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International Congress on
Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social
Sciences (ICIBSoS 2017), July 22-23,
2017, ANVAYA Beach Resort, Bali,
Indonesia First Edition Lumban Gaol
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Editors
Ford Lumban Gaol
Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia
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permission from the publisher.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the
information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any
damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or
the information contained herein.
Table of contents
Preface ix
Committees xi
vi
vii
Preface
The theme of the 6th International Congress on Interdisciplinary Behavior & Social Science
2017 was “The Role of Social Sciences in Cross-Cutting Issues in Humanities”.
In cross-cutting issues of broad relevance, Social Sciences and Humanities are fully
integrated to enhance industrial leadership and to tackle various societal challenges. ICIBSoS
2017 provided the economic and social analysis necessary for reforming such Humanities
issues as education, sociology, anthropology, politics, history, philosophy and psychology as
well as food security.
Contributions to ICIBSoS 2017 give necessary insight into the cultural and human
dimension of such diverse research areas as transport, climate change, energy and agriculture.
ICIBSoS 2017 also analyses the cultural, behavioural, psychological, social and institutional
changes that transform people’s behaviour and global environment.
ICIBSoS 2017 proposes new ideas, strategies and governance structures for overcoming the
crisis in the global perspective, innovating the public sector and business models, promoting
social innovation and fostering creativity in the development of services and product design.
One example that was discussed at ICIBSoS 2017 was the evolution from the concept of
Ecosystem that adapts the framework to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Nature’s
Contributions to People classification assessments. Issues such as sharing economics and the
economics of disruptive technology were also discussed at ICIBSoS 2017.
Hence, at ICIBSoS 2017, there was a discussion about new paths that have to be forged,
including revisiting basic ontological and epistemological considerations, such as how we
understand the world, what knowledge is, and the role of science. Constructive interdisciplinary
dialogues in support of the development of innovative frames and terminologies have become
the goal of and contribution by ICIBSoS 2017.
Finally, we hope that this book will make a significant contribution to the social sciences
and humanities.
Fonny Hutagalung
University of Malaya, Malaysia
ix
Committees
CONFERENCE CHAIR
PUBLICATION CHAIR
PUBLICITY CHAIR
PROGRAM COMMITTEES
xi
xii
xiii
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which Thailand is one
of the best places to organize MICE events. In terms of academic analysis, there are several
respectable reasons for why Thailand is ideal, and these are called ‘opportunities’; this indus-
try also has many strong points, which are labelled ‘strengths’. A mixed method of qualitative
and quantitative research is conducted. Focus groups as well as in-depth interviews with the
snowball technique are applied to this research study. Additionally, the triangulation method
is used to verify the qualitative data. The fact-finding is concluded, and then a questionnaire
survey distributed to key informants in this industry is used to confirm the qualitative data
collected once more. The findings state that Thailand’s MICE industry embraces the strength
of natural and cultural endowments, a high standard of service quality, outstanding infra-
structure, and public and private organizational cooperation, and opportunities that support
this industry are the location of the country at the centre of the Asian region, the reasonable
costs and benefits for investment in events and the support of the industry’s policies.
1 INTRODUCTION
This paper is presented as part of ‘The Study of Thailand MICE Capability’ research that
was granted by the office of the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the
Thailand Research Fund (TRF). The goal of the research is to clarify the capability of Thai-
land MICE in order to advance the industry to a higher level of competitive advantage. The
research question is to what extent the country is capable in the MICE industry. However,
this paper’s highlight is simply on the ‘strengths’ and ‘opportunities’ of this industry.
The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to demonstrate the opportunities and strengths
of Thailand’s MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, and Exhibition) industry, and other
issues will be presented in a subsequent paper.
According to marketingoops.com, Bangkok, Thailand, is claimed to be one of the top desti-
nations for tourists to visit in 2016 and therefore brings 21.47 million travellers to this destination
and contributes to 5.45% GDP to the country. To this amount, MICE contributed more than a
million travellers in 2016 as well as in 2014. The study of Frost & Sullivan suggested that Thai-
land’s MICE industry has contributed to 0.77 percent GDP (Frost & Sullivan by TCEP, 2015).
