PDF Smart Healthcare For Disease Diagnosis and Prevention 1St Edition Sudip Paul Editor Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Smart Healthcare For Disease Diagnosis and Prevention 1St Edition Sudip Paul Editor Ebook Full Chapter
PDF Smart Healthcare For Disease Diagnosis and Prevention 1St Edition Sudip Paul Editor Ebook Full Chapter
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Smart Healthcare for
Disease Diagnosis and
Prevention
Smart Healthcare for Disease
Diagnosis and Prevention
Edited by
SUDIP PAUL
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University,
Shillong, India
School of Computer Science and Software Engineering,
The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
DINESH BHATIA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University,
Shillong, India
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-817913-0
For Information on all Academic Press publications
visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Methods 15
3.3 Flowcytometry 16
3.4 Tryptase degranulation assay 16
3.5 Thymidine incorporation 16
3.6 Results 16
3.7 SCF induces mast cell degranulation independent of CD81 18
3.8 SCF induces mast cell proliferation independent of CD81 18
3.9 Discussion 18
v
vi Contents
Acknowledgment 19
References 19
7.3 Analysis 46
7.4 Result and discussion 46
7.5 Conclusion 48
References 48
10. Investigation into the occupational ride comfort due to exposure of whole
body vibration 81
Amandeep Singh, Lakhwinder Pal Singh, Harwinder Singh and Sarbjit Singh
10.1 Introduction 81
10.2 General details 82
10.3 Measurement devices/equipments 83
10.4 Experimental design and data analysis 83
10.5 Conclusions 87
Acknowledgment 87
References 87
11. Fuzzy entropy based seizure detection algorithms for EEG data analysis 89
Geetika Srivastava, Alpika Tripathi and P.K. Maurya
11.1 Introduction 89
11.2 Materials & methods 92
viii Contents
11.3 Results 95
11.4 Conclusion 100
Acknowledgment 100
References 100
13. Design of array multiplier circuit using reversible logic approach with
optimized performance parameters 115
Vandana Shukla, O.P. Singh, G.R. Mishra and R.K. Tiwari
13.1 Introduction 115
13.2 Array multiplier design 116
13.3 Reversible logic basics 116
13.4 Proposed reversible array multiplier 118
13.5 Result and analysis 120
13.6 Conclusion 122
References 122
14. Smart diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias using optimal feature rank score
algorithm for solar based energy storage ECG acquisition system 125
Maheswari Lakshmanan, Hemalatha Karnan and Sivakumaran Natarajan
14.1 Introduction 125
14.2 System description 128
14.3 Solar system with energy storage device 128
14.4 ECG acquisition system 130
14.5 ECG-acquisition and pre-processing 131
14.6 Feature extraction techniques 131
14.7 Feature selection using region feature ranking score algorithm 132
14.8 Result and discussion 132
14.9 Conclusion 137
Contents ix
References 138
Further reading 139
20. Smart healthcare with sensors and wireless body area networking 213
S. Kumaravel
20.1 Relevance and introduction 213
20.2 Smart health care (WBAN) in acute medical care 215
20.3 A soft ware based flowchart for monitoring tasks in emergency room 216
20.4 Smart health care (WBAN) when an ill patient being transported 216
20.5 Smart health care (WBAN) in psychiatry 217
20.6 Smart health care (WBAN) in infertility 218
20.7 Smart health care (WBAN) in orthopedics 219
20.8 Smart health care (WBAN) in internal medicine 220
20.9 Smart health care (WBAN) in ear-nose-throat care and respiratory medicine 220
20.10 Smart health care (WBAN) in cardiology 221
20.11 Smart health care (WBAN) in anesthesia 221
20.12 Smart health care (WBAN) in neurology and geriatrics 222
20.13 Smart health care (WBAN) in ophthalmology 223
20.14 Smart health care (WBAN) in urology and sexual dysfunction 223
Contents xi
21. Muscular load compensation patterns in patients with knee osteo-arthritis 229
Dinesh Bhatia
21.1 Introduction 229
21.2 Methodology 230
21.3 Results and discussion 233
21.4 Conclusion 236
21.5 Limitations and future scope 236
Acknowledgments 236
References 236
Index 239
List of contributors
Shorif Ahmed
Department of Nanotechnology, North Eastern Hill University, Meghalaya, India
K. Arun Kumar
Department of Bio-medical Engineering SSN College of Engineering (Anna University),
Chennai, India
S. Bagyaraj
Centre for Healthcare Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, SSN College of
Engineering, Chennai, India
Rituparna Barooah
Department of Physiology, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, India
Manash Barthakur
Department of Zoology, Pub Kamrup College, Kamrup, India
Amit Ranjan Barua
