTlzBHolo narpynupane Ha op6nrarlHu c'raHqi'l'r (OC) e Hy)l(Ho
4a ce o6rpue BHHMaH14e Ha AnF{aM.HKaTa B pa3npeAeJleHue'Io Hp reoMarHuTHOTO
nole. OcneH or crbHrreBara ar(THBHocr. Tq 3aBuq,i or oco6erinre o6racrh gtn
Qaronoro npocrpaHcrBo Ha peueHttnra 3a AuHaMo-MexaHH3Ml,l're Ha
reHepaUr,rera r'ry [12], floAxoAsutn op6uralul4 rapaMerpu Hp OC n u:6op ua
Br,rcoKo pa3peluHTenHu pexr,tMu Ha c6op u o6pa6orrca Ha 4a$ntr ce onpeAentr
or cMsraHero Ha oco6eHnre o6lacru B peanHo BpeMe. Hi6lrcaeHuero Ha
c'bcrosHHero Ha ropefioco'{eHHTe pr4cKoBrr 3oHH e or 3HaqeHLle 3a nporHo3a Ha
Bb3MoxHH eApo-Maqa6nu cuyuleHl{s - araplau n secia5uJlHocru B'bB
$ynxqnoHupaHero Ha KoMrrJr()KcHlt eirerffpoAl,IHaMH.IHu cwcieun c I43KycrBeH
rrpor43xoA [3]. I4rcne4nattflTil Ha raHQopuaUHoHuHr o6rr,teu B rJraBHrlt tvto3bK
noKa3Bar cbuecrByBaHerr) Ha KBa3H-Jra3epHo H3JI'bqBaHe b UV-auana3oH,
h3noJr3BaHero Ha cnequQnuur,r r}opr',tu Ha cBLrBaHe ua nHt[op[aaqnq. noAo6HH
flBJreHHrr cbqecrByBar ilpH QyuxqnoHupaHero Ha nMyHHara cncreMa Ha HfiBo
Bpb3r(r,r B HyKJreuHoBI,rre Kuc;erknrn [4]. Cr,qeranane,To Ha cnoqeuarute {tarropn
c'bc cbnbrcrBallln eKcnephhreHrH ilo eJIeKTpoAHHaMI,tKa Ha uQstvnara Aefiucrcr
fl Ha rlMyHHara cucreMa [5] no BpeMe H
anaparr,r 6n parxpr,rno x:openaun u u 6u
Ha B3aHMoAeficrnaqn Korr4r[JIeKcHr4 ct4
ocHoBara Ha parpa6orBaHhrr c PAH
"SAHHcreo" il61.

Jlnreparypa
l. R ikita ke, R. Earthqr.rakeprcdiction. ESPC, 1976.
2. MapaHpocgu, l. O'rrocn<lcacpcuyel(onornqt{l{re ra'rac'rpoQu.C.6AH' I993'
3.Co6ones,f.A.u4p.KpynNopracu'ra6soevloAernpoBaune.flolnorobKuHnpeAEec'rHHKoB
3eMnerptceHue. M. Ha)rr<a, I988 r,
4. 3rerrpolrarHr.rrHI're npeABeclHhr(H 3eMrerptceltHfi . M. Hayra, I 982 r.
5, I-l o s a u K n ir, B. 3aertpoMalrrr{THble oQ$ercrsr B rBepAbtx'relax. M. Mup' 1986 r.
6. Kac axap a, K. Mexaunxa3cM,ne'rptcenHii. M., Mrzp, 1985 r., rl.3
7. MaruurocQepHr,re nccleAoBiilHl4s Ne 8. M., I,lsa. Afl CCCP, 1986 r., cllp.68.
8.3acnaBcKr.rir, l''.M.Clroxac-r:tquocrbAnHaMliqecKuxcucl'eM.M.,Ffayxa, 1984'lont.n.3
tr 4.
9. M a n d e I b ro t h, B. Thefractal geonretry olNature. NY, Acadernic Press, 1989
I0, M c N ei I l, D. Fvzz5, Logic, London, 199.1.
ll. STAR ,33, 1995, iss. 6, p, 1309.

't0 145
 12. Hu KH r n Hi JL lenepaqur rpynlor,lacuira6nux auxpefi a r.[pe MJil{:H uX CBt3b C sa6aro,
AeHfieM MarHilTHoro nola. FgouarsnrnsM A arpbuoMr.rr, 1994,xn.4, grp. 180.
13. F a u oypueB,
9..yp \".lrA. CorpeueHuar roo4nuauuxa r,r r*itactpo6li. :crHux PAH, 6; 1995;
xu.1, c.646.
14. Interaction lylechanisms of Low-Level Electromagnetic Fields in Systems. Oxfiord, OUP,
1992.
15, Flectromagnetic Bioinfqrmation. Baltimore, Urban arid Schwau
16. { M bt p e B, D. M.u Ap. ElexrporrlarHnreH roHrpdn or Kocuoca UCJI.I,ITC HA EXOJIOI H'TA.
nper[3BesrrBane u KoHTpon Ha npHpoAH | 6eAcrnur n rex raracrpo{ru -
eKcnepHMeHT "CernMonporHo3" or rocunvecxH npoerr ,'Ep ". - Aepoxoo,auqecxn
I,r3qneABaHHr aEulrapul, rH, l3 (no4 neuar).

m4. IL 1996r.

1,46
Er"arapcra ar(aAeMr{r Ha Hayr(Hre o Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Aepoxocrr,tuuecKu LtscJreAEaHHs B Ernrapva .l3 o Aerospace Research in]Bulgaria
CoSr.rr o1997oSofia

Asnauus u KocMoHaBTuKa ga BcEtrRH

AilOJIO.
peairH3r{p ana:ra aMepr,rKaHcK4 auSut\us, *

,{ntturrp frop4aaoo
Ilnctzryr za KocMilqecKn nscneraaHufl, EAII

EesonacHo crra Ha nyHHrl're eKcnedvrL\vru

OcuryprnaHero Ha 6egonaurocrra ua uonprure 4o JIyHara

e nafi-cepno3Hara 3aAaqa B rrporpaMara. EnarononyuuorQ 3aBpbrrlaHe Ha
a Aa6r4ar orqereHz ne6la]ronpvflTHvffesa
JI e 3arrlr{Tlt HaAexAHo eraniaxrr or rgx,,a:a
6 r{paHr.r l,t or{eHeHrr Bb3MoxfHr,rre anapui,tgu
cHTyar{sn,4a ce o6ocuotse AocrartsHo BtrcoKo r{ peanHo 4ocrluxnrr,ro HuBo Ha
6egonaqrocrra, Aa ce no46epar rd noArorBqr acrpoHaBTr4 3a pafora na Jlynara.
Huxora Ao fioJrerr.rre Kru Jlyuara, a u cleA roBa, r{otsex He e pa$oruJr Ha raKoBa
orAaleqeHue or 3eMsra
cxeuara Ha noJrera npeAB,xra cJreA craprara ce orAen"r foanaoo"areJrHo
cI,ICTeMara za anapultao crlaceH]le, nspBara H BTOpara crenpn Ha paKerara
HOCr,rreJr. Tperara ri c'reneu,r,r KocMr,rqecKvrfl,T xopa6 ocrpBar Ha Hr.{cKa
oKono3eMHa op6ura, or Ko{'ro ce craprHpa no rpacero sa Jlynrpra. OcHosHara
gacr or BpeMero Ha eKcneA?rqrura nporr,rqa IIo roBa rpace r onepaqnure
I
oKono u ua Jlynara. Bcuqru Kpr,rrepr4n r.r HopMH no 6esonacn$cr na noJrerr,rre
Koro BpeMero Ha noJlera e no-Atlro, ToJrKoBa r4
B xaqecrsoro Ha ilHTerpaneri xpurepur.r sa
4o JIyHara HACA rptreMa peporruocr ra
* Ilpo4r,nxenue or xn. 12.

