SIVA SANTHINI (15407) - FYP 2 Dissertation

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network Planning in Ipoh City
By
SIVASANTHINI S.MOHAN
FINAL PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Programme in
Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.)
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 Tronoh
Perak Darul Ridzuan
© Copyright 2013
By
Sivasanthini S.Mohan, 2014

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL
Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network Planning in Ipoh City
By
Sivasanthini S.Mohan
A project dissertation submitted to the

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons)
(Electrical & Electronic Engineering)
Approved by,
_____________________
Associate Professor Dr. Aamir Saeed Malik
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

TRONOH, PERAK
September, 2014
I
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the Final Year Project titled “Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Network Planning for Ipoh City” is a work of Sivasanthini S.Mohan submitted in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Electrical
& Electronic Engineering of University Teknologi PETRONAS. The orginal work is my
own except for references that have been specified. The report have not been submitted
to any other authorities or universities for the fulfilment of any other course
requirement.
________________________
Sivasanthini S.Mohan
II
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
Begin with praising the lord the almighty and most merciful who showered me with his
unlimited blessing and supported me with good health and continuous strength to
successfully complete this project in required time.
I would like to take this opportunity to place my gratitude to my parents and family who
had given me moral support through the project and who had strongly believed in my
capability to lead me at the stage of success, also thanking all my colleagues from Maxis
and friends who had helped and support me in various issues.
I would like to take this chance to express my appreciation and honourably thank
Associate Professor Dr. Aamir Saeed Malik who had accepted me as his student and
willing to allocate his time to evaluate as well correcting my mistakes and shaped to as a
good student. The most important person who I need to place my biggest gratitude is
Mr. Firas Ousta who had guided me throughout this two semesters. Helping me in all up
and downs in the project as well bringing me to the right track when I was about to lost.
Mr Firas Ousta had been a great mentor and a good friend.
My appreciation to University Technology PETRONAS (UTP) for giving me an

opportunity to gain knowledge as in technical and non-technical to shape their each and
every student to be outstanding in all aspects. Not forgetting my deepest gratitude to the
Head of Department Dr Rosdi Azli, FYP coordinator Dr Nasreen Baharuddin and the
committee for their continuous hard work to make sure information had reached the
student successfully as well organized our timeline effectively.
III
ABSTRACT
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an evolutionary step towards improving

telecommunication to higher step. Long Term Evolution (LTE) or also known as 4G is a
radio platform technology which provides minimum latency with maximum data rates
and speed. LTE have been implemented in latest phones and still some places does not
have this facility due to transformation process. Another issue that we can look through
is the capability of the network to support users in the area. The coverage and capacity
that have been produced may not satisfy user demand and it might be the factor of a
network planning. This project will investigate the impact of the antenna parameters on
network planning as well identify range of coverage and capacity that can be provided
with a LTE network architecture for Ipoh city. In addition to that, transmission power
will be investigated with 2 type of sector which is 3 sector and 6 sector.
IV
CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY .............................................................................. II
ACKNOLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... III
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... IV
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of Study ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement ....................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of Study ............................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 5
2.1 Antenna System ................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1 Polarization ................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 Propagation Pattern ..................................................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Half-Power-Beam-Width (HPBW) ............................................................................. 6
2.1.4 Gain ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.5 Impedance ................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.6 VSWR ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.7 Directional antenna ..................................................................................................... 7
2.1.8 Omnidirectional antenna ............................................................................................. 8
2.2 Multiple access technology ................................................................................................ 9
2.3 Propagation Model ........................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Radio link Budget ............................................................................................................ 14
2.4.1 Capacity Dimensioning ............................................................................................. 15
2.4.2 Coverage Dimensioning............................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY...................................................................................... 16
3.1 Procedure pathway ........................................................................................................... 16
1.2 Methodology Chart .................................................................................................... 19
1.3 Network Architecture Design .................................................................................... 20
1.4 Tools Used ................................................................................................................. 21
1.4.1 Atoll Radio Planning and Optimisation Software.................................................. 21
1.5 Gantt chart Final Year Project I and II ....................................................................... 24
1.5.1 Gantt chart Final Year Project I: ............................................................................ 24
1.5.2 Gantt chart Final Year Project II: ........................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 26
4.1 Input Data......................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.1 Geographical area ..................................................................................................... 26
4.1.2 User Distribution ....................................................................................................... 29
VI
4.1.3 Other Input Parameters ............................................................................................. 30
4.1.4 Propagation Model .................................................................................................... 32
4.1.5 Types of Antenna ...................................................................................................... 32
4.2 Related Calculations ........................................................................................................ 33
4.2.1 Geographical coordinate converter ........................................................................... 33
4.2.2 Antenna Down tilt Angle .......................................................................................... 34
4.2.3 Downtilt Coverage Radius ........................................................................................ 35
4.2.3 Path loss .................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.4 Cell radius ................................................................................................................. 36
4.2.5 Cell area .................................................................................................................... 37
4.2.6 Site Area.................................................................................................................... 37
4.2.7 ENodeB Number ....................................................................................................... 37
4.2.6 Uplink Dimensioning ................................................................................................ 38
4.2.7 Downlink Dimensioning ........................................................................................... 38
4.3 Simulation Results ........................................................................................................... 39
4.3.1 Parameter setting ....................................................................................................... 39
4.3.2 Antenna Study........................................................................................................... 40
4.3.3 Result ........................................................................................................................ 41
4.4 Comparison of Result ...................................................................................................... 49
4.5 Data .................................................................................................................................. 50
4.5 Interference ...................................................................................................................... 51
4.5.1 3 sector antenna......................................................................................................... 51
4.5.2 6 sector antenna......................................................................................................... 55
4.6 Transmission Power ......................................................................................................... 60
4.7 Coverage by Throughput ................................................................................................. 61
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION................................................................................................ 62
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 64
CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 66
CHAPTER 8 APPENDICES .............................................................................................. 69
Appendix 1 ......................................................................................................................... 69
Appendix 2 ......................................................................................................................... 71
Appendix 3 ......................................................................................................................... 73
Appendix 4 ......................................................................................................................... 74
VII
List of figures:
Figure 1 : Evolution of Wireless Telecommunication [14] ..................................................... 2
Figure 2 : Wireless communication link with transmitting and receiving antenna [11] .......... 5
Figure 3 : Directional Antenna Radiation Pattern .................................................................... 7
Figure 4 : Omnidirectional Antenna Radiation Pattern............................................................ 8
Figure 5 : Multi access techniques [9] ..................................................................................... 9
Figure 6 : Illustration of FDMA technique [28] ...................................................................... 9
Figure 7 : Illustration of TDMA technique [28] .................................................................... 10
Figure 8 : Illustration of CDMA technique [28] .................................................................... 11
Figure 9 : Uplink and Downlink [10]..................................................................................... 12
Figure 10 : Link Budget Process ............................................................................................ 14
Figure 11 : Dimensioning of Capacity and coverage to obtain Number of sites ................... 15
Figure 12 : Simple LTE network architecture design ............................................................ 20
Figure 13 : Ipoh City area [25]............................................................................................... 26
Figure 14: Area Statistic of Ipoh City .................................................................................... 27
Figure 15: Ipoh City Traffic Map .......................................................................................... 28
Figure 16 : Comparing map from Google Earth and Atoll traffic map.................................. 28
Figure 17: Example of the remote antenna and base antenna placement [26] ....................... 34
Figure 18 : Example of down tilt coverage [27] .................................................................... 35
Figure 19 : Variable inputs that involved in simulation ......................................................... 39
List of charts:
Chart 1 : Methodology chart .................................................................................................. 19
Chart 2 : Gantt chart FYP I .................................................................................................... 24
Chart 3 : Gantt chart FYP II ................................................................................................... 25
List of tables:
Table 1 : Propagation model features .................................................................................... 13
Table 2 : User profile and specifications ............................................................................... 29
Table 3 : User profile density according to environment ....................................................... 29
Table 4 : Link budget parameters .......................................................................................... 30
Table 5 : Propagation model criteria ...................................................................................... 32
Table 6 : Antenna and specifications ..................................................................................... 32
Table 7 : Coordinate of Ipoh city area ................................................................................... 33
Table 8 : Cell layout K parameter .......................................................................................... 37
Table 9 : Parameter and the range used ................................................................................. 39
Table 10 : Data speed from Antenna 65 degree, height 30 metre and mechanical tilt of 4˚ (3
sector)..................................................................................................................................... 50
Table 11 : Data speed from Antenna 65 degree, height 30 metre and mechanical tilt of 4˚ (6
sector)..................................................................................................................................... 50
VIII
List of graphs:
Graph 1: Antenna 30 degree .................................................................................................. 41
Graph 2 : Antenna 33 degree ................................................................................................. 41
Graph 7 : Omni antenna ......................................................................................................... 44
Graph 8 : Antenna 30 degree (6 sector) ................................................................................. 45
Graph 9 : Antenna 33 degree (6 sector) ................................................................................. 45
Graph 10 : Antenna 60 degree (6 sector) ............................................................................... 46
Graph 11 : Antenna 65 degree (6 sector) ............................................................................... 46
Graph 12 : Antenna 70 degree ............................................................................................... 47
Graph 13 : Antenna 90 degree ............................................................................................... 47
Graph 14 : Omni antenna ....................................................................................................... 48
Graph 15 : Comparison best result from each antenna (3 sector) .......................................... 49
Graph 16 : Comparison best result from each antenna (3 sector) .......................................... 49
Graph 17 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) Antenna 30 degree .............................. 51
Graph 23 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) Omni Antenna..................................... 54
Graph 24 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) Antenna 30 degree (6 sector) .............. 55
Graph 30 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) Omni Antenna (6 sector) .................... 58
Graph 31 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) comparison between 3 sector and 6
sector antenna......................................................................................................................... 59
Graph 32 : Transmission power comparison 3 sector and 6 sector antenna .......................... 60
Graph 33: Coverage by Throughput for UL and DL ............................................................. 61
IX
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
This chapter explain the main purpose of the project including some introduction on
the history of telecommunication continuing with the problem statement, objective or
aim of the project and the scope of this project.
1.1 Background of Study