Department of Neurology, GNRC Hospitals, Guwahati, India
Dinesh Bhatia
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya,
India
Adarsha B. Chandran
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
Devashis Choudhury
Physical Science Division, IASST, Guwahati, India
Amitava Datta
School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia,
Perth, Australia
K.K. Deepak
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
Chayanika Devi
Advanced Level Institutional Biotech Hub, Pub Kamrup College, Kamrup, India
Lucas Paglioni Pataro Faria
Centro Universitário Newton Paiva, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Manashjit Gogoi
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
Dinesh Prasad Gond
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
xiii
xiv List of contributors
Masaraf Hussain
Department of Neurology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and
Medical Science, Shillong, India
Pankaj Kalita
Advanced Level Institutional Biotech Hub, Pub Kamrup College, Kamrup, India
Debdatta Kandar
Department of Information Technology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
Hemalatha Karnan
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, India
Mukesh Kumar
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India
S. Kumaravel
Department of Orthopedics, Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, India
Mrinalini Kumari
Department of Entomology, Mandal Bharti Agriculture College, Saharsa, India
Shekhar Kumta
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong
Maheswari Lakshmanan
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, India
Arnab Kumar Maji
Department of Information Technology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
Shyamal Mandal
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India
Maheswaran Mani
Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry,
India
Thiago Ferreira Mares
Centro Universitário Newton Paiva, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
P.K. Maurya
Department of Neurology, RML Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
G.R. Mishra
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University, Lucknow, India
Lucas Gabriel Souza Nasta
Centro Universitário Newton Paiva, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Sivakumaran Natarajan
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, India
List of contributors xv
O.P. Singh
Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University, Lucknow, India
Sarbjit Singh
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute
of Technology, Jalandhar, India
Atul Srivastava
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India
Geetika Srivastava
Department of Physics & Electronics, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad,
India
Subhashini
Zoology Department, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
R.K. Tiwari
Department of Physics and Electronics, Dr. R. M. L. Avadh University, Faizabad, India
Alpika Tripathi
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, ASET, Amity University, Lucknow, India
Rati Verma
Biomechanics Lab, School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India
Vishwajeet
Department of Instrumentation & Control Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute
of Technology, Jalandhar, India
Preface
Smart healthcare for disease diagnosis and prevention focuses on the advancement in health-
care technology to improve human health at all levels, with the help of smart technol-
ogies by imbibing the intimate knowledge of modern biological principles in their
engineering design process. It covers all necessary topics from the basic concepts (such
as signal and image processing) to advanced knowledge regarding the usage of tissue
engineering and Virtual and Intelligent Instrumentation or VLSI and Embedded
Systems. It can be used to guide the students and young researchers providing basic
knowledge on signal/image processing and smart technologies. Smart healthcare is
combination of different modern and traditional approaches, technologies in the ser-
vice of mankind to give better livelihood. Healthcare is known as the most important
need of society. The world population is growing and new cities are coming into pic-
ture, with the old way of disease diagnosis and treatment can’t make possible to pro-
vide service to all the citizens. Thus hospital administration is in need of adequate and
innovative solution to give service to all in a smart and efficient way. We have seen
several advancement in healthcare sector in past few decades but still it is in need of
more efficient and sophisticated technological intervention in order to produce better
output.
