2.cell Membrane Physiology and Transport
2.cell Membrane Physiology and Transport
2.cell Membrane Physiology and Transport
PHYSIOLOGY AND
TRANSPORT
DR NISREEN IBRAHIM
PROF ASSISSTANT
DEPT. OFPHYSIOLOGY
At the end of the class, you must
know
membrane.
Lipid Bilayer
Functional significance
About Cell Membrane
1. All cells have a cell
membrane
2. Functions:
a. Controls what enters
and exits the cell to
maintain an internal
balance called
homeostasis
b. Provides protection
and support for the
cell
Structure of Cell
membrane
It is a double layer of
phospholipids – lipid
bilayer.
It is an elastic , very
thin (7.5-10
nm),nm=10-9 m.
It contains almost
proteins called
membrane proteins
Dynamic .
3. Structure of cell membrane
Proteins
About Cell Membranes
4. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it
a. Selectively permeable: Allows some
molecules in and keeps other molecules out
b. The structure helps it be selective!
Pores
Structure of the Cell
Membrane Outside of cell
Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Lipid
Bilayer
Transport Phospholipids
Protein Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)
Membrane Proteins
Arrangement of proteins in the cell
membrane
Peripheral proteins
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Integral proteins or
Transmembrane proteins
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
Receptor proteins
Antigens
Pumps
Membrane Proteins
Integral Proteins: (70% of Cell membrane proteins part and
parcel of membrane structure
Pumps: They transper substances against Concentration
/ Electrical gradients
Channel Proteins: Opened and closed by gates
Carrier Proteins: Involved in transport of substances
Enzyme Proteins: Takes place in membrane reaction
Receptor Proteins: They bear appropriate sites for
recognition of Specific Ligands.
GLYCOCALYX
Functions of Cell
Membrane:
Protective Function
Selective permeability
Absorptive function
Excretory function
Exchange of gases
Maintenance of shape and
size of the cell.
Transport – What Its highly selective filter, permits
it means? nutrients and leaves thewaste
products from the cell
Maintain Homeostasis.
Makes Cytosol
environment to different
Play an important role in
cell to cellcommunication.
Its detects Chemical
messengers arriving at the
cell surface.
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
TRANSPORT
Examples :
Oxygen(very small,very high kinetic
energy) ,CO2(small uncharged water-
soluble),alcohol, fatty acids .
SIMPLE DIFFUSION THROUGH
PROTEIN ION CHANNELS :
1/ LEAKAGE CHANNELS :
1- watery pathways through
integral protein.
2- tube shaped extending from
(ECF) to (ICF) .
3- highly selective only for
certain ions or molecules
2- GATED CHANNELS
D = Diffusion coefficient.
A = Surface area.
C1&C2 = Concentrations on either sides.
(Lipid solubility – It is the major determinant in the
pharmacokinetics of a drug)
Factors Influence Diffusion Rates
Distance -
The shorter the distance, the more quickly [ ] gradients are
eliminated
Few cells are father than 125 microns from a blood vessel
Molecular Size
Ions and small molecules diffuse more rapidly
Temperature -
temp., motion of particles
Steepness of concentrated gradient -
The larger the [ ] gradient, the faster diffusion proceeds
Membrane surface area -
The larger the area, the faster diffusion proceed
Diffusion Across Membranes
Simple Diffusion
Lipophilic substances can enter cells easily because
they diffuse through the lipid portion of the
membrane
Examples are fatty acids, steroids, alcohol, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and urea,
Channel-Mediated Diffusion
Membrane channels are transmembrane proteins
Only 0.8 nm in diameter
Used by ions, very small water-soluble compounds
Much more complex than simple diffusion
Are there enough channels available?
Size and charge of the ion affects which channels it can
pass through
CMT: Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose and amino acids are insoluble in lipids and too large
to fit through membrane channels
Passive process, i.e. no ATP used
Solute
binds to receptor on carrier protein
Later changes shape then releases solute on other side of
membrane Substance moved down its concentration
gradient
Saturation of a Carrier
Protein,transport maximum
available to be transported.
