Computer Science for Grade 9 Ms.

Zufishan Kamal
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/computer-science-for-grade-9-ms-zufishan-kamal/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

GRADE 9 STUDENTS BOOK TERM 1 United Arab Emirates

Education Ministry

https://textbookfull.com/product/grade-9-students-book-
term-1-united-arab-emirates-education-ministry/

Microsoft Office Top 1850 Multiple Choice Questions

Answers MCQs for all Examination and Interview MS
Office MS Excel MS Word MS PowerPoint and MS Access
Question Bank Kanaujia Er Avnindra
https://textbookfull.com/product/microsoft-office-
top-1850-multiple-choice-questions-answers-mcqs-for-all-
examination-and-interview-ms-office-ms-excel-ms-word-ms-
powerpoint-and-ms-access-question-bank-kanaujia-er-avnindra/

Academic English for Computer Science An English for

Specific and Academic Purposes Course for International
students of Computer Science Computer Engineering
Information and Communication Systems Rizopoulou
https://textbookfull.com/product/academic-english-for-computer-
science-an-english-for-specific-and-academic-purposes-course-for-
international-students-of-computer-science-computer-engineering-
information-and-communication-systems-riz/

Imaginary Mathematics for Computer Science 1st Edition

Vince

https://textbookfull.com/product/imaginary-mathematics-for-
computer-science-1st-edition-vince/
A Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science
Barrington D.M

https://textbookfull.com/product/a-mathematical-foundation-for-
computer-science-barrington-d-m/

A AS Level Computer Science for OCR Student Book A

Level Comp 2 Computer Science OCR Alistair Surrall

https://textbookfull.com/product/a-as-level-computer-science-for-
ocr-student-book-a-level-comp-2-computer-science-ocr-alistair-
surrall/

A Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science David

Mix Barrington

https://textbookfull.com/product/a-mathematical-foundation-for-
computer-science-david-mix-barrington/

Internet Of Things Raj Kamal

https://textbookfull.com/product/internet-of-things-raj-kamal/

Advanced Techniques in Gas Chromatography Mass

Spectrometry GC MS MS and GC TOF MS for Environmental
Chemistry 1st Edition Imma Ferrer And E. Michael
Thurman (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/advanced-techniques-in-gas-
chromatography-mass-spectrometry-gc-ms-ms-and-gc-tof-ms-for-
environmental-chemistry-1st-edition-imma-ferrer-and-e-michael-
 TE
ST
ED
IT
IO
N
THE TEXTBOOK OF

COMPUTER
SCIENCE
For Grade
9

SINDH TEXTBOOK BOARD, JAMSHORO

 N
IO
IT
ED
ST
TE

THE TEXTBOOK OF

COMPUTER
SCIENCE
For Grade

9
SINDH TEXTBOOK BOARD, JAMSHORO
 All rights are reserved with the SINDH TEXTBOOK, BOARD, JAMSHORO.
Prepared by ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC QUALITY (AFAQ) for SINDH
TEXT BOOK BOARD JAMSHORO.
Reviewed by Provincial Review Committee Directorate of Curriculum
Assessment and Research Sindh Jamshoro (DCAR).
Prescribed as a Textbook by the Boards of Intermediate and secondary
Education, Karachi, Hyderbad, Sukkur, Larkana and Mirpurkhas for
Secondary School Certificate Examination in the Province of Sindh.
Approved by the Education and Literacy Department, Government of Sindh.
No. SED/HCW/181/2018 Dated 22-7-2020 for the province of Sindh.

Patron in Chief
Ahmed Bux Narejo
Chairman, Sindh Textbook Board.
Shahid Warsi Khawaja Asif Mushtaq
Managing Director Project Director
Association For Academic Quality (AFAQ) Association For Academic Quality (AFAQ)
Rafi Mustafa Yousuf Ahmed Shaikh
Project Manager Cheif Supervisor
Association For Academic Quality (AFAQ) Sindh Textbook Board.
AUTHORS REVIEWERS

Ms. Zufishan Kamal Mr. Abdul Majeed Bhurt

Mr. Ajmal Saeed Professor (Retd.) Muhammad Zahid Shaikh

Mr. Imran Pathan
Mr. Hanif Ahsan Zubedi
Mr. Amjad Ali Yousuf Zai
Mr. Mushtaque Ahmed Ansari

EDITORS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CO-ORDINATOR

Mr. Nazir Ahmed Shaikh
Mr. M. Arslan Shafaat Gaddi

COMPOSING DESIGNING & ILLUSTRATION

Department of Designing & Illustration
Association For Academic Quality (AFAQ)

Printed at:
 PREFACE
The New Textbook of Computer Science for Grade 9 is in your hand. This
book is written on the Reviewed Curriculum of Computer Science 2018 by
Directorate of Curriculum, Assessment and Research Sindh, Jamshoro. It took
some time to develop and publish this book. No doubt that Textbook of Computer
should be revised frequently and this is what STBB commits now with all the
stakeholders.

