Algebra Heep207
Algebra Heep207
Algebra Heep207
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(ii) Factorisation
• Representation of an algebraic expression as the product of two or
more expressions is called factorisation. Each such expression is
called a factor of the given algebraic expression.
• When we factorise an expression, we write it as a product of its
factors. These factors may be numbers, algebraic (or literal) variables
or algebraic expressions.
A formula is an equation stating a relationship between two or more
variables. For example, the number of square units in the area (A) of a
rectangle is equal to the number of units of length (l) multiplied by the
number of units of width (w). Therefore, the formula for the area of a
rectangle is A = lw.
Sometimes, you can evaluate a variable in a formula by using the given
information.
In the figure shown, the length is 9 units
and the width is 5 units.
A = lw
A = 95
w
A = 45
The area is 45 square units or 45 units2.
l
At other times, you must use your knowledge of equations to solve for a
variable in a formula.
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You might think that algebra is a topic
found only in textbooks, but you can find algebra all around you – in some
of the strongest places.
Did you know there is a relationship between the speed at which ants
crawl and the air temperature? If you were to find some ants outside and
time them as they crawled, you could actually estimate the temperature.
Here is the algebraic equation that describes this relationship.
Celsius temperature
↓ t = 15s + 3
↑
ant speed in centimetres per seconds
There are many ordinary and extraordinary places where you will
encounter algebra.
What do you think is the speed of a typical ant?
4x y 3y
= Here, x = , a = and b =
5 4 4
16 x 2 4y 4x 3y 2
= + × +
25 4 5 16
16 x 2 4 xy 3y 2
= + +
25 5 16
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y2
(iv) –9
9
2
y 2
= – (3)
3
If there are two numbers you don’t know, that’s not a problem.
You can use two different variables, one for each unknown number.
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y y
= + 3 – 3 (Since a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b))
3 3
(v) x4 – 256
= (x2)2 – (16)2
= (x2 + 16) (x2 – 16) (using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b))
= (x2 + 16) (x2 – 42)
= (x2 + 16) (x + 4) (x – 4) (using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b))
Example 13 : Evaluate using suitable identities.
(i) (48)2 (ii) 18 12 – 192
(iii) 497 × 505 (iv) 2.07 × 1.93
Solution : (i) (48)2
= (50 – 2)2
Since (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 , therefore
(50 – 2)2 = (50)2 – 2 × 50 × 2 + (2)2
= 2500 – 200 + 4
= 2504 – 200
= 2304
(ii) 1812 – 192 = (181 – 19) (181 + 19)
[using a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)]
= 162 × 200
= 32400
(iii) 497 × 505 = (500 – 3) (500 + 5)
= 5002 + (–3 + 5) × 500 + (–3) (5) [using
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab]
= 250000 + 1000 – 15
= 250985
(iv) 2.07 × 1.93 = (2 + 0.07) (2 – 0.07)
= 22 – (0.07)2
= 3.9951
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While the statement on the left may be easier to read and understand at
first, the statement on the right has several advantages. It is shorter and
easier to write, it shows clearly how the quantities – Celsius temperature
and Fahrenheit temperature – are related, and it allows you to try different
Celsius temperatures and compute their Fahrenheit equivalents.
x 2 + 12xy + 27y 2
=
( x + 9y )
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x ( x + 9y ) + 3y ( x + 9y )
= x + 9y
( x + 9y ) ( x + 3y )
= ( x + 9y )
= (x + 3y)
Example 17 : Divide 15 (y + 3) (y2 – 16) by 5 (y2 – y – 12).
Solution : Factorising 15 (y + 3) (y2 – 16),
we get 5 × 3 × (y + 3) (y – 4) (y + 4)
On factorising 5 (y2 – y – 12), we get 5 (y2 – 4y + 3y – 12)
= 5 [y (y – 4) + 3 (y – 4)]
= 5 (y – 4) (y + 3)
Therefore, on dividing the first expression by the second
15(y + 3) (y 2 –16)
expression, we get
5(y 2 – y –12)
5 × 3 × (y + 3)(y − 4)(y + 4)
= 5 × ( y − 4)(y + 3)
= 3 (y + 4)
2 1 1
Example 18 : By using suitable identity, evaluate x + 2
, if x + = 5 .
x x
1
Solution : Given that x + =5
x
2
1
So, x + = 25
x
2 2
1 1 1
Now, x + = x2 + 2 × x × + [Using identity
x x x
1
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, with a = x and b = ]
x
1
= x2 + 2 + 2
x
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1
= x2 + 2 + 2
x
2
1 1
Since x + = 25, therefore x2 + 2 + 2 = 25
x x
1
or x2 + = 25 – 2 = 23
x2
382 – 222
Example 19 : Find the value of , using a suitable identity.
