Original Article

Prevalence of odontogenic cysts and its associated factors in

South Indian population
Vindhya Savithri, Rakesh Suresh, Mahija Janardhanan, Thara Aravind, Mridula Mohan
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Campus,
Kochi, Kerala, India

Abstract Background: Odontogenic cysts (OCs) constitute a major part of oral pathological lesions, but little is known
about their distribution patterns in various populations.
Aims: The aim was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the cases of histopathologically
diagnosed OCs that report to our institution and to analyze the factors associated with the presence of
OCs and to study the biologic behavior of different types of cysts.
Materials and Methods: A cross‑sectional study was performed on 596 oral and maxillofacial specimens
during 2013–2017. Out of these, the cases which were histopathologically proven as OCs were separated
and data were collected and analyzed regarding the age, gender, primary symptom, site, radiographic
feature, histopathologic diagnosis, treatment given, recurrences and associated conditions if any.
Results: Of the 596 cases included in the study, 67 (11.2%) had a histopathological diagnosis of OCs. 41 cases
were inflammatory cysts and 26 developmental cysts. 28 cases (41.8%) were reported as periapical cysts,
10 cases (14.9%) were odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), 9 cases (13.4%) were dentigerous cysts, 8 cases (11.9%)
were inflamed cyst wall, 5 cases (7.5%) each of residual cyst and developmental OCs and one case (1.5%)
each of orthokeratinized OC and calcifying OC.
Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of OCs was similar to other reported studies. Periapical
cysts were the most common cysts reported, followed by OKCs showing that the latter were more frequent
than dentigerous cysts.

Keywords: Dentigerous cyst, odontogenic cysts, odontogenic keratocyst, radicular cyst

Address for correspondence: Prof. Vindhya Savithri, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Campus, Kochi ‑ 682 041, Kerala, India.
E‑mail: [email protected]
Submitted: 27‑Apr‑2020, Revised: 03‑Nov‑2020, Accepted: 04‑Dec‑2020, Published: 09-Jan-2021

INTRODUCTION cysts based on their pathogenesis. Inflammatory cysts

are radicular cysts, residual cysts and paradental cysts,
Cysts are pathologic cavities filled with fluid, semisolid whereas dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst (OKC),
or gaseous material. Those cysts which develop from the calcifying OCs, gingival cysts of newborn and adults and
remnants of the odontogenic apparatus within the jaws are glandular OCs are developmental in nature. These cysts
known as odontogenic cysts (OCs). The WHO has broadly may cause significant jaw swelling associated with pain and
divided the OCs into developmental and inflammatory
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DOI: How to cite this article: Savithri V, Suresh R, Janardhanan M, Aravind T,

10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_171_20 Mohan M. Prevalence of odontogenic cysts and its associated factors in South
Indian population. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2020;24:585-6.

© 2021 Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
 Savithri, et al.: Prevalence of odontogenic cysts

pus discharge. Sometimes they can result in significant jaw diagnosis or inadequate specimens were excluded. As per
destruction without any obvious jaw swelling and may be the study done by Kambalimath et al.,[1] the prevalence was
discovered accidentally. Some of the developmental cysts calculated to be 15.3% and using the formula 4pq/d,[2] the
show aggressive behavior and high recurrence rate which minimum sample size was calculated as 553. Accordingly,
mandates regular follow‑up. data were collected from 600 cases. These cases were
selected by simple random sampling. The 600 cases were
Several studies have been carried out on the prevalence proportionally divided among the total cases per year as per
of OCs in various countries. Kambalimath et al. [1] our records. Then, random numbers were generated with
reported a prevalence of 15.31% for OCs and they found the help of the Internet. The biopsy samples with these
that radicular cyst was the most prevalent histological random numbers were selected as our samples.
type (48.67%). Manor et al.[2] found that that 44% of cases in
their study were developmental in origin, whereas 48% were Data were collected from the electronic medical records
inflammatory. A systematic review done by Johnson et al.[3] of these samples using a semistructured questionnaire.
reported that the frequency of radicular cysts is 54.6%, Four cases were excluded from the study due to inadequate
followed by dentigerous cyst (20.6%) and OKC (11.7%). records. The age, gender and diagnosis of all the cases were
A study conducted by Baghaei et al.[4] concluded that 16.9% noted. In addition, from the histopathologically proven
of cases were OCs and among them, dentigerous cyst had cases of OCs among these, additional information regarding
the highest prevalence rates (27.2%), followed by radicular family history, primary symptom, history of trauma,
cyst (18.6%), OKC (18.6%) and calcifying OC (11.4%). number of cysts, site, side, radiographic presentation,
Selvamani et al.[5] in their study analyzed 2275 biopsy reports presence of impacted teeth, final histopathologic diagnosis,
and found that 8.5% of these were jaw cyst, of which treatment given, recurrences and associated conditions if
6.7% were odontogenic in nature. Sharifian and Khalili[6] any were collected. The classification followed for OCs was
have reported a prevalence rate of 14.4% for OCs in their the WHO classification of 2017.[9] To analyze the behavior
study. Demirkol et al.[7] in their study analyzed 149 cysts of the OC, they were broadly grouped as inflammatory and
of the jaws and observed that out of these, 63% were developmental cysts.
radicular cysts, 26.9% were dentigerous cysts, 6.1% OKC,
3.4% residual cysts and 0.6% nasopalatine cysts. In another Data collected were entered into Microsoft Excel and
study by Kahnamouii and Yazdani,[8] 39% of the cysts were analyzed using SPSS version 20. To test the statistical
developmental OCs, 44% of which were dentigerous, 36% significance of the association of various factors with the
were keratocysts and 9% were primordial. presence of OCs, the Chi‑square test was done.

