EENG 455

ELECTRICAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

Dr. L.O. Mogaka, PhD

Email: [email protected]
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Course purpose
The course acquaints learners with transients’ response in RLC circuits,
the concept of resonant frequency, damped oscillations, dot
conventions, transmission, impedance and hybrid parameters
Expected learning outcomes
By the end of the course, the learner is expected to:
1. Describe the damping conditions of an RLC circuits and response of
an inductor, a capacitor to a sinusoidal voltage.
2. Calculate the Q-factor and bandwidth of parallel and series resonant
circuit.
3. Explain the self and mutual inductance of a circuit.
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Course description
Transient Response of RLC Circuits, Over Damped, Critically Damped and
Under Damped Conditions, DC and AC with Sinusoidal Input (Using Laplace
Transform Technique) Series Resonance, Bandwidth, Quality Factor, Voltage
Magnification in Resonance, Frequency for Maximum Values of Voltage Across
Inductor and Capacitor, Parallel Resonance, Resonant Frequency of Tank Circuit
and Other Parallel Combinations, Q-Factor, Bandwidth, Parallel Resonant
Circuit. Self Inductance, Mutual Inductance, Dot Convention, Co-efficient of
Coupling, Series and Parallel Connection of Coupled Coils, Analysis of Coupled
Circuits. One Port, Driving Point Impedance and Admittance , Two Port
Parameters: Relationship of Two Port Variables, Short Circuit Admittance
Parameters, Open Circuit Impedance Parameters, Transmission Parameters,
Hybrid Parameters, Relationship Between Parameter Sets, Condition for
Symmetry, Condition for Reciprocity, Interconnection Two Port Networks
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 RLC CIRCUITS
• Similar to RL and RC circuits, RLC circuits has two
parts
• Source free or natural response
• Forced / steady state response
• Forced Response → a step input causes a step output.
• Natural Response → Different and more difficult than
RL, RC.

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SOURCE-FREE RLC CIRCUITS
We study the natural response by studying source-free RLC circuits.

iC(t)
iL(t)
iR(t) +
R v(t) L Parallel Source-
C free RLC Circuit
-

iR + iL + iC = 0
v(t ) 1 dv(t )
+  v(t )dt + C =0 Second-order
R L dt Differential equation
d 2 v(t ) 1 dv(t ) 1
C 2
+ + v(t ) = 0
dt R dt L 6
This second-order differential equation can be solved by assuming solutions

d 2 v(t ) 1 dv(t ) 1
C 2
+ + v(t ) = 0
dt R dt L

The solution should be in form of v(t ) = Ae st

If the solution is good, then substitute it into the equation will be true.

1 1 st
CAs e + Ase + Ae = 0
2 st st

R L
1 1
Ae (Cs + s + ) = 0
st 2

R L
1 1 7
which means Cs + s + = 0
2
s=??
R L
 1 1
Cs + s + = 0
2

R L

Use quadratic formula, we got

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1  1  1
s1 = − +   −
2 RC  2 RC  LC
2
1  1  1
s2 = − −   −
2 RC  2 RC  LC
Both v(t ) = A1e s1t and v(t ) = A2e s2t are solution to the equation

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Therefore, the complete solution is v(t ) = A1e + A2e
s1t s2t
 2
1  1  1
From s1, 2 =−    −
2 RC  2 RC  LC

1
Define resonant frequency 0 =
LC
1
Damping factor =
2 RC

Therefore, s1, 2 = −   2 − 02

in which we divide into 3 cases according to the term

inside the bracket 9
SOLUTION TO SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
1. α > ω0 (inside square root is a positive value) Overdamped case

2. α = ω0 (inside square root is zero) Critical damped case

3. α < ω0 (inside square root is a negative value) Underdamped case

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1. Overdamped case , α > ω0
Example: find v(t) if the initial conditions are vc(0) = 0,
iL(0) = -10A

1
iC(t) = = 3.5
iL(t) 2 RC
iR(t) +
1/42f 6Ω v(t) 7H 1
- 0 = = 6
LC

α > ω0 ,therefore, this is an overdamped case

v(t) = A1es1t + A 2 es2 t

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s1, 2 = −   − 
2 2
0
➔ s1 = -1, s2 = -6
Then, we will use initial conditions to find A1, A2

From vc(0) = 0 we substitute t=0

v(0+) = v(0−) = 0
0 = A1e0 + A 2 e0 = A1 + A 2 … (1)

From KCL ➔ At t =0+

iR + iL + iC = 0
v(0) dv(t)
+ (−10) + C =0
R dt t =0

+ (−10) + ( −A1e − t − 6A 2 e −6t ) = 0

0 1
R 42 t =0

( −A1 − 6A 2 ) = 420 … (2)

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Solve the equations (1) and (2)
A1 = 84
A2 = -84

and the solution is

v(t ) = 84e −t − 84e −6t = 84(e −t − e −6t )

v(t)

v(t ) = 84(e −t − e −6t )

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t
2. Critical damped case , α = ω0
Example: find v(t) if the initial conditions are vc(0) = 0,
iL(0) = -10A

iC(t) 1
iR(t) iL(t) = = 2.45
+ 2RC
1/42f v(t) 8.573Ω 7H 1
- 0 = = 2.45
LC

α = ω0 , this is an critical damped case ➔ s1 = s2 = -2.45

The complete solution of this case is in form of

v(t ) = A1te + A2e

st st 14
 Then, we will use initial conditions to find A1, A2

From vc(0) = 0 we substitute t=0

v(0) = 0 = A1 (0)e0 + A2e0 = A2 … (1)