t47
 6narononyqHo Bprr{aHe Ha 3enasra0,999,roero crornerprna Ha creneH Hapr4cr(
(nepoarnocr :a ru6en) B npoqeca Ha rroJrera I sa 1000. floa ro3rr HopMarriB e
SoptuynrapaHa r,r u3rpaAeHa usnara crparerux u c'l,c"te[ta 3a ocHrypf,EaHe Ha
6egonacsocrra B rroJrera.Tatu BepoqrHocr ce orHacq :{ npeuero cneA crapra
or oKoJro3euHa op6ura llo rpacero 3a Ilyuara. cneqrfannu r,r3HcKBaHr4l rro
6esonacHocr ca BbBeAeHlr 3a BpeMero Ha crapra u usnelx4aue Ha oKono3eMHa
op6nra Karo I43KycrBeH clrbrHHK Ha 3eusra. Hauanuurf yqacrbK H8 rrorrorit lr
nbpBr,rre HqKoJIKo r{aca cleA crapra ca oco6euo onacHnl 3auloro eKr4naxbr He
e aAanrupaH KbM HOBI.{Te ycJroB}rr, a noroKbr or orras{ Ha rexHprKara cnopeA
crarr4crnqecKn AalHHr4 e uafi-ronsu B ntpBr,rre 4 qaca.
flpe4craua 3a pearrHocrraHa HopMarhBHo onpe{ereHr.rrr pr4cx B noJrera
go Jlyuara Moxe Aa ce floJryrrr4, axo rofr 6r4e cpanneu pracxa Ha fioJrerilTe B
{
aBl,Iaqurra, Kogro no cJroxHocr r,r HaAexAHocr, xarro] 14 no opfaHvrcaut4fl, e
Hafi-6rzso.qo KocMor{aBTr,rrara. l

3a naarucrpaJlHr,ITe fltrHfiqecKu caMoJrerr4 .IIa ce notBH

orKa3 s 4-qacon flo.rrer e I sa 1000, xoero ce cNfqlra 3a Brrcoxo Hr4Bo.
BepoarHocrlra 3a xaracrpoQ a fippr rpaxAaHcK ara atuallnfl 3a nepr4o ga 1967 -
1970r.,lr3rrr,rcJreHa 3a nponersHo BpeMe 384\acacbrqo e ua 1000. Tona npeue
or 384 qaca e MaKcr4MaJrHoro BpeMe 3a eAHa .[yHHa , JIl,tMH'InpaHO
or 3alacuTe Ha cr4creMr,tre 3a xn3Heo6eeneuelrue (" I5"). Eerorxa:rHocrra
n oe3onacHocrra Ha noJrer[Te BbB BoeHHaTa anuan.J.u|. ilopaAH rro-TexKl4Te
pexr,rMlr sa pa6ora ca 3Har{HTerHo no-Hr4cKr4 or aHaJroru.lnure noKa3are,nr4 npr4
fpaxAaHcKara aBua\t4q. or re3r4 ycnoBHH cpaBHeHr X jvrOXe Aa Ce HanpaBr4
3axJrroqeHrze, qe oilpeAetreHr4qr
or HACA r4H'rerpaneH aTr4BeH KprrTep'I]r
ga 6naronolyr{Ho 3aBpburaHe Ha eKurraxa B nyHHara e{rcne4uqr,rr e pa3yMHo
Br{coK I,I peanHo AocTrtxI{M. 1

OcrrqecrnsBaHero Ha rrocraBeHnTe qenu nd ocr4ryprBaHero Ha

6egonaorocr B rlpofpaMara "Atroro" H eq[aJrHa
cryx6ar HACA, qprrro crpyxrypa epa aHACA
Ao rpynu no 6egonacHocr B HayqHor,r3c
flp ra p eanra 3aL\14 flT a H a n o Jrerr,r
tf yHxquonaneH pe3epB. f,Ipe4nn4eua
ynpaBneHlrero ra naplipaHero na He6na
noJrera v nuKBVAr4paHe Ha ayapuituur
t43ucnBaruflra sa npo$ecuouanxa u Qu
acrpoHaBTu 3a nonerrl 4o JIyHara.
Hagex4noclrar Ha rexHl4Kara e eAHa or cJraraeMfire Ha 6esonacHocrra
Ha KocMI4qecKI4Te IIoJIern. IIo opeue Ha r43nbrrHeHrae ua]nynHr4Te eKcneAHqrzu
ca pefHcrpupaqn 218 Orxasa, or Kor4To caMo eAr4H (Ha l'Anono-l3") cr,s4ana
peanHa onacHocr 3a eKflnaxa. Oxolo 80
ca 6unu [peABapHTeJrHo MoAen flpanvl
floJreru. Ilpopa6or,eHu ca Ha rpeHaxo

r48
HenpeABlrAeHu cr4Tyarurr4, KoeTo 3HaqnTeJrHo noBr,r[raBa PepoflTHocTTa 3a
ycnerlrHo nHKBHAr4paHe Ha aBaprrfinz o6craHoBKr,r B rroJrer. fIQ erann Ha noJrera
uail-onaceH or rJreAHa roqKa Ha orKa3u e aKTr4BHHrr yqacrqK. 3a pasauxa ot
i-D.c

iTa
3a
2-3 c. flo nper're Ha crapra npr4 B3pr,rB Ha paKerara uocurf-n ce pa3quTa Ha
cucreMq ra anapufino cnaceHr,te! Kot
rrpr,r3eMrBa na Oesonacno urcro. flp
cnoco6fi 3a ocbrqecrBflBaHero nM B c
BKJrroqureJrno n o6lnrerHe Ha Jlynara,
I 3" (Haft -4tJrrara anapufi Ha cvry agnx).
u 3a oKoJronyHHHTe onepaqfiLr. flpu anapnfiHara cvrrya\vs p "Anolo-I3" Ha
u3nnraHre ca [oAJroxeun n rfusr,rqecKuTe Bb3MoxHocrn Ha exnnaxa. floqru
"qeHoHorqtrfl acfpo
qerhpH eHq cbAbpxaHHe Ha
BbrnepoAeH AByOKI4C. HH qeH 3anac oT BoAa,
KhcJIopoA H eneKTpoeHepru xa(r<l ce yclaHoBflBa
no-KbcHo, ca 3aJroxeHH oule npr4 TexH
caMaTa aBapHfl e oT Kr,co ()beAr,IHeHr,re.
noxap ca npnqHHure lr 3a rn6enra na
H3BbptrIBarqu TpeHupoBr.luu 4efi crnu
KocMI,IqecKlI xopa6 "AnoJIo,", Kofaro H
or 30 c.
B npoqeca Ha floJlerure Ao Jlynara acrpoH aBTr4re n on[uarar pa3nr,r q H14
odnrqsaHe, Koprro ca or lQt 4o 100 n'l,rn no-uucKr4 or
AO3r,r paAr4oaKTr4BHO
AOnycTHMt4Te AO3l4, HOpMarr4BHO OrrpeAeneHlr 3a noJreTu no nporpaMaTa
"Anoro".
OcnryprnaHero Ha 6esonacHocr nprl nyHHr4Te excnefnqnH v3vcKua A
3HaqLITe-rrHn tpNnaucoBu trra3xoAH. O6ulara nu crofiHocl p orono 20oh o't
crofiuocrra Ha urnara nporpaMa. Cauo Aopa6orxure c.fe4 noxapa nph
"Anono- l " n anaputra c "rA.noro- 13" er::rusar ua 6lnso 70Q urnn. Aonapa.

