INCREASING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS TOWARDS REPRODUCTIVE CANCER

AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE 13-19 YEARS IN GWAGWARWA PHC

BRIGADE WARD NASSARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA KANO STATE

BY

SULAIMAN HARUNA

ADCOHST/CHD/022/022

OCTOBER, 2024

1
INCREASING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS TOWARDS REPRODUCTIVE CANCER

AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE 13-19 YEARS IN GWAGWARWA PHC

BRIGADE WARD NASSARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA KANO STATE

BY

SULAIMAN HARUNA

ADCOHST/CHD/021/022

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL

DIPLOMA IN COMMUNITY HEALTH

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH, AMINU DABO

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY NO 9C C9VIC CENTRE.

OCTOBER, 2024

2
 APPROVAL PAGE

This project has been examined and approved for the award of Community Health by Aminu

Dabo College of Health Science and Technology Department of Community Health Science.

_______________________ ____________________

Mal. Aisar sanusi mai Date

Project Supervisor

_________________________ ____________________

Mal Mustapha Umar Date

H.O.D

____________________ ______________________

External Examiner Date

3
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this work is a product of my research efforts undertaken under the

supervision of Malam Aisar sunusi maigayya and has not been presented anywhere for the award

of a degree .All sources have been duly acknowledged.

SIGN……………………………..

SULAIMAN HARUNA

ADCOHST/CHD/021/002

4
 DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to Almighty Allah subhanahu-wata’ala for his infinite mercy upon

us, who give us all the opportunity such as health, wisdom and knowledge to achieve this goal.

And also to my beloved parent, I really appreciate the moral support and incomparable assistance

you gave me since from the starting to the end of this programme. May Allah SWT Reward you

abundantly.

5
 ABSTRACT

The research title as increasing the level of awareness towards reproductive cancer

among women of child bearing age in Brigade Ward of Nassarawa local government area of

Kano State, four objective were set up which includes, to identify the causes of reproductive

cancer, to determine the risk factors associated with reproductive cancer, to increase the level of

awareness on reproductive cancer among women of child bearing age, to suggest the possible

ways for reducing the rate of morbidly and mortality related to reproductive cancer, simple

random and sampling technique was adopted which structural questionnaire for obtaining the

information were distributed to a sample size of 80 responded and 70 questionnaire were

retrieved. Data collected by the researcher was presented in tabular form and was analyzed by

using percentage. It has been observed the majority of the people area can facing increasing the

level of awareness towards reproductive cancer among women of child bearing age based on

physical condition from the study it was discovered these majority of the people they located

assess to reproductive cancer.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I will state by giving praise and thanks to Almighty Allah (S.W.T) for making this project a

reality for indeed nothing is possible without his blessing.

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Mallam Aisar Sunusi

Maigayya for his tireless effort in making sure that necessary observation and correction are

done to making this work a good one. To my parent, thanks for their support and corporation

during my life time. And for my HOD Mallam Mustapha Umar ( NBTE ), thanks for all what

you have giving me.

7
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page…………………………………………………………………………………………i

APPROVAL PAGE iii

DECLARATION iv

ABSTRACT v

DEDICATION vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii

TABLE OF CONTENT viii

LIST OF TABLES xi

CHAPTER ONE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Statement of the problems 2

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study 3

1.3.1 Aim of the study 3

1.3.2 Objective of the study 3

1.4 Research question 4

1.5 Significance of the study 4

1.6 Scope and Limitation 4

CHAPTER TWO 5

8
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5

2.0 Introduction 5

2.1 Theoretical frame work 5

2.2.1 Concept of Reproductive Cancer 6

2.2.2. Types of Reproductive Cancer 6

2.2.3 Sign and Symptoms of Reproductive Cancer 9

2.3 Concept of women of child bearing age 10

2.4 Causes of Reproductive Cancer 10

2.5 Factors associated with Reproductive Cancer 11

2.6. Level of awareness on Reproductive Cancer 12

2.7 Ways for reducing the rate of morbidity and mortality related to Reproductive Cancer 12

2.7.1 General treatment options 14

2.8 Summary of the chapter 15

CHAPTER THREE 16

3.0 Introduction 16

3.1 Research design 16

3.2 Area of the study 16

3.3 Population of the study 17

3.4. Sample and sampling technique 17

3.5. Instrument for data collection 17

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3.6. Reliability of the instrument 17

3.7 Validity of the instrument 17

3.8 Method of data collection 18

3.9 Method of data analysis 18

CHAPTER FOUR 19

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 19

4.1. Introduction 19

4.2 Data presentation, Analysis and Discussion 19

CHAPTER FIVE 28

SUMMARY, CONCULSION AND RECOMMENDATION 28

5.0 Introduction 28

5.1 Summary of the study 28

5.2 Conclusion 29

5.3 Recommendations 29

REFERENCES 30

APPENDIX 31

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cell that grows beyond their usual boundaries (W.H.O.

international agency for research on cancer 2020).

