Class10 Polynomial

Class 10th maths chapter-2 polynomial
Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is an expression made up of variables and constants along
with mathematical operators.
An algebraic expression is a sum of terms, which are considered to be building blocks
for expressions.
A term is a product of variables and constants. A term can be an algebraic expression
in itself.
Examples of a term – 3 which is just a constant.
– 2x, which is the product of constant ‘2’ and the variable ‘x’
– 4xy, which is the product of the constant ‘4’ and the variables ‘x’ and ‘y’.
– 5x2y, which is the product of 5, x, x and y.
The constant in each term is referred to as the coefficient.
Example of an algebraic expression: 3x2y+4xy+5x+6 which is the sum of four terms:
3x2y, 4xy, 5x and 6.
An algebraic expression can have any number of terms. The coefficient in each term
can be any real number. There can be any number of variables in an
algebraic expression. The exponent on the variables, however, must be rational
numbers.
Polynomial
An algebraic expression can have exponents that are rational numbers. However, a
polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the exponent on any variable is a
whole number.
5x3+3x+1 is an example of a polynomial. It is an algebraic expression as well.
2x+3√x is an algebraic expression, but not a polynomial. – since the exponent on x is
1/2 which is not a whole number.
Degree of a Polynomial
For a polynomial in one variable – the highest exponent on the variable in a
polynomial is the degree of the polynomial.
Example: The degree of the polynomial x2+2x+3 is 2, as the highest power of x in the
given expression is x2.
Types Of Polynomials
Polynomials can be classified based on:
a) Number of terms
b) Degree of the polynomial.
Types of polynomials based on the number of terms

a) Monomial – A polynomial with just one term. Example: 2x, 6x2, 9xy
b) Binomial – A polynomial with two terms. Example: 4x2+x, 5x+4
a) Trinomial – A polynomial with three terms. Example: x2+3x+4
Types of Polynomials based on Degree

Linear Polynomial
A polynomial whose degree is one is called a linear polynomial.
For example, 2x+1 is a linear polynomial.
Quadratic Polynomial
A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.
For example, 3x2+8x+5 is a quadratic polynomial.
Cubic Polynomial
A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.
For example, 2x3+5x2+9x+15 is a cubic polynomial.
Zeroes of a Polynomial
A zero of a polynomial p(x) is the value of x for which the value of p(x) is 0. If k is a
zero of p(x), then p(k)=0.
For example, consider a polynomial p(x)=x2−3x+2.
When x=1, the value of p(x) will be equal to
p(1)=12−3×1+2
=1−3+2
=0
Since p(x)=0 at x=1, we say that 1 is a zero of the polynomial x2−3x+2
Geometrical Meaning of Zeros of a Polynomial
Geometrically, zeros of a polynomial are the points where its graph cuts the x-axis.
(i) One zero (ii) Two zeros (iii) Three zeros
Here A, B and C correspond to the zeros of the polynomial represented by the graphs.
Number of Zeros
In general, a polynomial of degree n has at most n zeros.
1. A linear polynomial has one zero,

2. A quadratic polynomial has at most two zeros.
3. A cubic polynomial has at most 3 zeros.
Factorisation of Polynomials
Quadratic polynomials can be factorized by splitting the middle term.
For example, consider the polynomial 2x2−5x+3
Splitting the middle term:
The middle term in the polynomial 2x2−5x+3 is -5x. This must be expressed as a sum
of two terms such that the product of their coefficients is equal to the product of 2 and
3 (coefficient of x2 and the constant term)
−5 can be expressed as (−2)+(−3), as −2×−3=6=2×3
Thus, 2x2−5x+3=2x2−2x−3x+3
Now, identify the common factors in individual groups
2x2−2x−3x+3=2x(x−1)−3(x−1)
Taking (x−1) as the common factor, this can be expressed as:
2x(x−1)−3(x−1)=(x−1)(2x−3)
Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial

For Quadratic Polynomial:
If α and β are the roots of a quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c, then,
α + β = -b/a
Sum of zeroes = -coefficient of x /coefficient of x2
αβ = c/a
Product of zeroes = constant term / coefficient of x2
For Cubic Polynomial
If α,β and γ are the roots of a cubic polynomial ax3+bx2+cx+d, then
α+β+γ = -b/a
αβ +βγ +γα = c/a
αβγ = -d/a
Algebraic Identities
1. (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
2. (a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2
3. (x+a)(x+b)=x2+(a+b)x+ab
4. a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
5. a3−b3=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2)
6. a3+b3=(a+b)(a2−ab+b2)
7. (a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3
8. (a−b)3=a3−3a2b+3ab2−b3
DIVISION ALGORITHM:
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
Remember this!
 If r (x) = 0, then g (x) is a factor of p (x).

 If r (x) ≠ 0, then we can subtract r (x) from p (x) and then the new polynomial formed is a
factor of g(x) and q(x).
Exercise 2.1
2.2 Class 10 Maths Question 1.
Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between the zeroes and
their coefficients:
(i) x2 – 2x – 8 (ii) 4s2 – 4s + 1 (iii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x (iv) 4u2 + 8u (v) t2 – 15 (vi) 3x2 – x – 4
Solution:
Ex 2.2 Class 10 Maths Question 2.
Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of zeroes respectively:
Solution:

Class10 Polynomial

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Class 10th maths chapter-2 polynomial

Types of polynomials based on the number of terms

Types of Polynomials based on Degree

(i) One zero (ii) Two zeros (iii) Three zeros

1. A linear polynomial has one zero,

Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial

 If r (x) = 0, then g (x) is a factor of p (x).

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