UNIT-2

Embedded Communications Protocols

COMMUNICATION:
Communication between electronic devices is like communication between humans. Both
sides need to speak the same language. In electronics, these languages are called communication
protocols. Luckily for us, there are only a few communication protocols we need to know when
building most electronics projects. In this series of articles, we will discuss the basics of the three
most common protocols: SPI, I2C and UART.
SPI, I2C, and UART are quite a bit slower than protocols like USB, Ethernet, Bluetooth,
and Wi-Fi, but they’re a lot simpler and use less hardware and system resources. SPI, I2C, and
UART are ideal for communication between microcontrollers and between microcontrollers and
sensors where large amounts of high speed data don’t need to be transferred.
DATA COMMUNICATION TYPES: (1) PARALLEL
(2) SERIAL: (I) ASYNCHRONOUS (II) SYNCHRONOUS
Parallel Communication:
• In parallel communication, all the bits of data are transmitted simultaneously on separate
communication lines.
• Used for shorter distance.
• In order to transmit n bit, n wires or lines are used.
• More costly.
• Faster than serial transmission.
• Data can be transmitted in less time.
Example: printers and hard disk

Serial Communication Basics:

• In serial communication the data bits are transmitted serially one by one i.e. bit by bit on
single communication line
• It requires only one communication line rather than n lines to transmit data from sender to
receiver.
• Thus all the bits of data are transmitted on single lines in serial fashion.
• Less costly.
• Long distance transmission.
Example: Telephone.
Serial communication uses two methods:
• Asynchronous.
• Synchronous.
Asynchronous:
 
Transfers single byte at a time.
No need of clock signal
❖
Example: UART (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter)
Synchronous:
  Transfers a block of data (characters) at a time. 
 
Requires clock signal
❖
Example: SPI (serial peripheral interface),
I2C (inter integrated circuit).

Data Transmission: In data transmission if the data can be transmitted and received, it is a
duplex transmission.
Simplex: Data is transmitted in only one direction i.e. from TX to RX only one TX and one
RX only
Half duplex: Data is transmitted in two directions but only one way at a time i.e. two TX's,
two RX’s and one line
Full duplex: Data is transmitted both ways at the same time i.e. two TX's, two RX’s and two
lines

A Protocol is a set of rules agreed by both the sender and receiver on

• How the data is packed
• How many bits constitute a character
• When the data begins and ends
Table: Various Serial Communication Protocols
Serial Synchronous Data transfer
Type Duplex
Protocol /Asynchronous rate (kbps)

UART Asynchronous peer-to-peer Full-duplex 20

I2C Synchronous multi-master Half-duplex 3400

SPI Synchronous multi-master Full-duplex >1,000

Baud Rate Concepts:

Data transfer rate in serial communication is measured in terms of bits per second
(bps). This is also called as Baud Rate. Baud Rate and bps can be used inter changeably with
respect to UART.
Ex: The total number of bits gets transferred during 10 pages of text, each with 100 ×
25 characters with 8 bits per character and 1 start & stop bit is:
For each character a total number of bits are 10. The total number of bits is:
100 × 25 × 10 = 25,000 bits per page. For 10 pages of data it is required to transmit 2, 50,000
bits. Generally baud rates of SCI are 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19,200 etc. To transfer 2,
50,000 bits at a baud rate of 9600, we need: 250000/9600 = 26.04 seconds (27 seconds).

Synchronous/Asynchronous Interfaces (like UART, SPI,

I2C, and USB):
Serial communication protocols can be categorized as Synchronous and
Asynchronous protocols. In synchronous communication, data is transmission and receiving
is a continuous stream at a constant rate. Synchronous communication requires the clock of
transmitting device and receiving device synchronized. In most of the systems, like ADC,
audio codes, potentiometers, transmission and reception of data occurs with same frequency.
Examples of synchronous communication are: I2C, SPI etc. In the case of asynchronous
communication, the transmission of data requires no clock signal and data transfer occurs
intermittently rather than steady stream. Handshake signals between the transmitter and
receiver are important in asynchronous communications. Examples of asynchronous
communication are Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART), CAN etc.
Synchronous and asynchronous communication protocols are well-defined standards
and can be implemented in either hardware or software. In the early days of embedded
systems, Software implementation of I2C and SPI was common as well as a tedious work and
used to take long programs. Gradually, most the microcontrollers started incorporating the
standard communication protocols as hardware cores. This development in early 90‟s made
job of the embedded software development easy for communication protocols.
 Microcontroller of our interest TM4C123 supports UART, CAN, SPI, I2C and USB
protocols. The five (UART, CAN, SPI, I2C and USB) above mentioned communication
protocols are available in most of the modern day microcontrollers. Before studying the
implementation and programming details of these protocols in TM4C123, it is required to
understand basic standards, features and applications. In the following sections, we discuss
fundamentals of the above mentioned communication protocols.