Cancer is a large group of disease that affect any part of the body, other name of cancer are

malignant tumor or neoplasm. (WHO 2018)

There are several forms of cancers, carcinoma is a form of cancer that began from the skin or

tissues, and Sarcoma is a form of cancer that began from the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle or

blood vessel. (International agency for research on cancer 2020)

Cancer is a disease of public health importance , its estimated that there are about 18.1 million

cases of cancer around the world in 2020, out of those cases 9.3 million cases where seeing in

men and 8.8 million cases are seeing in women ,(World cancer research fund 2020)

It estimated that the cases of cancer will reach about 29 million cases by year 2040, sub Saharan

Africa had about 752,000 new cases with about 506,000 death in 2018

Cancer become one the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million death

in 2020, the most common cancers are breast cancer, lung cancer , colon cancer, cancer of the

rectum and prostate cancers ,

Most common cancer death in 2020 are Lung cancer with about 1.8 million death, colorectal

cancer with about 91,6000 death , liver cancer with about 830,000 death , stomach cancer with

about 769,000 death and breast cancer with about 685,000 death

In Nigeria according to national cancer control plan (2018-2022), cancer is responsible for

72,000 death in Nigeria every year, with an estimated 102,000 new cases of cancer annually

1
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in female and prostate cancer is the most common

cancer In men, In 2018Nigeria recorded 115,950 cases of cancer out of which 22.7% are breast

cancer, 12.9% are cervical cancer, 11.3% are prostate cancer, 5.8% are colorectal cancer, 4.6%

are non-Hodgkin lymphomas (cancer that affect the blood) and 42.7% are other types of cancers.

Basically breast cancer and cervical cancer are the most common types of cancers in Nigeria,

therefore the number of women diagnosed with cancer is higher than that of men.

Factors that contribute to the high death rate from cancers in Nigeria include poor knowledge on

cancer, late presentation to hospital, inadequate diagnostics and treatment services and huge

financial burden of the cancer treatment.

In Kano there is increase cases of cancer, some of this cases where left undiagnosed due to lack

of awareness and in adequate knowledge about the disease, unavailability of cancer treatment

centers, and there is high increase of risk factors among people of Kano, no reliable data on cases

in Kano due to lack of cancer registers in various facilities In the state

Reproductive health cancer is also known as gynecological cancer is any cancer that affect either

, male or female reproductive system, common gynecological cancers in female are breast

cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and virginal cancer common cancers

in male are prostate, testicular, penile and scrotal cancer. (World cancer research 2018)

1.2 Statement of the problems

Based on evidence base survey conducted in Gwagwarwa PHC, Brigade Ward Nasarawa LGA

Kano among women of child bearing age 13-19 years using focus group discussion the

fallowing problems were identified;

● Inadequate knowledge on reproductive health cancers among women

2
 ● Poor knowledge on sign and symptoms of cancer

● Poor knowledge on cancer preventive methods

● Increase exposure to risk factor of cancer e.g virginal douching , cigarette smoking,

shisha smoking, sadetry life style, obesity, recurrent cases of human papilomavirus

(which is responsible for 99% of all cervical cancers) has being identified

● Lack of adherence to cancer preventions tips e.g breast self-examination, PAP smear

screening for cervical cancer, mammography

GLOBAL BURDEN OF CANCER

Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide , accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in

2020, nearly one in every six death occur as a result of cancer

The most common causes of cancer death in 2020 were

Lung cancer (1.80 million death) , Colon and Rectum (916000 death), liver Cancer (830,000),

Stomach (769,000 death) and breast cancer (685,000 death)

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Aim of the study

The aims of the study is to increase the level of awareness toward reproductive cancer among

women of child bearing age 13-19 Years in Brigade ward Gwagwarwa PHC in Nassarawa Local

government Area of Kano state.