The study suggested that the contribution of this industry should be rising up to 1.2 per-
cent of the GDP. The gap is significant for the industry’s stakeholder to fill in. Moreover,
the spending of travellers of the MICE industry is quite interesting, since it claims to be 3.5
times that of travellers from the tourist industry. Hence, the opportunities and strengths of
this industry will be clarified in this paper in order to reinforce the capability of this industry.
‘MICE’ stands for ‘Meeting, Incentive, Convention and Exhibition’. The industry is com-
posed of 4 businesses altogether (shown in Figure 1), and each one is certainly different from
one another in terms of structure, occurrence processes, and customers as well as impact to
the country.
1
One meeting in this research paper is the overseas private organization corporate meeting,
which refers to specific activities that have been planned in advance, involving at least 10
participants and lasting at least 4 hours for a meeting. The participants for a meeting could
come from any organization, any country or any continent.
Incentive: According to SITE (Society of Incentive Travel Excellence), Incentive is
defined as “a global management tool that uses an exceptional travel experience to motivate
and/or recognize participants for increased levels of performance in support of organiza-
tional goals.” Normally, the majority of traditional incentive trips include a group of people/
organizations’ employees for whom an activity and entertainment programme is tailored.
A convention is defined as the international meeting of a group of people in either similar
or matching professions who come to join together, aiming towards the exchange of ideas.
An exhibition, according to The Global Association of the Exhibition Industry (UFI)
refers to a show that is organized to occur over a certain period of time. The main objective is
to provide a platform for manufacturers or service providers to show their products and sell
directly to businesses, consumers and the public in order to promote the company’s products.
Thailand’s MICE Industry is at the growth stage and plays an important part in the tour-
ism scene. Additionally, it is expected to further enlarge Thailand’s GDP. The country is
located in central Asia, and it is the prime location for MICE activities such as corporate
meeting of organizations, incentive travel which rewards the employees, conferences for some
professional and academic areas and exhibition for various potential markets in the region.
Although the MICE industry shares some of tourism’s facilities, for example, airlines, inter-
national airports, transport infrastructure routes and networks, freight delivery stations, local
transportation, accommodation, restaurant, local transportation, communication, tourist
resources and others, the MICE industry is for real business trips that demand specific details
for each ‘M’ ‘I’ ‘C’ and ‘E’ for taking place.
The MICE industry not only has contributed to the country in terms of economic benefit
but also has an influence on the community and environment, which include employment,
training and development of staff in related industries, knowledge transfer, international
awareness, and creating of network opportunities. Moreover, the MICE industry also contrib-
utes to and magnifies the business ecosystem of the industry, for example, airlines, accommo-
dation, food and beverages, sightseeing and attractions, and ground transportation. Therefore,
many countries in this region are recently re-focusing on this industry, including Thailand.
3 THEORY BACKGROUND
This paper justly presents the SWOT to discover the opportunities and strengths of Thai-
land’s MICE industry.
4 METHODOLOGY
This research study used a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative research methodology
to study the overall environment and current situations within the MICE industry through an
inductive approach. Data are collected from both primary and secondary data, with the primary
data gathered through focus groups (The key informants are representative from ICCA, APT
Showfreight (Thailand) limited, Dusit Thani Bangkok, Bi-teach Management Limited, Kings-
men C.M.T.I. Ltd., Thai Airways International Public Company limited, TCEP, IMPACT
Management Ltd., NCC Management & Development Ltd., and Bangkok Airways) and the
in-depth interviews of the MICE industry’s key stakeholders using the snowball method.
Triangulation is applied to verify the qualitative data. Furthermore, a weight-rate ques-
tionnaire survey is answered by some key persons in the industry and is used to confirm the
analysis once more.
Moreover, for each sub-research project, the questionnaire survey is also used to verify the
relevancy of qualitative research results to key industry stakeholders both from the supply
and the demand sides. However, this paper reports solely the integrated project.
5 RESEARCH RESULTS
The analysis shows Thailand’s MICE value chain as Figure 2. It is composed of three parties
named as follows: MICE owner—the one who would like to organize ‘M’ ‘I’ ‘C’ or ‘E’; service
organizers—hotels, airlines, local transportation, venues, and other related services; and, last
but not least, the business supporters—TECP, TICA, government, TAT, MOTS, professional
associations, etc. However, this paper presents the background of the industry, showing sim-
ply the opportunities and strengths of Thailand’s MICE industry.
