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    Stat Section 6.1 Study Guide Solutions

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    Stat Section 6.1 Study Guide Solutions

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    Stat Section 6.1 Study Guide solutions

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    4 views4 pages

    Stat Section 6.1 Study Guide Solutions

    Uploaded by

    kae.grosser

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Statistics Section 6.

    1 Study Guide

    1. Describe the differences between discrete and continuous random variables.

    discrete random variable: random variable with a countable number of possible values; can list them
    out with gaps in between
    continuous random variable: random variable that takes on all values in some interval of numbers

    The probability distribution of a discrete random variable can be represented by a table or


    histogram; for a continuous random variable it is represented by a density curve.

    2. A baseball player historically gets on base 30% of the time. Suppose you randomly select an at-
    bat when the player got out. The following distribution represents the number of at-bats X since
    the last time he got out.

    X 1 2 3 4 5 6
    P 0.7000 0.2100 0.0630 0.0189 0.0060 0.0021

    a. Verify that this is a legitimate probability distribution (hint: what must be true?)
    0.7 + 0.21 + 0.063 + 0.0189 + 0.006 + 0.0021 = 1 AND all probabilities are between 0 and 1

    b. Compute the mean of the random variable. Interpret your result.


    μX = 1(0.7) + 2(0.21) + 3(0.063) + 4(0.0189) + 5(0.006) + 6(0.0021) = 1.4272
    OR use 1-Var Stats on calculator
    After many, many times getting out, the player will have an average of 1.43 at-bats since his last
    time getting out.

    c. Compute the variance of the random variable.


    σx2 = (1 – 1.4272)2(0.7) + (2 – 1.4272)2(0.21) + (3 – 1.4272)2(0.063) + (4 – 1.4272)2(0.0189) + (5 –
    1.4272)2(0.006) +(6 – 1.4272)2(0.0021) = .5981

    OR square σx

    d. Compute the standard deviation of the random variable. Interpret your result.
    σX = √(.5981) = 0.7737 OR use 1-VAR STATS
    When the player gets out, the number of at-bats since his last out will typically be 0.77 at-bats
    away from the mean of 1.43.

    e. For a randomly selected out, what is the probability that it has been exactly four at-bats
    since the last out?
    P(X = 4) = 0.0189
    f. What is the probability that the batter would have four or more at-bats since his last out?
    Based on your answer, would this be an unusual occurrence?
    P(X ≥ 4) = 0.0189 + 0.006 + 0.0021 = 0.027
    This is a low probability, so it seems fairly unlikely the batter would take this many at-bats
    before an out.

    g. Suppose in the last week, the player has had an average of four at-bats between getting out.
    Does this mean that in the next week, his average should be below the expected value in
    order to even out? Explain.
    No, the expected value only describes the average in the long run. In the short term, each series
    of at-bats is still unpredictable in how long it will be.

    3. As part of a game you roll four standard dice. Let the random variable X represent the number
    of 5’s rolled.
    a. Create a probability distribution table to represent X.

    x 0 1 2 3 4
    P(x) (5/6)4 (1/6)(5/6)(5/6)(5/6) (1/6)(1/6)(5/6)(5/6) (1/6)(1/6)(1/6)(5/6) (1/6)4
    = 0.4823 x 4 ways x 6 ways x 4 ways = 0.0008
    = 0.3858 = 0.1157 = 0.0154

    b. Draw a probability histogram for X.

    .5
    .4
    Probability

    .3
    .2
    .1

    0 1 2 3 4
    # of 5’s rolled
    c. Find and interpret the average value for X.
    μX = 0(0.4823) + 1(0.3858) + 2(0.1157) + 3(0.0154) + 4(0.0008) = 0.667 OR use 1-VAR STATS
    If you played this game many many times, on average 0.667 out of the four rolls would be a 5.

    d. Find the variance and standard deviation for X. Interpret the standard deviation.
    σX2 = (0 – 0.667)2(0.4823) + (1 – 0.667)2(0.3858) + (2 – 0.667)2 (0.1157) +
    (3 – 0.667)2 (0.0154) + (4 – 0.667)2 (0.0008) = 0.556 OR square standard deviation
    σX = √(0.556) = 0.745 OR use 1-VAR STATS
    4. Explain what makes a game of chance (like a casino game) fair.
    In a fair game, the cost to play the game is the same as the expected value of money won, so
    that in the long run both parties come out even.

    5. The density curve at the right represents the distribution of the random variable Y, representing
    the waiting time in minutes for a train. (Area = probability)
    a. What is the probability of waiting fewer than 10 minutes?
    P(Y < 10) = ½(10)(0.01) = 0.05
    0.04
    0.03
    0.02
    b. What is the probability of waiting more than 40 minutes? 0.01

    P(Y>40) = ½(10)(.04) = 0.20 10 20 30 40 50

    c. What is the probability of waiting between 10 and 40 minutes?


    P(10<Y<40) = 1 – 0.05 – 0.20 = 0.75 OR ½(40)(.04) – 0.05 = 0.75

    6. Since 1900, the magnitude of earthquakes in California measuring higher than 0.1 on the Richter
    Scale is normally distributed with μ = 6.2 and σ = 0.5.
    X = magnitude of randomly selected earthquake
    a. What is the probability that a randomly selected earthquake in California has a magnitude
    less than 6.4?
    P(X < 6.4) = P(Z < (6.4-6.2)/0.5 ) = P(Z < 0.4) = 0.6554 (using normal table)

    b. Suppose you randomly select six California earthquakes. What is the probability that none of
    them has a magnitude between 6.1 and 6.4?
    For a single earthquake:
    P(6.1 < X < 6.4) = P( (6.1-6.2)/0.5 < Z < (6.4-6.2)/0.5 ) = P(-0.2 < Z < 0.4) = 0.6554 – 0.4207
    = 0.2347

    P(none out of 6 is between 6.1 and 6.4) = (0.7653)6 = 0.2009


    (There is only one way that all six earthquakes are not between 6.1 and 6.4.)

    c. Suppose you randomly select three California earthquakes. What is the probability that one
    of them has a magnitude greater than 7.2?
    P(X > 7.2) = P(Z > (7.2-6.2)/0.5 ) = P(Z > 2) = 0.0228

    P(one out of 3 has a magnitude over 7.2) = (0.0228)(0.9772)(0.9772) x 3 = 0.0653


    (There are three ways that one of the earthquakes is over 7.2 and the other two are not.)
    d. Suppose you randomly select five California earthquakes, and their average magnitude is
    5.98. Does this contradict the given information? Explain.
    No! According to the Law of Large Numbers, the average calculated from the data (x̅) will get
    closer to μ =6.2 as the amount of data increases, but five earthquakes is not very many.

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