AcrpouanrrlTe or nporpaMara "$.noro"

C:roxHocrra Ha 3aAaqhre s nonerute 4o J[yHa'ra u

KparKoro BpeMe 3a noAroroBKara r{ n3nbrrHeHr4ero r4M rfpeAonpeAerflT A
nog6opa Ha acrpoHaBrrlre. E nepuo4a or 1959 ao 1967r. !a nulorupyeur,r
rlorern no npofpaMnte "Mr:pxypvfr", "[NevnHu" 14 "A[oro" ce npann no46op
Ha uecr rpynH acrpoHa.BTu. B nrpnHTe qerr,tpu rpyn4 ca npeAuMFro
npodlecuonanHl{ Jrerrlr{ c onr,IT BbB BoeHHara aBua\Hn kI v3n'ttrareJrHara
pa6ora.Bcvqrr ca c Br4cure o6pasonauue, rroJryr{nln 6axanaBbpcx{t4

t49
 <l6pasoaarerrHkr t4 HayqHr4 creneHn B yHuBepcurer,r4 H4 cAIrI. B uerntprara u
nerara fpyna npeo6la4aBar HayqHu pa6oruullt4 p HayqHn creneHH BbB
rf lraoco0crfiTe, ecrecrBeHuTe H TexH14qecKr4Te ilayxn. Elna qacr or
noArolBe[rHTe acrpoHaBTu rrpoAbJrxaBar yqacrHero n a nporpaMMTe cneA
Qw
ny H HlITe eKcneAHrlr,rr,r.
Bcu,{xtr KaHAnAaru npeMr,rHaBar reoperr,rr{eH ruecrMeceqeH Kypc no
AI4HaMUXa Ha noJrera, cucreMr, 3a yflp BJIeHr4e, Hannraqi.rr , paKerHlt ABr4rareJrr4,
cl,rcreMu 3 g,
Q,usuolorur] reonorua, acrpoHoMufl,
LI3yrtaBaH 600 qaca. Cle.[ rona n3yqaBar oKono
230 qaca rur xopa6 "A[ro[o". 3aAbnxurenHo
yqacrBar B !43nHTaHr4flTa Ha rexH[Kara no
Qnprrauri npousno4vlTeilA u HA
c'raproBr,rre KoMnJreKcr{. Muoro BHHMaHue e orAeJreHo B noAroroBxara l,tM Ha
KOMnJTeKCHU TpeHa)Ko1ll.l. 3a IIoAAbpxaHe na
$zsa{recKara foroErHOCT Ha
acrpoHaBTure epa:paboreHa cflequurnHa npcfrpaMa, qadr or Korro e r.r3tsecrHara
4Hec aepo6Ha rpeHHponra (aepo6r,rra) ua4orrop KeHelr Kynrp, xofiro ereKap
ntn BBC fl eKcneprB HACA no BpeMero Ha noArorosxhra fi npoBexAaHero Ha
noJrerr4Te 4o Jlyua:ra.
Bucoruql npoSecuou arvsbr u rpusnlecxnre xajrecrra Ha acrpoHaBrgre
or npofpaMara "Anoro" n cnrpsaHnTe c Her "Meprybvtii" r,r "fixeunHkt', t4M
no3BoJItBaT Aa yr{acT'BaT MHOfOT(paTHO B KOCMnqeCKH rIOneTn.
cne4 nperparrBaHero Ha nerarenna 4efiuocrl noBeqero acrpoHaBrh
pbr(otsoAgr rracrHr,r Qupmu, craBar KoHcynraHTu Ha fsnecrHn r[uprr,il,r, qerar
JIeKqHr4 B yHI4BeprCfiTerHTe, 3aH[MaBar ce aK'rtlBHO C nOlrurlrxa. Kpatxr.r
AaHHH
3a xr{Bora n pa60rara uM ca npfiBeAeHn B CnpaBor{HH n eHqHKJTO[eAhqHu
H3AaHHfl lto KocMoHaBTUKa.

PagnocuerKara or rlporpaM4Ta "A[oro"

@huaHcosure pa3xoAu 3a peanr43?qr,rflTa Ha flpor-paMara
"Anoro" B!3JrH3ar Ha oKoJro 25 mnnuapga Aonapa. fonfrr,ta qacr or rrx (oxono
70 -80W ce Bpblrlar nrn Qe4epamtun 6ro4xer 6naro4a$enue Ha H3roJr3BaHero
Ha lIAeHTe n KocMI,tqecKHTe rexHonoruu B "3eMHI,I" OTppCnH Ha I{KOHOMUKATA.
tlllo BJrrzrHAe HA npofpaMaTa Btbpxy aMepHKtrHcKaTa
)[vtHvt e orleHeHo xaro I xrpr 7 no gAnH or r(pr,rrepultre Ha
,aHe Ha KocMr4qecKoro rrpocrpaHcdso rtrvr OOH. [Io rosr
A ce cb[ocTaBgT CyM[Te 3a OCbIqecT]BsBaHe Ha fipolpaMaTa
c luvecKuTe, BoeHHHTe la npecruxfrure,r3roArr,v3pa3eHt
o c'buluq Kpr4Tept fi snnstuero H4 qsnara aMepHKaHcKa
KocMHqecKa rrporpaMa cen3pa3flB,a c orHorrleHr,rero I x{rr,r 14.
Bue'Iarrqsaqa e ponsra Ha nporpaMara "Aroro" 3a qoBettJKuf,
flporpec. Ta e 4,ocrinxeHfie Ha uqnoro qoBeqecrBof B peanns aL\HflTA CA

150
aHraxnpaHn npu6nmsr{TeJrHo eAr4H MHntloH cneqnarrucrt'1, or KoHTo eJIHa
qerBlpr ca BncoKoxBanuQuqupaHt,t yrreHfi n uHxeHepn. B ned yqacrnar He caMo
aepoKocMHqecKu npoMHuneHu ruraHTH, Ho MHoxecTBo MaJTKH H cpeAHH
Qnpun, cneq[aJru3r,rpaHpr B TecFrH o6nacru 'l
Ha HayKara H TexHnr(ara. Karo
npaBuJro, $uprt,ture cneA n3nbJrHeHr,te Ha KocMr{qecKHTe noprui<n BeAHara rtpcflT
3eMHoro npunoxeHue Ha rexHoJroruuTe. Tosu npoqec e prlrMynupaH H or
cneqnaJreH opraH s HACA - "Or4er 3a r43non3aaHe ria KocMnqecr(HTe
TexHoJIorr,rH B 3€MHrr ceKTopH Ha uKoHoMr4Kara". Herorur{ r4Hcne(Topu ca B
KoJreKTHBr4Tepaopa6orququ r4 TflxHara ocHoBHa 3aryaqa eAa mpcrr H HaMqprr
"3eMHo" npnnoxeHne Ha uAeHTe H TexHoJroFI,tI4Te. AocrarbqH0 e Aa ce cnoMeHar
HflKoJrKo npr4Mepa 3a ?tJrrocrpaqufl Ha eQexrunnocrra Ha flpr{HqhnilTe,
rapaHTupaqn Bb3BptrqaeMocr Ha pa3x
Crpourencrao: flpes 1967r. raro
na cxaQan4puTe no nporpaMara "An
noKpHBaHe c reQlon u cBernoorpa
MaTepHaJr, AaBarrI npHHrIHnHo HoBH Bb
npocrpaHcrsa 6es noAnopr. C raxr
craArloHa n.{erpofir c onopu caMo no nepnMertpa.
EHeprernra: flpunqunnre Ha 3arqr4Ta Ha eJreKTpoQ6opy4nanero Ha
paKerara HocureJr "Carypn-5" or nuKoBt,t nperoBapnaHnr ca ycneurHo
H3nOn3BaHH 3a eleKTpO3aqHTa Ha npoMr,ilxJreHr,t l, rpaxAa4cKl4 cbopGxeHHr,
KOeTO yBenHrraBa pecypOa Ha JIaMnnTe, npeBXJrK)qBaTe4nTe, peneTaTa H
HsMepBarenHara anaparypa or 1,5 Ao 3 nrru. l