In 5th century BC communication were started by writing on a rock and
sending to the person by someone than it had been improved by using animals such
as birds in order to send any information. The duration for the information to reach a
person takes almost few days and sometime a month. This revolution after the
centuries had turned into more efficient and convenient type of communication.
People use to write letters, telegram and telegraph to send messages. Improvement
from that leads to Morse code in 1830s and the further extension of this is type
writing. Each code represents an alphabet and these alphabets are combining into
sentences or words. From Graham Bell who is the inventor one first phone become
an inspiration in 19th century had made an evolution by having cell phones. This cell
phones where in bulk and it weighs about 36.3 kilograms. Later on Mr Martin
Cooper had invented smaller cell phone which weights 1.1 kilograms.
In 1970s century NTT had come out with a cell phones which can be carried
as beg behind your shoulder. This type of phone can be seen in old type war movies
where the soldiers will be carrying around to send messages or give some
information. Further expansion leads to 1G and 2g mobile phones. This is mainly to
give voice calls by using GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) guide
lines. Then slowly it had expanded to give SMS (Short Message Service) services
and invention of 3G phones. 3G is 3rd generation mobile phones where the features
are given importance for MMS (Multimedia Message Service), Bluetooth for packet
data transfer, media such as photos, MP3 songs and GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service).
21th century where the technology and science plays a big part had given big
contribution to communication world. 4G or LTE (Long Term Evolution) had been
1
implementing in most of the upcoming devices. Mobile phones and some other
gadgets are invented to utilize this network. What is 4g network, most of the users a
still questioning but this will be easy for those who are in communication world. The
main purpose of 4G is to modify the structure of existing wireless communication to
improve the speed of the network.
The problem arises when users are finding difficulties in sharing their
material such as images, songs or any other documents via phone. This demand to
pass the material via phone had increased in 2014. Thus 4G is an expansion of 3G
network to emphasize on the speed of network, to ease packet data sharing, to edit
more features in mobile phones such as IP (Internet Protocol) base communication
and also to promise a good radio wave frequency duplex link for best communication
experience.
LTE also called as radio access is E-UTRAN can provide scalable

bandwidths with support of FDD paired and unpaired TDD spectrum. LTE created as
to use IP for all the network traffic in addition to support the voice service which is
VOIP (Voice over IP). LTE invented with the expectation to provide a high
throughput, low in latency, increase user experience and provide a better capacity
and coverage that can support user demands. LTE will Use of LTE not only will be
in telecommunication devices but also will be expanded in other devices in future
such as machines, cameras and it might be implemented in transportation area as
well. Below is a figure briefly show, the evolution in telecommunication:
Figure 1 : Evolution of Wireless Telecommunication [14]
2
1.2 Problem Statement
Increase in number of users requires better coverage and capacity for better
communication. Data and voice service capacity is an important issue in handling the
user’s requirement. Evolution of the network, technical aspects, standards and
demands required need to be consider to provide maximum number of user in a
network. The goal of planning network architecture to increase the throughput of the
network which is successfully delivers the information from the source to
destination. In addition to that, a network needs to have sufficient user to utilize it
without any waste. Moreover, Quality of service is an important criterion in LTE
network during the radio planning, where it defined as network usage optimization in
addition to a guaranteed service to the subscribers.
During the planning procedure, link budget, service class, coverage threshold, an
appropriate propagation model and appropriate channel allocation strategy will be
addressed. This will include the study of LTE architecture, the important key element
in order to contribute a good network that can provide good range of capacity and
coverage. Lack of strength to support the users in that area may result in drop calls,
slower browsing speed and other technical errors which are indirectly caused by the
capacity the network can support and the coverage area of the network.
In addition to that creating LTE architecture will need some studies on the
important parameters such as cell range, cell radius, propagation model to allow the
calculation of capacity and other relevant parameters.
1.3 Objective
The project is to produce a novel architecture of Long Term Evolution (LTE) by
considering the objectives as below:
1. Propose LTE network architecture in Ipoh City.
2. Number of sites and subscribers that can be supported in Ipoh City with the
study of relationship on identified capacity and coverage range also its
impact on planning process
3. Inspect the relationship of the antenna parameters with the site

configurations.
3
1.4 Scope of Study
LTE Sim simulator will be used as the main platform in this project. Atoll
Radio Planning and Optimization Software version 3.2 is a 64 bit simulator equipped
a platform for wireless network design and optimisation, ease in mobility and also
can varies the frequency and reuse for simulating purpose. It also supports user
equipment (UE) and support in managing the data radio bearers for traffic which may
due from application of multiple physical layers.
The progress of this simulator is through flexible scripting and Service-

oriented architecture (SOA) after modelling a simple network architecture for testing
purpose and improve the network with different parameters. The improvement done
with several manipulative variables such as antenna type, number of users supported
by the coverage and capacity of the antenna, distance that can cover by the antenna
as well the network strength as mentioned before. Before the simulation is start some
parameters need to be calculated and verified with the sample given. This is not to
run out from the scope of the project. Some scripting need to be done this simulation
in order to calculate and verify the parameters of interest. Atoll Radio Planning and
Optimization Software is a virtual type where the software create a virtual window in
order to operate and it works in Windows 7 with some other relevant specification as
requested. Atoll also supports wide range of scenario to be tested and included with
various network type such as GSM but we concentrate on Long Term Evolution
template that have provided by the software.
The final approach of this project will be on getting the best network
architecture to provide a good and strong network of LTE. Protocols, interfaces,
number of users supported, cell radius, number of eNodeB supported, noise power,
interference margin, fading margin and distance that can be covered and type of
antenna are given importance in this project. Propagation techniques such as
Okumura-Hata and Walfisch-Ikegami techniques can be used to develop in order to
calculate the propagation loss of the network channel and other possible calculation
to verify the algorithm which can lead to a good coverage as well study the
behaviour of the antenna.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter explains background study on some of the important element that need
to be acknowledged before proceed with the project. The elements are antenna
features and some important parameters, multiple access technology comprises
method spectrum allocation, propagation modal which is a mathematical formulation
used for network prediction and radio or radio frequency link budget is a stack of
calculation to create a database to be used in simulation.
2.1 Antenna System

Antenna is an equipment that uses to transmit signal or EM wave. Radio wave is
classified as the EM wave. Frequency band is set in the antenna in order to operate
effectively. Impairment might occur in case the transmission and receiver frequency
band does not match [3]. Defined as “a means for radiating or receiving radio waves”
in IEEE Standard Definitions of Term of Antennas [17]. Ariel is classified as a type
of antenna. In other words, antenna is a metal equipment works as transmitter and
receiver of EM wave as the transition medium between free spaces to create long
distance communication. Below is the example of how transmitter and receiver
antenna works:
Figure 2 : Wireless communication link with transmitting and receiving antenna [11]
5
Some of the important parameters that are used in order to select or use an antenna in
order to perform transmission are:
2.1.1 Polarization
Oscillation direction of the electrical field vector is known as polarization [18]. It is
easy to determine the polarisation of an antenna which is by defining the angle and
attenuation of antenna. For EM wave polarization is the plane of the electric wave
vibrates [18].
2.1.2 Propagation Pattern

Radiation pattern or also known as propagation pattern is define as strength or the
power distributed due to radio waves that is transmitted. In communication field it’s
divided into two fields which is H-plane the field components and E-plane the
electrical field components [18].
2.1.3 Half-Power-Beam-Width (HPBW)

A horizontal and vertical plotted points on a diagram to show power of the radiation
reached half of the amplitude of the main radiation is known as HPBW [18]. In
general it is known as aperture antenna with 3dB beamwidth.
2.1.4 Gain
Gain is used to balance the uplink and downlink path loss when designing a network
architecture [12]. Energy can’t be increased using antenna gain but without gain,
antenna radiation direction of the radiation is not controlled. Reference for defining
gain is λ/2-dipole [18].
2.1.5 Impedance
Impedance in the measure of resistance to an electrical signal in an antenna which is
usually adjusted by symmetry or transformation of the circuit [18]. It is important to
make sure that impedance of radio, antenna and transmission line used to be same in
order to perform an efficient antenna configuration. In addition to that, low loss
equipment will help to increase the energy that is transferred between the antenna
and transmission line [3].
6
2.1.6 VSWR
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) antenna compensation value measured to
identify the loss or unusual power that is reflected [18]. The main purpose of
measuring VSWR to know the condition of the cable [17].
There are two main antenna used in communication field which is Directional and
Omnidirectional antenna. These antennas have their own features in order to suit
specific purpose. Both of these antennas consist of the parameters that have been
discussed before. Some of the main features are as below:
2.1.7 Directional antenna