1.3.2 Objective of the study

1. To identify the causes of reproductive cancer

2. To determine the risk factors associated with reproductive cancer

3
3. To increase the level of awareness on reproductive cancer among women of child bearing age

13-19 years in Brigade Ward Gwagwarwa PHC

4. To suggest The possible ways for reducing The rate of mobility and mortality related to

reproductive cancer

1.4 Research question

1. What are the causes of reproductive cancer

2. What are the risk factors associated with reproductive cancer

3. What are the way of awareness on reproductive cancer among women of child bearing age

4. What are the possible ways for reducing the rate of mobility and mortality related to

reproductive cancer

1.5 Significance of the study

The research will be significant to all women of child bearing age 13-19 years resident of

Nasarawa Local Government area especially those that are visiting Gwagwarwa PHC Brigade

ward the research will be beneficial to them in the following ways

● It will increase their level of awareness toward reproductive cancers

● It will reduce the rate of mortality and mobility related to reproductive cancers

● It will help in reducing stigma and misconception attached to reproductive cancers

● It will educate the resident on simple cancer preventive tips

4
 ● It will improve the overall health status of the women of child bearing age 13-19 years in

Brigade ward Gwagwarwa PHC Nasarawa LGA Kano

1.6 Scope and Limitation

The scope of the study is limited to the causes of reproductive cancer, risk factors associated

with reproductive cancer, ways of increase the level of awareness on reproductive cancer,

possible ways for reducing the rate of mobility and mortality related to reproductive cancer,

prevention and control of reproductive cancer among women of child bearing age 13-19 years in

Brigade ward Gwagwarwa PHC Nassarawa local government Kano State.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction

This chapter two deals with the review of the related literature under the following sub

heading:_

● Theoretical frame work

● Concept of reproductive cancer

● Concept of women of child bearing age

● Causes of reproductive cancer

● Factors associated with reproductive cancer

● Level of awareness on reproductive cancer

● Ways for reducing the rate of mobility and mortality related to reproductive cancer

2.1 Theoretical frame work

This Chapter contain relevant information will serve as a reference point base on the topic under

study as discussed by various both within and our country.

Ovarian cancer is the 8th most commonly occurring cancer in women and the 18th most

common cancer overall. There were more than 313,000 new cases of ovarian cancer in 2020.

6
The 10 countries with the highest rates of ovarian cancer and the highest number of deaths from

ovarian cancer in 2020, the number of women around the world diagnosed with ovarian cancer

will .rise almost 42% to 445,721.

In a research conducted in Indonesia titled “Awareness level of breast cancer, risk factor “ by

solikhan , solikhan (2019), using cross- sectional studies , using 856 women from rural and

urban areas ,that research shows that about 62% of the women has inadequate knowledge of

what breast cancer is all about, while 38% of the women has little knowledge on what breast

cancer is all about especially those living in urban areas

In a similar research conducted in Switzerland titled “ Sexual behavior and awareness level of

common Risk factors of cervical cancer” by Agnieskawencel (2019-2020) the research was

conducted on 201 women it shows that 156 (77.6%) of the women are unaware about risk

factors of cervical cancer while 45 (22.3%) has little knowledge on risk factor of cervical

cancer.

In another research conducted in Nigeria ,in Abuja on prostate cancer by paraskevi, farazi

(2019) tittle “awarnessss and attitude of Nigerian men living in Abuja on prostate cancers

screening “ out of 302 people interview suing focus group discussion shows that 178 (58.9%)

has no knowledge about prostate cancer while 124 (41%) has little knowledge on prostate

cancer

In another research conducted in Nigeria among post graduate student of Nigerian federal

universities using cross sectional study by joel, ojoaluko (2014)

278 female student of university of Ibadan,the result of the research shows that 183 (65%) has no

knowledge on breast cancer while (34.1%) has little knowledge on breast cancer and its

preventive measures.

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2.2.1 Concept of Reproductive Cancer

Reproductive cancer are cancer that occur in the reproductive organs.they can affect both men

and female. In women these are cancer in the breast, cervix, uterus,vulva, endometrium or

ovaries.

2.2.2. Types of Reproductive Cancer

1. Cervical cancer

2. Ovarian cancer

3. Uterine cancer

4. Vaginal cancer

5. Vulva cancer

1. CERVICAL CANCER

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CERVICAL CANCER

According to WHO

Cancer of the cervix is a major reproductive health problem and a preventable disease of

significant public health cancer. It is the second commonest female ca worldwide, with only

breast ca occurring more commonly.

Worldwide cervical cancer comprises approximately 12% of all cancers in women.

500,000 new cases annually with about 300,000 deaths(WHO)2018

80% occur in developing countries,

It is the 5th most deadly cancer in women globally

It kills about 9 per 100,000

Age distribution is the same worldwide, with 80-90% of confirmed cases aged greater or equal to

35yrs.

