Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies (JHSSS)

ISSN: 2663-7197
www.hsss.org

Translation Quality Assessment in the Literary Text based on House Model

Sara Naidj1* & Masoud Seyed Motahari2
1
MA student in Translation Studies, Islamic Azad University, Iran
2
Associate professor, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Brach, Iran
Corresponding Author: Sara Naidj, E-mail: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received: December 11, 2018 The present study aims at Translation Quality Assessment in the Literary
Accepted: January20, 2019 Text based on House Model. The main purpose of the present study is to
Published: January 31, 2019 assess the Persian translation of The Sense of an Ending based on House's
Volume: 1 model of Translation Quality Assessment. The researcher used the translated
Issue: 1 text by Hasan Kamshad. The main problem of the study is judging or
KEYWORDS assessing literary translation. The translation assessment was based on overt
and covert errors and mismatches. The selected pages of translation were
Translation Quality analyzed using five categorizations of overtly erroneous errors, on the other
Assessment, Overt and Covert hand. The analysis was shown in the tables based on the criteria and the
ranslation, Literary researcher answered the question.it was investigated thatany minor or major
Translation linguistic changes lead to the transferring the message of original text. With
regard to the extra-linguistic effects of translation texts, there was literary
effects and changes under any manipulation of translation texts especially in
the translation of literary texts such as the sense of an ending.

1- INTRODUCTION
It is believed that in Muslim society, the term “assessment” plays a fundamental role in human life and believe that
God can assess our daily life, not others. Although the process of comparison to assess the quality of something may
seem logical and necessary, there are approaches to translation quality assessment that disregard the comparison of
source texts with target texts altogether focusing solely on the translation, for example, the literary-descriptive
approach (House, 2009).

House (1997) stated “Evaluating the quality of translation presupposes a theory of translation. Thus, different views
of translation lead to different concepts of translational quality and hence different ways of assessing it' (p. 1).
Different aspect and concepts with considering to TQA in various schools of translation that are empirically based,
transparent ,and at least estimating something like intersubjective validation propagators of this approach have an
idea that the quality of a translation can most significantly be connected to the “human factor”, the translator, whose
realization and rendition of the original and her decisions and towards “the optimal translation” are hard rooted in
personal science, visions, interpretative skills, and artistic literary competence. How does a person understand when
a translation is good? House (2010) points out that the answer to this simple question lies at the heart of all regards
with translation criticism.

Bassnett (2006) explains that translation studies containing translation criticism that has been expanding as a
distinguished discipline. But, in attempting to assess the quality of a translation one addresses the heart of any theory
of translation which is the serious question of the nature of translation or, more particularly, the nature of the
relationship between source text and its translation text. Thus, translation is basically an operation in which the
meaning of linguistic units is to be held equivalent across languages. According to House, three various opinions of
meaning could be prominent. Each of which to various perceptions of translation evaluation. In various opinions, the
TQA has its own parameters; in mentalist view of as a concept in language users’ heads, translation is likely to be
intuitive and interpretative. If meaning is seen as expanding and resulting from, an externally observable reaction,
translation evaluation is likely to include response based methods, and if is seen as appearing from larger textual
stretches of language in use, involving both context and situational and cultural. But commonly it is regarded to be
the evaluation of the criterion of goodness of a piece of translation; in fact, it is a type of measurement far from of
noting only the good points and defects (House, 2010).
Translation is not just replacing the word, phrases, and sentences from one language into another one. It also
Translation Quality Assessment in the Literary Text based on House Model

contains preserving the style and of meaning, cultural elements, social traits and literary genre of the ST into TT
(Newmark, 1988). Readers of translation especially literary translation have great expectations. They look for
entertainment. They also ask what they read to be amusing and being able to produce magic. The literary translator's
job is to recreate the work of art precisely in such a way that it is true to the original and being equally enchanting
and perceptive. Beauty, color, sound, and sense must be captured by the translation. Two main factors pave the way
to this end, the translator's competence and capabilities and translation quality assessment that has been the main
concern of many scholars and translation researchers. It is generally believed that something that is, can be
manageable. In the field of translation quality assessment, this means that without some tools to assess the quality of
the translation, it is not possible to improve translation quality and if the translation quality is good, how to keep it in
that way.