1.When the 2. When more molecules are present
concentration of x outside the cell, as long as enough
molecules outside the carrier proteins are available, more
cell is low, the transport molecules can be transported; thus,
rate is low because it is the transport rate increases.
limited by the number of
3. The transport rate is limited by the
molecules
number of carrier proteins,activity
and the rate at which each carrier
protein can transport solutes.
When the number of molecules
outside the cell is so large that the
carrier proteins are all occupied,
the system is saturated and the
transport rate cannot increase.
Diffusion Through the
Plasma
Membrane
Figure 3.7
OSMOSIS
Osmosis is the process of moving water across a
semi permeable membrane towards ion or solute
rich region in a solution
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
The amount of pressure
that can prevent the
movement of water from
another region which is
partitioned by the
permeable membrane
colloidal osmotic
pressure of plasma is 25
mmHg
Osmolarity and Tonicity
M o le - the gram molecular weight of a substance
1 mole of Glucose =180; 1 mole of NaCl = 58.5
Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions affect the fluid volume of a red blood
cell. Notice the crenated and swollen cells.
VESICULAR TRANSPORT
It is the transport of membrane bounded
substances moving across plasma membrane
It is classified into:
1. Endocytosis 2. Exocytosis.
Endocytosis
It isa process by which the large number of particles
are taken with forming the vesicle into the cell
It is classified into:
1. Phagocytosis
It is a process by which the large number of
particles are engulfed into the cell.
2. Pinocytosis
It is a process by which the large number of
particles which are soluble in water are taken into
the cell
Endocytosi
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
A selective process
Involves f o rma t i o n of vesicles at
surf ace of m e m b r a n e
Vesicles contain receptors on their membrane
Vesicles contain specific target molecule in high
concentration
Clathrin-coated vesicle i n cy to p l a sm
uptake of LDL from bloodstream
If receptors are lacking, LDL’s accumulate and
hypercholesterolemia develops
Receptor Mediated
Endocytosis
Mechanism of
Phagocytosis
The cell membrane invaginates
the material from ECF.
l
It is pinched off from the
membrane and takes the materia
into ICF
1. CALCIUM
2. ENERGY
3. PROTEINS
BULK Transport
The movement of large number
of ions, molecules or particles that
are dissolved or carried in a
medium such as a fluid or air is
called bulk flow.
Rate of Bulk transport is determined by the
Energy is utilised
Movement of ions takes place Movement of ions takes place
against conc. gradient favouring conc. gradient
Active Transport
This is
cell does use energy gonna be
hard
1. Protein Pumps work!!
high
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis
low
What is active transport?
Active transport is the
transport of substances from
a region of lower
concentration to higher
concentration using energy,
usually in the form of ATP.
Examples: Na, K and Ca
active transport.
1.sodium-potassium pump
2.Calcium pump
3.Potassium hydrogen pump
Active
Transport
needed for,
1. Maintaining the
Chemical and Electrical
Charge at rest.
2. Intake of Substances
through gated Channels.
1. Sodium-potassium pump
Found in many cells
2. Calcium pump
Found in membrane of
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum(excitable
membranes).
3. Potassium hydrogen
pump
Found in Gastrointestine
cell membrane
Working of Na-K
pump
Primary active transport
Primary active transportis
the transport of sustances
uphill using energy (ATP
hydrolysis)
It cause a conformational
change that results in the
transport of the molecule
through the protein.
Eg. Na+-K+ pump.
STRUCTURE OF NA+ - K+
PUMP
Functions of Na+Kpump
1. It is responsible for
maintaining the high K+
and low Na+
concentration inside the
cell.
2. It maintains intracellular
negativity , sharing in
creating resting
membrane potential .
ECF
glucose
ICFI
ICF
CFICF
ICF
Antiport (Counter-
transport)
In this process, the two
substances move across the
membrane in
opposite Example:
directions. Exchange of H+ and Na+ in Renal
tubule.
MECHANISM OF COUNTER-TRANSPORT
Higher conc. of H+
Lower conc. of H+
Transport of substances in
GIT
Transport of substances in
G Nephron
Ca
H+
Cl
Ca
Passive Membrane Transport
– Review -
Process Energy S ourc e Ex ample
Movement of O2 through
Simple diffusion Kinetic energy
membrane