I hope that this book will be helpful for teachers to impart latest knowledge
and skills in students. This book will meet the diverse needs of students at large.
Computer Science Textbook discourages rote learning and promotes
performance based skill development for students. Readers of this book will find
and appreciate the rigorous effort to promote critical thinking, creativity, analysis
and self-learning.

The world is changing rapidly. To compete with the world we need to

equip our youth with IT skills. Teachers bear this responsibility and do their best
to offer academic excellence. This textbook will be a great tool for teachers in this
regard.

Our organization is indebted to all the Authors and Reviewers of this book
who made rigorous efforts to deliver a book that is competitive with any other
textbook at this level.

We encourage teachers, students, parents, researchers and all the

stakeholders to give their feedback and suggestion to further improve this book.

Chairman
Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro
 About the Book
The new textbook of Computer Science is for Grade 9 holds some important
features. This book is aligned with the Curriculum of Computer Science (2018)
reviewed by Directorate of Curriculum, Assessment and Research Sindh
Jamshoro. To provide better experience of teaching and learning there are some
important things which are included in this book.

A Textbook is a means to achieve the standards and

benchmark that are set in curriculum. The standards
and benchmarks are described in curriculum
through Students Learning Outcomes (SLOs). SLOs
SLOs are measureable instructional goals established for a
specic group of students over a set period of time.
The formative and summative assessments should be
Teacher
based on SLOs. Since in many institutions teachers
Note and students do not have access to curriculum,
therefore SLOs are given in each unit.
Teacher Note: Teachers are given some guidelines in
this textbook wherever needed. This guideline will
express how teachers are expected to teach a specic
concept.

The exercises in this book discourage rote

learning. Many questions are inquiry EXERCISE

based. Teachers are expected to facilitate

students to nd the answers and accept
and appreciate the variety of answers as
far as they address the questions.

At the end of each chapter, activities are

ACTIVITIES
given in this textbook. The purpose of
these activities is to inculcate skills and
attitude in students to propel self-
learning. These activities will challenge
WEBLINKS/
students to learn unconventionally.
WEBSITES

In our context, students often cannot buy additional reference

books. However, in this era of technology, students and
teachers can access internet at very low cost. Therefore, the
readers can nd weblinks at the end of this book for further
reading and understanding of any concept given in this book.
 CONTENTS

Unit Page
No.
Description
No.

1. Fundamentals of Computer 1

2. Fundamentals of Operating System 30

3. Office Automation 46

Data Communication and Computer

4. 65
Networks

5. Computer Security and Ethics 95

6. Web Development 117

7. Introduction to Database System 142

FUNDAMENTALS
OF COMPUTER
Unit
1
First Generation
Second Generation

ird Generation

Fifth Generation Fourth Generation

 2

SLOs Ÿ Demonstrate the understanding about the history of

computers
Ÿ Outline the various generations of computers
Ÿ Classify the computers as per their size and
technology used to date

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

1.1

A computer is an electronic data processing machine or device that

performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions
provided by a program. Computers are now used vastly in every field of life.
The advancement in computer caused advancement in knowledge, science
and technology. Today, computers are used in fields of business, industry,
education, banking, transportation, research, explorations, media,
entertainment , etc.

1.1.1 Evolution Of Computers

The computers which we see today are modern shape of computers

which have been evolved since centuries. The evolution of computers is
generally divided in following three eras.

(i) Mechanical Era (Dark Age)

Men have been trying to invent machines that can solve

mathematical problems. In mechanical era, human became successful to
make simple machines that could help performing simple arithmetic
operation, in other words computing. These machines were manually
operated since the electricity was not invented. Some of the important
machines of this era are:

(a) Abacus (3000 B.C.)

Abacus was invented about 5000 years ago. It is

also known as counting frame. Abacus is still used to
teach basic arithmetic operations to the students.
Abacus is considered as first computer prototype.