Directional antenna main purpose to project RF energy for longer distance use with
specific direction and receive signal at the direction it is facing [20]. This antenna
effective in near LOS coverage which can be used in between building spaces, for
long corridor and hallways [22]. The main disadvantage of this antenna is where it
does not suit the best for indoor coverage. Figure show radiation of directional
antenna. Some of the common type of antenna used are:
i. Parabolic antenna
ii. Yagi Uda antenna
iii. Dipole antenna
Figure 3 : Directional Antenna Radiation Pattern
7
2.1.8 Omnidirectional antenna
Omnidirectional antenna is an antenna that receive, radiate or intercept EM wave in
all direction except for y-axis or the azimuth plane. This antenna does not radiate or
receive on specific direction on a vertical plane [17]. Narrow down the beam width
on the vertical plane can increase the gain of this antenna [3]. Omnidirectional
antenna is the best used to provide indoor coverage [22].
Figure 4 : Omnidirectional Antenna Radiation Pattern
8
2.2 Multiple access technology
Multiple access technology is to enable multiple users to access the network
simultaneously. These schemes must be able to expand the spectrum efficiency
without common interference to work at its best. There a many different schemes are
introduced as the technologies improve. This includes the modulation methods such
as QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK) in 16QAM and 64QAM. 64QAM and MIMO transmission is the key to
produce high peak data rates in LTE [17].
Figure 5 : Multi access techniques [9]
The main schemes are as below:
1. FDMA: Frequency Domain Multiple Access
FDMA schemes are initially used in the system. This is the simplest schemes where
the switching of network does not affect the channel and frequency allocation for the
system. As the subscribers keep changing, the slot and allocation and network can be
accessed without any problem. Almost all analogue system used this system [16].
Figure 6 : Illustration of FDMA technique [28]
9
2. TDMA: Time Domain Multiple Access
This scheme is mainly for shared medium network. More than one user can allocated
to share the frequency by allocating to different time slot. This is because the
information such as voice or speech will be converted to digital signal and
transmitted the data into short bursts. Any delay during the transmission will be
ignored since it is very small. Thus it becomes easier to locate users in existing slot
to transmit or receive information [16].
Figure 7 : Illustration of TDMA technique [28]
10
3. CDMA: Code Domain Multiple Access
CDMA scheme can allocate more than one user simultaneously for given frequency.
It conveys ADC with combination of spread spectrum technology. The transmission
depends on the code which is the unique pattern so that only user who required with
the same pattern if not rejection might occur. There are trillions patterns are
enhanced in order to keep the privacy and making another same pattern is a hard.
Combination of unique patterns lead to wider spectrum of the signal, but it depends
on the receiver to multiple the same patterns when generating a direct pattern spread
spectrum. This pattern is invisible and will disappear during the process. Same
frequency can be used for different network as the user who receiving is allocated
with different code by the base station and another spreading pattern can be used to
receive information from sender [16].
Figure 8 : Illustration of CDMA technique [28]
11
4. OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
OFDMA uses big amount of closed spaced carrier which is modulated with low data
rate. This scheme is the scheme used in LTE for UMTS / W-CDMA and UMB.
Orthogonal method avoids the signal to interfere with other signals. This scheme
consists of 2 methods which is uplink and downlink [16].
a. Uplink – Transmission from device to the tower. Use OFDMA
b. Downlink – Transmission from tower to device. Use SC-FDMA
Figure 9 : Uplink and Downlink [10]
Parameters such as bandwidth, modulation, coding rate are important when dealing
with physical layer of LTE for calculation of throughput [21]. SC-FDMA and
OFDMA is a FFT based transmission with better peak-to-average power ratio [1].
OFDMA and SC-FDMA is used to solve the issue of multiple accesses in downlink
and uplink respectively in LTE. Users are allocated with different group of
subcarriers at the same time. OFDMA transmit information in orthogonal manner
thus it helps to create multipath for the channel and lower the equalizer complexity at
the receiver end. In the other hand SC-FDMA is based on single carrier modulation
with FDE. FDE here is the frequency domain equalizer [9].
12
2.3 Propagation Model
There are several types of propagation model used to plan a network architecture.
These propagation model is divided into 3 classes according to environment of the
site we are investing. The most common model used Okumura-Hata this is but in this
project we are implementing Cost Hata since it suits with the specification that have
been set for this propagation model [5]. Okumura used for urban areas with the
frequency range as per in the Table 2. Moreover Okumura Hata have the base station
height of 30 – 1000 meter where the distance were set to 1 – 20 kilometre [8]. Table
2 explains the features of other propagation model that can be used for network
architecture planning.
Table 1 : Propagation model features
Propagation Frequency Geographical Profile Recommendation

model (MHz)
ITU 370-7 Profile : Terrain Distance = above 10 km

100 to 400 Low frequencies Broadcast
ITU 1546 Profile : Terrain Distance = 1 between 1000 km

30 – 3000 Land and maritime mobile,
broadcast
ITU 526-5 Profile : Terrain Fixed receivers
(theoretical) 30 - 10000 WLL
ITU 529-3 Profile : Terrain Distance = 1 between 100 km
300 - 1500 Clutter : Statistical GSM 900, CDMA2000, LTE
(at receiver)
Okumura - Profile : Terrain Distance = 1 between 20 km
Hata 150 - 1000 Clutter : Statistical GSM 900, CDMA2000, LTE
(at receiver)
Cost - Hata Profile : Terrain Distance = 1 between 20 km
1500 - 2000 Clutter : Statistical GSM 1800, UMTS, CDMA200
(at receiver) 0,LTE
Standard Profile : Terrain Distance = 1 between 20 km

Propagation 150 - 3500 Clutter : Statistical GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000,Wi
Model (at receiver) MAX, LTE
13
Erecg - Profile : Terrain Distance = 100 m between 8 km
Greenstein 1900 - 6000 Clutter : Statistical Urban and suburban areas
(SUI) (at receiver) Fixed WiMAX
Sakagami Profile : Terrain 1 < d < 20 km
Extended 3000 - 8000 Clutter : Statistical WiMAX
(at receiver)
Cross Profile : Terrain Any engineering (micro, mini,
Wave Model 200 - 5000 Clutter : Statistical or small and macro cells)
deterministic GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000,
3D building WiMAX, LTE
2.4 Radio link Budget

The main purpose of calculating link budget is to identify all the transmission gains
and losses between receiver and transmitter. Identifying these factors can help to
optimize and recover the maximum loss of the transmission. Parameters such as
power of transmission, gains from antenna, system losses, diversity gains, fading
margins and other important measures [2]. The relevant formulas is mentioned in the
related calculation section of the report. Figure 10 shows the main steps for link
budget calculation process.
Maximum
Select suitable Determine Tools database
Allowed Path
Propagation Antenna preparationan
Loss (MAPL)
Model specifications d verification
estimation
Figure 10 : Link Budget Process
14
2.4.1 Capacity Dimensioning
Predicting the capacity requires certain parameters before the simulation such as
number of site, size of the cell and some other important parameters. Capacity
planning is one of the objective of the project, thus it is important to study the impact
and effectiveness of capacity applied on the network architecture that have been
created. Theoretically capacity is limited by eNodeB (eNBs) in the network [2].
Factors that will be affecting the capacity of a network were the interference and
noise during the transmission. Increasing number of users exceeding the maximum
load or the range that can be applied to a cell will lead to high noise and interference.
To evaluate capacity of a network we need to [2]:
A. Derive the cell radius after estimating cell throughput and other settings.
B. Analyse the traffic demands of the area that comprises:
i. Number of users
ii. Geographical spread of user
2.4.2 Coverage Dimensioning

Coverage measure mainly after the simulation. It is done by defining transmitter,
signal level, downlink throughput, Signal to noise ratio (SINR) [6]. Coverage
estimation should be the first step before starting the simulation to obtain the result
related to capacity. In addition to that QoS also included in coverage dimension
process where defining the user related specification and parameters. DL and UL
were one of the output that can be obtained from this process. Number of the sites
can be calculated during base on coverage we obtained with relevant formula and
data [2].
Dimensioning of both coverage and capacity can be followed as the figure:
Information and data collection
Network Deployment Requirement
Coverage and Capacity Design
Estimation of number of sites required
Figure 11 : Dimensioning of Capacity and coverage to obtain Number of sites
15
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Methodology here describes the process of the project from the scratch until result is
obtained. This includes time lines which is the Gantt chart and flow chart to elaborate
more on how this project is done.
3.1 Procedure pathway

Planning a network is a challenging task that need a lot of data, calculations and
the result form this planning should give an satisfactory capacity and coverage
that can compensate the demand of the users. But before continuing with the
simulation part, research had been done by collecting the methods, results and
theory to help in this project. This is the first part of the project and more to
literature review portion. FYP 1 is allocated more on theory rather than FYP 2
which is hand on.
There are more than hundreds on research is done on LTE network planning but
each have their own specifications and area. Thus, they can’t be used exactly to
be implemented in this project but it is recommended to learn the way they have
presented and done the project in their own way. Some difficulties have been
faced during the research part where most of the planning is done using
MATLAB and other software. Where else, in this project LTE Sim is introduced
at first.
LTE Sim is a tool works best in Linux windows, using the tool in Windows 7
might not work at it best. Therefore, a computer requested in order to install this
software to be used in my FYP 2. Unluckily they takes about more than a week
to get a computer which have delayed the time to start the simulation earlier. In
the other hand, Ubuntu is tried to install in personal laptop to be used but some
software problem arises during the usage. Next Mr. Firas had suggest to use
other software that can make my work easier without any programming which is
Atoll 2.8 version and TEMS Cell Planner.
To obtain this software request letter has sent to Maxis, Digi and the vendors
Ericsson, Ascom and Huawei to get at least the trial version. It was unsuccessful.
16
Mr Firas manage to get the TEMS Cell planner and Atoll version 2.8 and also
the latest version 3.2 from one of his colleague.
Stepping to the phase two which is the FYP2, there are 3 phase to plan LTE
network which are initial planning, detailed planning and optimisation of the
network. In this project objective is opened for the first and second phase only,
where optimization is not in the scope of this project.
Initial planning consist of collecting some data and information about the desired
coverage area which is Ipoh City, the QoS criteria, capacity or coverage
requirement and the range of service that can be provided. Under the initial
planning we have the dimensioning process that this project concentrated is on
network configuration, link budget, capacity estimation and traffic estimation.
This is done by taking some formulas from journals, books and relevant websites
to help in link budget. Link budget calculation is done in Microsoft Excel to ease
the tedious type of calculation and to make sure there is no error in the values.
Additional dimensioning process that is not included is business model input and
financial clarification or anything regarding cost.
Detailed planning is the second phase in network planning which contributes on