Thailand’s MICE industry strengths display the following issues:
The country has a high quality of supported facilities to nurture the MICE industry such
as accommodations, venues, supported services, and airlines as well as international airports.
The MICE industry shares some of these tourism facilities, therefore creating more value to
be added to the country; for example, an international airport that could support the MICE
industry, accommodations/hotels with high standards, and superior restaurants.
The Thai Government highlights the industry by setting up a Government Bureau for Pub-
lic organization labelled Thailand Exhibition and Convention Bureau or TECB, which directly
reports to the prime minister and is in charge of the overall MICE industry of the country.
The private sectors have great capabilities to attract ‘M’ ‘I’ ‘C’ ‘E’ to the country, such as the
association in various area, e.g., cane and sugar, dentistry, and surgery. Additionally, organizers
such as PCO (professional conference organizers), PEO (professional exhibition organizers),
and DMC (destination management companies) have an important role in providing service
management for the organization when companies would like to organize ‘M’ ‘I’ ‘C’ and ‘E’.
Thailand’s MICE Venue Standard is developed to certify that customers will receive an
international standard (MICE Review, 2015) when events occur in the country.
The focused industry is distinguished in exhibitions. The country noticeably emphasizes
5 industries, which are food and agribusiness, automotive industries, energy, infrastructure,
and healthcare and wellness. Therefore, the related stakeholders are conveniently focused.
This industry has a high rate of incorporation among shareholders/business ecosystem.
The nature of the MICE industry requires a long-length plan, normally more than a year or
longer. Therefore, good networking among stakeholders, the ability to have an adjustable and
flexible plan of events is necessary for activities to occur.
One of the strengths of Thailand’s MICE industry arises from the cost of living in the
country, that is, the value for money spending, which brings about the competitive advantage
to the industry.
The analysis shows that the opportunities of Thailand’s MICE industry are shown below:
6 DISCUSSIONS
The study shows that Thailand’s MICE industry has strengths in various ranges: a govern-
ment organization, TCEP, that directly supports the industry named, supportive government
policies, MICE venue standards, the network of the MICE business ecosystem, and the value
of money spending. Meanwhile, the opportunities supporting Thailand are providential to
some extent, for example, location of the country, the costs and benefits of hosting an event
in Thailand being reasonable and acceptable, the variety of cultural and natural resources,
and the uniqueness of the country.
Although the strengths give a competitive advantage to the industry itself and to the coun-
try, the weaknesses must be keep in mind, such as data to support the industry, the long-term
policy for convention events, the positioning of the country when competing with others, and
the difference in understanding issues between public and private sector. Moreover, other
threats that need to be brought into consideration include anxiety about political issues in the
past period and some regulations that are not as easy as some other countries.
7 CONCLUSIONS
This research finds that Thailand’s MICE industry has many strengths and opportunities
to boost up to the target at which it is aimed. Additionally, this research is congruent with
the study of Dwyer and Mistilis (1999), who suggested that to strengthen this industry, the
country should be committed to the cooperation between stakeholders in the industry or
good networking with the business ecosystem. Moreover, the government needs to support
either some policy or infrastructure to the industry. Additionally, public and private sectors
have to work together to facilitate the industry. Further, the MICE service standard should
be developed. Last but not least, the training of staff in the industry must be strengthened.
Therefore, having confidence in this research, Thailand is on the right path to strengthening
the Thailand MICE industry, and those opportunities are supported as claimed.
Thailand’s MICE industry embraces some strengths – natural and cultural endowments, high
quality of service standards, outstanding infrastructure, public and private organizational
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to give sincere thanks to financial support from the office of the
National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the Thailand Research Fund (TRF).
REFERENCES
Bauer, T.G.; Lambert, J. and Hutchison, J (2001) Government Intervention in the Australasian
Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions Industry (MICE), Journal of Convention and
Exhibition, Vol. 3(1).
Cameron, R. (2009). MICE is not about tourism. TTG mice Magazine. Retrieved 3 July 2011 from
http://ttgmice.com.