8
Cervical cancer will continue to increase in Africa

55% in 2020 (from 80,000 to 122,000 new case/year)

Very few primary and secondary prevention are available in Africa

To date, Cervical cancer screening and Pap smear are still very poorly applied in Africa

80% of mortality reside in Developing countries

HPV recognized as a cause of 99% of Cancer of cervix

More than 100 HPV genotypes that can infect genital area of men and women

Human papilloma virus is endemic in all population

Human papilloma virus transmitted sexually

In some populations up to 60% of women can be infected with at least 1 type of HPV with onset

of sexual activity

Most HPV infections have no symptoms

Progress to Ca cervix can take an average of 20 years but can be more rapid

Co- infection with HIV can make development of cervical Ca more rapid (Glob can 2020)

2. OVERIAN CANCER

About 6% of ovarian tumors are malignant

Incidence has been increasing

Commoner in developed countries

78% presented lateIn developing countries (Glob can 2020)

EPIDOMOLOGY OF OVARIAN CANCER

Globally, as of 2018, approximately 160,000 people died from ovarian cancer

Older women are at highest risk, and more than half of the deaths from ovarian cancer occur in

women between 55 and 74 years of age (Global Cancer Control 2018)

9
3. UTERINE CANCER

Uterine cancer include two types of cancer.endometrial cancer ( more common) and uterine

sarcoma ( rare). Uterine cancer symptoms include bleeding between periods or after menopause.

Treatment often consists of a hysterectomy to remove your uterus.

Uterine cancer is a general term that describes cancer in your uterus.

i. ENDOMETRIAL CANCER

Develop in the endometrium, the inner lining of your uterus. It's one of the most common

gynecologic cancer _cancer affecting your reproductive system.

ii. UTERINE SARCOMA

Develop in the myometrium.the muscle Wall of your uterus. Uterine sarcomas are very rare.

Uterine cancer can refer to either endometrial cancer or uterine sarcoma.But people consider

the terms " endometrial cancer" and " uterine cancer" the same. That because endometrial cancer

makes up about 95,% of all cases of uterine cancer. A diagnosis of uterine sarcoma is rare.

4. VAGINAL CANCER

Vaginal cancer is a rare cancer that usually forms in your lining.you are at a higher risk of

developing it if you are over 60 or have HPV. Vaginal cancer does not always cause symptoms,

that's why its a good idea to get repular pelvic exams and pap smear to detect cancer early.

Vaginal is a tube like organ that connect your cervix ( the lower part of your uterus) to your

vulva (genitals).

5. VULVA CANCER

Vulva cancer is a type of cancer that occur on the outer surface area of the female genitalia.

The vulva is the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina, including the clitoris and

labia.

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 Vulva cancer commonly form as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching. Though

it can occur at any age, vulva cancer is most commonly diagnosed in older adult. Vulva cancer

treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer and small amount of surrounding

healthy tissue. Sometimes vulva cancer surgery requires removing the entire vulva.

2.2.3 Sign and Symptoms of Reproductive Cancer

i. Abdominal bloating or swelling

ii. Weight loss

iii. Discomfort in pelvic area

iv. Fatigue

v. Back pain

vi. Constipation

2.3 Concept of women of child bearing age

Women of child bearing age were defined as those women of age 15 - 49 years.

The percentage of women of reproductive age ( 15 - 49 years) who desire either to have no

( additional ) children or to postpone the next child and who are currently using a modern

method of contraception.women of child bearing age are vulnerable to weight gain.

Menopause is a stage in Life when you no longer can get pregnant. The average women or

person assigned female at birth ( AFAB ) goes through natural menopause in their early sos.

Premature menopause happens to women and people before age 40 and early menopause

happens before age 45.

After menopause a woman connot become pregnant except in rare cases when specialized

fertility treatments are used. Most women experience menopause between the age of 45 and 55

years as a natural part of biological ageing. After age 30, a woman's fertility decreases every

11
year. The number and quality of her eggs goes down until she reaches menopause. menopause

usually happens around age 40 to 55. During that time, women stop having their period and are

no longer fertile.

2.4 Causes of Reproductive Cancer

The exert causes of cancer is unknown but change from a normal cell to tumour cell involves

interaction between genetics factors and external agent ( National cancer institute 2022 ).