site selection, coverage and capacity planning, configuration planning such as
antenna configuration, information from the geographical location of Ipoh and
parameters planning and estimation. In order to design a network architecture it
is important to study the geographical of the area which also known as
geographic information system (GIS). There are different data types that have
different roles in Atoll documents. GIS is important to acknowledge whether the
network design suits the site that we are planning. In Atoll we can export or
create our own traffic map. Traffic map here means to determine the density of
user distribution in the location. Atoll provides 3 types of traffic maps which is
sector, user profile and user density traffic map. User density traffic map are
used in this project with 2 types of user profile that will be explained in Chapter
4.
After collecting all the relevant database for simulation we use the user manual
that have been provided to lead step by step to create the simulation. Set the
number of user to each environment, set the parameters according to out link
17
budget, such as the power, frequency band to be used, cell radius and number of
sites needed. Since the project are going to focus more on the Greentown area,
the transmitters are placed in the Greentown. The first reason is because that is
most populated area in Ipoh city and other places are very less and most of the
user’s maximum utilization expected to be when they are at work. Second reason
is, out the Greentown area a mostly rural areas where the exposure of LTE is
very less. In the other hand, we have minimized the number of sites from 22 to
10 which is 45.5% lesser than the calculation estimation. If predicted using the
22 sites will produce 100% coverage what would be the coverage and capacity
percentage if using just 10 transmitters? This question is will be answered via
this project.
Finally implementing all this settings in Atoll, simulation work had started. At
first ACP (Automatic Cell Planning) is used for the simulation but it is too
advance for this project scope. Therefor 2 types of prediction which is Coverage
of Throughput for Uplink and Downlink were selected, simulation for
connectivity which will calculate the total number of user connected, not
connected, no coverage, no service and Uplink Downlink users. Additionally
interference had been calculated to determine the best server in this network
planning. After the simulation data is collected and saved in Excel files to ease
the transfer of the values. To get the desired result we need to keep track on the
antenna configuration and the parameters that is used in order to achieve the
objective. Maxis LTE network antenna specification used as the guideline to
proceed with the simulations. Results have been displayed in the Chapter 4.
Relevant discussion after a thorough analysis of the result will lead to achieving
the objective of the project. A methodology chart have been created to simplify
the work flow of the simulation process. This chart explains briefly on the
process how to set up a project in the Atoll tools.
18
1.2 Methodology Chart
The methodology chart illustrates the procedure path.
Chart 1 : Methodology chart
19
1.3 Network Architecture Design
A good communication is obtained through well planned network that able to fulfil
the users demand. To design the network architecture first we need to decide on the
number of sites and transmitter needed to suit LTE interface to produce suitable
coverage and capacity to support the users. Changes in the number of users will
change in the requirement and therefore might affect the number of sites in order to
provide a good network.
In the other hand, antenna specification is investigated during the design work. Since
LTE uses MIMO method where it consist of two antenna to deliver fast speed signal
compare to other networks. This includes the electrical and mechanical properties of
the antenna. As the progress of the project improves, more calculation are to be
carried out to obtained values that will lead the project to achieve the objective such
as the number of user per site, relationship and impact of coverage and capacity on
the network planning.
In the end of the project, deliverables that expected to be present are such as:
a. Novel design architecture for LTE network.

b. Number of sites required for Ipoh city to provide good coverage and capacity.
c. Estimation for future demands of users in terms of number of sites to provide
satisfactory network coverage and capacity.
d. Antenna specification which can contribute to achieve the objective.
Figure 12 : Simple LTE network architecture design
20
1.4 Tools Used
Tools that used for the RF network planning is Atoll Radio Planning and
Optimization Software version 3.2 which provides a comprehensive and integrated
set of tools and features to create and define radio‐planning in a single application
[5]. Atoll uses familiar Windows interface elements to make it as user friendly and it
is easy to integrate with other program or software such as MapInfo and Google
Earth.
1.4.1 Atoll Radio Planning and Optimisation Software
Atoll is a simulation with less scripting and Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA)

mechanism based which is the first LTE network planning software. Atoll comprises
different geographical data to help in simulation on planning and dimensioning the
network. Version 3.2 is released on 2014 provides a wide selection of tools to
facilitate radio‐planning, such as a search tool to locate either a site, a point on the
map, or a vector [Atoll manual]. In addition to that Atoll provides automated
calculation and decision in order to ease the simulation. Atoll support technologies as
listed below:
a. LTE
b. GSM/GPRS/EDGE
c. UMTS/HSPA
d. CDMA2000 1xRTT/EV-DO
e. WIMAX/BWA
f. Wi-Fi
g. Microwave Links
h. TD-SCDMA
Atoll includes unlimited possibilities and improved performance to support increase

in demand of network planning such as multi-technology Monte Carlo simulation
and other predictions. With highly performed GIS developed with large scale and
high resolution geographical lead to a good data manipulation of network planning as
well optimisation. Multiple type of file supported in order to ease the user to work
with this software. Multiple modelling network, provided ACP (Automatic Cell
Planning) to give further network optimisation plan. With the help of Atoll’s C++
21
SDK implementation of functional value added module can be customized. In the
manual provided, each simulation and result are explained step by step for beginners.
Additionally, tips and tricks are given for the user to master. Atoll is a virtual
software with multi user base that can be used in various machine and compatible to
Windows 7. Atoll allow the user to convert their report or result into other files
format such as Excel files or text files for data collection. It is a very useful software
for RF planning and there are many features that can be found especially for those
who are expert under network planning.
Atoll allows to design the base station, number of sites on the location and calculate
some parameters automatically without any manual scripting. Additional features can
be added or created such as creating special antenna to be replaced in the simulation
for better performance. Coverage and capacity of the network can be easily seen via
colours or by numbers in the software. Almost all parameters can be edited before or
after the simulation. Atoll allow us to study more than we needed from this project,
this will help to understand the behaviour of the network we have created very well.
22
1.5 Gantt chart Final Year Project I and II
1.5.1 Gantt chart Final Year Project I:
DURATION (WEEK)
DESCRIPTION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
TITLE SELECTION/PROPOSAL √
LITERATURE REVIEW √ √ √ √ √ √ √
EXTENDED PROPOSAL √ √
SOFTWARE INSTALLING AND CONFIGURATION √ √ √
LINUX OS PC REQUEST √ √
PROPOSAL DEFENSE √
PROGRESS EVALUATION √
Project Work in Progress √ √
DRAFT REPORT/INTERIM √
FINAL REPORT/INTERIM REPORT √
Chart 2 : Gantt chart FYP I
24
1.5.2 Gantt chart Final Year Project II:
DURATION (WEEK)
DESCRIPTION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SELECTION OF PARAMETERS √ √
NETWORK DESIGNING √ √ √
SIMULATION OF NETWORK ARCHITECTURE √ √ √
PROGRESS REPORT √
SIMULATION AND PARAMETER COMPARISON √ √ √ √ √
ELECTREX √
DRAFT FINAL REPORT √ √
FINAL REPORT √ √
TECHNICAL PAPER √ √
VIVA STUDY WEEK
Chart 3 : Gantt chart FYP II
25
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

This chapter will show the parameters that have been used throughout this project as
well some conversion to fit into the Atoll simulator to obtain the best results. The
results will be analysed to conclude the best antenna and parameters that can be used
in order to provide the best coverage and capacity by supporting the maximum user.
Additionally we will analyse the interference and also the power to optimise the
obtained result.
4.1 Input Data

Input date here is the parameter that implemented in simulation to obtain the result.
In addition to that, the map used as the input of traffic map is compared to show it is
similar to the real area map.
4.1.1 Geographical area
Figure 13 : Ipoh City area [25]
26
Ipoh is the capital city of Perak Darul Ridzuan. Ipoh consist of 643 km 2 from 21035
km2. Perak is known as second largest state in Peninsular Malaysia. Population of
Perak is about 2.447 million (2013) and Ipoh consist of 213 578 [25]. Statistically
Ipoh is about 8.73 % of Perak population with 3.05% area. In this project we are
focusing on the Green town and with population demand of 20 000 which is about
150 km2 of Ipoh city. Green town is the area most of the business and transactions
are made compare to other small towns such as Batu Gajah. Therefore it is important
to study the demographic of the area to help in LTE user estimation. In addition to
that this information will help in creating the traffic map which is difficult to obtain
from the online source.
In order to estimate population of user according to the area which also known as
traffic map. An approximate map comprising the environment is need to be created.
According to the Ipoh’s real map and it’s industrial also business distribution, a map
created in Figure 14.
Figure 14: Area Statistic of Ipoh City
27
As mentioned in the figure, the total area is 643 km2 which the total area of Ipoh
City. This have been illustrated in Atoll map for simulation.
Rural Area
Suburban Area
Urban Area
Figure 15: Ipoh City Traffic Map
Comparing both of the map from the Google earth and map that have been created in
Atoll gives almost 99% similarities. Figure 15 show the both images for comparison.
Figure 16 : Comparing map from Google Earth and Atoll traffic map
28
4.1.2 User Distribution
User distribution is a prediction of user population in Ipoh city which have divided
into Business and Standard User as in the table with some specifications.
Table 2 : User profile and specifications
User Service Terminal Calls/ Duratio UL DL Volume

Profiles hour n (sec.) Volume (KB)
(KB)
Standard Mobile Internet MIMO 0.1 700 4,500
User Access Terminal
VoIP Mobile 0.2 240
Terminal
Business High Speed MIMO 0.05 2,000 15,000
User Internet Terminal
Video MIMO 0.01 600
Conferencing Terminal
VoIP Mobile 0.2 240
Terminal
Mobile Internet MIMO 0.1 700 4,500
Access Terminal
By using this users profile we have set the distribution or the density of the users
according to Traffic map as in Table 4. This will help to identify the maximum user
that can be supported and the position of most LTE users are found. The user’s
mobility were selected to be fixed in order to maintain the total number of user in the
respective area. Each environment have different density of user except for
Environment 4 which is used as the forest area or area without any residents.
Table 3 : User profile density according to environment
Environment User Profile Density Number of Users
Urban Business User 84.37 12,609.7
Standard User 49.98 7,469.7
Suburban Standard User 1.71 58.9
Rural Standard User 0.07 31.1
29
4.1.3 Other Input Parameters
These parameters are obtained from the link budget calculation. Some of the
important formulas are explained in Chapter 4.2.
Table 4 : Link budget parameters
Parameters Symbol Unit Value

