Chapter 14 MUD
Chapter 14 MUD
Chapter 14 MUD
Chapter 14
The Innate Immune Response
Includes:
• First line defenses
• Physical and chemical barriers that prevent microbes from entering
the body
• Second line defenses
• Components that act to eliminate microbes that have invaded body
tissues
• Cellular defenses
• Molecular defenses
• Fever and inflammation.
1. Skin
• Outer surface of skin consists
of dead cells and keratin (a
protective protein)
• Frequently shed – removes
microbes
• Dry – inhibits growth of microbes
• Some microbes are able to eat dead skin cells and oils secreted by the
skin https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535073/
https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-discover-secret-
• Results in body odor. behind-bad-body-odor
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2. Mucous membranes
• Involved in fluid or gas exchange
• Offer less protection than the skin
• Line our “tracts” – ex. Digestive tract
• Secrete mucous – a glycoprotein – keeps membrane from drying (cracking)
• Traps microbes
• Mucociliary
escalator*
• Cilia sweep
mucous away
https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.33
89/frym.2019.00106
3. Fluid flow
• Saliva, tears, urine*, vaginal secretions – move microbes away from the
body.
Antimicrobial substances
(Chemical barriers)
1. Acidity of body fluids and
skin
• Stomach acid – pH 2
• Destroys many
bacteria and toxins
• Skin – fatty acids and lactic
acid – pH 3 – 5
• Prevents growth of
many microbes
2. Lysozyme
3. Lactoferrin
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Three sub-groups
i. Basophils – weak phagocytes
• Secrete chemoattractants
• Release histamine – causes inflammation,
allergies
ii. Eosinophils
2. Mononuclear phagocytes
• Also have granules – but they are not visible under light microscope
i. Monocytes – initially non-phagocytic
• Leave blood, enter tissues and change into macrophages* – strong
phagocytes
• Often found in organs – filter out invading pathogens as blood passes
through https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19273209/
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Molecular defenses
1. The Complement
System*
• About 30 Proteins
that circulate in
blood
• Work together in a
cascade
• Action of one
protein
triggers
action of the
next
• Complement can be triggered
several ways:
• Small molecules binding to
the surface of invading
microbes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uc4nq4Lazo4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169806/
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2. Enhance inflammation
• Increase blood vessel
permeability
• Attract phagocytes to
infection site.
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https://elifesciences.org/articles/77503
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201900074
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• Pain, swelling
• Heat, Redness
• Edema
• Loss of function.
https://www.verywellhealth.com/signs-of-inflammation-4580526
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Fever
• Can be triggered by toxins, LPS or chemicals produced by the immune
system
Results in:
• Rapid muscle contraction (shivering)
• Increased temperature
Benefits:
• Faster phagocytosis
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https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Health-Readiness/Immunization-Healthcare/Clinical-Consultation-
Services/Immunology-Basics
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