Fig: 1.1 Abacus

 3

(b) Napier's Bones (1612 A.D.)

Scottish mathematician John Napier

developed Napier's Bones, in 1612.It is also called
Napier's Rods. It was a small machine that contained
ten rods. The rods were made up of bones, wood or
metal. Napier's Bones was used for multiplication
and division.
Fig: 1.2 Napier’s Bones
(c) Slide Rule (1622 A.D.)

English mathematician William

Oughtred invented a Slide Rule. This was
basically a pair of two moveable rules
placed side by side. They had a
standardized set of markings called
scales. These scales were used for
mathematical computations. Slide Rule
was used to multiply and divide numbers.
Fig: 1.3 Slide Rule
The modern slide rules are still used in
some countries.

(d) Pascaline or Pascal's Calculator (1642 A.D.)

French mathematician Blaise Pascal

invented a mechanical calculator which was
called Pascaline. He developed this machine
to help his father who was a tax collector.
Pascaline can perform addition and
subtraction by eight figures. User had to
adjust wheels in order to perform these Fig: 1.4 Pascaline
calculations.

(e) Leibniz's Calculator (1694 A.D.)

Leibniz's Calculator was developed by

the German mathematician Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz. It was also called stepped
reckoner. It was the first calculator that
could perform all four basic arithmetic Fig: 1.5 Leibniz Calculator
operations; addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
 4

(f) Babbage's Difference and Analytical Engines

(1822 and 1837 A.D.)

Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and mechanical

engineer. He is known as Father of Computer because he developed the
first complete computing machine. His first invention was Difference
Engine. It was an automatic mechanical calculator. Difference Engine
was a large machine, made of metal and was powered by steam. The
Difference Engine had storage (mechanical memory) that could hold the
data temporarily for processing and to store results. It was used to allow a
user to enter calculations and get printed results. The Difference Engine
worked on difference equations.
Then, Charles Babbage designed but could not build a very big machine in
1837. This was named Analytical Engine. The proposed design included
an ALU with basic programmatic flow control. It was programmed using
punched cards and contained integrated memory. Historians consider it
to be the first design concept of a general-purpose computer because of its
comprehensive design.

Fig: 1.6 Babbage’s Difference Engine Fig: 1.7 Babbage’s Analytical Engine
(ii) Electro-Mechanical Era (Middle Age)

This era starts from the mid of 19th century. In this era scientists
became able to develop faster and more accurate computing machines as
they were powered by steam and electricity. One of such machines was
Tabulating Machine.
 5

(a) Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machine (1890 A.D.)

It was invented by American inventor

Herman Hollerith in 1890.Hollerith's first
tabulator was used for the U.S. 1890
Census. Because of Hollerith's tabulating
machine census data took only six months to
compile, which was very fast as compared to
previous U.S. census in 1880 which took 7
years to be completed. Hollerith Tabulating
Machine became very famous and used in
many offices of U.S. Government.
Fig: 1.8 Tabulating Machine
(iii) Electronic Era (Modern Age)

The advancement in the vacuum or electron tube gave birth to the

electronic era. In this era the true computers were invented which worked
on the principle of input, store, process and output. Continuous
advancement in electronic engineering increased efficiency and speed of
computers considerably. The electronic era may be categorized in
generations on the basis of core technology used to build computers.

(a) First Generation of Computers (1940 to1956)

Based on vacuum tubes, first

generation computers were very
large in size. This generation
computers used machine language
(i.e. 1's and 0's).Magnetic drums
were used as primary internal
storage medium and punched cards
for input. In this generation mainly
batch processing operating system
was used. Computers of this
generation were primarily used for
scientific and research purposes.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC), Universal
Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) are
examples of first generation Fig: 1.9 Vacuum Tubes
computers.
 6

(b) Second Generation of Computers (1956 to 1963)

Because of transistors computers

became smaller, faster, cheaper and more
efficient. Assembly language and a high-level
language FORTRAN were introduced. Magnetic
core was used as primary internal storage
medium. Punched Cards were used for input.
Batch processing and Multiprogramming
Operating systems were used. These computers
were mainly used for commercial productions,
scientific and engineering analysis and design.
Examples are IBM 7094 and IBM 1401. Fig: 1.10 Transistors

(c) Third Generation of Computers (1964 to 1971)

Use of ICs further decreased size

of computers and increased the speed
and efficiency. Less expensive
computers were introduced. High level
programming languages such as Pascal
and COBOL were used. Keyboard as
input and monitor as output also eased
the use of computer. Time-sharing and
Realtime Operating Systems were used.
The use of computers was extended to Fig: 1.11 Integrated Circuits (ICs)
database management and automatic industrial control. IBM 360 and
IBM 370 are the examples of this generation's computers.

