Kinematics of Particle
Kinematics of Particle
Kinematics of Particle
Engineering
Mechanics:
Kinematics of a
Particle
Dr Raudhah Ahmadi
Lecture Outline
Introduction
Rectilinear Kinematics:
Continuous Motion
Rectilinear Kinematics:
Erratic Motion
Introduction
Mechanics – concern with the state
of rest or motion of bodies subjected
to the action of forces
Mechanics
STATICS DYNAMICS
Statics – equilibrium of a body that is
either at rest or moves with constant
velocity
Dynamics – deals with accelerated
motion of a body
i. Kinematics – treats only geometric
aspects of motion
ii. Kinetics – analysis of the forces
causing the motion
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous
Motion
Rectilinear – straight path
Particles – has mass but negligible size
and shape
e.g. rockets, projectiles or vehicles
Rectilinear kinematics – specifying at any
instant, the particle’s position, velocity
and acceleration
Position
1) Defined by using single coordinate axis, s
2) Origin, O
3) Position vector r – specify location of particle P at
any given instant from origin
4) Algebraic scalar s – position coordinate of
particle
Note:-
Magnitude of s = distance from O to P (in meter)
Sense – follow the coordinate axis positive direction
In this case, s is positive
Displacement – change in its position
r r r
If particle moves from P to P’
s s s
s +ve if particle’s position is right of its initial
position
s -ve if particle’s position is left of its initial
position
Distance traveled -> +ve scalar represent
total length of path over which the
particle travels
Distance traveled ≠ Displacement
Displacement is a vector quantity
Velocity
If particle moves through a displacement
∆r from P to P’ during the time interval ∆t,
the average velocity, vavg;
r
vavg
t
dr
vins
dt
Representing vins as an algebraic scalar,
ds Kinematic
v
equation
dt
v
sT
t
sp avg
vsp avg sT
t
s
vavg
t
Acceleration
Average acceleration – if the particle’s
velocity is known at points P and P’ during
time interval ∆t
v
aavg
t
v v'v
Instantaneous acceleration – is found by
taking smaller and smaller values of ∆t and
corresponding smaller and smaller values of
∆v, so that..
a lim v / t
t 0
ds
v
dt
𝑎 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
dv
a Kinematic
dt equation
Constant acceleration
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐
v v0 act
Constant Acceleration
Position
as a Function of Time
Integrate v = ds/dt = v0 + act,
assuming that initially s = s0 when t = 0
ds v act dt
s t
0
s0 0
1 2
s s0 v0t act
2
Constant Acceleration
Velocity as a Function of Position
Integrate v dv = ac ds, assuming that
initially v = v0 at s = s0
v s
vdv
v0 s0
ac ds
v v 2ac s s0
2 2
0
Constant Acceleration
Important points
Rectilinear kinematics refers to straight-
line motion
Average speed is the total distance
traveled divided by the total time. This is
different from the average velocity which
is the displacement divided by the time.
The acceleration, a = dv/dt, is negative
when the particle is slowing down or
decelerating.
A particle can have an acceleration and
yet have zero velocity.
Kinematic Equation
ds
Velocity, v
dt
dv
Acceleration, a
dt
Displacement, velocity and acceleration
differential relation
𝑎 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Constant acceleration
Velocity as function of time
v v0 act
Position as a function of time
1 2
s s0 v0t act
2
Velocity as a function of position
v 2 v02 2ac s s0
Example 1
The car moves in a straight line such that
for a short time its velocity is defined by v =
(0.9t2 + 0.6t) m/s where t is in sec.
Determine it position and acceleration
when t = 3s. When t = 0, s = 0.
Solution
Coordinate System. The position coordinate
extends from the fixed origin O to the car,
positive to the right.
Position. Since v = f(t), the car’s position
can be determined from v = ds/dt, since this
equation relates v, s and t. Noting that s = 0
when t = 0, we have
v
ds
dt
0.9t 2 0.6t
0
s t
ds 0.9t 0.6t dt
0
2
s t
s 0.3t 0.3t 3 2
0 0
s 0.3t 0.3t 3 2
When t = 3s,
s = 10.8m
Acceleration. Knowing v = f(t), the
acceleration is determined from a = dv/dt,
since this equation relates a, v and t.
dv d
a 0.9t 0.6t
dt dt
2
1.8t 0.6
When t = 3s,
a = 6m/s2
Erratic Motion
Given the s-t Graph, construct the v-t Graph
ds
v
dt
Slope of s-t graph =
velocity
Erratic Motion
Erratic Motion
Given the v-t graph, construct the a-t graph
dv
a
dt
Slope of v-t graph =
acceleration
Erratic Motion
Erratic Motion
s 150 30
v 6m / s
t 30 10
a-t Graph.
The a-t graph can be determined by
differentiating the eqns defining the lines of the v-t
graph.
dv
0 t 10s; v 0.6t a 0.6
dt
dv
10 t 30s; v 6 a 0
dt