Summaries Direct Work Measurement Ergonomics
Summaries Direct Work Measurement Ergonomics
Summaries Direct Work Measurement Ergonomics
Time Measurement
1. Direct time measurement is carried out directly at the place where the work is carried
out. - Stopwatch method - Work sampling test method
2. Indirect time measurement is carried out by reading the available tables, as long as
you know the progress of the work through the movement elements - Standard time
data - Movement time data
Time measurement
Error rate ( degree of errors ) : the maximum deviation expressed in % of the actual
completion time that should be searched.
The level of confidence ( confidence level) is the measure of confidence that the
measurement results obtained meet the accuracy requirements.
Example: 5%; 95% -> gauge allows the average of the measurement results to deviate max .
5% of the true average, and the odds of getting that are 95%.
eg: average actually = 100 seconds
there is a measurement result = 96 seconds
5%; 95% -> the meter has a 95% confidence level that the 96 seconds lie within ±5% of the
true average price interval.
Data uniformity
Uniform data is derived from the same cause system and is within the control limits, non-
uniform data if it comes from a different cause system and is outside the control limits. Data
uniformity test:
1. Group the data in sub-groups and calculate the average of each sub-group
2. Calculate the mean of the subgroup averages
3. Calculate the standard deviation of the completion time
4. Calculate the standard deviation of the average price
5. Determine the upper and lower control limits (BKA and BKB)
Data sufficiency
To meet the desired level of accuracy and confidence, it is necessary to calculate the required
number of observations. With an accuracy level of 5% and a confidence level of 95%, the
required number of observations.
Adjustment
Improper work: - not serious - in a hurry - bad room conditions
Must be normalized by making adjustments
If the measurer believes the operator is working properly then P = 1, if it is too fast then P > 1
if it is too slow then P < 1
Adjustment Method
1. Presentation . the magnitude of the adjustment factor is fully determined by the
measurer through his observations during the measurement
For example: the measurer believes that P = 110% while the cycle time is known to
be 14 minutes, then:
Normal time = 14 x 1.1 = 15.4 minutes
2. Schumard - Work performance is grouped into classes - Operators who work
normally are given a value of 60. - Adjustment table according to Schumard
3. Westinghouse
considered to influence the fairness of work, namely: effort skills , working
conditions and consistency .
Each factor is divided into classes with their respective values
Circumstances that are considered reasonable are given a value of P = 1, while
deviations from this situation are the p value added to the appropriate number
of the four factors above
4. Objective way
Adjustments are made by considering 2 factors, namely the speed of work and
the degree of difficulty of the work
the working speed value is determined based on observations during
measurement (such as the percentage method )
The level of difficulty is set based on the limbs involved and the equipment
used
leeway
1. Allowance for personal needs
2. leeway to relieve fatigue
3. allowance for inescapable obstacles
These values have been defined in the table
Standard time = normal time + (normal time x % allowance )
Problems example:
• If a 5% allowance is set for 1 work shift (8 hours = 480 minutes) then it is equivalent
to 24 minutes.
• Effective working time = 480-24 = 456 minutes
• For example, the normal time is 0.88 minutes/product unit
• So, standard time = 0.88 +(0.88x 5%) = 0.924 minutes/product
observation of an object does not need to be carried out as a whole (population) but it is
enough to do it using samples ( samples ) taken randomly ( random )
Benefit :
- To find out the distribution of the use of working time carried out by workers / work
groups
- e
the ratio delayed
- Define standard time
Job Sampling Implementation Procedures
1.
2. If necessary, make improvements to the working conditions and working methods of
the existing work system
3. Choose an operator and train
4. Separation of activities, for example: productive and non-productive activities or:
activity 1: typing
activity 2: receiving instructions from the leader
activity 3: calling / servicing
activity 4: clean up the archives
activity 5: out of office assignments
activity 6: others