As every community has its own specific culture, traditions, and language with different structures. Consequently,
every source text has its own linguistic, semantic, and pragmatic structures that can be different from those of the
target text. Thus, bearing this in mind, the translator should take a specific strategy to transfer the meaning and
structure of the original text into text. Failing to recognize the structure of the source text and the way of rendering
the structure into language affects the quality.

Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) is a type of evaluation, but what is “evaluation”? Michael Scriven defines it
as follows: “Evaluation is taken to mean the determination of merit, worth, or significance” (Scriven, 2007, p. 1, as
cited in Williams, 2009). This definition itself presents a problem: How value or worth is to be defined, is it moral,
aesthetic or utilitarian? By extension, “evaluation” involves asking a question that has challenged thinkers from the
earliest time: Is a particular thing good? (Williams, 2009).

Just like evaluation in the broad sense, TQA can be quantitative or qualitative: it can be based on
mathematical/statistical measurement (as in the case of most academic instruments) or on readers‟ responses,
interviews and questionnaires (e.g. Nida). TQA can be diagnostic (determining areas for improvement at the
beginning of a course of study), formative (measuring progress and giving feedback during a course of study) or
summative (measuring the results of learning). In Williams's view, TQA cannot and should not be values-free: to be
useful, it must be based on criteria of goodness. Otherwise, all we do is [to] describe defects and strong points in
translations.

Translation evaluation is done in many ways and by any means. However, it seems that there are no common
yardsticks in assessing translation quality. Both diachronically and synchronically, translation assessment of a
particular work does not yield unified results.

Scholars have developed models of quality assessment aiming to provide a systematic method to evaluate
translations that allow for “reproducible, intersubjective judgment” (Laubscher 151).

Indeed, translation quality assessment models are commonly criticized for not providing help in practical terms
(Laubscher 158). In order to overcome this, many authors (Hönig 6; McAlester 232; Waddington, "Different
Methods” 312; Rothe-Neves 117; Williams, Translation Quality Assessment 18) suggest that a more extensive
application of the models is needed as they complain of a lack of empirical evidence and the restricted type of texts
they have been used on. In spite of the subjective nature of the notion of quality, the lack of universally accepted
criteria and the anecdotal evidence provided by the literature, Lynne Bowker emphasizes the need to have models to
assess translation quality and provide meaningful feedback to the different parties involved in the translation process
(183). House (1977) is one of the first scholars in the field of translation studies who specifically addresses
the problem of translation quality assessment by developing a theoretical model for this purpose, which
is based upon the concept of equivalence. First, House (1977) finds it necessary to (re) define a number of key
terminologies such as translation and function of the text. Consequently, she defines (adequate) translation as
“the replacement of in the source language by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in the target
language” (Pop. 29-30) elaborates a model of translation quality assessment.

House, furthermore, illustrates the function of a particular text practically the function of the text consisting of
an educational and interpersonal functional component may be summed up in the following way: the
addresser’s main purpose is to inform, to pass on factual information as precisely and efficiently as
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 JHSSS 1(1):19-27

possible. However, he also wants to make sure that the information is understood properly by the addressees –
a novice in his special field – therefore, he adjusts the texts to the particular needs of the addressees. (House
1977, pp. 76-7).

Davy (1999, p. 183) states, a literary translation must reflect the imaginative, the intellectual and the intuitive
writing of the author. In fact, literature is distinguished by its aesthetics. Little concern has been devoted to the
aesthetics of literary translations because these translations are popularly perceived as unoriginal. In literature, the
term aesthetic is used as an adjective for literary works because it is a literary work that carries the intuitive,
imaginative and intellectual writings of the author. A literary translation must reflect these qualities. The researcher
concluded that different types of translation equivalences can be achieved between two languages.