CnacureaHara caMocnupaqa ;rebeAxa ga

cny BHcoKH s4annfl npu noxdap e paspa6orena
no npfi noxap Ha cTapTosaTa no3Hr{Hfl oT
oneparopr4Te, noAIoTBgrIIM tr3nHTaHeTo.
TexHllKa: flpu nrcre4BaHnfl Ha
Ta Hocl{Ter Ha "Anoilo-l?" 3a
a n ycrofivuBa efierTpHqec(a or
ca npHnoxeHn c ycnex npr,r KoHcTpyHplaHeTo Ha MorqeH
nopTaTHBeH npoxercop. I

Auuaqur: I4snon:uraHHTe B caBpeMeHHure cauorlerH crlcreMfi 3a

ynpaBneH[e
aBTOMaTHSHO ynpaBJreHne, npr4 KoHTo MexAy nuJroTa H opraHf4Te 3a
Qyurqno H npar MHoroKpa'rHo p$epBHp aHr4 Ko M nrortpHn cdcreu H, Karo r,rAefl
ca npnnoxeHn 3a nbpnn nbr Ha "Anoro-I5". i

MeAnqnua: Aepo6nara rpeHupoBKa, paspa6orexa I nprnoxeHa or

A-p KeHer Kynrp B [oA1oroBKara Ha aMepuKaHcxure acrppHaBTn, nbpBo ce
Bb3npneMa r(aro cpeAcrBo 3a noAAtpxaHe Ha t[Nsnuec(NTe KaqecrBa or
cnyxuTeJrure ua HACA, a cne4 ToBa craBa nafi-paonpocrpalrenara cilcreMa 3a
npot[nnaxrnKa B cBera.
Axo pesylrarl4Te or I43nbJrHeHuero Ha HayqHara npbrpar"ra, cBrp3aHa

l5l
 c [3yqaBaHero Ha JIyHara no BpeMe Ha nHJrort4pyeM]trelnyHHu eKcneAHqnh, ce
npHeMar o6rqo cAbpxaHo B HayqHr,rre cpeAu. To Karo r(xHnuecro nocrr{xeHHe
H3nparqaHero Ha qoBeK Ha JIyHara H ycneurHoro My il3npeBapH
BpeMero cn.Tazu rexHororl,trtHa uen 3acraBl4 Bcr,rqKH Hfi Ha CAIII, a r.r
HA nJIaHeTaTA, ilA nO:UIeAHaT AaneKo HanpeA H Aa nar n 6t4elqero Ha
qoBeKa H HeroBHTe HeH3qepnaeMr4 Bb3MO)KHOC[n.
"F[raHTcxu cKoK Ha qoBeqecrBoro" Hapege HullApvcrpoHr nbpBara
MAJTKa qoBeuKa Kpaq a, crrnsaiixr4 Ha JryHHara noBbpxHociT creA
npnnyHflBaHero Ha 20tronr.r 1969r. Bpeuero norBbpAH feronure AyMh.

flpuroxenue. Euorparlu,run AaHHlr 3a acrpoHarr"f, or flporpaMara

"Anoro" no peAa Ha nbpBure HM KocMuqecxu nonerd (flo "KocuoHaBTHKa-

ArtH lllenap4 e poAeH npes 1923r. 3anrpurna AKAJIEMN'

nper 1944r. H yqacrBa s TuxooxeaHcKr.tre onepauflH Bropara crleroBHa
noilHa. .{o 1957r. padotu B tuKoJra 3a Jrerqn ua BMC. Jleru Ha
"Mepxyplrfi-3" u "AnoJro-14", Kaua Ha Jlynara. Kor{aaH4up e Ha rpynara
aclpoHaBTH B qeH',rupa 3a nnnoTupye
aAMnpan. Crcl, 197 4r. e B ocraBKa n e
BrpAxunFpncru epoAeH npes 19
nnoula.4(a no BpeMe Ha n3nnTaHH.f Ha K
flper I 950r. 3aBrprxBa Vunrepcn'rer:
1955r. 3aBbpurBa rexnorornrteH HHcr
Jletu Ha "Meprypnft-4" u "RxeMnH
HaJloxH Aa OT.qaAeM xnBoTa cH. TO HH
crc cMupeHne... 3asoesaHilero Ha Koc
[xoH fneH e poAeH npes l92lr.
ua BMC, a npe3 1954r. urKoJra 3a Jrerq
nexora. Pexop4uop flrpnum
aMepHXaHcKH acrpo ufi_6". Or
1964r. eBocraBKa A sHa'l'opor
.{euoxparuqecxara
. 3aBbptrlBa
3anrr,pura
qeHTbp Ha
959r. tr{sntrrHana inole.r na "Meprypnfi-
7 aHero lt paspa6orxara Ha JryHHar[ xa6nHa; [oMou_lHr.rK-
A a nnnornpyeMrl noJreru s Xrocffiit. Cle4 anroruo6ulua
K rpynara Ha acrpoHaB'urre nper 1969r. fi craBa qacreH
npeAnpHeMa.t n JIoc AHxenuc. flocernn Erlraprr ra qerrrprhfl KoHrpec Ha
Acoquaqnrra Ha yqac'rHr,rqure B KocMHqecxn norern nprjes 1988r.