UART COMMUNICATION
In UART communication, two UARTs communicate directly with each other. The
transmitting UART converts parallel data from a controlling device like a CPU into serial form,
transmits it in serial to the receiving UART, which then converts the serial data back into parallel
data for the receiving device. Only two wires are needed to transmit data between two UARTs.
Data flows from the Tx pin of the transmitting UART to the Rx pin of the receiving UART:

UARTs transmit data asynchronously, which means there is no clock signal to synchronize
the output of bits from the transmitting UART to the sampling of bits by the receiving UART.
Instead of a clock signal, the transmitting UART adds start and stop bits to the data packet being
transferred. These bits define the beginning and end of the data packet so the receiving UART
knows when to start reading the bits.
When the receiving UART detects a start bit, it starts to read the incoming bits at a
specific frequency known as the baud rate. Baud rate is a measure of the speed of data transfer,
expressed in bits per second (bps). Both UARTs must operate at about the same baud rate. The
baud rate between the transmitting and receiving UARTs can only differ by about 10% before the
timing of bits gets too far off.
Both UARTs must be configured to transmit and receive the same data packet structure.
HOW UART WORKS
The UART that is going to transmit data receives the data from a data bus. The data bus
is used to send data to the UART by another device like a CPU, memory, or microcontroller.
Data is transferred from the data bus to the transmitting UART in parallel form. After the
transmitting UART gets the parallel data from the data bus, it adds a start bit, a parity bit, and a
stop bit, creating the data packet. Next, the data packet is output serially, bit by bit at the Tx pin.
The receiving UART reads the data packet bit by bit at its Rx pin. The receiving UART then
converts the data back into parallel form and removes the start bit, parity bit, and stop bits.
Finally, the receiving UART transfers the data packet in parallel to the data bus on the receiving
end:

UART transmitted data is organized into packets. Each packet contains 1 start bit, 5 to 9
data bits (depending on the UART), an optional parity bit, and 1 or 2 stop bits:

START BIT
The UART data transmission line is normally held at a high voltage level when it’s not
transmitting data. To start the transfer of data, the transmitting UART pulls the transmission line
from high to low for one clock cycle. When the receiving UART detects the high to low voltage
transition, it begins reading the bits in the data frame at the frequency of the baud rate.
DATA FRAME
The data frame contains the actual data being transferred. It can be 5 bits to 9 bits long if
a parity bit is used. If no parity bit is used, the data frame can be 8 bits long. In most cases, the
data is sent with the least significant bit first.

PARITY
Parity describes the evenness or oddness of a number. The parity bit is a way for the
receiving UART to tell if any data has changed during transmission. Bits can be changed by
electromagnetic radiation, mismatched baud rates, or long distance data transfers. After the
receiving UART reads the data frame, it counts the number of bits with a value of 1 and checks if
the total is an even or odd number. If the parity bit is a 0 (even parity), the 1 bits in the data frame
should total to an even number. If the parity bit is a 1 (odd parity), the 1 bits in the data frame
should total to an odd number. When the parity bit matches the data, the UART knows that the
transmission was free of errors. But if the parity bit is a 0, and the total is odd; or the parity bit is a
1, and the total is even, the UART knows that bits in the data frame have changed.

STOP BITS
The Stop Bit, as the name suggests, marks the end of the data packet. It is usually two
bits long but often only on bit is used. In order to end the transmission, the UART maintains the
data line at high voltage (1).