According to House (1997), the essence of translation lies in a functional match with an ST, two important
mismatches must be considered. The first one is overtly erroneous error and another one is a covertly erroneous
error. From these above-mentioned elements, finally, she introduced two types of translation which were suitable for
different texts based on their situational dimensions and functional equivalence. These two translational types were
overt and covert translations. Overt translation is a kind of translation in which TT addressees are not directly
addressed. It is overtly a translation. It is also tied to the source language and culture. It should remain as intact as
possible. It is a straight-forward translation. Overt translation has got less cultural problems than the covert one.

Judgments of the quality of a translation depend on a large variety of factors that enter into any social evaluative
statement. The process of translation criticism, i.e., it is the linguistic analysis which provides grounds for arguing
an evaluative.

[…] The choice of an overt or a covert translation depends not on the text alone, or on the translator’s subjective
interpretation of the text, but also on the reasons for the translation, the implied readers, on a variety of publishing
and marketing policies, i.e., on factors which clearly have nothing to do with translation as a linguistic procedure
because these are social factors which concern human agents as well as socio-cultural, political or ideological
constraints and which—in the reality of translation practice— turn out to be often more influential than linguistic
considerations or the professional competence of the translator herself. (House 2001, p. 254).

2- BODY
In order to produce an acceptable and functional translation, an assessment should be done. For this purpose, a piece
of translation should be evaluated according to the framework, with a definite criterion. The main purpose of the
present study is to assess the Persian translation of The Sense of an Ending based on House's model of Translation
Quality Assessment. In Iran, there are translations especially in the field of literature that have low quality. It can be
due to the fact Iranian translators are less familiar with or less interested in the translation quality and the criteria and
standards by which translation should be evaluated.

Quality of literary translation can be a fundamental issue for Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) approaches.
The serious concern is how to measure and evaluate this quality. Some scholars prompted different approaches to
assess the translation, however, it appears that among the proposed approaches, only a few of them sound promising.
The researcher used one of the models of Julianne House.

To compare the original textbook of the sense of ending translated by Hasan Kamshad in order to identify the
quality of the translated version of The Sense of an Ending by Hasan Kamshad based on House TQA model.

The present study focuses on translation quality assessment of Persian translation of Julian Bronzes' The Sense of
an Ending translated by Hasan Kamshad and two other translators (Noora Mousasi, HusseinFaqani). The
researcher used the translated text by Hasan Kamshad. The main problem of the study is judging or assessing
literary translation. The researcher found that translators or students of translation may have problems while
translating from English to Persian, especially literary translation. The present study is related to previous studies
as most studies stress the importance of assessing in literary translation and that readers encounter the problem of
untranslatability or unacceptable terms in literary translation. The above-mentioned studies place emphasis on the
application of translation quality assessment as a criterion in literary translation. The present study is a
comparative descriptive study of the chosen Persian literary texts and its English counterparts. It examines the

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Translation Quality Assessment in the Literary Text based on House Model

original English text and Persian equivalents.

In the present study, the researcher used the book The Sense of an Ending which was the winner of the Man Booker
Prize 2011. It has been mentioned that the works of Julian Barnes are full of senses and beauties that attract every
reader.

The translation scholars assert that the most problematic area in translation is because the original message should
be transferred into the target language while preserving emotion, aesthetic values and literary elements like simile,
metaphor, and pun antithesis. The perfectibility of a translation means that the translation version could make the
same understanding and emotional load for the target reader as the original one. Otherwise, it is too much simple to
do a literal translation and rewrite the words based on meaning.

3- DATA ANALYSIS
The main concern of this study is how translation is assessed and judged by the model of House. In this regard, the
researcher prepared Persian translation by Hasan Kamshad in order to achieve the goals of this study. The present
study is based on qualitative design. The study is going to assess the quality of the Persian translation of The Sense
of an Ending a novel by Julian Barons (2011) in contrast with its original text according to the Julian House's TQA
Model (2015). First, the original text will be read and then compared to its translation to find the strategies used for
translation according to the mentioned model. This assessment is based on the similarity between the source text and
the target text in terms of the register variables, the genre, and the ideational and interpersonal meaning. Among the
theories of literary translation assessments developed by the various scholars, the researcher selected TQA Model by
Julian House's (2014). This theory was endorsed by most researchers and had been revised and used in a number of
studies recently. And the main goal of translation assessment or judgment is to recognize the good from the bad, the
right from the wrong and create rules or theoretical framework for pedagogical and research purposes.