t52
 vorffip lllnpa e poAeH npes l923r.3antprunra BoeHuo{opcKa aKaAeMufl
n AsanOnuc, KanHTaH Iparur. Jleru sa "Mepxypr'rfi-8"."[xeuf aHI4-6","Ano1o-
7" . CneA 1969r. e B oCTaBKa H Bb3rIaBqBa KoHcyJlraHTcKo 6topo 11o 3au{ilra Ha
oKoJIHATa CpeAa !I pbl(oBoAH orAeJreHl4e Ha
qacrHa oHpMa B rp' AeHBbp',
Konopa.a,o.
fop4rH Kyntp e poAeH npez 1927r. Ha l7-ro.qnulHa Bb3pacr nonyqaBa
npaBa Ha ruflor. Cnyxuln ilpwr4flT1tfl lrara aBuaqllflTa.Ilpej 1945r. 3aBbpuJBa
TexnonornqeH ItHcrt{Tyt ua BBC, 6ar
uKoJra 3a nerut4 u3rtllTare;rn pa6orl4
E4yap,uc, noJIKoBHl,IK or BBC. B HAC
".{xeunuu-5". Ot 1970r. e B ocr
HOH3CJIeAoBareJIcKa Qnprura r Kanu$op
.{xou .flHr e poAeH [Ipe3 1930r. 3antpruna rexnolorfiqeH HHcTuTyr B
Arlaura, fiaxalanrp nO aBHaqHoHHa TexHHKa,npOQeCHqHaleH nHJIoT oT
aB?raqnflTa na BMC, xarlnran I Pa
cKoponoAeMHocr na 3000 rrl n 25 000
1962r. Jlern na "Axeunun-3", ".{xeM
Ha Jlynara, n3BbprrrBa n'bprsvq noJrer H
npg3 l98lr. n npe3 1983r. ner4 orHoBo ua "Koly M6us" . Or 1974r. e KoMaHAI'tp
Ha rpynaTa acTpoHaBTkI B ueHTbpa 3a nnnoTl'IpyeMn rlonern'J
Axefirvrc Max4nuur:r e poAeH npes 1929r. flpes 1fl59r. 3aBbpl.rBa
Mfi.ruragclc4s yHl,IBepcnTeT, 6axalaotp no aEI'IaIIHOHHE T0XHI'lKa, Jlelleq
H3nHTaTeJl. Jlern Ua ".{,XSUUHH -4" 14 " AflOJIO-!", eAUH OT pIKOBOAIITeJIUTe Ha
npofpaMara "A[oro" r l{eurrpa 3a nnJroTtrpyeMu noneTH, qpHraAeH reHepaJl
or BBC. Or l9'12r. e B ocraBxa u e rpe3llAeHr ua rfupua a thxaro'
E4yapa Vafir e poAeH flpes 1930r. 3arnHal npu noxf,p Ha craproBara
no3nIIHt no BpeMa Ha I43nHTaHUfl HA
flper 1952r. 3aBtpulBa Boeuua a
yHHBepcI,lreT, MarI,ICTt,p no aB[aqnoH
npeMlrHaBa ntn @loptt4a n Texcac, a
H3nurareJln n 6asara E.qyapac. Cnyx
flerepctH (Oxafio). B HACA e or I
aMepHKaHcKI4 aCTpOHaBT,pl3JIH3aJI B OT
gapnr Konpa4 e poAeH nPer 1930
yHrBepcurer. B HACA e or 1962r.. otp
".{,xeMnHu-5", ".{xeMngu-l 1", "A[o
yqaCTI,IeTO Cl,I KaTO aCTpOI{aBT I,t B nbpBl,lfl eKI'IIIax( Ha KOCM+'ILlecKaTa CTaHI{I'Ifl
"CKafiIa6". B Ocrasxa ot'1974t., Bl,Iqenpe3ltAeHT Ha r[uprt1ia "MapxetnHr'" n
Kopnopaquma
- "Mar4oual,{,luac"-Kolopa4o.
@paHx Eopuau e poAeH npe: 1928r. Ilory,lasa npar{ Ha nI4JIor Ha 15-
foAHrrJHa Bb3pacr. Cne4:lanr,p[IBaHe
-'--- - r Ha Boesua aKaAeMut r1pg3 1950r. cTaBa
BoeHeH neTeII H cny)Kl4 Bbll BOSHHaTA ap,;/la\nA lo I )56r.. n JIKoBHI'IK or BBC'

153
 flpes 1957r. 3aBlprxBa Kanr,rQopur.rftcrnr rexnonoruleH
r,rHcr'ryr, Msr4crbp
no aBr'raqr'roHHA TexHnra, B flepuoAa lg57-lg60q.
e rpenoAaBareJr no
na. flpesl960r.
auu,flr pa6ou n
HACA. Jleru Ha
3a Ko'rpoJr Ha
nonerlrre s Xroc*Lr. or 1970r. e n
ynpaBneHile 3a Bb3AyurHr,r
(Dnopuga.
onepaqnu #t;iffiX"Xl
.{xefirrlc Jlorrn e
poAeH npe3
BoeuuorvropcKa aKaAeMHg s AHanoruc
r,r3nnrareJl, Kan[rraH I panr,
6egonacuocr s IoxHoxanu$op
Jferr ga ".{xeM[HI,l -7,,, *flxe
Ar'fper(Top Ha orAeJ' n_o HayrlHo-np,noxHn uscle{naH''
B r_leHT'pa 3a
e B ocraBKa. '[p.rra."r e na
rrHnorrrpyeMfl nonerH s XrocrrH. or I g7 I r.
ra rere$oHHrl cncreMu r Xrccrru. ]' Qrapr"ra

Touac Cra0Qopa . qoor" nper 1930r. npf3 1952r.3anbprrrBa

BoeHnoruopcKa ar(aAal"", 6u*arra"ip Ha HayKr4Te, ,hereq Ha n:rpe6aren
npexBarqaq nra BBC, flpes
6asara E4yap4c n crana eru
".{xeuunH-9", "Anoro- I 0,'.
npolpaMara "E[IAC',, npu Korro ce cK
*Crro3-19"
14 3aeAHo c Benc Epaua r,r
Banepufi Ky6acon H3BtpruBar cbBMe
pbKoBoAHnArrtxHocru s HACA r,r BBC, reHep,
e or l98lr. n e Br4r_(enpre3uAeHr Ha qacrHa
dr,rpn,la. ]

Hufin Aprucrponr e poAeH npes Dror. B rp. vahaxonr,

oxafio.
IllecrHa4ecerro^firxeH craBa nuiror lro6nrer, u '1ar
BoeHnouopcKo yr{Hnxule 3a nerurd B
ni." r949r.3aBbpuBa
Vumepcnrera flep4ro n ro 3aBtpuBa
Cnyxra Karo BoeHeH Jrerer{ 14 ceAeM
U3ilUTAHHflTA HA aepc)KooMrrqecKlt' x
4purarel. Or 1962r. eB Fpyflara acrponanru. JIer
oJro-
ll_,- *uuo Ha JIyHara. flrpnnrr crbnur . {o
I970r, e 3aM,- HaqaJrHHK na HACA. "o".*,Or l97lr.
ecKa
TexHr4Ka r Ynnnepcurera B
UnuunHarra.
leilywr Cxor e poAeH nper 1932r. flpes 1955r. iu""pr"u Boeuuara
OI'IHT, a npe erprnr rexHoJrorrdqeH
IIo aBuauprfl C4rl r*on" 3a nerr{H
3A nIJIOTI{ 3a
c,rBBC.rler'.{xeuruHra-r,'::.[fffi:1i'li,f"u3l;l

154
15", Kalla na Jlynata. B nepr,loga 1972-1977t paSoru n HAQA I4 B rlerarenHo-
n3cJIeAoBaTeJIcKI,Ifl IleHTbp n 6agara E4yap4c. B ocrasxal e or 1977r. H ce
3aHlrMaBa c rbproBcKa AeiiHocr s JIoc Auxeluc.
IO,qNnn CepnaH epoAeH npes 1934r. flper 1956r.3aBlpdlBaVuurepcnre, a
flepruo,oaxanantp no eJreKTpoHI,lKa. CneA BoesuoMopcKa urfona n MoHrepeft,
Kann$opHut, noJlyqaBa cTeneH Mall4crbp no aBual{}toHHa TexHI'IKa. B FIACA
e or tgOli. Jlerra Ha ",{xeuuHn-9", "Anoro-10", "Anolo-17'i', xaqa Ha JIyHara.
B ocrasxa e o'r 1976r. Ii e noMouIHI4K-BI4qenp$I4AeHT ua $1rpua n Xpcr:tu.
Mafixtn Konn113 e poAeH npe3 1930r. s Plrn. 3antpuna BoeHHara aKaAeMI'1fl
Yecr-flofisr, cJryxll ntni <DpaHqu.R,
nonKoBHr.tK or BBC. Or 1963r. e B rPY
10" u "A[oro-11". CneA nolerl4Te A
ceKpeTap H noMolqH[K-MHHHcrbp.
HaquoualHw uyseit no aBgaIIHf, I{ aepoHaBTuKa, a or l9J8r. e 3aM.-HayqeH
ceKperap na CuutcoHoBcKlrt ItHcrHTyr nts BauruHrroH.
Pn.rap.u fop.utH e poAeH npe3 1929r- Ilpes lfl5lr. 3aBbpl'irBa
I