Smart healthcare connects patients and hospital networks in various ways like
through mobile phones, tele-health, IoT, etc. Initiatives and application have been
designed and implemented to encourage awareness for human health and well being
which includes wearable devices, fitness bands and heath assessment applications. Such
devices and applications are smart in the sense that they can provide not only monitor-
ing but also advisable solutions but there is need of more parametric inclusion and bet-
ter accuracy from both healthcare and technological point of view, so that at later
stage data captured and stored in such type of devices can be used by doctors and
healthcare professionals in disease diagnosis and treatment for better personalized
solution.
Better Connectivity is foundation stone of smart healthcare service and can be trea-
ted as smart healthcare enabler because by use of barrier free communication patient
can easily communicate with the concerned authorities and at the same time health
professional can gather more patient’s health data. IoT and artificial intelligence (AI)
allows various services to the citizens and also to the health professionals in maintain-
ing and extracting valuable insights by delivering real time data to the doctors. AI can
be used in data analysis like x-ray, CT scans, MRI, etc. Such type of technological
intervention provide assistance in medical consultation and at the same time benefits
xvii
xviii Preface
in reducing time elapsed in treatment and saves money if used in efficient manner by
reducing the man power requirement.
This book offers a perfect blend of the interdisciplinary approach to biomedical
engineering by covering various aspects of this field. This book considers many technical
concepts, emerging technologies, real-world healthcare applications and many other
technical multi-disciplinary notions in the same content. It systemically introduces the
technologies and devices for healthcare objects, and targets the disease diagnosis and
prevention in different views.
Key features
• Discusses how new advanced technologies are used in real healthcare applications
to improve patient safety
• Explores how medical data such as signals and images can be used in diagnosis
• Covers how wireless communications devices, such as sensors networks, RFID and
wireless body area network and wearable sensors, are used in the medical
environment.
A rapid aging population and fast moving world with drastic change in healthcare
technology increases the importance of smart and efficient heathcare system. Various
techniques like data analytics, embedded systems, wearable and implantable medical
devices facilitated life saving services to our society leading to non invasive treatment
of many life threatening diseases and make possible of early detection, diagnosis and
prevention with continuous treatment. Assistive heathcare is a need for the aging pop-
ulation of this world. This can provide functional improvement increasing their flexi-
bility and independency insuring aged person’s dignity and autonomy. Current
technology is basically focused on disabled population only but it should be adequate
for both older adults and disabled too. The standard of care in reconstruction of bone
defects is growing from last few decades evolving new implants for prosthetic technol-
ogy. Bone and implant quality plays and important role in determining the reconstruc-
tion of bone defects. Poor quality bone implants in reconstruction of bone defects and
shape formation may cause problems at later stage. Pattern recognition is a crucial issue
in disease diagnosis for actual cause identification and accurate treatment. Machine
learning is one of the technique used for building the appropriate models having the
capability to predict the output based on the input combination. Parkinson’s Disease
(PD) identification is a crucial task in treatment and management of this disease. By
using machine learning classification and reduction algorithm it develops a capacity to
learn from previous events. Cardiovascular autonomic functional assessment and analy-
sis are done by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Most commonly used
technique for HRV analysis are Fast Fourier transform and autoregression while other
new techniques such as wavelet transform and trigonometric regressive spectral are
Preface xix
also in use. HRV analysis is a convenient method in estimation and dynamic change
cardiac autonomic functions. Translational vibration of tractor seats may cause severe
issues on the driver’s health. Specifically tractor drivers are subjected to two types of
vibrations known as low frequency vibrations caused by tires and terrain, and second
high frequency vibrations caused by engine, gear and accessories. By considering these
two factors designing of operator’s seat is a crucial aspect and need more biomechani-
cal and human factor consideration in designing and controlling the vibration exposure
to give comfort and health related safety concern. Entropy measures and assessment
has drawn more attention in biomedical field in recent years. This technique is having
potential of capturing unique features which are essential in physiological aspects.