Dwyer, Larry and Mistilis, Nina (1999) Development of MICE Tourism in Australia: Opportunities and
Challenges, Journal of Convention & Exhibition Management, Vol. 1(4).
Frost & Sullivan by TCEP, 2015. Study on the Economic Impact of MICE in Thailand.
http://articles.bplans.com/how-to-perform-swot-analysis/ BY TIM BERRY “What Is a SWOT
Analysis?” 20 Feb 2017.
http://pestleanalysis.com/swot-analysis-questions/.
http://www.mots.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=7533.
http://www.seebtm.com/definition-of-the-incentive-travel/?lang=en.
https://www.marketingoops.com/news/brand-move/mastercard-global-destination-cities-index-2016/.
https:www.mintools.com/pages/article/newtmc)05.htm. “SWOT Analysis Discover New Opportunities,
Manage and Eliminate Threats” by the Mini Tool Editorial Team 20 Feb 2017.
Porter M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.
SITE International Foundation. (2010). 2010 Study of the German Incentive & Motivational Travel
Market. Site Germany.
Sudharatna, Y. et al. (2016). The Study of Thailand MICE Capability. The Research Report of the
National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the Thailand Research Fund (TRF).
TCEB Annual Report 2007.
Thailand’s MICE Industry Report: The gave way to ASEAN’s MICE (2014). Thailand Convention &
Exhibition Bureau (TECB).
Thailand Convention & Exhibition Bureau (Public Organization). (2015). Thailand’s MICE Industry
Report, 2015; MICE Review 2015.
1 INTRODUCTION
This research work is aimed at analyzing the actions in environmental management and inno-
vation carried out by the organizations that are part of the chain of the avocado value chain,
located in Uruapan, Michoacán México, activities that are carried out with the purpose of
adding value to the Final product, with the aim of better competitive advantage, and the
research goals are to identify the sources of competitive advantages in environmental man-
agement and innovation activities in the avocado value chain.
Today the business environment is more competitive and hostile, so that each competitive
advantage of the company will be quickly eroded and overcome by the rapid pace of compe-
tition (Grimm, Lee, & Smith, 2006). Markets are in a constant state imbalance ie the current
business environment is far from stable and predictable. However, currently most emerging
economies have a comparative advantage in the supply of labor and land and the exploita-
tion of certain natural resources and climatic advantages over the more developed countries.
A widely competitive sector in Mexico is agroindustrial, with emphasis on avocado, which
has a high demand in the domestic and international market mainly in the North American
market. The development of the avocado industry in Mexico in recent years has increased
significantly and with great development opportunities especially with the diversification of
markets and final presentation of the product. Mexico is the main producer, exporter and
consumer of avocado in the world, with a production of more than one million tons per
year and produces 42 percent of the avocado that is cultivated worldwide. Michoacán is the
first Mexican state with approximately 83% of the total national production. In addition,
since 2008, the export exceeded 200 thousand tons of fresh avocado (Agropecuaria, 2008),
and in the next period 2009 exported more than 300 thousand tons to the United States, by
2016 avocado exports were 779.613 thousand tons (HassAvocadoBoard.com, 2017) the main
Mexican avocado-consuming countries are the United States, Japan and Canada. There are
currently 20 avocado-producing municipalities in Michoacán corresponds to the municipalities
2 THEORETICAL FRAME
2.5 Innovation
Technological changes increase the need for companies to innovate (Brown & Eisenhardt,
1995), companies that generate innovations will be more successful in responding to changes
in the environment and developing new capabilities to achieve better performance (Montes,
Moreno, & Fernández, 2004). Innnovation is “the intersection of invention and insight, led to
the creation of economic and social value” (Competitiveness, 2005). Innovation plays a more
crucial role in today’s global competition, and is the main source of competitiveness of a coun-
3 METHODOLOGY
This article comes from scientific research and has a correlational cross, inductive and deduc-
tive qualitative and quantitative descriptive-design hypothetical, since, described the object
of study and second because it determines the relationship with the independents variables
with the dependent variable Competitive advantages in the value chain, a questionnaire
was applied to the three elements of the value chain, nurserymen, producers and packers of
avocado which contains 70 questions fully measuring the model of independent variables,
dimensions and indicators.