The Sense of an Ending is the story of one man coming to terms with the mutable past. Laced with trademark
precision, dexterity and insight, it is the work of one of the world's most distinguished writers. Tony Webster and his
clique first met Adrian Finn at school. Sex-hungry and book-hungry, they would navigate the girl-less sixth form
together, trading in affectations, in-jokes, rumor and wit. Maybe Adrian was a little more serious than the others,
certainly more intelligent, but they all swore to stay friends for life.

The researcher firstly talks about translation quality assessment theoretically. Then she focuses on House's TQA
model (2014) which she wants to use it as a theoretical framework for her research. Based on the aforesaid model,
this study is going to assess the Persian translation of the English book written by Julian Barnes and translated by
Hasan Kamshad. According to House The sense of an Ending the literary texts should be translated overtly.
Therefore, the translator had to use overt translation to translate this book from English into Persian. Now, based on
the features of overt translation, this translation of the "The Sense of an Ending" will be evaluated.

As the researcher was concerned about translation quality assessment, she selected this field of research. After
selecting the materials of study in a systemic randomly way, the researcher compared and assessed the ST and TT
on the base of House'sTQA.

Model (2015). For assessing the translation, she's going to read and analyze the ST according to the model’s factors
and then compared it with TT step by step as following ST was analyzed in order to its profile containing the
register was obtained. A register analysis was prepared to realize the source text genre; a statement of the function of
the source text relevant to ideational and interpersonal definitions was made; the target text was treated in the same
steps as the source text was taken; The ST and TT's profile was compared to realize mismatches and overt errors
through comparative analysis of both ST and TT with regard to House's overt and covert translation. The
explanation of quality of translation was prepared with reference to the translation result;

The errors were summarized in the shape of tables to affirm the error quantity and preparing concluding remarks
about translation quality. The researcher used 10 percent of the book (about 23 pages) was selected as the sample.
To find the frequency interval, 234 was divided by 23; the result was 10. Every 10th page of the book (source text)
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 JHSSS 1(1):19-27

included the pages of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210,
220, and 230 based on which the text analysis was performed and compared with the TT.

Table 1. Analysis of text based on overt translation, type 1; not translated

Page English text Persian translation

50 So I’ve been told,” I ‫ اینطور شنیدم‬: ‫به سستی گفتم‬

said feebly

50 Because they don’t ‫اتکای آنها به مصالح با هم فرق می‬

depend on material ‫کند‬
in the same way

60 kissed me good .‫به درستی آن شب مرا بوسید‬

night properly

Table 2. Analysis of text based on overt translation, type 2; slight change in meaning

Page English text

10 a river rushing ‫رودی را که به شکل غریبی رو به باال دست‬

nonsensically ‫میرود ونور بنچ شش چراغ قوه بر موجها و‬
upstream, its wave .‫شکسته موجهایش می تابد‬
and wash lit by half a
dozen chasing torch
beams

50 Wouldn’t mind if my ‫من حرفی نداشتم اگر بدرم شش هفت تا زن‬

dad had half a dozen .‫می گرفت‬
wives.”