16
Solution : Since a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b), therefore
382 – 222 = (38 – 22) (38 + 22)
= 16 × 60
382 – 222 16 × 60
So, =
16 16
= 60
Example 20 : Find the value of x, if
10000x = (9982)2 – (18)2
Solution : R.H.S. = (9982)2 – (18)2
= (9982 + 18) (9982 – 18) [Since a2 – b2 =
(a + b) (a – b)]
= (10000) × (9964)
L.H.S. = (10000) × x
Comparing L.H.S. and R.H.S., we get
10000x = 10000 × 9964
10000×9964
or x= = 9964
10000
2 5
1. Can you find the reciprocal of × ?
11 55
2. Can you compare the ratio of this reciprocal with the earlier one?
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Make a Plan
• In a square all sides are equal, therefore, square of a side
gives the area.
Solve
(Side)2 = Area
⇒ (x + 2)2 = 64
⇒ (x + 2)2 = 82
⇒ x+2 =8
⇒ x=8–2
∴ x=6
∴ Side = x + 2 = 6 + 2 = 8 cm
Revise
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In questions 1 to 33, there are four options out of which one is correct.
Write the correct answer.
1. The product of a monomial and a binomial is a
(a) monomial (b) binomial
(c) trinomial (d) none of these
6. Like term as 4m 3n 2 is
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1. Copy and complete the table to find the perimeter of each figure.
Each side of each individual square is 1 unit.
Figure 1 2 3 4 5
Perimeter
2. Without drawing a picture, describe what the sixth figure will look
like and predict its perimeter.
3. If you continue this pattern, what will be the perimeter of the 35th
figure?
4. Explain how the perimeter of each figure is related to its figure
number.
5. Using the variables n for the figure number and P for the perimeter,
write an equation for the relationship in Question 4.
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13. Square of 3x – 4y is
(a) 9x2 – 16y2 (b) 6x2 – 8y2
(c) 9x2 + 16y2 + 24xy (d) 9x2 + 16y2 – 24xy
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38. a2 – b2 = (a + b ) __________.
41. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ________.
47. Volume of a rectangular box with length 2x, breadth 3y and height
4z is _________.
50. Area of a rectangular plot with sides 4x2 and 3y2 is __________.
54. The sum of areas of two squares with sides 4a and 4b is _______.
3x + 3
57. On simplification = _________
3
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59. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2
60. (a – b)2 = a2 – b2
61. (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
63. The product of one negative and one positive term is a negative term.
n2 n 1
68. Some of the factors of + are , n and (n + 1).
2 2 2
69. An equation is true for all values of its variables.
70. x2 + (a + b)x + ab = (a + b) (x + ab)
71. Common factor of 11pq2, 121p2q3, 1331p2q is 11p2q2.
72. Common factor of 12a2b 2 + 4ab2 – 32 is 4.
p 3
77. On dividing by , the quotient is 9.
3 p
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81. Add:
(vi) 3a (a – b + c), 2b (a – b + c)
82. Subtract :
(iv) 3t 4 – 4t 3 + 2t 2 – 6t + 6 from – 4t 4 + 8t 3 – 4t 2 – 2t + 11
(vii) 7pqr, (p – q + r)
(ix) (p + 6), (q – 7)
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(xi) a, a5, a6
100 3
(xiv) – rs; r 3s 2
9 4
3 4 2 3
(xviii) x – y , x + y
4 3 3 2
3 2 2 2
(xix) p + q , (2p2 –3q2)
2 3
(xx) (x2 – 5x + 6), (2x + 7)
(xxi) (3x2 + 4x – 8), (2x2 – 4x + 3)
(xxii) (2x – 2y – 3), (x + y + 5)
84. Simplify
(i) (3x + 2y)2 + (3x – 2y)2
(ii) (3x + 2y)2 – (3x – 2y)2
2
7 9
(iii) a + b – ab
9 7
2
3 4
(iv) x − y + 2xy
4 3
(v) (1.5p + 1.2q)2 – (1.5p – 1.2q)2
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2
2 3
(iv) x – y
3 2
2
4 5
(v) p + q
5 3
(vi) (x + 3) (x + 7)
(vii) (2x + 9) (2x – 7)