RESULTS
A large number of OCs report to our center annually.
Information regarding the factors associated with OCs is
Of the 596 cases included in the study, 67 (11.2%)
lacking in our institution. Thus, the aim of our study was
had a histopathological diagnosis of OCs. Of these,
to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the
33 (11.0%) were male and 34 (11.5%) were female. The
cases of histopathologically diagnosed OCs that reported
overall percentage of males and females were 50.3% and
to our institution. Our objective was to analyze the factors
49.7%, respectively. 16 cases (25.4%) in the age group of
associated with the presence of OCs and to study the
1–20 years, 24 cases (16.2%) in the age group of 21–40 years,
biologic behavior of different types of cysts. This study
20 cases (8.2%) were in the age group of 41–60 years and
attempts to compile the information on the prevalence and
7 cases (5.0%) above 61 years had OC’s among the total
biologic behavior of OCs.
sample of 596 cases. The age predilection was found to be
MATERIALS AND METHODS statistically significant with P < 0.05 [Table 1].

This cross‑sectional study was conducted in the department Table 1: Age and gender distribution of cases
Cyst (yes) (%) Cyst (no) (%) P
of oral pathology and microbiology of our institution
Age
from the month of March to October 2018. The study 0‑20 16 (25.5) 47 (74.6) 0.000
population were the patients who had undergone biopsy 21‑40 24 (16.2) 124 (83.8)
procedures from 2013 to 2017. The biopsy specimens 41‑60 20 (8.2) 225 (91.8)
≥61 7 (5.0) 133 (95.0)
were examined in our department in the same period. All Gender
histopathologically examined cases from 2013 to 2017 were Male 33 (11.0) 267 (89.0) 0.851
Female 34 (11.5) 262 (88.5)
included in the study and those cases without conclusive
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology | Volume 24 | Issue 3 | September-December 2020
 Savithri, et al.: Prevalence of odontogenic cysts