(d) Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 to Present)

The invention of microprocessors was

revolutionary which caused the development of
faster, less expensive, smaller and more
reliable computers. They used semi-conductor
memories RAM and ROM and magnetic storage
became popular. More high-level languages
were introduced like C, C++, Java, etc. These
computers are used in almost every field of life,
like space applications, business and art work. Fig: 1.12 Microprocessors
 7

Time sharing, real time and distributed operating system are used. This
generation also saw the development of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs).
Examples are Apple Macintosh, IBM PC.

(e) Fifth Generation of Computers (Present and Beyond)

Fifth Generation computing

devices are still being developed.
In this generation computers will
be capable of self- learning,
reasoning and generalization.
These computers or controlled
machines like robot will also be
able to process human languages.
The branches of AI include;
Machine Learning, Deep Learning.
Natural Language Processing,
Robotics and Expert Systems.
Fig: 1.13 Humanoid Robot

1.1.2 Classification Of Computers

Computers can be classified into different ways as shown below:

Classification of Computers

Technology/ Type of Purpose

Size
Data Handled
Super General
Analog
Computer Purpose
Mainframe Special
Digital
Computer Purpose
Mini
Hybrid
Computer
Micro
Computer
 8

(i) According to Technology

According to technology or type of data they handle, computers are

classified into three types.

(a) Analog Computers

Analog Computers are used to process

analog data. Analog data are in the form of
continuously varying physical quantities like
pressure, temperature, voltage, speed and weight.
Examples of Analog computer are speedometer of
a car, voltmeter etc.
Fig: 1.14 Analog Computer
(b) Digital Computers

Digital Computers are most commonly

used type of computers. They are used to
process information with quantities using the
binary number system (0's and 1's). Digital
Computers are used in home, educational
institutes, offices, business, scientific fields, etc.
Fig: 1.15 Digital Computer
(c) Hybrid Computers

Hybrid Computers are the combination of

Analog and Digital Computer system. These
computers combine analog and digital features
of computers in a single machine. A Hybrid
Computer uses analog to digital and digital to
analog conversion. It may input or output either
digital or analog data.
Fig: 1.16 VA Meter
(ii) According to Size

Computers are also divided into four groups according to their size.

(a) Super Computers

Super Computers are the most powerful, fastest and largest

computers. They are extremely expensive. These computers are widely
 9

used in scientific applications such as aerodynamics, design simulations,

processing of geological data, weather forecasting and nuclear research.

(b) Mainframe

Mainframe Computers are powerful multi-user and multi-

processors computers. They can process huge amount of calculations at
very high speed. Mainframes are also very expensive and require a lot of
technical expertise to be installed and operated. They are used in banks
and many large business organizations where several users work
simultaneously.

(c) Minicomputer

These are smaller than mainframe computers, but they are more
powerful than Microcomputers. Minicomputers usually use multi-user
operating system. Multiple users can use the Minicomputers through
terminals. Minicomputers may be used as network servers and Internet
servers. DEC VAX and IBM AS/400 are good examples of minicomputers.

(d) Microcomputers

Microcomputers are also called Personal Computers (PCs). The use

of microprocessor has made computers cheaper yet faster and more
reliable. These are the smallest computers designed to be used by
individuals. PCs can be used for variety of tasks like documentation,
calculations, illustration and entertainment. The power of network and
internet has also made it more useful. Now computers are also used for
communication and socialization.

(iii) According to Purpose

According to purpose, computers are either general purpose or

special purpose.

(a) General Purpose Computers

Most computers in use today are General Purpose Computers.