Table 3. Analysis of text based on overt translation, type 3; Distortion of meaning

Page English text Persian translation

30/16 Camus said that suicide was the only . ‫کامو می گوید خود کشی یگانه مسئله واقعی فلسفی است‬
true philosophical question
. ‫ خودکشی تنها مسئله فلسفی واقعی است‬: ‫کامو گفت‬

50 Ted Hughes ‫تدهیوز‬

70 Veronica kissed me nearer the corner ‫من ورنیکا را بوسیدم‬

of my lips than the center ,and then
left .‫ورنیکا مرا بوسید‬

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Translation Quality Assessment in the Literary Text based on House Model

Table 4.Analysis of text based on overt translation, type 4; significant change in meaning

Page English text Persian translation

10 a river rushing nonsensically upstream, ‫رودی را که به شکل غریبی رو به باال دست میرود ونور بنچ ششچراغ قوه‬
its wave and wash lit by half a dozen ‫بر موجها و شکسته موجهایش می تابد‬
chasing torch beams

30 prim virgin ‫باکره ی سنگین و رنگین‬

Table 5. Analysis of text based on overt translation, type 5; breach of SL

Page English text Persian translation

10 bathwater long gone cold behind a ‫آب وان را که بشت در بسته مدتی است سرد شده‬
locked door
. ‫ مدتی است که آب وان بشت در بسته سرد شده است‬: ‫درست آن‬

30 Camus said that suicide was the only . ‫کامو می گوید خود کشی یگانه مسئله واقعی فلسفی است‬
true philosophical question
. ‫ خودکشی تنها مسئله فلسفی واقعی است‬: ‫کامو گفت‬

Table 6. Analysis of text based on overt translation, type 6; creative translation

Page English text Persian translation

30 “Henry the Eighth, Col?” Adrian ‫ایدریین به سخن آمد‬

suggested.

40 he depended on us . ‫او به ما متکی است‬

50 they seemed to ‫در حالی که‬

Table 7. Analysis of text based on overt translation, type 7; cultural filtering

Page English text Persian translation

30 VD-riddled whore. ‫روسبی سوزاکی‬

. ‫در اصل زن فاحشه ایدزی بوده است‬

50 they seemed to be an organic ‫در حالی که کتابهای من به نظرم هر یک برای خود سازی می زنند تا شاید‬
continuation of her mind and .‫آدمی را توصیف کنند که من امید داشتم روزی بشوم‬
personality, whereas mine struck me as
functionally separate, straining to
describe a character I hoped to grow
into

50 Of course, everyone’s wondering what . ‫البته همه در حیرتند که وقتی حیوانات تدهیوز ته بکشد چه می کند‬
Ted Hughes will do when he runs out
of animals.”

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 JHSSS 1(1):19-27

The covert and overt errors were done to analyze the translation of the sense of understanding based on the
systematic sampling and the above tables show the claim. The researcher asked three raters who previously worked
on House (1997) model to decide on the kind of errors determined by the researcher. They confirmed the data
analysis. The researcher used SPSS software to calculate correlations between the three raters' ratings and that of the
researcher. She used the formula of Mackey &Gass (2005; 349) to calculate inter-rater reliability. The formula is;
NR/1+ (N-1) R where N is the number of raters (comprising the researcher and three other raters), and R is the
average correlation among the raters. The following shows the types of errors, frequency, and percentage.

Table 8.The frequency and percentages of types of errors

Types of errors Frequency

Not translated 11

Slight change in meaning 7

Significant change in meaning 10

Distortion of meaning 10

Creative meaning 6

Cultural filtering 9

Breach of the language system 10

Total 66

As mentioned previously, covert translation, which focused on the case of language use the translator attempted to
re-create an equivalent in the Persian text. Actually, the function of a covert translation was to reproduce in the
target text the function the original has in its frame and discourse world. Covert translation is thus at the same time
psycho linguistically less complex and more deceptive than overt translation. Since true functional equivalence is
aimed at, the original may be manipulated at the levels of Language/Text and Register via the use of a “cultural
filter.” The result is the very real distance from the original. While the original and its covert translation need thus
not be equivalent at the levels of Language/Text and Register, they must be equivalent at the levels of Genre and the
Individual Textual Function. Schematically, the theoretical distinction between overt and covert translation can be
displayed as follows:

This subsection is concerned with presenting the results of the statistical procedures. Furthermore, it aims
at finding out whether the hypothesis is rejected or verified.

After analyzing the data, the researcher found the way of answering to both research questions of the present study
as:

1. To what extent is the quality of the translated version of The Sense of an Ending by Hasan Kamshad appropriates
based on House TQA model?