There was no family history for OC in any of the cases. Table 2: Frequency of different odontogenic cysts
Swelling was the main complaint in 35 cases (52.2%), Type Frequency (%)
followed by pain and swelling in 15 cases (22.4%), pain Dentigerous cyst 9 (13.4)
OKC 10 (14.9)
in 8 cases (11.9%) and 6 cases (9.0%) were asymptomatic. Radicular cyst 28 (41.8)
There was a history of trauma in 8 cases (11.9%). 66 Residual cyst 5 (7.5)
of the cases (98.5%) had only a single cyst, whereas COC 1 (1.5)
Developmental odontogenic cyst 5 (7.5)
one case (15%) had multiple cysts. OC was located Inflammed odontogenic cyst 8 (11.9)
in the mandible in 41 cases (61.2%) and maxilla in OOC 1 (1.5)
25 cases (37.3%). The case with multiple cysts was OKC: Odontogenic keratocyst, COC: Calcifying odontogenic cyst,
OOC: Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst
located in both the maxilla and mandible (1.5%). In the
jaws, 33 cases (49.3%) were seen in the posterior region,
Table 3: Comparison of behavior of inflammatory and
26 cases (38.8%) in the anterior and 8 cases (11.9%) had developmental cysts
an anteroposterior extension. 29 cases (43.3%) were Inflammatory Developmental P
located in the right side while 27 cases (40.3%) were in cysts (%) cysts (%)
the left side and 10 cases (14.9%) presented in the midline. Age
1‑20 43.8 56.2 0.032
The radiographic presentation varied from unilocular
21‑40 58.3 41.7
in 40 cases (59.7%), periapical in 25 cases (37.3%) and 41‑60 80 20
multilocular in 2 cases (3.0%). 16 cases (23.9%) had an ≥61 57.1 42.9
Presenting symptom
associated impacted tooth. Out of the total 67 cases Asymptomatic 33.3 66.7 0.640
of OC, 41 cases were inflammatory cysts and 26 Pain 75 25.0
developmental cysts. The different types of cysts and Swelling 62.9 37.1
Others 50 50
their distribution are given in Table 2. History of trauma
Yes 87.5 12.5 0.104
Enucleation was done as treatment for 55 cases (82.1%), No 57.6 42.4
Site
marsupialization was done in 7 cases (10.4%), resection Maxilla 76 24 0.88
in 4 cases (6.0%) and a combination of marsupialization Mandible 53.7 46.3
and resection was done in one case (1.5%). None of the Both 0 100
Specific site
cases reported with a recurrence. Other associated oral Anterior 84.6 15.4 0.004
conditions were reported in 15 cases (22.4%), of which Posterior 42.4 57.6
8 cases (11.9%) had caries, 4 (6.0%) had both caries and Anteroposterior 62.5 37.5
Radiographic presentation
periodontitis and 2 (3.0%) had periodontitis. Associated Unilocular 42.5 57.5 0.000
systemic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, Multilocular 50.0 50.0
cardiovascular disorders and respiratory disorders were Periapical 92.0 8.0
Presence of impacted tooth
seen in 7 cases (104%) of cases. Yes 12.5 87.5 0.000
No 76.5 23.5
The analysis of the biologic behavior of inflammatory and Treatment
Enucleation 60.0 40 0.524
developmental cysts is given in Table 3. Of the 33 males, Marsupialization 71.4 28.6
17 (51.5%) had developmental cysts and 16 (48.5%) Resection 75 25
had inflammatory cysts. 25 females of the total 34 had
inflammatory cysts, whereas 9 (26.5%) had developmental 17 cases (42.5%) were inflammatory cysts. Only 2 cases had
cysts. This was found to be statistically significant with a multilocular appearance which one each (50.0%) being
P = 0.032. Anterior jaws were the site of occurrence inflammatory and developmental cysts. 25 cases presented
in a total of 26 cases, of which 22 cases (84.6%) were
as a periapical radiolucency, of which 23 cases (92.0%)
inflammatory while 4 cases (15.4%) were developmental
were inflammatory and 2 cases (8.0%) were developmental
cysts. This was found to be statistically significant with
P = 0.004. A total of 33 cases occurred in the posterior jaws, cysts. The comparison of radiographic presentation also
of which 19 (57.6%) were developmental and 14 (42.4%) was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.000). A total
were inflammatory. Only 8 cases had an anteroposterior of 16 cases had an associated impacted tooth. Of these,
presentation and out of these, 5 cases (62.5%) were 14 cases (87.5%) were developmental cysts, whereas
inflammatory and 3 cases (37.5%) were developmental 2 cases (12.5%) were inflammatory cysts. This association
cysts. 23 cases (57.5%) out of the 40 cases which showed also showed a statistical significance with P < 0.05. Among
a unilocular radiolucency were developmental cysts and the other 51 cysts which had no impacted tooth, 39 (76.5%)
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology | Volume 24 | Issue 3 | September-December 2020
 Savithri, et al.: Prevalence of odontogenic cysts