These computers can process variety of tasks. These computers can store
and execute different programs in their memory. Therefore, various tasks
like word processing (typing & editing), payrolls, accounts, inventory
 10

control, manipulating facts in a database, making

scientific calculations and statistical data
analysis, and controlling security system of an
organizations are achieved by these computers.
Desktops, laptops, tablets and smart phones are
examples of General Purpose Computers.
Fig: 1.17 General Purpose
(b) Special Purpose Computers Computer

As the name states, Special Purpose

Computers are designed to perform specific
tasks. Special Purpose Computers repeatedly
perform single job more efficiently. They are also
known as Dedicated Computers. These
computers are useful in traffic lights control
system, navigational system, aviation, weather
Fig: 1.18 Computerized
forecasting, satellite tracking and ATMs.
Wheel Alignment Machine

Ÿ Explain the uses of computers in different fields of

SLOs life.
Ÿ Discuss how computer is affecting our lifestyle by
providing variety of choices for entertainment and
day to day tasks.
Ÿ Tell about scope of the different careers in IT sector.

1.2 ROLE OF COMPUTER

1.2

The role of computer in our lives is increasing day by day. In this

section, we will discuss different aspects of the changing role of computer.

1.2.1 Computers In Different Fields Of Life

We are living today in the information era and the information has
become one of the most valuable assets. To process this information, we
make use of computers in various fields in our daily life. Computers have
been integrated in our life in different shapes and sizes like desktops,
laptops, mobile phones, gaming consoles and smart devices. Our lives
have become so dependent of computers that we cannot work even a
single day without the help of it. We have automated many of the repetitive
tasks with the help of more advanced, faster and accurate computers and
 11

brought our routine tasks, office

works, businesses, researches
and industrial applications to a
new level.

Computers are largely

used in every field of life.
Manufacturing, ecommerce,
education, medical, banking,
communication, entertainment,
engineering, agriculture,
architecture, business, defense,
Fig: 1.19 Radiology computer
and sports are highly influenced
by computers.

Computers Today and Tomorrow

21st century is the era of technological revolution. Previously,
technology was only used to access and share information. However, with
the passage of time, the rapid change in technology has made it nearly
impossible to perform any human activity without its use.

Computers are playing an important part in our daily life. News,

weather updates, travelling information and bookings, money transfer
and even taxi bookings are done with the help of mobile phone apps. Many
managerial tasks are also done by computer software. School, library and
hospital management are some examples. Online shopping is becoming a
trend in our society too.

Computers are also providing variety of choices for entertainment

like online games in which players from different parts of the world can
participate simultaneously. 3D graphical software has given a new look to
movies in which different comic characters can act with human actors.
Photo, sound and video editor software not only help artists and singers to
produce extraordinary creations but also inexperienced people can enjoy
their productivity with ease of use.

The emerging technologies are also getting better day by day and we
can imagine that how computer will be used in future. Artificial
Intelligence, Robotics, Wireless Communication and Virtual Realities are
some areas which are shaping the modern world.
 12

Artificial Intelligence is based on simulating human intelligence in

machines that can easily mimic and execute tasks from simple to more
complex operations. The term A.I. may also be referred to any machine
that displays qualities associated with a human brain such as learning,
reasoning and problem solving. A.I. is also used for Machine Learning. It
learns from our daily routines and suggests us different options. Like
google maps suggest the best ways for our daily commute. A.I. is vastly
used in scientific experiment, healthcare and space technologies.

Robots are the machines that can be controlled by a computer and are
capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots
can be controlled by an external control device or through programming.
Robotics deals with designing, creating and programming of the robot and
enhancing it by taking sensory feedback and processing information.
Robots are commonly used in manufacturing, industry, science, medicine
and education.

Wireless Communication has become an integral part of our lives.

Wireless communication technology transmits information using
electromagnetic waves like IR (Infrared), RF (Radio Frequency), satellite, etc.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is now used to find real time location of
people and objects. Smart phones that include 3G, 4G and 5G networks have
transformed the conventional use of telephones. These phones not only
provide better coverage but also fast mobile internet experience. Wireless
communication is also giving new meaning to the socialization and human
interactivity.

Virtual Reality is an artificial environment that is created with software

and presented to the user in a way that the user feels it as a real
environment. Virtual reality can be used for the simulation of a real
environment for training and education. It is also used for development of
an imagined environment for a game or interactive story.

Teacher It is very important to orient students about the

Note contemporary and upcoming technologies. Teachers may
show videos on smartphone or projectors for better
understanding of students, in this regard.
 13

1.2.2 Careers In IT Field

Today Computer Science plays a key role in all fields of life.

Computer Science (CS) jobs are ranked as having some of the highest
salaries in the world. It's no surprise that Computer Science and
Information Technology (IT) are changing tomorrow's job market. Let's
look at different careers that are present in the IT sector.

