Chapter 5

32
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Conclusion
It is a difficult task to identify the location of faults in transmission or
distribution system. By using Arduino controller, exact fault location can be find out.
Once faults occur in the cable, the display unit displays the exact fault location that
displays which phase is affected in the cable. The project that have undertaken has
helped to gain a better perspective on various aspects related to the course of study as
well as practical knowledge of cable fault detection system and to become familiar
with software analysis and designing concerned with this project. This project
explains the importance of locating faults in the distribution network and reviews
some of the cable fault locating methods that are mostly used in practical field. There
is a need to immediate indication about occurrence of a fault via remote
communication; hence it needs to implement some techniques which will help power
utilities in immediate indication of fault occurrence and accurate methods for locating
faults. In this paper the exact location of short circuit fault at a particular distance in
the cable from feeder end in ‘‘km’’ can be located by using Arduino microcontroller.
The concept of OHM’s law is used, so fault can be easily detected and repaired. By
using Arduino controller, we can find out exact fault location and simple OHM’s law
is used to locate the short circuit fault.
A DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor which
varies depending upon the length of fault of the cable. The voltage-drop across the
series resistor changes accordingly, this voltage drop is used in determination of fault
location. In order to guarantee that the project accomplished the required outcomes,
the code was also coded and checked on. Besides, certain components were inspected
to meet the study's targets and goals. Finally, the outcomes of the improvement of
program and equipment were displayed. By doing this study, cable fault detector
using Arduino has been built and tried. To recognize the issues leading to the project
33
development, various publications has been examined before the development of the
project. Numerous procedures are required to make the project into a reality. This
small concept can be also used in fields such as power system, power system planning
and operation and many other related fields where continuous protection and
detection of faults is needed. So, this is not the end of the project.
5.2. Recommendation
The system can be further advanced by interfacing a Microcontroller and using
sensors like current, voltage and fault in the system that will display the value of
potential, temperature across each resistor on the LCD screen. This project is a small
implication of the concept in detecting the distance of short circuit fault. The
practical applications of this project are immense or very large and can have vast level
of implementation. In future, this project can be implemented in a large scale to
address the location of fault for real time monitoring system by using ohm’s law with
advance Arduino technology. This small concept can be also used in fields such as
power system, power system planning and operation and many other related fields
where continuous protection and detection of faults is needed. We can further explore
and expand this project to detect other type of faults such as open circuit fault and
other types of unsymmetrical fault in addition to short circuit fault for the future
project.
34
REFERENCE
[1]. Das, Swagata & Santoso, Surya & Gaikwad, Anish & Patel, Mahendra,
“Impedance-based Fault Location in Transmission Networks: Theory and
Application,” IEEE Access. 2. 1-1. 10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2323353, January 2014.
[2]. Transmission Line Fault Detection by Using Arduino Submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering BY Y. Venugopal Reddy – 38140705 N. Sai
deep -38140034.
[3]. M. Ibrahim, “Case Studies Related to Overhead Transmission-Line System
Disturbances,” in Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems, IEEE, 2012, pp.461-
570, DOI: 10.1002/9781118172094.ch6.
[4]. Transmission Line Fault Detection Using Arduino With GSM Mr.CH.V.
Ganesh1* Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE St. Peter’s Engineering College,
Hyderabad, India [email protected]
[5]. Distribution Grid Fault Location An Analysis of Methods for Fault Location in
LV and MV Power Distribution Grids Jonas von Euler-Chelpin.
[6]. M. Ibrahim, “Case Studies Related to Overhead Transmission-Line System
Disturbances,” in Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems, IEEE, 2012, pp.461-
570, DOI: 10.1002/9781118172094.ch6.
[7]. Thomas, Summi & A.Vimenthani, & Kaleeswari,. (2017). Automatic
underground cable fault locator using GSM. International Journal of Advanced
Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET). 4. 260-265.
[8]. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technologies (IRJET)
Volume 7, Issue 12, Dec (2020) www.irjet.net ISSN: 2395-0056.
35
APPENDIX
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // I2C address 0x27, 16 column and 2 rows
// define phase control pins
int phase[3] = {7, 8, 9};
//*********************************************************
int distance(int inputVoltage) {
if (inputVoltage >= 895 && inputVoltage < 1000) {
return 4;
}
else if (inputVoltage >= 855 && inputVoltage < 895) {
return 3;
}
return 2;
}
return 1;
}
else return 0 ;
}
void setup()
{
//lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.init(); // initialize the lcd
lcd.backlight();
36
lcd.setCursor(2,0);
lcd.print("Cable Fault");
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("Detector");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(2,0);
lcd.print( "5EP GROUP 1");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
// set pin mode for phase relays
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
pinMode(phase[j], OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(phase[0], HIGH);
delay(500);
int dist1 = distance(analogRead(A0));
if (dist1 == 0) {
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("R: ");
lcd.setCursor(3,0);
lcd.print("NF ");
}
else {
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("R: ");
37
lcd.print(dist1);
lcd.print(" KM");
}
digitalWrite(phase[0], LOW);
//================================================
delay(500);
if (dist2 == 0) {
lcd.setCursor(8,0);
lcd.print("Y: ");
lcd.setCursor(11,0);
lcd.print("NF ");
}
else {
lcd.print("Y: ");
lcd.print(dist2);
lcd.print(" KM");
}
//=================================================
delay(500);
if (dist3 == 0) {
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
38
lcd.print("B: ");
lcd.setCursor(3,1);
lcd.print("NF ");
}
else {
lcd.print("B: ");
lcd.print(dist3);
lcd.print(" KM");
}
}

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