Therefore A2 =0 and the solution is reduced to v(t ) = A1te −2.45t

Find A1 from KCL at t=0
iR + iL + iC = 0
v(0) dv(t )
+ (−10) + C =0
R dt t =0
0
R
+ (−10) +
1
42
(
A1t (−2.45)e − 2.45t + A1e − 2.45t ) t =0
=0

1 15
− 10 + ( A1 ) = 0 … (2)
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Solve the equation and we got A1 = 420 and the solution is

−2.45t
v(t ) = 420te
v(t)

v(t ) = 420te −2.45t

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3. Underdamped case , α < ω0
from s1, 2 = −   2 − 02

The term inside the bracket will be negative and s

will be a complex number

define d = 02 −  2

Then s1, 2 = −  jd

( − + j d ) t ( − − j d ) t
v(t ) = A1e + A2 e
and
−t j d t − j d t
v(t ) = e ( A1e + A2 e )
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 v(t ) = e −t ( A1e jd t + A2e − jd t )

Use Euler’s Identity e j = cos + j sin 

v(t ) = e −t ( A1 cosd t + jA1 sin d t + A2 cosd t − jA2 sin d t )

v(t ) = e −t (( A1 + A2 ) cosd t + j ( A1 − A2 ) sin d t
v(t ) = e −t ( B1 cosd t + B2 sin d t )

v(t ) = e−t ( B1 cosd t + B2 sin d t )

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 3. Underdamped case , α < ω0
Example: find v(t) if the initial conditions are vc(0) = 0,
iL(0) = -10A

iC(t) 1
iR(t) = =2
iL(t) 2 RC
+
1/42f v(t) 10.5Ω 7H 1
0 = = 6
- LC

α < ω0 ,therefore, this is an underdamped case and v(t) is in form

v(t ) = e−2t ( B1 cos 2t + B2 sin 2t )

where

d = 02 −  2 = 2 19
 Then, we will use initial conditions to find B1, B2

From vc(0+) = vc(0-) = 0 we substitute t=0

v(0) = e0 ( B1 cos 0 + B2 sin 0) = B1
Therefore B1 =0 and the solution is reduced to
v(t ) = e−2t ( B2 sin 2t )

Find B2 iR + iL + iC = 0
from KCL
v(0) dv(t )
at t=0 + (−10) + C =0
R dt t =0
0
R
+ (−10) +
1
42
(
2 B2 e − 2t cos 2t − 2 B2 e − 2t sin 2t ) t =0
=0

1 20
− 10 + ( 2 B2 ) = 0
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we got B2 = 210 2 = 297 and then the solution is

v(t ) = 297e−2t sin 2t )

v(t)

v(t ) = 297e−2t sin 2t )

t
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SERIES RLC
i(t) vR + vL + vC = 0
+ vR(t) - di(t ) 1
- R + i (t ) R + L +  i (t )dt = 0
dt C
C vC(t) vL(t) L d 2i (t ) di(t ) 1
+ - L 2
+ R + i (t ) = 0
dt dt C

A1es1t + A 2 es2 t Overdamped

A1te + A 2 e
st st Critical damped
Solution

e −t (B1 cos d t + B2 sin d t) Underdamped

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R  R 1
s1, 2 = −   2 − 02
s1, 2 = −    −
2 L  2 L  LC
R 1 22
= 0 = d =  −  2
0
2
2L LC
FORCED RLC CIRCUITS
Similar to RL and RC circuits, the total response is the sum
of the transient/natural response and the forced/steady state
response

X(t) = Xn(t) + Xf(t)

Where Xn is one of the three cases

A1es1t + A 2 es2 t Overdamped

A1test + A 2 est Critical damped

e −t (B1 cos d t + B2 sin d t) Underdamped

And Xf(t) is the value as t→ ∞ and the constants are

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found from the initial conditions
EXAMPLE Find vc(t)
t = 0 sec

S1 30 +

4A iL(t) 3H Vc 1/27f 5A
-

R 1
= =5 0 = =3
2L LC

s1, 2 = −   2 − 02 = −1,−9

This is overdamped case, so the solution is in form

−t −9t
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vc(t) = A1e + A 2 e + Vf
 vC (t ) = A1e −t + A2 e −9t + V f
Consider the circuit we found that the initial conditions will be
1. vC(0) = 150 V
2. iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 5 A

And the steady state values

1. vC(∞) = 150 V
2. iL(∞) = 9 A

Using vC(0) = 150 V , we got 150 = A1 + A2 + V f

Using vC(∞) = 150 V , we got 150 = 0 + 0 + V f

Therefore,
1. Vf = 150
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2. A1+A2 = 0 ------------(1)
 Use the initial condition iL(0) = 5 A, we have to change vc(t) to iL(t)

From vC (t ) = A1e −t + A2 e −9t + V f

dv(t ) 1
iC (t ) = C = (− A1e −t − 9 A2 e −9t )
dt 27
Next, use KCL on the circle below

30 +

4A iL(t) 3H Vc iC(t) 5A
-

− 4 + iL (t ) + iC (t ) − 5 = 0
1 26
or iL (t ) = 9 − iC (t ) = 9 − (− A1e −t − 9 A2 e −9t )
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 1
From iL (t ) = 9 − (− A1e −t − 9 A2 e −9t )
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Substitute iL(0) = 5A

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iL (0) = 5 = 9 − (− A1e 0 − 9 A2 e 0 )
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1
5 = 9 − (− A1 − 9 A2 )
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108 = (− A1 − 9 A2 ) ------------------(2)

From (1), (2) A1 = 13.5, A2 = -13.5

Therefore, vC (t ) = 13.5e−t + −13.5e−9t + 150 27

Resonance

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