Entropy analysis of Electroencephallogram (EEG) signals in epileptic seizure detection
is based on short-term EEG. Fuzzy entropy based seizure detection can track the
epileptic activities in real time and at the same time can provide prompt feedback for
clinical practices. Lots of assistive devices are available in the market for visually
impaired people to improve their independent living and social participation. But
most of the systems are having some advantage and at the same time some disadvan-
tage limiting their capabilities. Some of their problems can be solved with the obstacle
detection in order to give flexibility in their movability. This obstacle detection will
give physical feedback to the visually impaired person. Array multiplier design using
reversible logic approach gaining interest in past few years because of their less heating
and low power capabilities. Reversible logic gate become choice of circuit designers
due to its very less power dissipation in idle state and any Boolean function can be
implemented by using this technique. The topic of therapeutic approach in treatment
of Cerebral Palsy in the present decade has received great attention in intervention
and management of various neuronal disorders. As a result, all over the world has con-
sidered its ability and value to address the contemporary questions. The purpose of this
chapter is to highlight the theory, research and development in the field of therapeutic
approach in proper diagnostic and intervention. Magnetic nanoparticle is one of the
most recent trends in cancer detection and also for cancer mediated drug delivery.
PET, MRI and other techniques are playing important in detection and treatment of
cancer by utilizing the great potential of different types of nanoparticles and also in
targeted drug delivery.
Acknowledgment
At first, we would like to extend our gratitude to all the chapter authors for their sincere
and timely support to make this book in grand success.
We are equally thankful to all executive board members of Elsevier for their kind
approval and grant permission as Editor of this book.
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Publisher: Mara Conner; Acquisition
Editor: Fiona Geraghty; Editorial Project Manager: Isabella Conti Silva; Production
Project Manager: Sruthi Satheesh from ELSEVIER for their valuable suggestions and
encouragement throughout project.
We are grateful to all the reviewers for their timely review and consent which
helped us lot to improve the quality of book.
There are so many others whom we may have inadvertently left out and we sincerely
thank all of them for their help.
xxi
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
With “Poklon”, is going to be created an app that interested to create a blood dona-
tors and receivers’ network, where the people who interested in donate or who
needs to receive blood, can sign in and obtain information which every hospital,
donation houses or any type of receptors sites Works and how they can donate and
receive.
A big example for app with great success, it’s possible speak about the “99”, that is
a app that you choose your start and end point, and a vehicle drives to the place that
you want with the price that you will pay for it, or like “iFood”, that works in the
same way with food and they deliver in wherever you want.
1.2 Methodology
To develop the app, was utilized the Microsoft Visual Studio 2017, how can be
visualized in the figure below, using the API Xamarin. Forms, Json and other
Google APIs, that was crucial to develop in multiples platforms (like Android and
iOS). With Newtonsoft Json and SQLite APIs, was developed a small and full func-
tional app, that can be used in the most simple smartphone with Android 4.4.4 Kit
Kat (Fig. 1.1).
The app is developed in C# Language, who could be used in various platforms
and the design is developed in XAML, a property language of Xamarin, who is based
in XML language.
For UI design in the initial phases of project development, was utilized a platform
Figma, looking for make easy the development of the code, one time that figma don’t
have full integration with Visual Studio. And for exhibition of the UI, was utilized a
program named Zeplin, that can be used in smartphones or web browser, and make
easy to translate to Visual Studio UI Language.
Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention r 2020 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817913-0.00001-8 All rights reserved. 1
2 Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention
The UI design is based in tabbed pages, and to exhibition of data, was utilized a
scroll view and list view in the Search Tab and a máster-detail to the Bio page. The
Database uses these informations: Name, Blood type, Birthdate and linked with the
these data, are located fotos, posts, donation requests, donations made, etc.
The first ever phase was dedicated to develop the basic structure of buttons, pages
scroll into the menus, and without any necessity to be vinculated with database. For
initial tests, does not used necessary great resources to all function of prototype, just a
virtual machine with a AOSP (Android Open Source Project), based in Android 4.4.4
Kit Kat with minimal resources.
The second phase was the construction of UI Design, how can be visualized in
Fig. 1.2, who was based in existing apps in Google Play Store, was developed in a
program named Figma, and the icons was extracted from website www.flaticon.com,
who are third-party and free to use. And for implemention in visual studio, was used
the Zeplin. Poklon is developed in lightness colors, all designated with images who
explain what have inside and a text intended to explain, using a clear and direct lan-
guage, the information to the potential donators.