STEPS OF UART TRANSMISSION

1. The transmitting UART receives data in parallel from the data bus:

2. The transmitting UART adds the start bit, parity bit, and the stop bit(s) to the data frame:
3. The entire packet is sent serially from the transmitting UART to the receiving UART. The
receiving UART samples the data line at the pre-configured baud rate:

4. The receiving UART discards the start bit, parity bit, and stop bit from the data frame:

5. The receiving UART converts the serial data back into parallel and transfers it to the data bus
on the receiving end:
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF UARTS
No communication protocol is perfect, but UARTs are pretty good at what they do. Here are
some pros and cons to help you decide whether or not they fit the needs of your project:

ADVANTAGES
• Only uses two wires
• No clock signal is necessary
• Has a parity bit to allow for error checking
• The structure of the data packet can be changed as long as both sides are set up for it
• Well documented and widely used method
DISADVANTAGES
• The size of the data frame is limited to a maximum of 9 bits
• Doesn’t support multiple slave or multiple master systems
• The baud rates of each UART must be within 10% of each other

UART or Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter is a dedicated hardware

associated with serial communication. The hardware for UART can be a circuit integrated on the
microcontroller or a dedicated IC. This is contrast to SPI or I2C, which are just communication
protocols.

UART is one of the most simple and most commonly used Serial Communication
techniques. Today, UART is being used in many applications like GPS Receivers, Bluetooth
Modules, GSM and GPRS Modems, Wireless Communication Systems, RFID based
applications etc.

SPI COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

SPI is a common communication protocol used by many different devices. For example,
SD card modules, RFID card reader modules, and 2.4 GHz wireless transmitter/receivers all use
SPI to communicate with microcontrollers.
One unique benefit of SPI is the fact that data can be transferred without interruption. Any
number of bits can be sent or received in a continuous stream. With I2C and UART, data is sent
in packets, limited to a specific number of bits. Start and stop conditions define the beginning and
end of each packet, so the data is interrupted during transmission.
Devices communicating via SPI are in a master-slave relationship. The master is the
controlling device (usually a microcontroller), while the slave (usually a sensor, display, or
memory chip) takes instruction from the master. The simplest configuration of SPI is a single
master, single slave system, but one master can control more than one slave (more on this
below).
MOSI (Master Output/Slave Input) – Line for the master to send data to the slave.
MISO (Master Input/Slave Output) – Line for the slave to send data to the master
SCLK (Clock) – Line for the clock signal.
SS/CS (Slave Select/Chip Select) – Line for the master to select which slave to send data to.

*In practice, the number of slaves is limited by the load capacitance of the system, which reduces the
ability of the master to accurately switch between voltage levels.

HOW SPI WORKS

THE CLOCK
The clock signal synchronizes the output of data bits from the master to the sampling of
bits by the slave. One bit of data is transferred in each clock cycle, so the speed of data transfer
is determined by the frequency of the clock signal. SPI communication is always initiated by the
master since the master configures and generates the clock signal.
Any communication protocol where devices share a clock signal is known
as synchronous. SPI is a synchronous communication protocol. There are
also asynchronous methods that don’t use a clock signal. For example, in UART communication,
both sides are set to a pre-configured baud rate that dictates the speed and timing of data
transmission.
The clock signal in SPI can be modified using the properties of clock polarity and clock
phase. These two properties work together to define when the bits are output and when they are
sampled. Clock polarity can be set by the master to allow for bits to be output and sampled on
either the rising or falling edge of the clock cycle. Clock phase can be set for output and sampling
to occur on either the first edge or second edge of the clock cycle, regardless of whether it is
rising or falling.

SLAVE SELECT
The master can choose which slave it wants to talk to by setting the slave’s CS/SS line to
a low voltage level. In the idle, non-transmitting state, the slave select line is kept at a high
voltage level. Multiple CS/SS pins may be available on the master, which allows for multiple
slaves to be wired in parallel. If only one CS/SS pin is present, multiple slaves can be wired to
the master by daisy-chaining.

MULTIPLE SLAVES
SPI can be set up to operate with a single master and a single slave, and it can be set up
with multiple slaves controlled by a single master. There are two ways to connect multiple slaves
to the master. If the master has multiple slave select pins, the slaves can be wired in parallel like
this:
If only one slave select pin is available, the slaves can be daisy-chained like this:

MOSI AND MISO

The master sends data to the slave bit by bit, in serial through the MOSI line. The slave
receives the data sent from the master at the MOSI pin. Data sent from the master to the slave is
usually sent with the most significant bit first.
The slave can also send data back to the master through the MISO line in serial. The
data sent from the slave back to the master is usually sent with the least significant bit first.
STEPS OF SPI DATA TRANSMISSION
1. The master outputs the clock signal:

2. The master switches the SS/CS pin to a low voltage state, which activates the slave:

3. The master sends the data one bit at a time to the slave along the MOSI line. The slave reads
the bits as they are received:

4. If a response is needed, the slave returns data one bit at a time to the master along the MISO
line. The master reads the bits as they are received:

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SPI

There are some advantages and disadvantages to using SPI, and if given the choice
between different communication protocols, you should know when to use SPI according to the
requirements of your project:
ADVANTAGES
• No start and stop bits, so the data can be streamed continuously without interruption
• No complicated slave addressing system like I2C
• Higher data transfer rate than I2C (almost twice as fast)
• Separate MISO and MOSI lines, so data can be sent and received at the same time

DISADVANTAGES
• Uses four wires (I2C and UARTs use two)
• No acknowledgement that the data has been successfully received (I2C has this)
• No form of error checking like the parity bit in UART
• Only allows for a single master

Fig: SPI Master connected to a single slave

Fig: SPI master connected to multiple slaves

I2C COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
Inter IC (i2c) (IIC) is important serial communication protocol in modern electronic
systems. Philips invented this protocol in 1986. The objective of reducing the cost of production
of television remote control motivated Philips to invent this protocol. IIC is a serial bus interface,
can be implemented in software, but most of the microcontrollers support IIC by incorporating it
as hard IP (Intellectual Property). IIC can be used to interface microcontroller with RTC,
EEPROM and different variety of sensors. IIC is used to interface chips on motherboard,
generally between a processor chip and any peripheral which supports IIC. IIC is very reliable
wireline communication protocol for an on board or short distances. I2C is a serial protocol for
two-wire interface to connect low-speed devices like microcontrollers, EEPROMs, A/D and D/A
converters, I/O interfaces and other similar peripherals in embedded systems

I2C combines the best features of SPI and UARTs. With I2C, you can connect multiple
slaves to a single master (like SPI) and you can have multiple masters controlling single, or
multiple slaves. This is really useful when you want to have more than one microcontroller
logging data to a single memory card or displaying text to a single LCD.

IIC protocol uses two wires for data transfer between devices: Serial Data Line (SDA)
and Serial Clock Line (SCL). The reduction in number of pins in comparison with parallel data
transfer is evident. This reduces the cost of production, package size and power consumption.
IIC is also best suited protocol for battery operated devices. IIC is also referred as two wire serial
interface (TWI).

SDA (Serial Data) – The line for the master and slave to send and receive data.
SCL (Serial Clock) – The line that carries the clock signal.
I2C is a serial communication protocol, so data is transferred bit by bit along a single wire
(the SDA line).
 Like SPI, I2C is synchronous, so the output of bits is synchronized to the sampling of bits
by a clock signal shared between the master and the slave. The clock signal is always controlled
by the master.

GENERAL ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF I2C

To implement I2C (For TIVA series microcontrollers or for most of the
microcontrollers) a 4.7kilo ohm pull-up resistor for each line is needed. This is required to
implement wired-AND logic in IIC.
More than 100 devices can be connected to I2C bus theoretically. It is better to restrict
to 15 devices for better performance of the network. Each device is called as node. Nodes
which generates clock are called Master nodes and devices which work based on the clock
generated by master node are called Slave nodes. Generally, master nodes initiate and
terminate the transmission. The four possible modes of operation are: master transmitter,
master receiver, slave transmitter and slave receiver.

HOW I2C WORKS

With I2C, data is transferred in messages. Messages are broken up into frames of data.
Each message has an address frame that contains the binary address of the slave, and one or
more data frames that contain the data being transmitted. The message also includes start and
stop conditions, read/write bits, and ACK/NACK bits between each data frame:
Start Condition: The SDA line switches from a high voltage level to a low voltage level before the
SCL line switches from high to low.
Stop Condition: The SDA line switches from a low voltage level to a high voltage level after the
SCL line switches from low to high.
Address Frame: A 7 or 10 bit sequence unique to each slave that identifies the slave when the
master wants to talk to it.
Read/Write Bit: A single bit specifying whether the master is sending data to the slave (low
voltage level) or requesting data from it (high voltage level).
ACK/NACK Bit: Each frame in a message is followed by an acknowledge/no-acknowledge bit. If
an address frame or data frame was successfully received, an ACK bit is returned to the sender
from the receiving device.