I. Age ( risk increase for women over 50 .

Ii. Family history of ovarian cancer, breast or bowel cancer.

iii. Change in the genes

iv. Being of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.

v. early onset of period ( before 12 years ) and late menopause.

vi. Women who had not have children or had their first child after the age of 35 years

2.5 Factors associated with Reproductive Cancer

I. Tabacco use

ii. Obesity

iii.lack of physical exercise

iv. Alcohol use

v. Air pollution

vi. Indoor smoke from solid fuels

vii. Exposure to radiation including utraviolent radiation

viiii. Vaginal douching

viii. High fat diet

x. Age

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xi. Family history

( National cancer institute 2020 )

Nulliparity

Late age at first conception

High socioeconomic status

Endometriosis

Use of fertility drugse.gclomiphen radiation

Post-menopausal estrogen replacement therapy increased risk.(National Agency for Research on

Cancer 2018)

2.6. Level of awareness on Reproductive Cancer

Cancer awareness program is when people understand what cancer is, the causes of cancer,

knowing the national cancer screening programmes available and what to do when concerned

about possible symptoms. Further understanding of cancer awareness could include what

happen after a cancer diagnosis and cancer treatment.

Being cancer aware is important as there is a lot of misinformation about cancer. By accessing

evidence-based information you can correctly help people on how to take positive action to

reduce cancer risk.

Despite reports of improve awareness of representatives cancer,the level of other awareness in

Nigeria, patient continue to present in late when treatment is least rewarding this paradoxical

trend of both rising awareness and late presentation couplied with reports suggesting other

competing drivers of late presentation. By assess what still constitutes poor breast cancer

awareness in Nigeria in order to suggest how to allocate resources to revise the paradox.

13
In Nigeria the failure being experienced in BC control is not from inactivity. Awareness is

expected to every inversely with the due to late presentation and poor outcome hence enormous

resources is is expended on awareness boosting programs (2-6 ) as the bedrock of the fight

against BC, get the high rate of late of presentation persists (7.8 ).

2.7 Ways for reducing the rate of morbidity and mortality related to Reproductive Cancer

Expert identified preventive measures against cancer such as

● Avoid tobacco use

● Eating healthy diet

● Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active

● Protect yourself against direct exposure to sunlight

● Immunization (hepatitis B, and Gardasil or cervarix)

● Regular breast self-examination

● mammography

● PAP smear screening

● Regular medical checkupat at least every 6 month

● Control occupational hazards

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 ● Reduce exposure to sunlight

(WHO world survey on cancer 2018)

1. Health Promotion including use of condom

2. Gardasil -HPV vaccine quadrivalent for HPV 16,18 ,6 and 11

3. Cervarix bivalent for HPV 16,18.

Given at 0,1 or 2months and at 6 months i.e. 3, 0.5ml IM injections

More than 90% efficacy in preventing persistent infection

Must be administered before first sexual activity (WH0 2020)

Screening for 25-65 years

3 year screening intervals for 35-49 years

Screening unnecessary: for >65years with 2 negative previous results

< 20 years and no sexual exposure

Oral contraceptive use

Prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) in high-risk women can reduce the risk of

ovarian cancer by approximately 90%

Other factors that are associated with a decreased risk of developing ovarian cancer include:

● Tubal ligation

● Hysterectomy

● Breast feedingg ( WH0 2018)

2.7.1 General treatment options

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The treatment of cancer are varied and include:

● Surgery

● Radiotherapy

● Chemotherapy

● Hormone therapy

● Stem cell treatment

Surgery

Type of surgery depends on type of ca +/- metastasis.

Radiotherapy

Using high-energy radiation +/-Chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy.

Multiple drugs or combination chemotherapy

Hormone therapy

It involve the use of hormones to treat cancer

2.8 Summary of the chapter

Base on the research conducted within and outside the country is showing that ,the result of the

research are showing that most of the people has no adequate knowledge on cancer and its

preventive measures.

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17
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Introduction

This chapter is explained under the following subheadings;

● RESEARCH DESIGN

● AREA OF THE STUDY

● POPULATION OF THE STUDY

● SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

● INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

● RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

● VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

● METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

● METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

3.1 Research design

The research adopted descriptive research design which aim in analyzing, describing the

information obtain from the respondent

3.2 Area of the study

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The research was conducted at Gwagwarwa primary health care in Brigade ward of Nassarawa

Local Government Area Kano State.

Hotoro is one of the political ward in Nassarawa Local Government Area and its located inside

the city of Kano its shared border with kawon kudu in the north, in the east it share border with

tsamiya babba of gezawa LGA, In the south it shared border with HotoroDanmarke, in the west

it share border with Hotoro GRA, its headed by a village head called ALH. YAHAYA

HOTORO

Hotoro has a projected population of 256,000 people (Census 2006)

The Hotoro community consist of different people with different religion and ethnicity. The

major commercialactivities of the people in that area are workers, business men. (Yahaya 2021)

3.3 Population of the study

The population of the study are women of child bearing age 13-19 years attending Gwagwarwa

Primary Health Care and the population of the study are 80 women of child bearing age

3.4. Sample and sampling technique

The research used probability sampling technique (simple random) and the research is conducted

on 80 women of child bearing age 13-19 years attending Gwagwarwa PHC. With daily

attendance of 36 women and average weekly attendance of 252, and with monthly attendance of

3,024

3.5. Instrument for data collection

A structured questionnaire was use to obtain information from the respondent using focus group

discussion. The questionnaire are classify into two sections

A. BioData section

B. Research question

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3.6. Reliability of the instrument

To ensure that the instrument is reliable,10 copies of questionnaire was taken for study test

outside the study area (Brigade).