Baurnnr"roucKufl yHHBepcHTeT,6axalantp no xHMHf , oQraUef or BMC, KattuTaH

I panr. 3antpurna ruKOJIa 3a JreTqn il3nnTaTeJIV il e BKfiIoqeH B rpy[IaTa
acTpOHaBTH na HACA. Jlern Ha ",{xeMnur-l l" H "AnOnOil2". B oCTaBx:l oT
l972r.,pa6orn B qacrHa Suprvra s XrocrtH.
Ep"" On4pnn . poat" nper 1930r. n rp. M )Hrl<rred, ular Hro fioprc' B
l95lr. 3aBtptuBa BoeHnata aKaAeMI4fl n Vecr-llofiHt, a bneA rosa BoeHHo
yqunlitqe 3a JISTIIH n Epaiittt, Texcac, noJIKoBHHK or BBC. p 1963r. 3aBlpuBa
Macavyse'rcKl,Iq rex Honof I{ qeH uHcr l4T yr ) AoKTop H a Ha no acTpoHaBTHKa.
Jleru ga ",flxenauuu-12" n "Anono-l1", Kaqa na JIyu a. CreA nyHHltre
eKcneAHqHH e HaqaIHt4K Ha uKoJIa 3a neTql{ n3nuTaTeJIH s flasara Ha IIBC
E4yap.Uc. Cne4 uanycxaHe Ha HACA cTaBa npe3uAeHT rfa unxeuepl4HloBa
rpuprvra s JIoc Anxennc.
Po4xtp gaQQu e poAeH npes 1935r' 3antpurna Vu fIepAro,
utar Vv4uaua, 6axalaBbp no aBuaqnoHHa rexul'lKa' n-nefitenan:r or
BMC. 3arnsa nppt I,IsnHTaHI{t Ha cucreMara "Carypu ro" Ha crapra or
noxap s xa6l4Hara Ha KocMnqecxur xopa6 nper 1967r'
3a nbpBnq KocMHqecKH norler.

1952r.. a no-KbcHo TexsonornqeH HHcrlzTyr na BBC, 6arala$tp no aBHaIIHcrHHa

TexHItKa, MafHCTap no acTpOHaBTHKa, H3nHraTeiI Ha Cneq[anfru BHAoBe opa)Kl'lt,
nonKoBHnK or BBC. B FIACA e or 1968r. Jletu Ha "Ano{o-7" npes l96tir. n
nbpBrdt nHnOTI,IpyeM H3nIaTaTeJIeH nOJIeT IIo npgrpaMara "Aftono". CIe4 1972t.
e B ocraBKa, ptKoBoAH orAerleHHe Ha $nprnra.
vonrrp KanuHrau e poAeH npes 1932r. 3anrpurna ]KaruSopuui,rt:t<us
yHnBepc[Tet, 6axalaetp no r[nrnxa, a no-KbcHO H AOKTog Ha Hayl(nre' Jleru
Ha ,.Anoro-7" B ncpBt,tr H3nrlTaTeJreH rroJrer nper l{68r. Pa:pa6orsa

155
 MarHr,rToMeTtp 3a JTyHHHTe er(cneAr{rlt4
TOBa cTaBa ruaBeH BUqenp$r4AeHT H
Errrapur BbB Bpb3Ka c rlernrprur
Ha yqacTHHr{HTe B KOCMr,IqecKr4 noJleTr,r.
vfinsrrr AH4epc e poAeH np.' 1933r. flper 1955r. :a{rpurna BoeHn.uopcrca
llHcrnryr Ha BBC s Pafrr-flarepcbH,
nx. Clyxu r(aTo nereq uHcrpyroop B
or BBC. B HACA e or 1963r. "lleru sa
pao o rn B K o M r4 cr{ },r n o nAp eH a .r.o.n rl Ju1
npes 1976-1977r' feHe,pa.rreH AupeKrop e Ha
:f#:i ::T"
rfr
""i, $ff f;
sr,rpr,,'a n ciu Xoce, ru"roop""".
Prcen Irlneftrcapn e poAeH np.. 1935r. Boene' neTeu e or 1956
_ "H
3antpurra MacauysercK'r rexHo,rornqeH nHcrHTyr, rrlflrncrrp no
o"rgo3..
aB,,aL\Afl u
acrpoHaBTUXa. vqen u3cJreAoBareir. 3aHUMaBaJr ce aop""ra
aruoc$epara. or
1963r. e s HACA. Jleru na ..An[no-g',. po6oonrr e B
I croeBe Ha
ynpaBneHqecrnr arapar ua HACA orl974
rc 19771. Crnpelcegarerr Ha
Zsntnul4reJlHlrt KoMt rer Ha Acoquaqrgra Ha TIHTE B KOCMHIICCKH
noJrer[ 3aeAHo c A. JtreoHon. flper l9ggr. roceulaBa BbB BDb3KA C
9erntprnn MexAyHapoAeH r(oHrpec Ha Acoqnaqurdu '
yqacrHr,rqr,rre B
KOCMUgecKH noJIeTn. "u
Alrs Euu e poAeH nper 1932r.
1955r., 6axalanrp no ilBuaqnoHHa rex
na BMC H rxxoJla 3a aBHaq[oHHa
acrpoHaBTr4re n
HACA, ranuraH I pa
Ha yv
Jlynara. Ha KocMr,rqecr(ar4 craHur{rr ..Cxaftla6".
{xouCy r. flpes 1953r.,ofrp."oKoropagcrun

ilxlJfffi';
flpe:t
H acrpoHaBrHra.
cneA o6''e"e;[Hil:-##il;
,trer craBa Malrhcrbp
Ha HayKr4Te aAMr4Htrc
no ereq n3rrr4Tarel. Jlern
Ha "Anoro-I3". flpes or HACA pa6[ru s
r,r KoN,n4cn,flra no
HayKa r'r rexHuKa r(bM aMepr4KaHcKHr Konrpec. flperurra[ana roAroroBKa
no
nporpaMara 3a KocMurrecKara coBaJrKa. I

@pea Xefic e poAeH npes 1933r. 3anrpuna vnuuelcnrera n oxraxoua,

a. Pa6oru Karo rrr4Jror r,lscle4onarel n bagnre
pa6ornur. Jleru Ha ..Anono-13". Vqacrsa n

cn o 6 o4e H n orr er ara .".o il:;ff.Tl :?T

coB arrr(
Kopnopaqul.ra" .,fpyrraaH".
Br,rqenpe3r,rAeHT Ha
i ;Hffi
# ;";
l
ti;;: "" Ki
crrcrpr Pycca e p,oAeH nper r933r. flpes r962r.3aB prrrBa Koropa4cxrn
yHlrBepcHTer. 6axaransp no aBHaUr,roHHa rexHr,rKa.
BOerleH Jrereq H r4HXeHep
nrn BBC, a no-KbcF[o Jrereu r,r3n]rrareJr s 6asara nayapgcj noJrKoBH]rK
Or.BBC.