Inside of the timeline contain the referential image on the top, right below have
their description and commentary box, and on the bottom have a textbox designated
to publish commentaries.
In the third phase was focused to build a database, with SQLite extension, what
common to be used to development of data tables in small program and local usage.
The database that was used have two tables, one having basic data, like name, Blood
A very short story for a new future 3
1.3 Results
The overall size of app is approximately 15 megabytes, that means a very light app,
with a simplified code, but having a powerful and adaptative interface for every phone
model, low RAM usage and a small level of usage from processors, in comparison
with others apps in Google Play like Instagram, what means about the app is very
powerful and every phone could run this app properly.
4 Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention
Further reading
C. Chede, IBMdeveloperWorks. Available in: ,https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/
blogs/ctaurion/entry/o_imenso_mercado_dos_aplicativos8?lang 5 pt_br., 2013 (accessed 01.05.18).
Edutakash. Available in: ,https://edutakashi.wordpress.com/2016/08/12/actionaid-lanca-app-de-celular-
para-impulsionar-doacoes/. (accessed 22.04.18).
G1. Available in: ,http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/06/aplicativo-ajuda-conectar-doadores-
de-sangue-hemocentros-de-sp.html. (accessed 25.03.18).
M. Lie, Revista Planeta. Available in: ,http://www.revistaplaneta.com.br/aplicativos-para-todos., 2012
(accessed 01.05.18).
Terra. IDG Now! Available in: ,http://idgnow.com.br/internet/2016/08/15/actionaid-lanca-app-para-
impulsionar-doacoes-entre-pessoas-da-mesma-rede/. (accessed 22.04.18).
S. Vilela, Plugbr. Available in: ,https://www.plugbr.net/aplicativos-ajudam-bancos-de-sangue-salvar-vidas-
app-avisa-doador-estoques-de-tipos-de-sangue-agenda-coleta-retorno-e-urgencias/., 2016 (accessed
28.03.18).
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Introduction
The number of locked-in syndrome patients has increased tremendously when com-
pared to the past. According to census 2015, there are nearly 61,33,960 paralytic
patients in India. They find extreme difficulty in performing some of their indispens-
able works which includes communication. So, it is necessary to aid them in overcom-
ing the above mentioned difficulty. Taking this as our problem statement, a project is
made which will enable these locked-in syndrome patients to communicate with peo-
ple with the help of their own eye blink signal. The proposed work will ease the
patients to overcome these difficulties. It was found that the signal obtained during
voluntary eye blink condition produces larger amplitude (approximately around
500 mV) than that of involuntary eye blink (100 mV). An effective algorithm for
detecting the occurrence of eye blinks is developed. This eye blink is converted into
pulse, which is used in this module. In this protocol we have used a software called
NI LabVIEW, it is a graphical stimulation software in which we were able to extract
the eye blink and to design our communication module.
2.2 Methodology
2.2.1 Block diagram
In this project work, we acquire blink signal from the forehead using a surface elec-
trode. The signal acquired is amplified, required feature is extracted and used in the
communication module. The communication module makes use of an NI USB DAQ
to acquire the signal and process it virtually. This is again converted into pulses that
can be used to run the panel that allows the subject to communicate his need with
ease. The block diagram representation is given in Fig. 2.1.
Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention r 2020 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817913-0.00002-X All rights reserved. 7
8 Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention
Command
Blink signal Signal Fed to
pulse Virtual talk
acquisition processing LabVIEW
generation
A1
A2
C
2.3 Implementation
2.3.1 Hardware implementation
The blink signal is read from the patient by placing electrodes over his forehead and
reference electrode near auricular region. Since this signal is weak in amplitude, it
should be amplified. For that purpose, preprocessing circuit is employed. It contains
impedance matching circuit to match the impedance of system with our body’s
impedance. Across capacitance is used to match with the frequency component of our
body. It is followed by the amplifiers and filters. Amplifiers consists of instrumentation
amplifier and operational amplifier. Instrumentation amplifier is built using INA118P.