4 x y 4 x 3y
(viii) + +
5 4 5 4
2x 2 2x 2a
(ix) – +
3 3 3 3
2a b 2a b
(xi) + −
3 3 3 3
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(xi) a3 + a2 + a + 1
(xii) lx + my + mx + ly
4 3 2
x2
(xv) 4x + 12x + 9x (xvi) + 2x + 4
4
y2
(xvii) 9x2 + 2xy +
9
ab + b 2 = (a
90. Factorise the following, using the identity a2 – 2ab a – b )2.
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4x 2
(xi) a2y3 – 2aby2 + b2y (xii) 9y2 – 4xy +
9
(v) y2 + 4y – 21 (vi) y2 – 2y – 15
(xiii) a2 – 16p – 80
x 2 y2
(vii) 25ax2 – 25a (viii) −
9 25
2p 2
(ix) – 32q 2 (x) 49x2 – 36y2
25
y x2
(xi) y3 – (xii) – 625
9 25
x2 y2 4x 2 9y 2
(xiii) − (xiv) −
8 18 9 16
x 3y xy 3
(xv) − (xvi) 1331x3y – 11y3x
9 16
1 2 2 16 2 2
(xvii) a b – b c (xviii) a4 – (a – b)4
36 49
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3 2
y2
(xxix) 8a – 2a (xxx) x –
100
(xxxi) 9x2 – (3y + z)2
93. The following expressions are the areas of rectangles. Find the
possible lengths and breadths of these rectangles.
(i) x2 – 6x + 8 (ii) x2 – 3x + 2
(iii) x2 – 7x + 10 (iv) x2 + 19x – 20
(v) x2 + 9x + 20
94. Carry out the following divisions:
(i) 51x3y2z ÷ 17xyz (ii) 76x3yz3 ÷ 19x2y2
(iii) 17ab2c 3 ÷ (–abc2) (iv) –121p3q3r 3 ÷ (–11xy2 z3)
95. Perform the following divisions:
(i) (3pqr – 6p2q2r 2) ÷ 3pq (ii) (ax3 – bx2 + cx) ÷ (– dx)
(iii) (x3y3 + x2y3 – xy4 + xy) ÷ xy (iv) (– qrxy + pryz – rxyz) ÷ (– xyz)
96. Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed:
(i) (x2 – 22x + 117) ÷ (x – 13) (ii) (x3 + x2 – 132x) ÷ x (x – 11)
(iii) (2x3 – 12x2 + 16x) ÷ (x – 2) (x – 4)
(iv) (9x2 – 4) ÷ (3x + 2)
(v) (3x2 – 48) ÷ (x – 4) (vi) (x4 – 16) ÷ x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 8
(vii) (3x4 – 1875) ÷ (3x2 – 75)
97. The area of a square is given by 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2. Find the side of
the square.
98. The area of a square is 9x2 + 24xy + 16y2. Find the side of the
square.
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100. The curved surface area of a cylinder is 2π (y2 – 7y + 12) and its
radius is (y – 3). Find the height of the cylinder (C.S.A. of cylinder =
2πrh).
101. The area of a circle is given by the expression πx2 + 6πx + 9π. Find
the radius of the circle.
n2 n
+ . Factorise this expression.
2 2
104. The height of a triangle is x4 + y4 and its base is 14xy. Find the area
of the triangle.
107. The radius of a circle is 7ab – 7bc – 14ac. Find the circumference of
22
the circle. π =
7
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(i) (ab + bc) (ab – bc) + (bc + ca) (bc – ca) + (ca + ab) (ca – ab) = 0
1 1
117. If x − = 7 then find the value of x 2 + 2 .
x x
2 1 3
118. Factorise x + 2
+ 2 − 3x − .
x x
119. Factorise p4 + q4 + p2q2.
120. Find the value of
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123. Take suitable number of cards given in the adjoining diagram [G(x ×
x) representing x2, R (x × 1) representing x and Y (1 ×1) representing
1] to factorise the following expressions, by arranging the cards in
the form of rectangles: (i) 2x2 + 6x + 4 (ii) x2 + 4x + 4. Factorise 2x2 +
6x + 4 by using the figure.
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1. Algebraic Tiles
(i) Cut the following tiles from a graph sheet. Now, colour the tiles
as per the colour code. Arrange these algebraic tiles to form a
square.
Find the length of the side of the square so formed. Also find the
area of the square. Using the above result factorise x2 + 4x + 4.
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(ii)
2. Find the length of the side of the rectangle so formed. Also find the
area of the rectangle. Using the above result factorise x2 + 5x + 4.
Now choose and cut more algebraic tiles from the graph sheet. Create
your own colour code and colour the tiles. Arrange them to form
square/rectangle. Find the area of the figure so formed using it to
factorise
a) x2 + 4x + 3
b) x2 + 9x + 18
3. Build a square garden. Divide the square garden into four rectangular
flower beds in such a way that each flower bed is as long as one side
of the square. The perimeter of each flower bed is 40 m.
Solve the given crossword and then fill up the given boxes. Clues are
given below for across as well as downward filling. Also for across and
down clues clue number is written at the corner of boxes. Answers of
clues have to be filled in their respective boxes.
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Down
Across
11. __________ terms are formed from the same variables and the powers
of these variables are the same term.
Solution
1. Binomial
2. Polynomial
3. Evaluate
4. Term
5. GCF
6. Trinomial
7. Monomial
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8. Quadratic
9. Factors
10. Integers
11. Like
12. Degree
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MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
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