The document discusses haloalkanes and haloarenes, which are compounds containing halogen atoms bonded to carbon. Haloalkanes have halogen atoms bonded to sp3 hybridized carbon atoms, while haloarenes have halogen atoms bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. These compounds have various industrial and medical uses. The document also covers the classification, bonding nature, nomenclature of haloalkanes.
The document discusses haloalkanes and haloarenes, which are compounds containing halogen atoms bonded to carbon. Haloalkanes have halogen atoms bonded to sp3 hybridized carbon atoms, while haloarenes have halogen atoms bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. These compounds have various industrial and medical uses. The document also covers the classification, bonding nature, nomenclature of haloalkanes.
The document discusses haloalkanes and haloarenes, which are compounds containing halogen atoms bonded to carbon. Haloalkanes have halogen atoms bonded to sp3 hybridized carbon atoms, while haloarenes have halogen atoms bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. These compounds have various industrial and medical uses. The document also covers the classification, bonding nature, nomenclature of haloalkanes.
The document discusses haloalkanes and haloarenes, which are compounds containing halogen atoms bonded to carbon. Haloalkanes have halogen atoms bonded to sp3 hybridized carbon atoms, while haloarenes have halogen atoms bonded to sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. These compounds have various industrial and medical uses. The document also covers the classification, bonding nature, nomenclature of haloalkanes.
CLASS XII – CHEMISTRY Ch 10. HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES - 1
Important points: 1. Replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic or aromatic, by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively. 2. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group. 3. These are clinically useful. i) Wide applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life. ii) Used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of wide range of organic compounds. iii) Chlorine containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol, produced by soil microorganisms is very effective for the treatment of typhoid fever. iv) iodine containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which causes a disease called goiter. Synthetic halogen compounds, viz. chloroquine is used for the treatment of malaria; v) halothane is used as an anaesthetic during surgery. vi) Certain fully fluorinated compounds are being considered as potential blood substitutes in surgery
Classification of haloalkanes:
tetra monohaloalkanes tri di
Alkyl halide: (R-X) :
sp3 hyb carbon Allylic halides:
Monohaloalkanes Benzylic halides: attached to C next to ring
Vinylic halides: attached to double bond carbon
sp2 hyb carbon
Aryl halides: attached to benzene ring:
On the same carbon atom: GEMINAL DIHALIDES
Dihaloalkanes
(for compounds with same
halogens attached) On adjacent carbon atoms: VICINAL DIHALIDES
Nature of bond : C-X
➢ Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon ➢ The carbon halogen bond of alkyl halide is polarized. ➢ Since the size of halogen atom increases as we go down the group in the periodic table, fluorine atom is the smallest and iodine atom, the largest. ➢ Consequently the carbon-halogen bond length also increases from C—F to C—I.
Nomenclature:
1. Select the longest continuous
carbon chainin the molecule and use the hydrocarbon name of this chain as the parent chain 2. Consider every branch of the main chain to be substituent derived from another hydrocarbon. For each of these substituents change the name to yl 3. Number the C atoms of the continuous base chain so that the substituents appear at the lowest possible number. 4. Name each substituent acc. to its chemical identity and the numbers of the C atoms to which it is attached. For identical substituents use di-, tri-, tetra-. And write the appropriate carbon number for each substituent. 5. Separate the numbers by commas, and from alphabets / letters by – 6. List the substituents alphabetically by name.