The gain of this amplifier is decided by the resistance of gain resistor. For further
amplification, OP-AMP is used, which is built using LF356. The gain of OP-AMP is
around 1000. A capacitor is used for coupling purpose between the amplifiers. Filters
Design and development of command prompt assist device for locked in syndrome patients 9
Impedence
Main stage NI USB
matching Filter Laptop
amplifier 6009
circuit
used are Band pass filter (0.1 40 Hz) and Notch filter (50 Hz), to remove noises
such as power line interference and other bio-signals. The filtered signal is then fed to
NI LabVIEW to extract eye blink and using it for our applications through NI DAQ
6009. The block diagram of signal processing circuit is given in Fig. 2.3.
The blink signal is amplified with the help of the designed hardware amplifier and
it is fed to LabVIEW using NI-DAQ and processed. Involuntary blink signal of the
subject is shown in the Fig. 2.7A. It can be noticed that the desired threshold is not
met. So, the pulse is not formed. And now the patient is asked to blink voluntarily
and the signal is recorded. The recorded signal is shown in the Fig. 2.7B. Once the
Figure 2.7 (A) Involuntary blink signal. (B) Voluntary blink signal.
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Outros pensam, comtudo, de um modo diverso. Ha nos seus
postos, egualmente distantes, egualmente desarraigados da nação,
o pessoal inteiro da Republica salvadora, scientifica, patriota,
federalista, vermelhissima. Quem observa, descobre logo; um é
Robespierre, outro um soffrivel Marat; não falta Desmoulins, e
Theroigne de Mericourt já préga ás massas. É um velho cliché
jacobino, sem Danton, é verdade! um velho cliché jacobino
envernizado de novo. É tambem uma poeirada que passa; mas
quando a atmosphera está incerta, de um para outro momento vem
um aguaceiro que precipita o pó, e pousa sobre o chão uma camada
de lodo. O tempo a seccará breve, o vento a levantará outra vez em
pó, mas entretanto mais de um se ha de atolar.
É provavel essa revolução possivel? Talvez; porque a nação não
tem força para a impedir, e os conservadores vivem da fraqueza
alheia e não de energia propria. Talvez, porque, se não ha quem a
evite, as cousas concorrem para a provocar. Será proxima?
Ninguem o póde dizer: é materia de acaso. Tanto póde ser
ámanhan, como d’aqui a bastantes annos. Todos concordam em
que isto, se não houver tropeços, ainda póde durar. Quem sabe se
os demagogos de hoje ficarão na historia como os da geração
precedente, acantonados pela força das cousas nas mesas das
secretarias?
Talvez assim venha a succeder, e talvez não. Ha poucos annos
dizia alguem que estavamos «a pedir bispo». Tenha de haver outra
janeirinha, e bispo será a quéda da monarchia constitucional. Em 28
rebentou em furias o tumor historico portuguez; e para essa data
futura uma puncção vasará a agua que existe no ventre da
hydropica Liberdade. Ver-se ha então como cheira e a que sabe.
Esse incidente politico é necessario por varias causas, particulares e
geraes. As primeiras demandam estudo mais demorado a que
passaremos já; as segundas estão na atmosphera que as nações
latinas respiram actualmente, atmosphera viciada mais ainda entre
nós pela desordem intellectual atraz esboçada.
O jacobinismo não acabou ainda. Como um camaleão, quando
vestiu a côr do romantismo fez-se monarchia parlamentar; mas falta
que se faça outra vez republica radical, federalista, naturalista,
positivista, porque, sem ter consummado a destruição dos velhos
symbolos, a sua missão não terminou. O organismo futuro das
nações não poderá formar-se emquanto o velho organismo não tiver
acabado de se dissolver inteiramente pelo classico aphorismo:
corpora non agunt nisi soluta.