10
4 STUDY RESULTS
The questionnaire is reliable when measured with the same precision, it gives the same results
in successive applications made in similar situations (Santillana, 1998). The results are shown
in Table 1.
This table shows the Cronbach’s alpha of questionnaires used in this research, reliability,
which is inferred to be reliable instruments and stable in their training and application con-
taining relative absence of measurement errors, this is more explicitly expressed in percent-
ages observed, so that this measurement may show a precision, homogeneity and internal
consistency of the measurement instrument used.
Table 1. Reliability.
Dependent Independent
variable variable Dimensions Indicators
11
5 DISCUSSION
Avocado producing organizations face massive internal and external competition and compete
for a better position in the market and for survival, employ known techniques, routines are
time-honored with habits based on experience. Decision making comes from processes based
on past experiences that gives work, trust and instinct. There is a substantial body of knowledge
regarding the concept of innovation. Innovation and environmental management are considered
in current literature as sources of competitive advantage. It is important for companies in the
avocado value chain to infer that innovation and environmental management must be success-
fully managed at a time when these strategies are required to survive and compete. It is clear that
companies have different capacities to manage and generate innovations, which are transformed
into the delivery of benefits to customers, and companies in the chain intuit that when you inno-
vate a product or service, you need to have clear knowledge Of what the client wants, is interested
and what he expects, so that mutual benefits are obtained. The results show clear evidence of the
lack of interest of these organizations to promote environmental management and innovation
as two pillars of competitive advantage, weakening in a way these organizations since every day
consumers are more demanding in their tastes and needs and the Care for the environment is a
concern that is gaining momentum among consumers.
12
After observing the results can be interpreted as a lack of interest in the implementation of
activities such as innovation and environmental management that would help in building the
competitive advantage of the elements of the value chain, nurseries, producers and packers.
However, when analyzing the information in a particular way, it is the link of the packers
who carry out more activities aimed at taking care of the environment as well as encouraging
innovation among their employees, thereby establishing a clear differentiation between the
three elements, this link is the strongest of the three in relation to capital, infrastructure, tech-
nology and the preparation of its leaders. Likewise it is important for each one of the links in
the value chain to improve its competitiveness through the implementation of innovation and
environmental management, to face growing competition in the North American market.
Future lines of research are related to the creation and dissemination of knowledge as well
as quality and economies of scale.
REFERENCES
13
14
FISH.
Page
To choose Fish 48
To clean Fish 50
To keep Fish 51
To sweeten tainted Fish 51
The mode of cooking best 51
adapted to different kinds of
Fish
The best mode of boiling Fish 53
Brine for boiling Fish 54
To render boiled Fish firm 54
To know when Fish is 55
sufficiently boiled, or
otherwise cooked
To bake Fish 55
Fat for frying Fish 55
To keep Fish hot for table 56
To boil a Turbot (and when in 56
season)
Turbot à la Crême 57
Turbot au Béchamel 57
Mould of cold Turbot with
Shrimp Chatney (refer to
Chapter VI.)
To boil a John Dory (and when 58
in season)
Small John Dories baked. 58
Good (Author’s receipt)
To boil a Brill 58
To boil Salmon (and when in 59
season)
Salmon à la Genevese 50
Crimped Salmon 60
Salmon à la St. Marcel 60
Baked Salmon over mashed 69
Potatoes
Salmon Pudding, to be served 60
hot or cold (a Scotch receipt.
