3 Cell Physiology Transport Across The Membranes F21 MOODLE
3 Cell Physiology Transport Across The Membranes F21 MOODLE
3 Cell Physiology Transport Across The Membranes F21 MOODLE
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
Functions of the plasma membrane
Protection
Physical isolation
Barrier
Transport
Ions and nutrients
Wastes elimination and secretion
Interaction with other cells
Extracellular fluid composition and chemical
signals
Structural support
Anchors cells and tissues
CELL MEMBRANES
Fluid mosaic model: a membrane is
a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of
proteins embedded in it Model of a typical animal cell plasma membrane
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MEMBRANE LIPIDS
Phospholipids
The most abundant lipids
• Amphipathic of phospholipids leads to
bilayer structure
Hydrophilic heads—face outward on
both sides, toward watery environments
Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails—inside
membrane
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Boundary between two aqueous compartments
Semi-permeable barrier to ions and
water-soluble compounds
PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES
Specialized membranes
varying types and proportions of lipids
Phosphoglycerides
a structural component of biological membranes
Sphingolipids
protect the cell surface
a mechanically stable and chemically resistant
outer leaflet
Glycolipids
maintain the stability of the cell membrane
facilitate cellular recognition
Cholesterol
various effects on membrane properties
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CHOLESTEROL AND MEMBRANE FLUIDITY
Cholesterol
• reduces permeability to low molecular
weight solutes
• disrupts interactions between fatty acids
and enhances membrane fluidity at
different temperatures
• At warm temperatures
• it restrains movement of phospholipids
• prevents the membrane from becoming too fluid
At cool temperatures
• maintains fluidity by preventing tight
packing
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MEMBRANE HETEROGENEITY
Different types of lipids
• Inner layer (PE and PS)
• Outer layer (PC)
Lipid rafts: regions enriched with
cholesterol, glycolipids, and sphingolipids
• Provide microcompartments for specialized
Phosphatidylcholine (PC)
functions
• Internalization of ligands and receptors (raft-
dependent endocytosis).
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) Phosphatidylserine (PS)
Cells regulate the fluidity of the membranes
Many animals
▪ actively remodel their membranes to
compensate for the effects of environment 8
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Proteins determine most of
membrane’s specific functions
Peripheral
Integral
Transmembrane
The hydrophobic regions of an
integral protein
stretches of nonpolar amino acids
coiled
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FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Six major functions of membrane
proteins
Transport (transport proteins)
Enzymatic activity (enzymes)
Signal transduction (receptors)
Cell-cell recognition (glycoproteins)
Intercellular joining (e.g.,
cadherins)
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and
extracellular matrix (ECM)
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REVIEW
Each of the following is a function of
membranes except
A) defining cell and organelle
boundaries.
B) sites for specific biochemical
functions.
C) information storage.
D) regulation of transport.
E) cell–cell communication.
REVIEW
The most prominent lipids in animal
cell membranes are
A) phospholipids.
B) glycolipids.
C) cholesterol.
D) phytosterol.
E) phosphatidylcholine.
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MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Exchange materials with surroundings
controlled by the plasma membrane
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Transport proteins aid the passive
movement of hydrophilic molecules
across membrane
Ion channel proteins – 3 types Aquaporin
provide corridors that allow a specific
molecule or ion to cross
Porins
aquaporins facilitate diffusion of water Carrier proteins
through the plasma membrane
▪Carrier proteins – permeases
glucose permease
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Active transport moves substances against their
concentration gradients
requires energy
transport proteins
C
REVIEW
Water moves across the plasma membrane into or
out of a cell by osmosis when
A) there is an equal solute concentration on both
sides of the membrane.
B) water diffuses through a semipermeable
membrane toward a higher solute concentration.
C) water diffuses through a semipermeable
membrane toward a lower solute concentration.
D) a high solute concentration opens an
aquaporin channel.
E) ATP hydrolysis drives aquaporin transport.
CHARGE SEPARATION ACROSS
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Positive charges - outside
Negative charges - inside
Separation of charges - electrical gradient
The voltage difference across a membrane - membrane potential
Electrophysiology – study of these potentials
Resting membrane potential – membrane potential when cell is at rest
measured in millivolts (mV);
value is negative - inside of cell is more negative
depending on cell type - from −10 mV to −100 mV
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MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL
AND RESTING POTENTIAL
VIDEO Membrane Potential, Equilibrium Potential and Resting Potential
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MEMBRANE POTENTIAL The sodium-potassium pump
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TRANSPORT OF SOLUTES THROUGH EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Epithelial tissue
▪ Transporters
▪ ATPases, ion channels, and
electroneutral cotransporters and
exchangers Tight epithelium
▪ Different transporters
▪ On apical and the basolateral
membrane.
▪ On adjacent cell membranes
▪ In different cells
Most of the solute transport occurs through the Leaky epithelium
epithelial tissue
• Transcellular transport (tight epithelium)
• Paracellular transport (leaky epithelium)
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HOMEWORK
Moodle Quiz 2