were inflammatory and 12 (23.5%) were developmental prevalence.[5,7,10] Radicular cysts (41.8%) were the most
cysts. frequent in our study, followed by OKC (14.9%) dentigerous
cysts (13.4%), inflamed OC (11.9%), developmental OC
DISCUSSION and residual cyst (both 7.5%) and orthokeratinized OC
and calcifying OC (both 1.5%). Various studies have
OCs are common lesions of the oral cavity with distinct reported that dentigerous cysts were more prevalent than
histopathologic features. We found a prevalence of OKC’s while we found a marginally higher prevalence of
11.2% for OC’s in our institution. This is in agreement OKC than dentigerous cysts.[7,10,12] Although the question
with previous studies from Brazil (9.94%), Chile (10%), whether OKC is cystic or neoplastic was a controversy
Libya (14.8%) and Iran (16.9%). [4,10‑12] Studies from for long, many of the previous studies have included it in
Turkey (36%) and Iran (21.62%) have shown a higher their studies. Hence, OKC was included in our study so as
prevalence.[7,13] In India, studies from various parts have to enable comparison. The prevalence rates reported for
been reported. A study from North India reported a OKC ranged from 1.8% to 2.5% while for dentigerous
prevalence of 13.9%[14] while another from Central India cysts is from 15% to 33%.[12]
showed a prevalence of 15.3%.[1] Previous studies from
South India have reported a prevalence of 8.5%,[5] 9.6%[15] The association of inflammatory and developmental cysts
and 12.25%.[16] with age, presenting complaint, history of trauma, site,
radiographic presentation, presence of impacted tooth and
There was an equal distribution of OC’s in males and treatment was compared. About 80% of the inflammatory
females in our study. Most of the studies show a male cysts were seen in the age group of 41–60 age group,
predominance while one study from Brazil showed results whereas only 20% of developmental cysts were seen in this
similar to ours.[1,4,5,7,10,17,18] OC’s were seen to occur in a age group. This is understandable as inflammatory cysts
wide age range. 35.8% of cases were in the 21 to 40 age develop as a sequela to pulpal inflammatory process over a
group, 29.8% in 41 to 60 age group 23.8% in 1 to 20 age period of time. 56.25 of developmental cysts were seen in
group and 10.4% in people above 61 years with a mean the 1–20 age group, whereas only 43.8% were inflammatory
age of presentation of 45.5% years. Other studies have in this group. The odontogenic rests are more active in
reported a mean age of 32.72 years and 28 years at the the younger age and OCs like dentigerous cysts are more
time of diagnosis.[5,7] commonly seen in young patients.

Swelling was the most common (52.2%) clinical complaint, The inflammatory cysts commonly presented with
followed by pain and swelling (22.4%) while 9% of symptoms like pain (75%) and swelling (62.9%), whereas
cases were asymptomatic. The presence of swelling with 66.7% of the developmental cysts were asymptomatic.
or without pain is one of the common presentations Developmental cysts like OKC tend to destroy the bone
of OC’s.[5] Cases which are asymptomatic are usually rather than cause expansion unlike inflammatory cysts
discovered on routine radiographs. which produce pain and swelling. Of the cases which had
a history of trauma, 87.5% were inflammatory cysts. It is
Location wise, OC’s were more common in the well known that these cysts may arise secondary to trauma
mandible (61.2%) than in the maxilla (37.3%). One case leading to pulpal death and subsequent cyst formation,
had multiple cysts and was located in both the maxilla especially in the maxillary anterior region. Common
and mandible. They were more common in the posterior symptoms reported in other studies include swelling, pain,
region (49.3%) than in the anterior region (38.8%). This fistulas, tooth mobility and paresthesia.[19]
is in accordance with other studies.[1] The radiographic
presentation varied from unilocular in 59.7% to multilocular Seventy‑six percent of the cysts in the maxilla were
in 3% of cases. 37.3% of cases showed a periapical inflammatory while 46.3% of developmental cysts were
radiolucency suggestive of inflammatory origin. The in the mandible. Inflammatory cysts like radicular cysts
presence of impacted tooth was seen in 23.9% of cases are reported to occur more in the anterior maxilla and
and indicated that the cyst was developmental in nature. developmental cysts like OKC and dentigerous cysts occur
more in the posterior mandible.[20] 84.6% of cysts in the
Of the OC’s in our study, 61.2% were inflammatory and anterior region were inflammatory while 57.6% of cysts
38.8% were developmental in nature. All previous studies seen in the posterior jaws were developmental cysts. The
point that inflammatory cysts are more common than most common site reported for OKC is the molar area.
developmental with periapical cysts having the highest Extensive cysts were reported in both types of cysts.
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 Savithri, et al.: Prevalence of odontogenic cysts

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