(i) Software Engineer

A Software Engineer is a person who uses different programming

languages to develop software products like games, Learning
Management System (LMS), business applications, educational and
entertainment software.

(ii) Network Administrator

Network Administrator is an IT expert who manages an

organization’s network. He or She is responsible for installing,
maintaining and upgrading any software or hardware required to
efficiently run a computer network.
(iii) Database Administrator
A Database Administrator (also known as DBA) is a skilled
professional who maintains a secure database environment in an office,
business or organization.
(iv) Web Designer
Web is short for World Wide Web or www. This is another name for
internet. Web designers are people who build websites. They prepare a
site's content with eye-catching designs, attractive images and strong
text. They rely on many web designing tools to ensure an interactive
website. How the site works and how it looks is the responsibility of web
designers. They are also responsible for maintaining and updating an
existing site.
(v) Graphic Designer
Graphic is another word for image. Graphics Designers develop
overall layouts of brochures, magazines and other types of published
 14

advertisements and documents. They do this by using various computer

graphics software. This task is usually accomplished by combining art
and technology, conveying ideas through images, layout of websites and
printed matter.

(vi) Information Security Analyst

These people protect networks. They plan and carry out security
measures to ensure that no loss of data (or information) occurs. We can
call them the police force of the internet. Computer technology has
expanded into online banking and businesses. Computer hackers are
always on the lookout for customer account details that they can use to
steal money. Information Security Analysts ensure that no such theft
occurs.
(vii) Computer Science or IT Teacher
Another very rewarding career for Computer Science graduates and
post-graduates is teaching in schools, colleges and universities. These
instructors instill in their students the importance of computers in today's
world, and the impact these machines will have in their later lives.
Ÿ Describe computer hardware
Ÿ Explain the function of different parts of system
SLOs
unit like: Motherboard, Processor
Ÿ Differentiate between various input devices
Ÿ Recognize different output devices
Ÿ Differentiate between Primary and Secondary
memory
Ÿ Classify different hardware devices as per their
functionality

1.3 COMPUTER HARDWARE

Computers consist of software and hardware. Software is the

programs and applications that run on computer. Hardware is the
physical parts of the computer that run programs and applications.
Hardware can be seen and touched while software cannot.
Computer hardware is a collection of all the physical parts or components
of a computer. It includes the computer casing, the CPU or Central
Processing Unit, computer memory, VGA graphics card, sound card, and
the motherboard.
 15

1.3.1 System Unit

A System Unit is the part of a computer that contains the primary

devices. The system unit performs operations and produces results for
complex calculations. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM and other
components, as well as the case in which these devices are enclosed.

(i) Motherboard

The motherboard is the main board which connects different parts

of computer. It includes the following general components:
Microprocessor (CPU), Slots, Ports, Buses, RAM, ROM and other
electronic components for example resistors, capacitors, diodes,
transistors, jumpers etc.

Fig: 1.20 Motherboard

Just like nervous system it allows communication between all parts of
the computer. We can find CPU, memory slots, expansion slots and a
number of chipsets on motherboard. Motherboards are made of layered
fiberglass. These layers contain copper lines that form the circuitry by which
electrical signals are provided to all parts of computer. Various components
of computer may be attached, detached and upgraded on motherboard
according to need of the user. Motherboards also have connectors called
ports. These ports are used to connect input, output and other peripheral
devices.
Teacher Uncover the casing of computer and demonstrate different
Note parts on and attached with motherboard. Ask students to
write names and functions of the components.
 16

(ii) Microprocessor (CPU)

CPU or microprocessor is
the brain of computer. The
microprocessor is a chip
containing millions of tiny
transistors. These transistors
manipulate data. Microprocessor
performs all the calculations
necessary to make the computer
work. These calculations are
performed at very high speed and
accuracy. Microprocessor is made
up of silicon. The microprocessor
fetches, decodes, executes and
Fig: 1.21 Microprocessor
stores all the instructions given by
the user or any other device. The speed of computer mainly depends upon
the speed of microprocessor. A microprocessor that has faster clock speed
(measured in GHz) and more cores and cache works faster.

There are typically five components of a microprocessor.

(a) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

ALU performs all the actual calculations like arithmetic operations

and logical comparisons. Arithmetic operations include addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division while logical comparisons
include comparing, selecting and matching of data.

(b) Control Unit (CU)

Control Unit is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and

instructions among other units of a computer. This unit controls the
operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual
data processing operations. CU functions just like a traffic policeman. It
manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.