Só depois d’isso se reconstituirá o Estado e a democracia achará
a definição que vem pedindo ha um seculo, sem a encontrar. Vox
clamantis in deserto, ninguem lhe responde, por isso que a idéa
individualista-espiritualista, conservadora ou jacobinamente
expressa, tyrannisa ainda as intelligencias. Mas já hoje do corpo das
sciencias naturaes sae esta definição: a sociedade é um organismo
vivo, contradizendo a definição de quasi um seculo: a sociedade é
uma ficção, o individuo humano a unica realidade. Esta idéa nova,
que todos os dias conquista partidarios, encontra a contra-prova nos
factos economicos e nas tradições da historia. A civilisação de um
povo apresenta os mesmos phenomenos que a evolução
progressiva de qualquer individuo animal: especialisação de
funcções, definição dos orgãos, cohesão de movimentos,
centralisação de commando. O Estado é como um cerebro.
Ninguem já hoje crê em milagres, e menos do que em nenhum
outro no do direito divino. Entretanto, é mistér vêr, n’essa concepção
transcendente, o symbolo de uma idéa positiva. O espirito collectivo
nunca errou; e a historia não é mais do que a explicação successiva
dos enygmas por milagres symbolicos, e afinal dos milagres pelas
idéas na sua pureza. O direito divino era a expressão religiosa, ou,
se quizerem, metaphysica, da soberania popular. A nação
personalisava-se n’um rei, da mesma fórma que a humanidade se
personalisava n’um Deus-homem. Desde que não ha direito-divino
todos são democratas, isto é, todos põem no povo a origem da
authoridade: resta descobrir as fórmulas adequadas ao exercicio
d’essa authoridade. No direito-divino a fórmula era a hierarchia, a
classe. Na democracia, o criterio é a Egualdade; a fórmula acha-se
na realidade das funcções organicas da sociedade. No direito-divino
rege a vontade da pessoa-symbolo do monarcha; na democracia a
vontade dos cidadãos.
N’este momento se chega pela doutrina á politica, e pela theoria á
practica. De que modo se exprime essa vontade? Viritim,
individualmente, peia somma dos votos? Assim se tem dito; e d’ahi
têem vindo as revoluções, a anarchia, o moderno feodalismo
consequente. Oxalá que a broca da analyse—bella expressão de
Mousinho!—penetre rapido e demonstre que esse processo
confunde deploravelmente a administração com a politica; scinde a
duração e ataca a consistencia indispensaveis aos pensamentos
governativos; põe tudo, todas as cousas mais especiaes, á mercê
das opiniões menos competentes; e torna os interesses collectivos
dependentes dos interesses individuaes amalgamados, chocados,
sem poderem fundir-se n’uma synthese organica.
Sob o nome de democracia existe apenas uma anarchia,
constitucional, sim, quando atravessâmos calmarias politicas, mas
que se desenfreia logo que se levanta o minimo temporal. E a
liberdade consiste em uma concorrencia franca, da qual sae o
consequente feodalismo—bancario, industrial, burocratico. São
factos naturaes, modificados apenas nos aspectos por condições
diversas. Assim, quando o Estado imperial romano decaía até
tombar de todo, se distribuiram as terras a protectores armados;
assim, quando o Estado monarchico acabou, se distribuiram os
instrumentos de força collectiva aos novos barões da finança e da
industria. São dois exemplos de pulverisação da authoridade
collectiva: um violento, o outro pacifico; um sanccionado pelas
armas, o outro pelas leis liberaes: ambos fataes, ambos
espontaneos.
Ora emquanto a nação prescindir de cerebro, isto é, de Estado,
manter-se-ha acephala; emquanto o Estado não tiver como
pensamento a Egualdade, ou emquanto, mantendo-se uma ficção
de poder, se obedecer de facto ás ordens dos patronos das varias
clientelas politicas, bancarias, industriaes; emquanto esses novos
barões fizerem de povo: a Democracia será uma chimera, por isso
mesmo que a nação demonstrará não ter capacidade para ser
senão o que é. Á sombra de uma liberdade sempre crescente, dia a
dia, com o crescer da riqueza, irá crescendo a scizão dos pobres e
dos ricos, em virtude d’essa lei simples que dá a victoria a quem
mais póde.
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