Frequency f MHz 1800
Bandwidth B 360000
Effective (Isotropic) Radiated Power EIRP (UL) dBm 24
Body Loss Lb dB 0
TX power Pt dB 43
TX antenna gain Gt dBi 18
BS Antenna Height hb m 30*
Mobile height hr m 1.5
Rx Antenna Gain Gr dBi 18
Rx Loss Lr dB 4
Rx Noise Nr dBm -102.28
Noise Figure Nf dB 2
Interference Margin Im dB 2
Path Loss L dB 140.6923281
Free Space Path Loss FSPL dB 108.301832
Area of Hexagon shape of one
HeNBsite sqkm 30.92360211
eNodeB site
DL Cell Average Capacity a (Mbps) 8.9
Busy Hour DL Cell Loading b (%) 15
DL Cell Capacity in BH c (Mbps) 133.5

Peak to Average Ratio d (%) 20
BH DL Throughput/Sub. e (Kbps) 120
Sector Number/site f 3*
Subs supported in a site g 0.158928571
Max UE Power Transmission dBm 33
30
152.8244871
Maximum Allowable Path Loss MAPL
Link Distance d m 3.5
Path Loss (Hata Model) Lhata dB 137.0227547
Cell Radius (Hata Model) Rcell-Hata km 0.537903404

Rcell-Hata km 3.45067
Select Cell Radius according to
km 3.45
Propagation Model
Cell Area Acell km2 20.591325
Inner Site Distance D km 6.9
Site Area Asite km2 61.773975
Area to cover A km2 175
Cell Range km 6.9
Number of PRB 50
Power per PRB dBm 31
Area of hexagonal shapefor one
Ahex 7.73067375
eNodeB site
No of eNodeB for coverage 22.63709551
NOTE: * Values may vary
These parameters were calculated and some are extracted from [2] to maintain the
assumption values to be correct and does not deviate from the real value that have
been using worldwide. These values may vary according to country or might be
changeable in the future.
31
4.1.4 Propagation Model
There are a lot of model that can be adapted, I have chosen Cost Hata as the
propagation model due to some specification that suit Ipoh City area. Furthermore,
most of the research is done on Urban areas are done by using Okumura Hata which
is similar to Cost Hata but different in frequency range. In addition to that, Cost Hata
model is nearer to the value that will be used in the simulation according to the
calculated values compare to the Okumura Hata values. The criteria that used to
select propagation model is as in the Table 4.
Table 5 : Propagation model criteria
Criteria Range Value used (Calculation)

Frequency (MHz) 1500 - 2000 1800
Base Station Antenna Height (m) 30 – 200 15 - 30
Link Distance (Km) 1 – 20 3.5
Mobile Antenna Height (m) 1 - 20 1.5
4.1.5 Types of Antenna
The table explains the antenna type that provided by Atoll with the features that have
been implemented in this project.
Table 6 : Antenna and specifications
Name Gain Comments Pattern Half-power Min Max

(dBi) Electrical Beamwidth Frequency Frequency
Tilt (°) (MHz) (MHz)
30deg 18dBi 0Tilt 18 1800 MHz 0 30 1,710 1,900
1800MHz
33deg 18dBi 0Tilt 18 1800 MHz 0 33 1,710 1,900
1800MHz
60deg 18dBi 0Tilt 18 1800 MHz 0 60 1,710 1,900
1800MHz
65deg 18dBi 0Tilt 18 1800 MHz 0 65 1,710 1,900
1800MHz
70deg 18dBi 0Tilt 18 Smart 0 70 1,710 1,900
(SA Broadcast) antenna
broadcast
pattern
90deg 14.5dBi 18 Smart 0 90 1,710 1,900
3Tilt (SA antenna
Element) element
pattern
Omni 18dBi 0Tilt 18 1800 MHz 0 360 1,710 1,900
1800MHz
32
4.2 Related Calculations
There are a lot of calculation involved in the simulation. All the calculations are done
in Excel files with the help of Excel formulas to have a precise values as well to save
time doing manual calculations.
4.2.1 Geographical coordinate converter

The coordinate of Ipoh city area from Google earth is converted from latitude and
longitude to x and y coordinates to be edited in Atoll simulator for traffic map.
Table 7 : Coordinate of Ipoh city area
Name Longitude Latitude °N Longitude, Latitude, X coordinate Y

°E ° (Y) ° (X) coordinate
A 101.1206034 4.73630018 101° 7' 4° 44' 735222.9926 523874.985

14.1708" 10.6794" 3
B 101.0862711 4.71850813 101° 5' 4° 43' 731418.9849 521895.445
10.575" 6.6282" 4
C 101.1552789 4.72124540 101° 9' 4° 43' 739076.2462 522221.557
19.0038" 16.4814" 8
D 101.1786249 4.66547144 101° 10' 4° 39' 741686.3601 516060.084
43.0494" 55.6956" 7
E 101.1626604 4.59104224 101° 9' 4° 35' 739939.5823 507821.594
45.576" 27.7506" 3
F 101.1511216 4.49650901 101° 9' 4° 29' 738689.9094 497360.987
4.0392" 47.4318" 5
G 101.1044297 4.48008006 101° 6' 4° 28' 733511.8268 495528.665
15.9474" 48.288" 7
H 101.0048661 4.51499114 101° 0' 4° 30' 722448.8492 499359.005
17.5176" 53.9676" 6
I 101.0254655 4.59644379 101° 1' 4° 35' 724710.0796 508374.469
31.677" 47.1978" 5
J 101.0604844 4.68883678 101° 3' 4° 41' 728567.0528 518605.018
37.7424" 19.8132" 2
K 101.0714708 4.72579056 101° 4' 4° 43' 729774.1544 522696.046
17.2956" 32.8476" 4
L 101.0920701 4.50746144 101° 5' 4° 30' 732131.1036 498553.399
31.452" 26.8596"
M 101.0182557 4.55161175 101° 1' 5.721" 4° 33' 723923.8126 503413.544
5.8032" 5
N 101.0718141 4.70491876 101° 4' 4° 42' 729819.1163 520387.543
18.5304" 17.7084"
33
4.2.2 Antenna Down tilt Angle
By using the height of the base antenna height and remote antenna height we can
calculate the tilt angle or the distance. Below is the illustrations and formula used:
Figure 17: Example of the remote antenna and base antenna placement [26]
Formula:
Hb − Hr Hb − Hr
Angle = Tan−1 ( ) [26]
Distance = Tan A [26] D
𝐷
Hb = Height of base antenna
Hr = Height of remote antenna
D = Distance
A = Downtilt Angle (°)
34
4.2.3 Downtilt Coverage Radius
Downtilt coverage radius can be used to predict the coverage than can be produce by the
antenna according to antenna height that we have set. This may vary if the parameters are
changed. Below is the illustration and formula used:
Figure 18 : Example of down tilt coverage [27]
Formula:
Inner Radius Distance Outer Radius Distance

H H
B B
Tan(A + 2 ) Tan(A − 2 )
= [27] = [27]
D D
B = Bandwidth
D = Distance (km)
A = Downtilt Angle (˚)
A. Signal to noise ratio [23]

i. Thermal noise , NT
NT = 10 log10 (kT∆f)
T = Temperature [Kelvin]
k = Boltzmann constant
B = Bandwidth
35
ii. SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) [23]
MHA Gain × Tx Power

SINR =
NT × Interference
4.2.3 Path loss

Path loss also known as the path attenuation where is a calculation of power density reduction
or the attenuation of an EM wave as the wave propagates in space. The major component of
link budget is the path loss.
[24]
L = Pt + Gt − Lb − SINR + Gr − Lr − Nr []
Pt - Transmitter Power
Gt - Transmitter Antenna Gain (dBi)
Lb - Body Loss (dB)
Gr - Receiver Antenna Gain (dBi)
Lr - Receiver Loss (dB) 0.5
Nr - Receiver Noise (dBm)
4.2.4 Cell radius

Using Cost Hata propagation model, LTE cell radius determined with the following formula
[23]:
d = cell radius (km)
Cm = 3 dB and 0 dB for urban area
hb = Base station antenna height (m)
f = Downlink or Uplink frequency (Hz)
36
4.2.5 Cell area
Acell = 𝐾 × 𝑅 2 [23]
R = cell radius (km)
K = Constant according too number of sector
Table 8 : Cell layout K parameter
Cell Layout K
Omni 2.6
2 sector 1.95
3 sector (BW ≤ 90) 1.73
3 sector (BW ˃ 90) 2.6
6 sector 2.6
4.2.6 Site Area
A site = A cell × S [23]
S = Sector number
4.2.7 ENodeB Number

𝐴
𝑁𝑒𝑁𝐵 = [23]
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
A = Total area to cover
37
4.2.6 Uplink Dimensioning
Uplink basically known as the method of sending information from ground level to antenna
or satellite in the space. If only uplink process happened it’s known as download which a one
way communication. Formula below can be used to calculate the uplink frequency of the
Uplink: MAPL = EIRPUL- SeNB – LNF – IMUL – Lpen – LbodyLoss+ GeNB Antenna +GeNB TMA
network:
4.2.7 Downlink Dimensioning

Downlink known as the transmission of data or signal from the satellite to the ground level. If
only downlink process is happening, it is known as the download process. Two way
communication created if both uplink and downlink happens at the same time. The formula
Downlink: MAPL = EIRPDL- SUE – LNF – IMDL – Lpen – LbodyLoss+GEU Antenna
below can be used to calculate the downlink frequency of the network:
Where;
 MAPL - Maximum Allowable Path Loss