(c) Clock

Clock generates pulses and instructions are executed on the basis

of pulses. Clock speed is measure in MHz and GHz.
 17

(d) Registers
It is a temporary storage area that holds the data that is being
processed. It is also known as programming model which may be of 8 bits,
16 bits, 32 bits or 64 bits.
(e) Cache

Cache is an intermediate storage area, which is available inside

microprocessor. The immediate processed information is stored in cache.
The cache inside the microprocessor is called internal cache and outside
is called external cache.

(iii) Buses

In computer, Buses are the electric paths on which data is sent and
received by different components. They are just like roads. As roads
connect different places, buses connect all the parts of the computer to
each other. They also connect all internal components on the
motherboard.
There are three types of buses; control bus, data bus and address bus.

Control Bus carries command between different components to control

all activities in a computer.

Data Bus carries data between the processor, memory unit and other
components.

Address Bus carries the address of the data (but not the data).The
address bus is used to specify memory location to be used by
microprocess for specific operaation.

1.3.2 Input Devices

Input devices are used to enter data into computers. These devices
can be categorized into Text Entering, Pointing and Image Scanning
Devices.

(i) Text Entering Devices

Keyboard: It is the most common text entering device and used to enter
data usually in text format or to perform other controlling functions.
 18

When a key is pressed, keyboard controller chip sends its corresponding

code in keyboard buffer called scan code, which is then processed by CPU.

(ii) Pointing Devices (Mouse and its variants)

They are used for the quick movement of cursor on screen needed
usually in graphic mode. It includes mouse, joy stick, track ball and
track pad.

(iii) Image Scanners

Scanners convert image into electronic format understandable by

computers through light sensing. They also work on Optical Recognition
which occurs when a device scans a clear printed surface and translates
the image into machine-readable formats that a computer understands.
Image scanners include Optical Mark Recognition (OMR), Optical Barcode
Reader (OBR) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR).

(iv) Other Types of Input devices

There are also other input devices. For example, microphones are
used to accept sound input and convert it in digital audio format.
Microphones are also used for voice recognition which can convert voice
input into text files. Touch Screen is also used for input. It accepts input
directly on monitor by touching finger or any object on the screen.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) and Magnetic Strip Reader
are also used for input.

1.3.3 Output Devices

A hardware device that sends data from a computer (CPU) to

another device or user is called an output device. The most common
output devices of a computer are monitor and printer. There are two types
of output devices.

(i) Soft Copy Output Devices

It is screen display or voice output. It is volatile output and lost

when other output is shown or computer is turned off. Following are some
of the devices used to give output in soft form.
 19

(a) Monitors

It is TV like device that displays data by small bright dots called

pixels. Monitors are of two types.
Ÿ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Ÿ Flat Panel Display (FDP)

(b) Data Projectors

Data projectors are used to show colorful slides and images directly
from computer disk on a wall or large screen through an optical lens. They
are also called digital light projectors and video projectors.

(c) Speakers

Speakers give output in form of sound. They are good for people
with visual disabilities or where display is not easy.

(ii) Hard Copy Output Devices

It is output on paper. It is nonvolatile output that is relatively stable

and permanent form. Hard Copy Output Devices are:

(a) Printers

They usually give output on paper and can print both text and
graphics. There are two types of printers:
Ÿ Impact
Ÿ Non-Impact

(b) Plotters

Like printer it gives images on paper but typically used to print large
format images such as maps, construction drawing, advertising
hoardings etc.
1.3.4 Storage Devices
A storage device refers to a hardware used to store information.
There are two types of storage devices; Primary and Secondary.
 20

(i) Primary Storage Devices

Primary storage devices are used by computer during processing.
They are quite smaller in storage capacity. Most primary storage devices
are found inside the computer, and they have the fastest access to data.
Primary devices include RAM and ROM.
ROM is the Read Only Memory. It is permanent memory. ROM is quite
small in capacity. It stores the major setting of computer permanently.
RAM is Random Access Memory. RAM is volatile, means it loses its
content as the power supply is disconnected. This is used to store data
and instructions temporarily.
(ii) Secondary Storage Devices
Secondary storage devices have a larger storage capacity and can
store data permanently. Users save their data on secondary storage
devices. Hard Disk, CD and DVD, SD Card and USB flash disk are the
examples of secondary storage devices.