Good)
To boil Cod Fish (and when in 61
season)
Slices of Cod Fish Fried 61
Stewed Cod 62
Stewed Cod Fish in brown 62
sauce
To boil Salt Fish 62
Salt Fish à la Maître d’Hôtel 63
To boil Cods’ Sounds 63
To fry Cods’ Sounds in batter 63
To fry Soles (and when in 64
season)
To boil Soles 64
Fillets of Soles 65
Soles au Plat 66
Baked Soles (a simple but 66
excellent receipt)
Soles stewed in cream 67
To fry Whitings (and when in 67
season)
Fillets of Whitings 68
To boil Whitings (French 68
receipt)
Baked Whitings à la Française 68
To boil Mackerel (and when in 69
season)
To bake Mackerel 69
Baked Mackerel or Whitings 70
(Cinderella’s receipt. Good)
Fried Mackerel (Common 70
French receipt)
Fillets of Mackerel (fried or 71
broiled)
Boiled fillets of Mackerel 71
Mackerel broiled whole (an 71
excellent receipt)
Mackerel stewed with Wine 72
(very good)
Fillets of Mackerel stewed in 72
Wine (excellent)
To boil Haddocks (and when in 73
season)
Baked Haddocks 73
To fry Haddocks 73
To dress Finnan Haddocks 74
To boil Gurnards (with 74
directions for dressing them
in other ways)
Fresh Herrings. Farleigh 74
receipt (and when in season)
To dress the Sea Bream 75
To boil Plaice or Flounders 75
(and when in season)
To fry Plaice or Flounders 75
To roast, bake, or broil Red 76
Mullet (and when in season)
To boil Grey Mullet 76
The Gar Fish (to bake) 77
The Sand Launce, or Sand Eel 77
(mode of dressing)
To fry Smelts (and when in 77
season)
Baked Smelts 78
To dress White Bait. Greenwich 78
receipt (and when in season)
Water Souchy (Greenwich 78
receipt)
Shad, Touraine fashion (also à 79
la mode de Touraine)
Stewed Trout. Good common 80
receipt (and when in season)
To boil Pike (and when in 80
season)
To bake Pike (common receipt) 81
To bake Pike (superior receipt) 81
To stew Carp (a common 82
country receipt)
To boil Perch 82
To fry Perch or Tench 83
To fry Eels (and when in 83
season)
Boiled Eels (German receipt) 83
To dress Eels (Cornish receipt) 84
Red Herrings à la Dauphin 84
Red Herrings (common English 84
mode)
Anchovies fried in batter 84
CHAPTER III.
DISHES OF SHELL-FISH.
Page
GRAVIES.
Page
Introductory remarks 94
Jewish smoked Beef 95
(extremely useful for giving
flavour to Soups and
Gravies)
To heighten the colour and 96
flavour of Gravies
Baron Liebeg’s Beef Gravy 96
(most excellent for Hashes,
Minces, and other dishes
made of cold meat)
Shin of Beef Stock for Gravies 97
Rich pale Veal Gravy or 97
Consommé
Rich deep coloured Veal Gravy 98
Good Beef or Veal Gravy 99
(English receipt)
A rich English brown Gravy 99
Plain Gravy for Venison 100
A rich Gravy for Venison 100
Sweet Sauce, or Gravy for 100
Venison
Espagnole, Spanish Sauce (a 100
highly flavoured Gravy)
Espagnole with Wine 100
Jus des Rognons, or Kidney 101
Gravy
Gravy in haste 101
Cheap Gravy for a Roast Fowl 101
Another cheap Gravy for a 102
Fowl
Gravy or Sauce for a Goose 102
Orange Gravy for Wild Fowl 102
Meat Jellies for Pies and 103
Sauces
A cheaper Meat Jelly 103
Glaze 104
Aspic, or clear savoury Jelly 104
CHAPTER V.
SAUCES.
Page
Page
STORE SAUCES.
Page
Observations 145
Chetney Sauce (Bengal 146
receipt)
Fine Mushroom Catsup 146
Mushroom Catsup (another 148
receipt)
Double Mushroom Catsup 148
Compound, or Cook’s Catsup 149
Walnut Catsup 149
Another good receipt for 150
Walnut Catsup
Lemon Pickle, or Catsup 150
Pontac Catsup for Fish 150
Bottled Tomatas, or Tomata 151
Catsup
Epicurean Sauce 151
Tarragon Vinegar 151
Green Mint Vinegar 152
Cucumber Vinegar 152
Celery Vinegar 152.
Eschalot, or Garlic Vinegar 152.
Eschalot Wine 153
Horseradish Vinegar 153
Cayenne Vinegar 153
Lemon Brandy for flavouring 153
Sweet Dishes
Dried Mushrooms 153
Mushroom Powder 154
Potato Flour, or Arrow Root 154
(Fecule de Pommes de
Terre)
To make Flour of Rice 154
Powder of Savoury Herbs 154
Tartar Mustard 154
Another Tartar Mustard 154
CHAPTER VIII.
FORCEMEATS.
Page