 EIRP: Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
 S-Rx: Receiver Sensitivity
 LNF: log normal fading margin
 IM: Interference Margin
 G -antenna: Antenna Gain
 G-shad - Gain Against Shadowing
 L-pen - Penetration loss
 L-feeder: Feeder Loss
 L-body - Body Loss
38
4.3 Simulation Results
4.3.1 Parameter setting
Important properties that have been set in order to get the desired network coverage
and capacity. There are 3 important parameters are changed in order to obtain the
best coverage, capacity and maximum user that can be supported. According to the
objective, antenna and its parameters are important since we are investigating the
relationship between the impact of antenna towards the network coverage and
capacity. Figure 18 illustrates the parameters that are involved in the simulation to
achieve the objective.
Antenna Mechancial
Downtilt
Transmission Number
Power of Sector
Antenna Height
Figure 19 : Variable inputs that involved in simulation
Table 9 : Parameter and the range used
Parameter Range
Antenna Mechanical Downtilt (˚) 0 - 10
Antenna Height (m) 15 - 30
Number of Sector 3 and 6
Transmission Power (dBm) 43 - 47
39
4.3.2 Antenna Study
Simulation with all the estimated parameters shows that antenna plays an important
part in designing a network. In LTE network designing there are some specifications
need to be satisfied in order to achieve the standard of the network. Thus, from
antenna till setting the parameters as well placing the site is important. Antenna
polarization, wavelength, bandwidth and other antenna parameters. Beginning study
of antenna is essential in order to understand the features and specification. Some of
the parameters are maintained as a constant since the real value can’t be obtained.
The antenna are changed to be similar to the antenna that Maxis is using currently to
produce LTE network in Malaysia which is the Agisson ATR451606 Triband
Antenna (G900/W900, G1800/L1800, and W2100/L2600). In this project, seven
types of antenna have be used to select the best medium to be used to prove LTE
network. Each antenna’s gain and electrical tilt are sustained as mentioned above.
After choosing the best antenna type, mechanical tilt and height, we continue
simulation to find the best transmission power that can fit to perform at its best.
Mechanical tilting here is antenna tilting without changing the input signal phase and
electrical tilting here is changing the input signal phase to change the direction of
signal to be transmitted.
40
4.4 Capacity
4.4.1 3 Sector antenna
A. Antenna 33 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 30 DEGREE
16000
TOTAL NUMBER OF USER
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
30_15 10935 10960 10622 10327 9672 8918
30_20 11564 11691 11342 11093 10509 9754
30_25 12261 12283 12137 11899 11266 10658
30_30 14214 14373 14252 14120 13215 12614
Graph 1: Antenna 30 degree
The graph illustrates the result from antenna 30 degree varying the mechanical tilt
and height. The results shows that mechanical tilt with 2˚ with the height 30 meter
gives the highest total number of user connected.
B. Antenna 33 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 33 DEGREE
16000
14000
12000
10000
CONNECTED
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
33_15 10274 10957 8979 7096 5193 4555
33_20 11209 11685 10127 8124 6479 5550
33_25 11695 12201 10792 8857 7222 6412
33_30 13991 14511 12958 10611 8228 6811
Graph 2 : Antenna 33 degree
41
C. Antenna 60 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 60 DEGREE
TOTAL NUMBER OF USER 16000
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
65_15 13144 13265 12799 11818 10502 8299
65_20 13720 13952 13666 12595 11515 9104
65_25 14031 14394 14231 13297 12222 10006
65_30 14347 14567 14292 13857 12725 10649
D. Antenna 65 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 65 DEGREE
18000
16000
14000
CONNECTED
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
60_15 13253 13294 12757 11776 10136 7397
60_20 13859 14099 13557 12690 11036 8432
60_25 14181 14273 13966 13180 12032 9328
60_30 15993 16168 16261 15134 14241 11064
42
E. Antenna 70 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 70 DEGREE
16000
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
70_15 12953 13379 11679 9570 7921 6114
70_20 13975 14176 12371 10620 8944 7231
70_25 14479 14985 13309 11479 9764 7922
70_30 15480 16233 16221 13981 11839 9224
F. Antenna 90 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 90 DEGREE
18000
16000
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
90_15 12784 13497 13232 13139 12943 8311
90_20 13928 14065 13709 12496 10717 9304
90_25 14400 14469 14608 11396 13118 13027
90_30 15579 15960 15268 11836 11836 10185
43
G. Omni antenna with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA OMNI
14000
12000
10000
CONNECTED
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
omni_15 10975 11083 11293 11735 12430 12914
omni_20 10970 11138 11370 11889 12767 13496
omni_25 10853 11021 11419 12076 13065 13786
omni_30 8473 8902 9555 10795 12627 14239
Graph 7 : Omni antenna
The graph illustrates the result from Omni antenna varying the mechanical tilt and
height. The results shows that mechanical tilt with 10˚ with the height 30 meter gives
the highest total number of user connected.
44
4.4.2 6 Sector antenna
A. Antenna 30 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 30 DEGREE
16000
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
30_15 13261 13462 13132 12604 11768 10345
30_20 13863 14051 13807 13475 12467 11204
30_25 14555 14599 14327 14032 13260 11975
30_30 14949 15106 14756 14199 13731 12594
Graph 8 : Antenna 30 degree (6 sector)
The graph illustrates the result from antenna 30 degree with 6 sector and varying the
mechanical tilt and height. The results shows that mechanical tilt with 2˚ with the
height 30 meter gives the highest total number of user connected.
B. Antenna 33 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 33 DEGREE
16000
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
33_15 12335 13268 10467 7708 6195 5707
33_20 13278 14012 11350 8785 7219 6540
33_25 13894 14510 12288 9566 7831 7306
33_30 14627 14760 12884 10258 8264 7868
45
C. Antenna 60 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 60 DEGREE
14000
12000
10000
CONNECTED
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
60_15 13457 13530 12933 11885 10210 8774
60_20 14056 14138 13518 12301 10988 9654
60_25 14288 14453 14107 12949 11675 10294
60_30 14388 14600 14073 13396 12272 11091
D. Antenna 65 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 65 DEGREE
16000
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
65_15 13060 13181 12686 11777 10337 9066
65_20 13548 13669 13285 12546 11066 9916
65_25 13740 13856 13495 12853 11731 10412
65_30 13991 14122 13891 13182 12238 12238
46
E. Antenna 70 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 70 DEGREE
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
70_15 12863 13348 11534 9937 8479 7390
70_20 13606 13740 12159 10870 9565 8304
70_25 13867 14118 12801 11459 10145 9069
70_30 14103 14484 13367 11806 10838 9720
F. Antenna 90 degree with multiple mechanical tilt and height
ANTENNA 90 DEGREE
16000
14000
12000
CONNECTED
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
90_15 12554 12896 11343 10236 9350 8960
90_20 13073 13461 11956 11054 10193 9786
90_25 13383 13708 12463 11633 10801 10402
90_30 13640 13818 12801 12039 11355 10887
47
G. Omni antenna with multiple mechanical tilt and height
OMNI ANTENNA
12000
10000
CONNECTED
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Omni_15 10341 10284 10425 10906 11712 12505
Omni_20 10273 10323 10567 11173 11895 12738
Omni_25 10421 10552 10578 11199 12187 12744
Omni_30 10558 10597 10743 11440 12143 13080
Graph 14 : Omni antenna
The graph illustrates the result from Omni antenna with 6 sector and varying the
48
4.4.3 Comparison of Result
The graph shows the comparison by taking the antenna and mechanical tilt that gives
the most number of total user that can be connected using both 6 sector and 3 sector
antenna.
A. 3 sector antenna
Comparison between best antenna (3 sector)

Total number of user connected
16500
16000
15500
15000
14500
14000
13500
13000
30 33 60 65 70 90 OMNI
TOTAL CONENCTED 14373 14511 14567 16261 16233 15960 14239
Graph 15 : Comparison best result from each antenna (3 sector)
As shown in the graph, antenna 65 degree with tilt of 4˚ and height of antenna 30
metre gives the best result among other antennas.
B. 6 sector antenna
Comparison between best antenna (6 sector)

Total number of user connected
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
30 33 60 65 70 90 OMNI
TOTAL CONENCTED 15106 14760 14600 14122 14484 13818 10597
Graph 16 : Comparison best result from each antenna (3 sector)
As shown in the graph, antenna 30 degree with tilt of 2˚ and height of antenna 30
metre gives the best result among other antennas.
49
4.5 Data
This section will show the average data in High Speed Internet, Mobile Internet.
Video
Conferencing and Voice over IP (VoIP) for Uplink and Downlink. These data are
taken only for best tilt and height with the best antenna that gives maximum number
of user supported for both 3 sector and 6 sector.
a. 3 sector – Antenna 65 degree, height 30 metre, mechanical tilt 4˚
Table 10 : Data speed from Antenna 65 degree, height 30 metre and mechanical tilt of 4˚ (3 sector)
Application
Average Data Speed (kbps)
High Speed Internet (DL) 10.30
High Speed Internet (UL) 15.30
Mobile Internet Access (DL) 40.69
Mobile Internet Access (UL) 10.71
Video Conferencing (DL) 1.20
Video Conferencing (UL) 1.07
VoIP (DL) 2.62
VoIP (UL) 2.62
b. 6 sector – Antenna 30 degree, height 30 metre, mechanical tilt 2˚
Table 11 : Data speed from Antenna 65 degree, height 30 metre and mechanical tilt of 4˚ (6 sector)
Application
Average Data Speed (kbps)
High Speed Internet (DL) 12.26
High Speed Internet (UL) 15.15
Mobile Internet Access (DL) 27.95
Mobile Internet Access (UL) 10.81
Video Conferencing (DL) 1.21
Video Conferencing (UL) 1.22
VoIP (DL) 3.06
VoIP (UL) 3.01
Comparing both data speed collected from the antenna that gives the best result for 3
sector and 6 sector, for High Speed Internet (DL), High Speed Internet (UL), and
Mobile Internet Access (DL) 3 sector antenna gives better result compare to 6 sector.
Where else for Mobile Internet Access (UL), Video conferencing (DL), Video
conferencing (UL), VoIP (DL) and VoIP (UL) antenna with sector 6 gives better
result compare to 3 sector antenna.
50
4.6 Interference
Interference is a signal that contain noise or signal that is modified from its original
from before reaching the receiver from the source. This is usually caused by different
type of noise that make unwanted signal added into a good signal.
4.6.1 3 sector antenna