156
Or 1966r. e n HACA. Jlern Ha "Anoro-14". B ocran]xa e or 1976r.,
Br,rllerpe3ureHT Ha qacrHa <[uprr,ra. Xusee n ftpqur. flpes 1988r. noceulaBa
Eurapur BbB Bpt3xa c 9erntprut MexAyHapoAeH KoHrpec Ha Acoqual{uqra
HA YI{ACTHfiIII,ITE B KOCMHqECKH IOJICTI4.
EArap Murqer e poAeH nper 1939r'. 3anrpuma TexuolofuqHnt I4Hcrl4l'yr
Kapnern n fh,rrc6lpr npes l952r.,6arauantp no aAMllHttc'rf,arunnn nayrcu' B
MacarysercKrrt rexHoJrorn rIeH I,IHc
aepoHaBTuKa r,r acrpoHanruxa. OQn
3aBbp[rBaHe Ha uKoJIa 3a ITI{JIOTI,I 3a ae
n HACA. Jleru sa "Anono-I4", Kaqa
[pe3HAeHT Ha qacrHa {rnpn'ra n flalv
AlQpea VopArn e poAeH npes 1932r. 3antpurna Boenrfa aKaAeMI4n npe3
1955r., 6axarantp no BoeHHttre HayKI4. flpes 1963r. noryupna MarhcrbpcKa
cTeneH IIo aBuaur4rl, acTpoHaBTHKa
yHr,rBepclrrer. ClyNul e B pa3nur{Hl4 a
Cle4 rantpuBaHe Ha [IKoJra 3a trnJlor
1966r. npeMuHaBae H.dCA. IIerI,t Ha "
B HayqHor,r3cneAoBaTe]IoKlls. I{eHTb
BUUerpe3r,rAeHT Ha (Duprr,la a Konopago
flNeftuc LIpnraH e poAeH rrper 1930
6axananrp no MopcKI4 t{ayl(H. Marncrr,
n npn6opocrpoeHe nonyqaBa e Muqnr
B aBT4ATIHOHHI,I qacTll. IOJIKOBHHK OT
Jrerrlr{ n3rrHTareJII,r na BBC, a npes 1963
r43cneABaHr,rs. Ileru Ha "Ailoro-I5", K
Touac Marrusrnu e poAeH npe3
urxona E.4ucon n Mailqvu, 6axanast
BMC, KarHraH I paur. CreA :as
aepoKocM],rqecKH r43cneABaHufl npeMuHaBa s HACA. Jlern nh "Anoflo-16" H s
qerBbprrlfl exnnax Ha coBanKara "Kolyru6ur" npe: 1982r.
]

gapm {rcx e poAeH rupes 1935r. flpes 1957r. 3aBbpu4a BoeHuouopcxa

aKaAeMHq, 6aralantp flo BoeHHoMopcKure Hayru. B Macauy3ercx:Llt
TexHoJrof[qeH I4HcrI,ITy'T npe3 1964r. craBa uarucrtp flo aBuat\Att vI
acrponaBTura. Cnyxra s 6agure na BBC n r{xop.uxns n Tex0ac u n fepuauun'
Cle4 :antpulBaHe Ha LIKOJIa 3a nHJIoTH 3a aepoKocMIlqepKH H3cJIeABaHI{t
npeMHHaBa n HACA npee 1966r. Jleru Ha "AnoJro-16", raqa Ha Jlyua'ra. Or
19 oAlI cBot qacrHa tPupua.
eH rpe3 1933r. llpes 1956r. randpu-rra KaHgacxuq
yH ) erIeKTpoTexHLIr{ecKo r,aanrunocrsioeHe. o(rr'ruep oT
BMC, KanI,ITaH I paur. flpes 1964r. craBa Marilcrbp tro aBu I{IloHHa TexHLIKa.
B HACA e or 1966 r. Jleru Ha "Anolo-17" . Or 1977t. e n ocfanxa, noMoIIlFIrlK
BHrIenpe3IzAeHT Ha qaclHa duprr,ra.

t5'l
 Xapucrn llluu.m e poAeH npes 1935r. 3anrpui KanuQopnuftcrcur.
TexHoror[qeH HHcrnTyl, oaxalranrp no.reonorrr. B I . n XaprapAcKuc
yHrdBepcnrer craBa Aorcrop no reoJrortlr. pa6oru s
ynPaBneHnt
Ha CAII{ n Hopeern.r.'Jletn Ha,,Anoro-I7", Kaqa,Ha Ilywara.
Cenarop or
peny6nnxancKara naprufl .

Jlureparypa

. Ceprr KocMoHaBTuK4

o.bep.e noBofi, f.T., A.A. TnueHKo, f. lL lIIn6ano B.!I. .fIporroroB.

Eelonacsoc-rl KocMr.rqecK14x nofleroB. V., n,|arunuocrfoi"Hi,l
7. As u en H o Br.t q, n. n. Haaexa"o..r, O.roni""o.rl' *ruyraaru
-M., Marutuocrpoeuue, caMonera.
19g5.

na I. X. 1994 r.

158
Btlrapcra aKaAeMHt Ha HayKulE o Bulgarian Academy of Scir:nces
Aepoxoclrn.reckr ri3cJreABaHur r Frnrapur . I 3 . Ae rospace Research in Bulgaria
Co$ur o1997oSofia

In memoriam

flpoSecop AoKrop Ha S43r,rqecxure

Hayr(rr Murxo Mapunon foporuen

Btlrapcxnre KocMuqecKn r{3cneAuatnfi rary6nxa oule

eAUH or ocHoBononoxHr4qure cu. Murro fororues 6e 3a MeH He caMo
npeAnorllrraH cbaBTop, Iro 14 nprlrren or uHoro6poftnure crnu$cnnu flbryBaH?rt
tro cBera. r{ecto cMe Aenprnu xoreJrcKuTe cran no xocrrao4pyMure. 3arosa cr'c
cMbpTTa My cn oTt{Ba H Herr_{o oT MeH.
IIpoQ. Murro fororrres epoAe , na l5 arpnJr 1940 r. n Q. 3narua, o6racr
Mourana, Ho ule ocraHe saonHarv cBbp3aH c rp. Crapa 3arqpa. B rorn rpa.4
roft xusg H rBopr4 cneA 3aB'bprrrBaHe na Co$lrficKnfl yHhBepciarer npe:1965 r.
OuIe rcaro cryAeHT KocMoclbr ro rrpHBJrnqa: nbpBHTe My HayqHr.r rpyAoBe ca
cBbp3aHr4 c na6lro4euuflTa Ha,r43KycrBeHure cnbrFlruul4 na 3elyrrra. Or 1968 r.
rofi e 4npexrop Ha o6cepnalopr.rflra, Kosro npeBbpHa or mo6{rencKo 3BeFIo 3a
o6yveHue Ha yqeHr4r.Ir.r BrB BoAerqo KocMr4qecKo HayqHo Ha[paueHr4e. A-p
foroureB e or prAKara HanocJreAbK Kareropnn 6trrapcria yqeHr,r, Kouto
ocraBr{xa cre4 ce6e cH [rKorra. Tofi crsAaAe HayqHo uanparrleHne "OnruqHr,r
MeTOAn 3A VrcyqABAHe Ha KOCMtZqeCK
"ulnnoHcKa ilcropvtfl", Kotro ro fipplHy
l,r3cJreABaHHr npH EAH, 6eme seocno
or Easosara o6cepnalopnr n Crap
flopryraln n u Vagtt cryuiaxa HeroB
pI,KOBOACTBOTO My Ha3eMHr4 {tOrOUerpnr{HH CTaHrIVtn 3A H3CJreABaHe Ha
"cBereHero Ha HoIrIHoro ue6e".
Herona 6erue nAesra 3a r.r3crpenBaHe Ha cnbrHr,rx, cda6Aeu r.r3qrJlo c
6trrapcxa HayqHa anaparripa, 3a o3HaMeHyBaHe na 13OO-rfAr4ruHHHara cfT
cr3AaBaHero Ha 6rrrapcxara AbpxaBa - peanu3vpaHa Karo cnbrHHK
"Hntepxocr',toc-Eurapus-1300", IIpofi. foroures 6erue Hayvi:H plbKoBoAnren
Ha rrpoBeAeHr{Te cbc co6crneHa HayqHa anapa'rypa onrnvHr,i r43cJreABaHr4r B
onaurKara Ha Xareesara KoMera (no rperrle Ha excnepfiMeHTa "Benepa-Xarefi")