In the present study, covert errors are those which result from a mismatch of one situational dimension with a
similar one in TT, and overt errors are those which result from a non-dimensional mismatch. Such errors can be
divided into seven categories shown at the following scheme: The above figure has been thoroughly explained by
House (1997): ―If a translation text, in order to be adequate, is to fulfill the requirement of a dimensional, and as a
result to this, functional match, then any mismatch along the dimensions is an error. Such dimensional errors were
referred to as covertly erroneous errors.

These were differentiated from those overtly erroneous errors which resulted either from a mismatch of the
denotative meanings of the source and translation text elements or from a mismatch of the denotative meanings of
the source and translation text elements or from a breach of the target language system. Cases, where the denotative

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Translation Quality Assessment in the Literary Text based on House Model

meanings of elements of ST were changed by the translator, were further subdivided into omissions, additions,
substitutions consisting of either wrong selections or wrong combinations of elements. Cases of breaches of the
target language system were subdivided into cases of ungrammaticality, i.e., breaches of the norm of usage which I
defined as the bundle of linguistic rules underlying the actual use of language as opposed to the language system,
which is concerned with the potentialities of the language. House (1997, p.45).

Based on the above information, the researcher found that the aspects of the original or popularizations of specialist
translations designed for the lay public, and furthermore the translation yielded a special added purpose. And the
researcher preserved the function of the source text to apply a cultural filter randomly. Translation Quality
Assessment serves as a mirror for translated texts which can be the practical stage in the translation process. After
the application of House model (overt and covert), the researcher produced a profile of source text register including
field, tenor and mode throughout reading the English corpus text and its comparison. Table 5.4 shows that the total
number of overtly erroneous errors was 66 which comprised of 11 not translated, 7 slight changes in meaning, and
10 breaches of the language system. As it was shown on the above table, the most frequent overtly erroneous errors
happened in the mentioned translation belonging to the not translated and the least frequent one was ―creative
meaning by the frequency of 6. The third column indicated the percentage of each error. It shows that the frequency
and percentage of three types of overtly erroneous errors were zero.

The results of the study show that quality of the translation. Snell-Hornby (2000) speaks about a reduced
standardized form of language, that is, McLanguage or Eurospeak, while Wagner (2000) prefers to call it sub-
English. All in all, the quality of such texts is rarely monitored and may be poor. Translation quality assessment is
considered a key in the translation of literary or nonliterary works. This study has proven that the field, tenor and
mode have astounding effects on translation. Because of its great impact on literary translation.

4- CONCLUSION
The researcher selected 23 pages of the sense of an ending and its translation systematically. The researcher
observed the translations and used the model of House to assess the translations. The researcher applied
overt and covert mismatches to evaluate the works of the translator. The data analysis was carried out by
the researcher and passed to three professionals in Persian literature. They contributed to accomplishing
this study and rated the translations. Inter-Rater reliability was also carried out. The revised and validated
theory was applied in this study to evaluate and rate the translated text. The following section discusses the
findings of this study.

The results of the study show that quality of the translation. As mentioned before, the translation
assessment was based on overt and covert errors and mismatches. The selected pages of translation were
analyzed using five categorizations of overtly erroneous errors, on the other hand. The analysis was shown
in the tables based on the criteria and the researcher answered the question. In the following chapter, the
researcher focused on the conclusion and pedagogical implications of the study.

It is expected that the results of this study will be effective in the improvement and creating a TQA model
for the assessment of the translation of literary and non-literary texts from English to Persian. Since this
particular study has not been done in Iran. It is also expected that it provides a common yardstick/model to
evaluate the quality of translation in a fast parsimonious way. To support the above points, House
mentioned that we thought that the potential usefulness of the distinction between overt and covert
translation becomes rather relative when House states that “A particular ST does not necessarily require
once and for all either a covert or an overt translation, given the different, dynamic ways of viewing a text
and different purpose for which a translation may, in the course of time, be required” (p. 77).

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