A. Antenna 30 degree
Co-channel Interference Probability (%)

12.00
10.00
Probability (%)
8.00
15
6.00
20
4.00 25
30
2.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
Graph 17 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) Antenna 30 degree
In the graph show the interference between the co-channel and its average
probability percentage. According to the graph, antenna 30 degree with height 30
and using mechanical tilt 2˚ gives the lowest percentage of interference
probability.
51
B. Antenna 33 degree

6.00
Probability (%) 5.00
4.00
15m
3.00
20m
2.00 25m
1.00 30m
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt˚
and using mechanical tilt 2˚ gives the lowest percentage.
C. Antenna 60 degree

12.00
10.00
Probability (%)
8.00
15m
6.00
20m
4.00 25m
2.00 30m
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
D. Antenna 65 degree
52
5
4.5
4
3.5
Probability (%) 3
15m
2.5
20m
2
25m
1.5
1 30m
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
E. Antenna 70 degree

6.00
5.00
Probability (%)
4.00
15m
3.00
20m
2.00 25m
1.00 30m
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
F. Antenna 90 degree
53
8
6
Probability (%)
5
15m
4
20m
3 25m
2 30m
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
G. Omni antenna

14
12
10
Probability (%)
8 15m
6 20m
25m
4
30m
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
Graph 23 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) Omni Antenna
probability percentage. According to the graph, Omni antenna with height 25 and
using mechanical tilt 10˚ gives the lowest percentage.
54
4.6.2 6 sector antenna
A. Antenna 30 degree

3.00
2.50
Probability (%)
2.00
15m
1.50
20m
1.00 25m
0.50 30m
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
Graph 24 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) Antenna 30 degree (6 sector)
probability percentage. According to the graph, antenna 30 degree with height
30 and using mechanical tilt 2˚ gives the lowest percentage.
B. Antenna 33 degree

5.00
4.00
Probability (%)
3.00 15m
2.00 20m
25m
1.00
30m
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
probability percentage. According to the graph, antenna 33 degree with height 30 and
55
C. Antenna 60 degree

9.00
8.00
7.00
5.00 15m
4.00 20m
3.00 25m
2.00 30m
1.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
D. Antenna 65 degree

10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
Probability (%)
6.00
15m
5.00
20m
4.00
25m
3.00
2.00 30m
1.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
56
E. Antenna 70 degree

16.00
14.00
12.00
15m
8.00
20m
6.00
25m
4.00 30m
2.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
F. Antenna 90 degree

14.00
12.00
10.00
Probability (%)
8.00 15m
6.00 20m
25m
4.00
30m
2.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
57
G. Omni antenna

35.00
30.00
25.00
Probability (%)
20.00 15m
15.00 20m
25m
10.00
30m
5.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tilt ˚
Graph 30 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) Omni Antenna (6 sector)
probability percentage. According to the graph, Omni antenna with height 30 and
58
4.6.3 Comparison of Co-channel Interference Probability (%)
Taking the best antenna to compare the interference probability in percentage
between the co-channels.

2.05
2
1.95
1.9
1.85
1.8
1.75
1.7
65 degree, height 30 metre, tilt 4˚ 30 degree, height 30 metre, tilt 2˚
(3 sector) (6 sector)
Graph 31 : Co-channel Interference Probability (%) comparison between 3 sector and 6 sector antenna
As the conclusion by comparing both interference as we can see in the graph,

antenna with sector 3, degree 65, height 30 metre and mechanical tilt of 4˚ gives
lower interference compare to sector 6, degree 30, height 30 metre and
mechanical tilt of 2˚. Even some of the antenna does not give a consistent
interference probability, average is taken from each antenna that have given the
lowest percentage. However interference is important in order to determine the
signal strength and packet lose to provide a quality network coverage to the user.
59
4.6 Transmission Power
Taking the best antenna selection, increasing of transmission power is applied to
identify the maximum number of user that can be connected for both antenna with 3
sector and 6 sector.
Transmission Power Comparison

35000
30000
Total Number of User Connected
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
43 dBm 45dBm 47dBm
65 degree (3 sector) 16261 14727 15202
30 degree (6 sector) 15106 15273 15513
Graph 32 : Transmission power comparison 3 sector and 6 sector antenna
Transmission power of 43 dBm gives better result compare to 45 dBm and 47 dBm
for the 3 sector antenna which is 65 degree, 30 meter and with the mechanical tilt of
4˚. This shows that the perfect transmission power would be 43dBm. According to
the graph, the best transmission power of 47 dBm gives better result compare to 43
dBm and 45 dBm when using 6 sector antenna which is 30 degree, 30 meter of
height and mechanical tilt of 2˚.
60
4.7 Coverage by Throughput
Coverage calculation by throughput is measure for the best 2 antenna in order to
select for antenna proposal. This prediction are made on urban and suburban area
since it is more important area compare to rural area. This urban and suburban area
consist of 180 km2 which is about 28% of the total area.
Coverage by Throughput for UL and DL

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Coverage by Throughput Coverage by Throughput Coverage by Throughput Coverage by Throughput
(DL) (3 sector) (UL) (3 sector) (DL) (6 sector) (UL) (6 sector)
Area (km²) % Coverage
Graph 33: Coverage by Throughput for UL and DL
The graph shows for Coverage by throughput (DL), 3 sector antenna which is
antenna 65 degree gives about 87.4% of coverage compare to 6 sector antenna the 30
degree antenna gives 90.5%. For Coverage by throughput (UL) 3 sector antenna
results in 91.1% of coverage and 6 sector antenna gives 91.6% coverage. Basically,
antenna with 6 sector gives better coverage compare to 3 sector antenna which might
due to increase in number of sector. Good coverage not only determined by the area
it can covered but also must take interference as one of the important element in
order to analyse the coverage.
61
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
Network Planning is a first step before building a site or tower in a respective area.
This includes some other process which divided into 3 main parts initial planning,
detailed planning and optimization. This project just cover the first two main part.
According to the result we obtained the best height that can support maximum
number of user is antenna with height 30 metre. This will be more efficient if the
antenna is a 65 degree antenna which contribute about 80.99% of the total user in
Ipoh City. Another main part of selective the best antenna is the mechanical down
tilt, the best down tilt that can provide a good coverage and capacity is antenna with
which we obtain is tilt 4˚. This antenna selection are for the 3 sector antenna.
Antenna 65 degree with 30 metre height and mechanical tilt of 4˚ analysed further by
changing the transmission power.
There are two type of antenna classification had been tested in this project, first as
discussed above is 3 sector antenna and now is 6 sector antenna. For 6 sector
antenna, the best antenna selection uses the same criteria as for 3 sector antenna.
Therefore the best antenna chosen among all the six types of antenna is antenna 30
degree which works the best on mechanical tilt of 2˚ and with the height of 30 metre.
This antenna gives the maximum number of users that can be connected. 30 degree
antenna contributes about 75.24% of the total user of Ipoh City.
In addition to that, data speed produced by this both 3 sector and 6 sector antenna are
good at different applications. For 3 sector antenna which is antenna 65 degree gives
better data speed on High Speed Internet (DL), High Speed Internet (UL), and
Mobile Internet Access (DL) compare to 6 sector. Where else for Mobile Internet
Access (UL), Video conferencing (DL), Video conferencing (UL), VoIP (DL) and
VoIP (UL) antenna with sector 6 gives better result compare to 3 sector antenna.
62
The interference is very important in order to choose the best server. Therefore
antenna with 3 sector which is antenna 65 degree produce interference about 18.1%
compare to antenna 30 degree using 6 sector which is 20.1%. Both antenna works
best at height of 30 metre but 65 degree antenna’s mechanical tilt is 4˚ and 30 degree
antenna’s is 2˚.
Investigation using transmission power of 43 dBm, 45 dBm and 47 dBm results in

giving the maximum number of user by comparing this 3 types of transmission
power. Transmission power of 43 dBm gives better result compare to 45 dBm and 47
dBm for the 3 sector antenna which is 65 degree, 30 meter and with the mechanical
tilt of 4˚. The maximum number of user that can be supported using this transmission
power is about 80.99% from the total users. This shows that the perfect transmission
power would be 43dBm. In the other hand, transmission power of 47 dBm which is
about gives better result compare to 43 dBm and 45 dBm when using 6 sector
antenna which is 30 degree, 30 meter of height and mechanical tilt of 2˚ can support
77.26% from the total users.
In addition to that, coverage by throughput have been investigated in order to analyse

the coverage area that can be gained from this 2 antennas. Antenna with 3 sector can
give about 87.4% of coverage for Downlink and 91.1% of coverage for Uplink.
Where else, 6 sector antenna produces 90.5% and 91.6% respectively for Downlink
and Uplink. This shows that 6 sector antenna can give better coverage compared to 3
sector. Not forgotten interference need to be taken into account when analysing the
best antenna to produce less interference and good coverage.
63
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
Radio frequency planning needs a lot of background knowledge on the

telecommunication area. Obtaining some data from the existing company might not
possible since it is confidential due to competitive companies. Completing this
project successfully will give very good background in telecommunication network
planning. In FYP1 we have studied research that have been done previously on LTE
in all over the world including planning and optimising coverage, capacity, antenna
specification and other related research. This shows LTE is leading the technology in
communication field.
Study of antenna in creating a network architecture in order to produce the best