ADDRESSING
I2C doesn’t have slave select lines like SPI, so it needs another way to let the slave know
that data is being sent to it, and not another slave. It does this by addressing. The address frame
is always the first frame after the start bit in a new message.
The master sends the address of the slave it wants to communicate with to every slave
connected to it. Each slave then compares the address sent from the master to its own address.
If the address matches, it sends a low voltage ACK bit back to the master. If the address doesn’t
match, the slave does nothing and the SDA line remains high.

READ/WRITE BIT
The address frame includes a single bit at the end that informs the slave whether the
master wants to write data to it or receive data from it. If the master wants to send data to the
slave, the read/write bit is a low voltage level. If the master is requesting data from the slave, the
bit is a high voltage level.

THE DATA FRAME

After the master detects the ACK bit from the slave, the first data frame is ready to be
sent.
 The data frame is always 8 bits long, and sent with the most significant bit first. Each data
frame is immediately followed by an ACK/NACK bit to verify that the frame has been received
successfully. The ACK bit must be received by either the master or the slave (depending on who
is sending the data) before the next data frame can be sent.
After all of the data frames have been sent, the master can send a stop condition to the
slave to halt the transmission. The stop condition is a voltage transition from low to high on the
SDA line after a low to high transition on the SCL line, with the SCL line remaining high.

STEPS OF I2C DATA TRANSMISSION

1. The master sends the start condition to every connected slave by switching the SDA line from
a high voltage level to a low voltage level before switching the SCL line from high to low:

2. The master sends each slave the 7 or 10 bit address of the slave it wants to communicate
with, along with the read/write bit:
3. Each slave compares the address sent from the master to its own address. If the address
matches, the slave returns an ACK bit by pulling the SDA line low for one bit. If the address from
the master does not match the slave’s own address, the slave leaves the SDA line high.

4. The master sends or receives the data frame:

5. After each data frame has been transferred, the receiving device returns another ACK bit to
the sender to acknowledge successful receipt of the frame:

6. To stop the data transmission, the master sends a stop condition to the slave by switching
SCL high before switching SDA high:

SINGLE MASTER WITH MULTIPLE SLAVES

Because I2C uses addressing, multiple slaves can be controlled from a single master.
7
With a 7 bit address, 128 (2 ) unique address are available. Using 10 bit addresses is
uncommon, but provides 1,024 (210) unique addresses. To connect multiple slaves to a single
master, wire them like this, with 4.7K/10K Ohm pull-up resistors connecting the SDA and SCL
lines to Vcc:
MULTIPLE MASTERS WITH MULTIPLE SLAVES
Multiple masters can be connected to a single slave or multiple slaves. The problem with
multiple masters in the same system comes when two masters try to send or receive data at the
same time over the SDA line. To solve this problem, each master needs to detect if the SDA line
is low or high before transmitting a message. If the SDA line is low, this means that another
master has control of the bus, and the master should wait to send the message. If the SDA line is
high, then it’s safe to transmit the message. To connect multiple masters to multiple slaves, use
the following diagram, with 4.7K Ohm pull-up resistors connecting the SDA and SCL lines to Vcc:

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF I2C

There is a lot to I2C that might make it sound complicated compared to other protocols,
but there are some good reasons why you may or may not want to use I2C to connect to a
particular device:

ADVANTAGES
• Only uses two wires
• Supports multiple masters and multiple slaves
• ACK/NACK bit gives confirmation that each frame is transferred successfully
• Hardware is less complicated than with UARTs
• Well known and widely used protocol
DISADVANTAGES
• Slower data transfer rate than SPI
• The size of the data frame is limited to 8 bits
• More complicated hardware needed to implement than SPI

UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB)

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a set of interface specifications for high speed wired
communication between electronics systems peripherals and devices with or without
PC/computer. The USB was originally developed in 1995 by many of the industry leading
companies like Intel, Compaq, Microsoft, Digital, IBM, and Northern Telecom.

The major goal of USB was to define an external expansion bus to add peripherals to a
PC in easy and simple manner.

USB offers users simple connectivity. It eliminates the mix of different connectors for
different devices like printers, keyboards, mice, and other peripherals. That means USB-bus
allows many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket. It supports
all kinds of data, from slow mouse inputs to digitized audio and compressed video.