3.7 Validity of the instrument

The instrument was validation by the project supervisor after the validation, the instrument

was pre tested before it was used.

3.8 Method of data collection

The research introduce a letter to the district for permission to be guaranteed, after the

guaranteed of permission a research distributed the questionnaire to the respondent together with

the research assistant, the distribution lasted for a week.

3.9 Method of data analysis

The data collected from the field was analyzed in tabular form based on their

corresponding percentage.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Introduction

This chapter contain data presentation and analysis of all data that were obtained through

questionnaire. The data collected from field where presented in the tabular form which han

analyzed using percentage eighty ( 80 ) questionnaire where distributed to the people in the study

area in which seventy ( 70 ) questionnaire were retrieved, while ten ( 10 ) questionnaire were not

retrieved.

4.2 Data presentation, Analysis and Discussion

Table 4.1. Age of the respondent

Age /years. Respondent Percentage ( % )

15-18 44 62.8

19-22 12 17.1

23-25 14 20

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows the mean age of 15-18 years have ( 44 ) 62.8 % of the respondent, 19-22

years have ( 12 ) 17.1 % Of the respondent and 23-25 years have ( 14 ) 20 % of the respondent.

Table 4.2 marital status of the respondent

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Marital status Respondent Percentage ( % )

Single 0 0

Married 55 78.5

Divorce 10 14.2

Widow 5 7.1

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that 0( 0 ) of the respondent where not married, 55( 78.5 % ) Of the

respondent where married, 10 ( 14.2%) respondent where divorce, while 5( 7.1%) respondent

where widow.

Table 4.3 sex of the respondent

Sex Respondent Percentage ( % )

Female 70 100

Male 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that 70( 100 ) of the respondent where female, and 0( 0%) Of the

respondent where male.

Table 4.4 educational status of the respondent

Qualification Respondent Percentage ( % )

22
 Primary 6 8.5

Secondary 34 48.5

Tertiary 30 42.8

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that 6( 8.5% ) of the respondent where at primary level, 34( 48.5% )

Respondent where at secondary level, ant 30( 42.8% ) respondent where tertiary level.

Table 4.5 occupation of the respondent

Occupation Respondent Percentage ( % )

House wife 20 28.5

Business women 45 64=2

Civil servant 5 7.1

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that 20( 28.5% ) of the respondent where house wife, 45( 64.2% )

Respondent where business women, and 5( 7.1% ) respondent where civil servant

Table 4.6 Does family history of ovarian cancer can cause reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 65 92.8
No 5 7.1
Total 70 100
Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that does family history of ovarian cancer can cause cancer 65 (92.8 % )

respondent they said yes, while 5(7.1%) respondent said no.

23
Table 4.7 Do you believe that early onset of period before the age of 12 years and late

menopause can cause reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 70 100

No 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that do you believe that early onset of period before the age of 12 years

and late menopause can cause reproductive cancer, 70 ( 100 ) respondent they said yes, while

0(0%) respondent said no.

Table 4.8 Do you agree that infertility in women can cause reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 69 98.5

No 1 1.4

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that do you agree that infertility in women can cause reproductive cancer,

69 ( 98.5% ) respondent they said yes, while 1(1.4%) respondent said no.

Table 4.9 Does tobacco use serve as the risk factors of reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 70 100

24
No 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that does tobacco use serve as the risk factors of reproductive cancer, 70 (

100% ) respondent they said yes, while 0(0%) respondent said no.

Table 4.10 Do you believe that obesity is one of the risk factors of reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 60 85.7

No 10 14.2

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that do you believe that obesity is one of the risk factors of reproductive

cancer, 60( 85.7% ) respondent they said yes, while 10(14.2%) respondent said no.

Table 4.11 Do you know that exposure to radiation serve as the risk factors of

reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 70 100

No 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that do you know that exposure to radiation serve as the risk factors of

reproductive cancer, 70( 100) respondent they said yes, while 0(0%) respondent said no.

Table 4.12 Do you have knowledge on reproductive cancer?

