Electronics Assignment 1-Merged

ASSIGNMENT-1
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS
AIM:
To study about the software LT spice and Circuit Lab
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Laptop
LT Spice
Circuit Lab
Theory:
LT Spice:
LTspice is a SPICE-based analog electronic circuit simulator computer software,
produced by semiconductor manufacturer Analog Devices (originally by Linear
Technology). It is the most widely distributed and used SPICE software in the
industry. Though it is freeware , LTspice is not artificially restricted to limit its
capabilities (no node limits, no component limits, no subcircuit limits).
LIMITATION OF LT SPICE:
• LT spice does not have a limit on the number of components or nodes.
Likely, not the number of components or the overall size of yor schematic is
the problem, but you might be facing some no-nos that make your circuit
hard to solve. If you have capacitors, try adding a small ESR by editing the
component properties.
Procedure to use:
1) First , We install LT spice program.

2) Then we will open LT spice.
3) We will see program window after opening.
4) Then we can do whatever we want.
CIRCUIT LAB
Circuit Lab provides online, in-browser tools for schematic capture and circuit
simulation. These tools allow students, hobbyists, and professional engineers to
design and analyze analog and digital systems before ever building a prototype.
Online schematic capture lets hobbyists easily share and discuss their designs,
while online circuit simulation allows for quick design iteration and accelerated
learning.
Procedure of Circuit Lab:

1)Build Mode: - Switch to Simulate Mode by clicking the "Simulate” button along
the bottom toolbar.
2)Click on any wire or Node Name to plot the voltage at that node.
3)Click and drag within a plot to zoom in to a plot region. Double-click on the plot
to restore original zoom.
4)Plot Cursors and Math Functions: - 1. Click and drag a cursor line to position it
on the plot.
2. Re-position a cursor line by clicking on the rectangular handle along the middle
of the line.
3. To remove a cursor line, simply drag it off the grid area, and it will disappear.
CONCLUSION:
Here, is about LT spice program and Circuit Lab.
LT spice is better to use because it is more user friendly.
Made by – Nikhil Kumar Deo

LCI2020056
ASSIGNMENT-2
FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRONICS
AIM : To study about various hardware components needed to perform the

experiments in electronics engineering.
COMPONENTS : 1) Bread Board

2)Resistor
3)Capacitor
4)Multimeter
5)PN Junction Diode
6)Bipolar Junction Transistor(BJT)
Theory:
Bread Board:
A breadboard is an electronic tool which can be used to test electrical circuits. Instead of using soldering to
connect wires and components together (like on a perfboard or printed circuit board), they can be stuck into
the holes of the breadboard. It has metal strips inside that will connect them, and it lets them be removed
easily or moved around when testing a circuit.
The rows and columns of holes on a breadboard are usually labelled with numbers and letters. Everything in
a row with the same number will be connected, except if the breadboard has a strip down the center. In that
case, the metal is split and the row has two separate connections (one on each side). The center strip is also
useful when connecting integrated circuits, because they can be pushed in over the top of it and have legs
connecting to both sides without overlapping the connections.
22 or 24 gauge wire usually work best to plug into the holes in a breadboard
RESISTOR:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among
other uses.
CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive
electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as
capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a
circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator. This name
and its cognates are still widely used in many languages, but rarely in English, one
notable exception being condenser microphones, also called capacitor microphones.
MULTIMETER:
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an
electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one
unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog
multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital
multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show a graphical bar
representing the measured value. Digital multimeters have rendered analog multimeters
obsolete, because they are now lower cost, higher precision, and more physically robust.
PN JUNCTION DIODE:
A PN-junction diode is formed when a p-type semiconductor is fused to an n-type
semiconductor creating a potential barrier voltage across the diode junction The
effect described in the previous tutorial is achieved without any external voltage
being applied to the actual PN junction resulting in the junction being in a state of
equilibrium.
BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR(BJT):
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a type of transistor that uses both electrons and
electron holes as charge carriers. In contrast, a unipolar transistor, such as a field-effect
transistor, use only one kind of charge carrier. A bipolar transistor allows a small current
injected at one of its terminals to control a much larger current flowing between two
other terminals, making the device capable of amplification or switching.
CONCLUSION:
These are various component required for experiment.
By- Nikhil Kumar Deo

Lci2020056

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ASSIGNMENT-1

1) First , We install LT spice program.

Procedure of Circuit Lab:

Made by – Nikhil Kumar Deo

AIM : To study about various hardware components needed to perform the

COMPONENTS : 1) Bread Board

By- Nikhil Kumar Deo

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