SLOs Ÿ Understand the basic operations of computer

Ÿ Differentiate among the four basic operations of
computer
Ÿ Draw the block diagram of computer's basic
operations

1.4 BASIC OPERATIONS OF A COMPUTER

A computer is a machine that acts according to the instructions
given by the user. A computer performs four basic operations: input,
processing, output and storage.
(i) Input
Computer input has many forms. It can be from a command
entered using a keyboard or a mouse. It can be data sent from another
computer on a network.
(ii) Processing
Processing is done inside the computer by CPU. Processing is the
conversion of input into output. After processing, data is turned into
meaningful information. This is carried out with the help of arithmetic and
logical operations.
 21

(iii) Storage

Storage refers to the holding or saving data. RAM, ROM and Hard
Disk are the devices that are used for storage.

(iv) Output

Output is the result of a computer processing. Output may be

viewed on a monitor screen, heard through speakers or printed on paper.
Here, monitor screen, speakers and printer are called output devices.

SLOs Ÿ Develop the understanding about computer software

Ÿ Recognize various types of system software
Ÿ List out the names of different application software
Ÿ Differentiate between application software and
system software

1.5 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Software is a set of instructions that a computer uses to perform a

task. It is a general term for a computer program. There are two main
types of software; System Software and Application Software.

1.5.1 System Software

System software is a computer program that coordinates all

activities and functions of a computer. It also controls all the operations of
the computer hardware. It includes operating systems, device drivers,
utility programs and language translators.

(i) Operating System

Operating system is the master control program that manages all

the system resources. It creates an interface between computer system
and user. Windows and Linux are commonly used operating systems.

(ii) Device Drivers

Device drivers are computer programs that control a particular

device when it is connected to a computer. Any hardware that we have in
our computer must have a device driver to communicate with operating
 22

system. A device driver is a translator between the operating system and

the hardware device. For many devices, operating system has drivers pre-
installed in them. This gave rise to the concept of Plug and Play, where the
device would be attached to the computer and the operating system will
instantly recognize it. A non-plug-and-play device would require you to go
through several steps of installing drivers and setting up the device before
it would work.

(iii) Utility Programs

Utility means being useful. Utility programs are useful computer

programs that help to manage, maintain and control computer resources.
Operating systems usually have pre-installed programs that can serve the
purpose, but utility software provides further functionality. One example
of utility program is an antivirus software. This computer program helps
to protect a computer from viruses and other harmful files.

Hard Disk tools are also part of utility programs. They manage hard
disk drives and other storage devices. This includes utilities to scan the
hard disks for any potential problems. Disk cleaner utility is used to
remove any unnecessary files while disk defragmenter is used to re-
organize file on a hard disk drive to increase performance of disk.

(iv) Language Translators

Language Translators are used to translate human readable

instructions into machine language. Computer can only understand
machine language which is composed of 0's and 1's. The computer
languages are used to make computer programs (software). Generally,
software is written in high-level languages, using natural language words.
Language translator are of three types; assembler, compiler and
interpreter.

Teacher Teachers are suggested to demonstrate how to configure/

Note install device drivers and use utility programs like Disk
Defragmenter, Disk Cleaner etc.
 23

(a) Assembler: The assembler translates the program written in

assembly language into machine language instructions for
execution.
(b) Compiler: It translates the entire high-level language program at
once into machine language before it is executed.
(c) Interpreter: It translates the high-level language program line by
line into machine language.
1.5.2 Application Software
Application Software is used to complete specific tasks, such as
creating documents, databases, spreadsheets and presentations.
Computer games, media players and web browsers are also the examples
of application software. User needs to install application software to
accomplish specific tasks. Application software are not pre-installed on
operating system. They are installed separately. For example, making
spreadsheet is not possible with Windows. For that application software
such as MS Excel is used. There are different types of application software.
(i) Productivity Software
This kind of application software is used to produce things such as
documents, spreadsheets, databases and presentations. Many of the
productivity software are intended to be used in businesses and offices.
MS Office for Windows is an example of productivity software.
(ii) Business Software
Business Software are used to manage business activities
efficiently. It is used to provide many business functions such as billing,
database management and inventory management.
(iii) Entertainment Software
This type of software provides amusement and fulfills a user's
hobby. The most common entertainment software are video games.
(iv) Educational Software
Educational software is used for teaching and learning. This kind of
software is used in many schools to enhance knowledge of students in
learning different subjects.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
 License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.
 Section 3. Information about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.