USB also allows hot swapping. The "hot-swapping" means that the devices can be
plugged and unplugged without rebooting the computer or turning off the device. That means,
when plugged in, everything configures automatically. Once the user is finished, they can simply
unplug the cable out; the host will detect its absence and automatically unload the driver. This
makes the USB a plug-and-play interface between a computer and add-on devices.

USB is now the most used interface to connect devices like mouse, keyboards, PDAs,
game-pads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, and flash
drives to personal computers.

USB sends data in serial mode i.e. the parallel data is serialized before sends and de-
serialized after receiving.

The benefits of USB are low cost, expandability, auto-configuration, hot-plugging and
outstanding performance. It also provides power to the bus, enabling many peripherals to
operate without the added need for an AC power adapter.

Various versions USB:

USB1.0: USB 1.0 is the original release of USB having the capability of transferring
12Mbps, supporting up to 127 devices. This USB 1.0 specification model was introduced in
January 1996.

USB1.1: USB 1.1 came out in September 1998. USB 1.1 is also known as full-speed
USB. This version is similar to the original release of USB; however, there are minor
modifications for the hardware and the specifications. USB version 1.1 supported two speeds, a
full speed mode of 12Mbits/s and a low speed mode of 1.5Mbits/s.
 USB2.0: Hewlett-Packard, Intel, LSI Corporation, Microsoft, NEC, and Philips jointly led
the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate than the 1.1 specifications. The USB 2.0
specification was released in April 2000 and was standardized at the end of 2001.
Supporting three speed modes (1.5, 12 and 480 Mbps), USB 2.0 supports low-bandwidth
devices such as keyboards and mice, as well as high-bandwidth ones like high-resolution Web-
cams, scanners, printers and high-capacity storage systems.
USB 2.0, also known as hi-speed USB. This hi-speed USB is capable of supporting a
transfer rate of up to 480 Mbps, compared to 12 Mbps of USB 1.1. That's about 40 times as fast!
Wow!
USB3.0: USB 3.0 is the latest version of USB release. It is also called as Super-Speed
USB having a data transfer rate of 4.8Gbps (600 MB/s). That means it can deliver over 10x the
speed of today's Hi-Speed USB connections.
The USB 3.0 specification was released by Intel and its partners in August 2008.
Products using the 3.0 specifications are come out in 2010.
The USB "tiered star" topology:
The USB system is made up of a host, multiple numbers of USB ports, and multiple
peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology.
The host is the USB system's master, and as such, controls and schedules all
communications activities. Peripherals, the devices controlled by USB, are slaves responding to
commands from the host. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. There always exists
one hub known as the root hub, which is built in to the host controller.

Fig: The USB "tiered star" topology

USB connectors:

Connecting a USB device to a computer is very simple -- you find the USB connector on
the back of your machine and plug the USB connector into it. If it is a new device, the operating
system auto-detects it and asks for the driver disk. If the device has already been installed, the
computer activates it and starts talking to it.

The USB standard specifies two kinds of cables and connectors.

Fig: USB Type A & B Connectors

The USB standard uses "A" and "B" connectors mainly to avoid confusion:
1. "A" connectors head "upstream" toward the computer.
2. "B" connectors head "downstream" and connect to individual devices.
By using different connectors on the upstream and downstream end, it is impossible to
install a cable incorrectly, because the two types are physically different.

Pin No Signal Color of the cable

1 +5V power Red
2 - Data White / Yellow
3 +Data Green / Blue
4 Ground Black/Brown
Table: USB pin connections
USB can support 4 data transfer types or transfer modes.
1. Control
2. Isochronous
3. Bulk
4. Interrupt
Control transfers exchange configuration, setup and command information between the
device and host. The host can also send commands or query parameters with control packets.
Isochronous transfer is used by time critical, streaming device such as speakers and
video cameras. It is time sensitive information so, within limitations, it has guaranteed access to
the USB bus.
Bulk transfer is used by devices like printers & scanners, which receives data in one big
packet.
Interrupt transfer is used by peripherals exchanging small amounts of data that need
immediate attention.
 All USB data is sent serially. USB data transfer is essentially in the form of packets of
data, sent back and forth between the host and peripheral devices. Initially all packets are sent
from the host, via the root hub and possibly more hubs, to devices.
Each USB data transfer consists of a…
1. Token packet (Header defining what it expects to follow)
2. Optional Data Packet (Containing the payload)
3. Status Packet (Used to acknowledge transactions and to provide a means of error
correction).