25
Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 70 100

No 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that do you have knowledge on reproductive cancer, 70( 100) respondent

they said yes, while 0(0%) respondent said no.

Table 4.13 Does anyone in your family experience reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 34 48.5

No 36 51.4

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that does anyone in your family experience reproductive cancer ,

34( 48.5%) respondent they said yes, while 36(51.4%) respondent said no.

Table 4.14 have you ever attend any programs related to reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 45 64.2
No 25 35.7
Total 70 100
Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that have you ever attend any programs related to reproductive cancer,

45( 64.2%) respondent they said yes, while 25(35.7%) respondent said no.

Table 4.15 Does awareness on reproductive cancer through health education can serve as

preventives measures?

26
Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 70 100

No 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that, does awareness on reproductive cancer through health education can

serve as preventives measures 70( 70%) respondent they said yes, while 0(0%) respondent said

no.

Table 4.16 Does protecting your self against exposure to radiation can reduce the risk of

cancer ?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 70 100

No 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that, does protecting your self against exposure to radiation can reduce

the risk of cancer, 70( 70%) respondent they said yes, while 0(0%) respondent said no.

Table 4.17 Do you agree that self breast examination serve as the preventives measures of

reproductive cancer ?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 55 78.5

No 15 21.4

27
Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that, do you agree that self breast examination serve as the preventives

measures of reproductive cancer, 55( 78.5%) respondent they said yes, while15 (21.4%)

respondent said no.

Table 4.18 Does personal hygiene serve as preventives measures of representatives

cancer ?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 70 100

No 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that, does personal hygiene serve as preventives measures of reproductive

cancer 70( 100%) respondent they said yes, while0(0%) respondent said no.

28
Table 4.19 Do human papilloma virus vaccine reduce the risk of reproductive cancer?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 60 85.7
No 10 14.2
Total 70 100
Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that does human papilloma virus vaccine reduce the risk of reproductive

cancer, 60( 85.7%) respondent they said yes, while10 (14.2%) respondent said no.

Table 4.20 do you agree that avoiding intake of tobacco can reduce mobility and mortality

rate related to reproductive cancer ?

Respondent Frequency Percentage ( % )

Yes 70 100

No 0 0

Total 70 100

Source: Author's field work ( 2024 )

The table above shows that, do you agree that avoiding intake of tobacco can reduce mobility

and mortality rate related to reproductive cancer 70( 100%) respondent they said yes, while0

(0%) respondent said no.

29
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCULSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with the summary of the study, conclusion and recommendation including the

suggestion for the further study

5.1 Summary of the study

The study titled as increasing the level of awareness towards reproductive cancer among women

of child bearing age 13-19 years in Gwagwarwa PHC, Brigade ward nassarawa local government

a case Study In Gwagwarwa PHC kano state. In line with five chapter, which include, chapter

one comprises of the background of the study, statement of the problem, aims of the study,

objectives of the study, research question, signifance of the study, scope and limitation of the

study. The chapter two review of related literature, theoretical frame work,, concept of

reproductive cancer, types of reproductive cancer, sign and symptoms of reproductive cancer,

concept of women of child bearing age, causes of reproductive cancer, factors associated with

reproductive cancer, level of awareness in reproductive cancer, ways for reducing the rate of

morbidly and mortality related to reproductive cancer, general treatment, summary of the

chapter. While chapter three deals with research design, area of the study, population of the

study, sampling size and sampling techniques, instrument for data collection, validity and

reliability of the instrument, procedure of data collection and procedure for data analysis. While

four deals with data presentation, data analysis and data interpretation, the last chapter which is

chapter five contains with summary of the study conclusion and recommendation.

30
5.2 Conclusion

The research topic presentation is a case study conducted in Gwagwarwa PHC in Nassarawa

LGA Kano state title increasing the level of awareness on reproductive cancers where 70

women participated In the case study and the research shows that more than 70% of the

respondent has knowledge on what reproductive cancer is all about and its possible preventive

methods as well as the screening method while 30% of the respondent has little knowledge about

reproductive cancers and its preventive measures as well as the screening method.

5.3 Recommendations

Base on the case study conducted we comes ups with the following recommendations

● Government and relevant stake holders like WHO, UNICEF etc should device a means

of mass sensitization on awareness on reproductive cancers in kano state

● Government should provide free- cancer screening equipment at various facilities in the

state

● Government should employ staff at primary health care level to take care of identifying

patient with early sign of reproductive cancer for prompt referral

● More priority should be given to cancer in rural hospital Other people should be task to

conduct similar research in three geo political region in Kano state

31
 REFERENCES

Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. 2018 The ever-increasing importance

of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. In press.

