Chap - 05-Digital Hardware Implementation
Chap - 05-Digital Hardware Implementation
Chap - 05-Digital Hardware Implementation
Chapter 5 – Digital
Hardware Implementation
Integrated Circuits
▪ Digital circuits are constructed with integrated circuits. An
integrated circuit (IC) is a silicon semiconductor crystal,
informally called a chip, containing the electronic
components for the digital gates and storage elements.
▪ The various components are interconnected on the chip that
is mounted in a ceramic or plastic container, and
connections are welded from the chip to the external pins to
form the integrated circuit.
▪ The number of pins may range from 14 on a small IC
package to several hundred on a large package. Each IC has
an alphanumeric designation printed on the surface of the
package for identification.
Level of Integration
▪ Small-scale integrated (SSI) devices contain several independent
primitive gates in a single package. The inputs and outputs of the gates
are connected directly to the pins in the package. The number of gates
is usually less than 10 and is limited by the number of pins available on
the IC.
▪ Medium-scale integrated (MSI) devices have approximately 10 to 100
gates in a single package. They usually perform specific elementary
digital functions, such as the addition of four bits.
▪ Large-scale integrated (LSI) devices contain between 100 and a few
thousand gates in a single package. They include digital systems such
as small processors, small memories, and programmable modules.
▪ Very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) devices contain several thousand to
hundreds of millions of gates in a single package. Examples are
complex microprocessor and digital signal-processing chips.
Why Programmable Logic?
▪ Facts:
• It is most economical to produce an IC in large
volumes
• Many designs required only small volumes of ICs
▪ Need an IC that can be:
• Produced in large volumes
• Handle many designs required in small volumes
▪ A programmable logic part can be:
• made in large volumes
• programmed to implement large numbers of
different low-volume designs
Programmable Logic - More Advantages