coverage and capacity by fulfilling the demands of users can be achieved through
this project. The most effective antenna that can be used as the conclusion of this
project is antenna 3 sector with 65 degree, height of 30 metre and mechanical tilt of
4˚. This regardless of electrical tilt, antenna gain and other relevant parameters that
can be different in the real world of LTE network planning. In addition to that
antenna 65 degree produces about 18.01% of interference which is less than 6
sector’s best antenna. Users that can be supported by 65 degree antenna is much
higher than the 6 sector antenna which is about 5.75% more. Nevertheless, antenna
works best with transmission power of 43 dBm which is standard use proven by LTE
University. Talking about the coverage antenna 65 degree can give about 87.4% of
coverage for Downlink and 91.1% of coverage for Uplink which is lesser than 6
sector antenna but considering the interference which is lower than 6 sector antenna.
Antenna with 3 sector shows the best result.
In addition to that, some parameters are made by assumption with a valid reference,
this may affect the result obtained. Number of sites according calculation were 33
sites and in this project only 10 sites are implemented. By this we can reduce the cost
by 54.55% which might give higher capacity and user but it will increase in
interference eventually as the users demand are not high enough to implement 22
sites in the Ipoh City area. When implementing 10 sites can give 80.99% of
64
coverage, it is not necessary to double up the sites to support users more than the
demand.
Moreover, the users in the Ipoh city not 100% user of LTE, where some user just
using phone without LTE or just for the purpose of 1G and 2G use. In the other hand,
knowledge of the tool used to achieve this is very important to master or at least to
understand how it works. Finally study of the relationship of antenna on the network
architecture planning shows that it is important to specify some of the parameters in
order to create a coverage and capacity that can support maximum number of
subscriber or user in Ipoh city.
Number of sites plays a part in defining the number of user that can be supported by
the network as well studying the impact of capacity and coverage range on the
network planning can lead to better understanding on network planning. For future
work, as an recommendation optimization can be done to improve more on this
project, by editing some values that have be used as assumption or by using different
antenna’s as the technology in telecommunication field is growing more faster than
predicted. The future of LTE is very bright, where a baby step for wireless
communication, analogically 1G is was the baby step for other upcoming 2G, 3G
network.
Future work can be done by optimizing this planning which is by adding building
structures in the city. In addition to implementing electrical tilt and applying different
mechanical tilt for different site at the same time. This may give different result
compare to what obtained in this project. Walfisch ikegami model can be used in this
phase. In the other hand, the number of users can be obtained from the marketing
department of any network provider if possible. What was implemented here is by
taking the average user from the Maxis Network Operation Centre in order to
estimate the total user.
65
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
[1] U. Barth, "3GPP Long-Term Evolution/System Architecture Evolution
Overview," Alcatel White Paper, 2006.
[2] S. A. Basit, "Dimensioning of LTE Network Description of Models and Tool,

Coverage and Capacity Estimation of 3GPP Long Term Evolution radio interface,"
MS Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, 2009.
[3] P. Electronics. Antenna Basic Concept [Online]. Available:

www.pulseelectronics.com/products/antennas
[4] I. EL-FEGHI, Z. S. ZUBI, A. JAMIL, and H. ALGABROUN, "Long Term

Evolution Network Planning and Performance Measurement."
[5] A. Forsk, "Radio Planning & Optimisation Software," Technical Reference

Guide., Blagnac-France: Copyright by Forsk, 2011.
[6] N. I. B. Hamid, M. A. Hoque, and K. K. Islam, "Nominal and Detailed LTE

Radio Network Planning considering Future Deployment in Dhaka City,"
International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 50, pp. 37-44, 2012.
[7] N. I. B. Hamid, M. T. Kawser, and M. A. Hoque, "Coverage and capacity

analysis of LTE radio network planning considering Dhaka city," International
Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 46, pp. 49-56, 2012.
[8] E. M. S. Iqbal, "RADIO PROPAGATIONE," ed.
[9] M. Jamal, B. Horia, K. Maria, and I. Alexandru, "Study of multiple access

schemes in 3GPP LTE OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA," in Applied Electronics (AE), 2011
International Conference on, 2011, pp. 1-4.
[10] V. Korde. (2011). LTE SC-FDMA. Available: http://lte-

epc.blogspot.com/2011/12/lte-sc-fdma.html
[11] J. D. Kraus, R. J. Marhefka, and A. S. Khan, Antennas and Wave

Propagation: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2006.
66
[12] A. K. S. Neeraj Kumar, "Effect of Varying Antenna Gain & Sectorization on
Sites in LTE Radio Access Network," International Journal of Emerging
Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS), p. 6, 2014.
[13] B. T. M. Orange. (2014, 15 June 2014). 3G Tutorial. Available:

http://www.slideshare.net/9876012345/3g-tutorial-38911321
[14] S. Paul, "Long Term Evolution (LTE) & Ultra-Mobile Broadband (UMB)
Technologies for Broadband Wireless Access," ed, 2008.
[15] I. Poole. (15 October 2014). Antenna polarisation or polarization. Available:

http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/antennas/basics/polarisation-polarization.php
[16] I. Poole. (10/08/2014). OFDMA, OFDM vs CDMA Comparison. Available:

http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/ofdm/ofdma-cdma.php
[17] N. P. Sanjaya Gurung "Antenna System in Cellular Mobile Communication,"

Kathamandu University, NepalJuly 2004.
[18] D. I. P. Scholz and K. KATHREIN-Werke, "Basic Antenna Principles for

Mobile Communications," Polarization, vol. 45, p. 12, 2000.
[19] J. S. Seybold, Introduction to RF propagation: John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[20] I. Sharp, "Selecting the Right Antenna," Phoenix Contact, Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania2011.
[21] N. M. Sonia Rathi, Nidhi Chahal, Sukhvinder Malik, "Throughput for TDD
and FDD 4 G LTE Systems," International Journal of Innovative Technology and
Exploring Engineering(TM), vol. 3 pp. 78 - 82, May 10, 2014 2014.
[22] C. Systems. (27 February 2007, 25 October 2014). Omni Antenna vs.
Directional Antenna. Available:
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-
wlan/82068-omni-vs-direct.html#topic4
[23] S. Tabbane, "Title," unpublished|.
[24] Wikipedia. (2014). Ipoh. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipoh
67
[25] P. Wireless. Calculations: Antenna Downtilt. Available:
http://www.proxim.com/products/knowledge-center/calculations/calculations-
antenna-downtilt
[26] P. Wireless. Calculations: Downtilt Coverage Radius. Available:

http://www.proxim.com/products/knowledge-center/calculations/calculations-
downtilt-coverage-radius
[27] J. Zhang, Y.-x. Liu, Ş. K. Özdemir, R.-B. Wu, F. Gao, X.-B. Wang, et al.,
"Quantum internet using code division multiple access," Scientific reports, vol. 3,
2013.
68
CHAPTER 8
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Agisson ATR451606 Triband Antenna (G900/W900, G1800/L1800, and
W2100/L2600).
69
70
Appendix 2
Information from Maxis via email
71
72
Appendix 3
Example of traffic Map with sites in Atoll Simulator – 3 sector antenna
User distribution, base station location in the traffic map.
73
Appendix 4
Example of raffic Map with sites in Atoll Simulator – 6 sector antenna
74

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Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network Planning in Ipoh City

FINAL PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Programme in

Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.)

(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Bandar Seri Iskandar

Perak Darul Ridzuan

Sivasanthini S.Mohan, 2014

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network Planning in Ipoh City

A project dissertation submitted to the

Associate Professor Dr. Aamir Saeed Malik

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

My appreciation to University Technology PETRONAS (UTP) for giving me an

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an evolutionary step towards improving

1.1 Background of Study

LTE also called as radio access is E-UTRAN can provide scalable

Figure 1 : Evolution of Wireless Telecommunication [14]

3. Inspect the relationship of the antenna parameters with the site

The progress of this simulator is through flexible scripting and Service-

2.1 Antenna System

2.1.2 Propagation Pattern

2.1.3 Half-Power-Beam-Width (HPBW)

2.1.7 Directional antenna

Figure 3 : Directional Antenna Radiation Pattern

Figure 4 : Omnidirectional Antenna Radiation Pattern

Figure 5 : Multi access techniques [9]

The main schemes are as below:

1. FDMA: Frequency Domain Multiple Access

Figure 6 : Illustration of FDMA technique [28]

Figure 7 : Illustration of TDMA technique [28]

Figure 8 : Illustration of CDMA technique [28]

a. Uplink – Transmission from device to the tower. Use OFDMA

b. Downlink – Transmission from tower to device. Use SC-FDMA

Figure 9 : Uplink and Downlink [10]

Table 1 : Propagation model features

Propagation Frequency Geographical Profile Recommendation

ITU 370-7 Profile : Terrain Distance = above 10 km

ITU 1546 Profile : Terrain Distance = 1 between 1000 km

Standard Profile : Terrain Distance = 1 between 20 km

2.4 Radio link Budget

Figure 10 : Link Budget Process

To evaluate capacity of a network we need to [2]:

2.4.2 Coverage Dimensioning

Dimensioning of both coverage and capacity can be followed as the figure:

Information and data collection

Network Deployment Requirement

Coverage and Capacity Design

Estimation of number of sites required

Figure 11 : Dimensioning of Capacity and coverage to obtain Number of sites

3.1 Procedure pathway

Detailed planning is the second phase in network planning which contributes on

Chart 1 : Methodology chart

a. Novel design architecture for LTE network.

Figure 12 : Simple LTE network architecture design

1.4.1 Atoll Radio Planning and Optimisation Software

Atoll is a simulation with less scripting and Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA)

Atoll includes unlimited possibilities and improved performance to support increase