Corley DA, Sedki M, Ritzwoller DP, et al.2020 Cancer screening during COVID-19: a

perspective from NCI's PROSPR consortium. Gastroenterology. Published online

October 9.

Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence

and Mortality for 38 Cancers: GLOBOCAN 2018. International Agency for Research on

Cancer/World Health Organization; 2018.

Gersten O, Wilmoth JR. (2002) The cancer transition in Japan since 1951. Demogr Res.2002; 7:

271-306.

Omran AR.(1971) The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population

change. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1971; 49: 509- 538.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2019. Beyond

Income, Beyond Averages, Beyond Today: Inequalities in Human Development in the

21st Century. UNDP; 2019. Accessed November 25, 2020.

hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2019

Valencia DN(. 2020)Brief review on COVID-19: the 2020 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Cureus. 2020; 12:e7386.

World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Estimates 2020: Deaths by Cause, Age,

Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2019. WHO; 2020. Accessed December 11, 2020.

who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-

of-death

32
 APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

Department of Community Health,

Aminu Dabo Collage Of Health,

Science and Technology, No.9c

Civic Centre Kano,

Dear Respondent

I am a final year student of higher national diploma of the above mentioned institution,

currently conducting a research project on the topic " Increasing The Level Of Awareness

Toward Reproductive Cancer Among Women Of Child Bearing Age 13-19 Years In

Gwagwarwa PHC Brigade ward, Nassarawa L.G.A."

Your kind co-operation is highly important in responding to the question asked please you

are required to give information to the best of your knowledge, be assure that All information

given will be treated confidentiality for the purpose of this study, please kind response to the

following questions base on, causes of reproductive cancer, risk factors associated with

reproductive cancer, level of awareness on reproductive cancer among women of child bearing

age, and ways of reducing the rate of mobility and mortality related to reproductive cancer.

Thank you

Your faithfully

Sulaiman Haruna

ADCOHST/ CHD/21/ 002

( Researcher )

33
 INTRODUCTION

Please tick ( ✓ ) the appropriate answer or fill the gap provided

SECTION A

This section consist of the respondent personal information

1. SEX

a. Male ( ). b. Female ( )

2. Age

a. 15-18 b. 19-22 c. 23-25 ( )

3. Educational qualification

a. Primary (. ) b. Secondary (. ) c. Tertiary (. ) d. Other specify (. )

SECTION B

CAUSES OF REPRODUCTIVE CANCER

1. Does family planning history of ovarian and breast cancer can cause reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b. (. )

2. Do you believe that early onset of period before the age of 12 years and late menopause can

cause reproductive cancer?

a.(. ) b.(. )

3 Does change in genes BRCA I can cause reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b.(. )

4. Do you believe that having first children after the age of 35 years can cause reproductive

cancer? a.(. ) b. (. )

5. Do you agree that infertility in women can cause reproductive cancer? a.(. ) b. (. )

34
 SECTION C

Risk Factors Associated With Reproductive Cancer

1. Does tobacco use serve as the risk factors of reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b. (. )

2. Do you believe that obesity is one of the risk factors of reproductive cancer?

a.(. ) b. (. )

3. Do you agree that lack of physical exercise serve as risk factors of reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b. (. )

4. Do you believe that exposure to radiation serve as risk factors of reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b. (. )

5. Do you agree that vaginal douching is one of the risk factors of reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b. (. )

SECTION D

LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON REPRODUCTIVE CANCER AMONG WOMEN OF

CHILD BEARING AGE

1. Do you have knowledge on reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b. (. )

2. Does anyone in your family experience reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b. (. )

3. Have you ever attend any programs related to reproductive cancer?

a. (. ) b. (. )

4. Do you have knowledge on the causes and risk factors of reproductive cancer?

a.(. ) b.(. )

35
5. Do you believe that preventives measures is better than cure?

a. (. ) b. (. )

SECTION E

WAYS OF AWARENESS ON REPRODUCTIVE CANCER AMONG WOMEN OF

CHILD BEARING AGE

1. Does awareness on reproductive cancer through health education can serve as preventives

measures

a.YES (. ) b.NO (. )

2. Do you agree that avoiding intake of tobacco can reduce mobility and mortality rate related to

reproductive cancer?

a.YES (. ) b.NO (. )

3. Does protecting your self against exposure to sunlight and radiation reduce the risk of cancer?

YES (. ) b. NO (. )

4. Do you agree that self breast examination serve as the preventives measures?

a.YES (. ) b. NO (. )

5. Does human papilloma virus vaccine reduce the risk of reproductive cancer?

a. YES (. ) b.NO (. )

Thanks for ticking the questionnaire.

36