159
 _T_-----=a]T-4F

r,r r.rAeoJror Ha pa6oreulara B MoMeHTa Ha 6op4a na HI4' CNGTHIIK OT

eKcneplrMeHr "Lfurep6o[,' 6rmapcKa ynrpaBuoJreroBa cTeMa 3a n3cnelEaHe
Ha rIoJrflpHHTe Cl.{flHnfl.
Murxo forouen aMatrre ucrr4Hcna aAMu gap6a: HefoBa
pox6a e a MexAylrapoAHr,rrr ozTyaquoHeH rle p, KaKTO H HayqHo-
npo ra3BoAcrBeHoro npeAnpuf rn e .,Kocuoc" B rp.
3aropa. C xaxnoro n
Aa ce 3arroBeure roft 6necteute c epylr4r\prflr4 r{HTeJreKT. ygeH, Opralrr43aTop
u nonyJrrpr43arop, Murro 6erue cnoprHa [l a Harypa, Tofi 6erue
AyuaTa Ha BCsKa KoMnaHr,rf.
C6orou, nputrenro! L[fe Hu nuncnaur!

Cr.n.c. Vanrnnos, HKU-6AH

160
 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

The Aerospace Research in Bulgaria series publishes original articles

in the theoretical or applied frelds of the space and aviation science and practice.

Submission:
o The articles should be submitted in duplicate in Bulgarian, Russian or
English language. The Bulgarian authors should'also supply a Bulgarian version for veriftcation
ofthe translation.
o Manuscripts (including the tables and references) shotrld not exceed 1 5 standard
pages (30.lines per page, 60 strokes per line) typed on white non-transparentpaper in standard offrceformat
(2r0 y295).
o Each article should be accompanied with a srunmary (up to 30 lines).

Conditions:
The arlicles should not be published, neither submitted for publication
elsewhere.
All manuscripts are subjectto editorial review.

Arrangement:
o Ti tl e p ag e. Thefirstpage ofeach article shouldindicatethetitle, the
authors' names and the Institute where the article was conducted.
. T ab I e s an d i I I u s tr at i o n s. Tables and captionsto illustrations
should be submitted on separate sheets. The proper place of each frgure in the text should be
indicated in the left margin of the corresponding page. All illustrations (photos, graphs and dia-
grams) should be referred to as "figures" and given in '" The author's name,,thg
number of the figure with indication of its proper orient should be slightly marked
on the back on each figure. All illustrations should be icate too.
o R e f e r e n c e s. They should be indicated in the text by giving the
corresponding number in parentheses. The r sheet, ar-
ranged chronologically by numbers figuring should be
given with inversion. The title of the article is foi ), volume,
year of publication, issue number and the pages cited. The titles of the monographs should be
followed by the city, publisher, year of publication and the cited page.
Example:
l. B u I a r d, E., I. C o o p e r. The determination of the masses necessary to
produce a given gravitational field. - Proc. Royal Soc., London, 194, 1948, 332-347.
- 2. Y a n o v s k ay a,T.,L. P o r o k h o v a. Inverse Geophysical Problems.
Leningrad, Leningr. Univ. Publ., 1983.

Further details:
. Units of measurement should be used only according to SI.
o Authors have to accomplish one proof-reading within a specified by the
publishers term. Onry rype-setting errors are subject to correction.

Address. The authors may submit articles in person or send them to the
following address:

Editorial Board of
Aerospace Research in Bulgaria,
ch Institute
ademy of Sciences,
Str., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
rssN 0861-1432

YKA3AHI4'I 3A. AB TOPI4TE

B reMarHqHara nopeArtrIa "AepoKocMl{trecKlr rdtcJleABaH}rr B Ermapnr" ce nevarar

oPufl{HaJIHI'l Ha) IH}r crarHu or
oblacrra na KocMucecKaTa r.r ttBnar+toHHara riayra n npaxtm.a.
.
Ycnorlr.r: ctaruure rp'6ra Aa 6'bl.ar [peAcraBeHn s 2 erseMurf,pa Ha
6rnrapcxu, pycKr{ rlnu anrnr.rftcxu. Eurapcxnre aBTopn rpi6aa Aa npeAcraBrr u [peBoA Ha
crarr{rra, aKo rr e Ha pycKr.r znr anrlnficxu egux.
. o ct6e rp.r6na 4a
npeBr{rrraBa I 5 crarqaprru
) c Qopruar
2toya95. 'o Bcma crarur rpe6ra Aa 6rAe rrpr.IApyxega or pe3roMe ( go
I cran4aprna
crparlrrla) na 6rnrapcxu n Ha eAlrH 3ana,qeH e3ri
o Marepna.ru, rpueru3arreqarnrnrny6nrrcynaHlrBApyrnrrAaHrur, He ce[pneMar.
flogpex4ane:
o Ha rrrPsara crpalnqa Ha BctKa cratnr rpx6na Aa 6:o1ar HarrucaHu 3agraB[ero.
r{MeHara Ha aBTopnre n aApesbr na uecropa6orara.
' o Ta6n v\u u ItJIIocrp-aqtlu. Ta6rua+rrerrreKcrbrKbM r.uuocrpalu,prre
rpr6aa Aa ce upeAcratBtr-Ha oTAeJIHI{ cT parnag{. Mrcroro'rnr B TeKcra Aa ce nocoqr,r B noJrero Ha
sborBerHara crpanua. Ha rup6a na rilrrocrpaqnrre (r[otocn, qeprexr.r, rpaQurr.r u
4p.) c uonur
,ua ce Harlnlllar 3aulaDl{ero Ha crarr,rrra, I{MeHara Ha aBTopltre, HoMepsT na r[rrypata r{ Aa ce
yKDKe OpneHTarlr{rTa.
ce rrpeAcTztBr Ha oTAeneH JrucT IIo
aBmp ce AaBa c rrHBepcnrr. Cne4nar
, roArrH4 KHrDKKa,gTpalnrqa,afipvl
.
-1.{ n
r c r a H o 4., K. C e p a Q rr M o B. - Cn. na EAH, )O(, l974,Nl 2,c. 29.
2.H e c t o p o n, "J
f. @mma sa n crara ionocrlepa. C., EAH, igAg,i. Al.'
.{pyrn nsncxranur:
o
Meprurre eAr4Hr.rru saAEJDKr4reJrHo Aa 6r.qar no CI4.
a
ABTopr.rre nperne)KAar eAHa KopeKTypa B onpeAeneH cpoK.
,{orrycrar ce
caMo [onpaBKrr Ha rperrrKa, Ha[paBeHu npu na6opa.

AIpeo. Anroprre uorar Aa qpeAcraE T ,rrrrrHo Marepr{aJrr4Te cn rrIM Aa tnLrtnparrr

Ha r,qpec:
CoQnr 1000
yn. "Mocxoncra"N 6
klncrnryr 3a KocMutlecrr.r rmcnegaar*rr - EAH
Pegaxrglorura ronerur ua'AepoxocM[rrecKlr tncne4narur r Ebnrapili,

a
I

' Itr