High Technology Log Overview 1643812857

Open Hole Logging
High technology log Overview
By
Petroleum Engineer
Abbas Radhi Abbas
Iraq / Missan / 2022
1
Contents
NMR 1. Nuclear magnetic resonance log
XRMI 2. Extended Range Micro-resistivity Imager
MDT 3. Modular formation dynamic tester
SWC 4.Sidewall core
VSP 5. Vertical seismic profile
XDT 6. Cross Dipole Array Acoustic Logging
2
Well logging summary
Open Hole logging Cased Hole logging
Conventional log High tech log Cased Hole logging

1. Lithology logs 1. Nuclear magnetic 1.Cement evaluation log :
➢ SP resonance log ➢normal CBL , VDL , GR , CCL
➢ GR (NMR)
➢ PE ➢Image cement evaluation
SBT
2. Porosity logs : 2. Modular dynamic URS
➢ Density formation tester RIB
➢ Neutron (MDT) RBT
➢ Sonic
USI
➢ NMR 3. Extended Range USIT
Micro-resistivity SCMT , CAST
3. Resistivity logs :
➢ in Water base Imager(XRMI)
mud ( MSFL & 2. production logging tools
DLL) 4.Sidewall core (SWC) ( PLT)
➢ In oil base mud
3. saturation log ( RST .PNN ,
use induction ( 5. Vertical seismic
DIL & AIT) TDT , PNX , RMT )
profile (VSP) 4. Casing inspection log
4. Caliper log ( MFC , MIT )
6. Cross Dipole Array 5. SNL (SPECTRAL noise log )
Acoustic Logging .
( XDT) 3
Contents
SWC 4.Sidewall core
4
1.Nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR)
5
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Logging-Prime (MRIL-P)
➢Principle
Neutron / Density log responses Formation model
Complex mineralogy
Porosity
f
Solids
1. Less sensitivity to pore fluids than to solid matrix;

2. Radioactivity sources.
➢Principle
Resistivity Logging Response
Formation model
Free water
Water porosity
fw Capillary bound water
Clay bound water
Complex texture
➢Why MRIL-P Logging

Sensitive volumes are poorly defined
Bore hole fluids effects

Mud cake effects
Rugosity effects
Depth of investigation mismatch

Vertical resolution mismatch
➢Principle
Solids Fluids
Clay- Capillary- Moveable

Bound Bound Hydrocarbon
Water
Water Water
Bound Water Moveable Water Heavy Oil Light Oil Gas
T1 Very Short Medium Long Short Long Long

(Viscosity Dependent)
T2 Very Short Medium Long Short Long Short

(Inter-Echo Spacing TE, Diffusion Coefficient D, and Field Gradient G Dependent)
D Slow Medium Slow Medium Very Fast

➢Nmr logging technology
Various parts
Detection information： of the pore
BIN pore volume
Standard permeability & distribution
hydrogen nucleus of fluid in pore T2 irreducible of distribution
water saturation
distribution
spectrum
Positive result: kinds of T2
spectrum and porosity, irreducible
water saturation and permeability
Adaptability ：In formation

condition Rm should be greater than
0.02ohm.m
This technology is restricted in heavy

oil reservoir of low porosity and
permeability
➢ Application —— identification reservoir and physical parameter calculation
The distribution position of the Contrast the NMR results with

parts of pore volume experiment survey
孔吼半径(um)
1 1.6 2.5 4 6.3 10 16 25 40
10 50
幅度
岩样号：NP1-X Fixed
8 volume 40
孔径分布
Hole size distribution of fluid
T2谱分布
T2 spectrum distribution
孔吼分布频率
6 30
Capillary
bound
volume
4 20
Clay-bound
volume
2 10
0 0
0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
T2(ms)
Permeability
 FFI n
k = c NMR ( ) m
 BVI
➢ Application —— identification reservoir and calculation physical parameter, evaluation the

low resistivity
59#,oil-testing:
Its production
199.58T in all
➢ Application —— evaluation the complicated lithology reservoir
The resistivity value

37#，
is so high that oil:90.46T
cannot indentify the
fluid water:23.34m3
per-day, with
GR value is so
high that cannot
effective 6mm choke
indentify the reservoir
reservoir In this well the
Spectral shift lithology is
is clear and
that is oil and complicated, and
gas formation resistivity
information
varies sharply，
therefore, it is
difficulty to identify
The difference of their the reservoir with
resistivity isnot clear
conventional logging
data.
Brief summary
• Directly detect the pore fluid properties and not affected by lithology.
• Identifying reservoirs effectively and accurately reflecting pore structure
of reservoirs.
• Directly provide formation permeability.
• Distinguish bound fluid from movable fluid in reservoir, NMR is an only
logging method.
• Providing high-precision reservoir parameters such as porosity, movable
fluid and irreducible water saturation.
Contents
SWC 4.Sidewall core
15
2.Extended Range Micro-resistivity Imager

(XRMI)
16
Extended Range Micro-resistivity Imager
➢XRMI introduction
The resistivity varies due to different rocks (shale, sandstone, limestone) and
fluid in the formation. Measure the resistivity along the borehole, the various
resistivity can be described by a grayscale (black to white) or color image,
then the formation lithology and geometric can be studied based on these
images.
Anhydrite (high
resistivity)
High Low Shale (low

resistivity)
Resistivity Resistivity
Sandstone (medium
resistivity)
In fact, the color on the imaging map just represents Limestone (high resistivity)
the resistivity variations rather than the true color of
the formation. Vug (low resistivity)
XRMI introduction
XRMI introduction
Application：Suitable for any lithology, in water-

High definition
based mud
Characteristic
Measurement：measuring nearby borehole wall. High borehole coverage
If the engineer is quite familiar with regional

Azimuth detection
geological information, XRMI data can be used in
evaluating the oil and gas reservoir with the help of Fractured-cavity
reservoir evaluation
cores and cuttings data .
High definition：5mm
coverage：64%（8.5in）
XRMI introduction
Glutenite reservoir scour surface
Feature：To visually see the changing

of the formation lithology and bed
interface, the resistivity changing,
which was made by lithology, vertical fracture cross fracture
high angle fracture
porosity and fracture, vug and bed
bound and so on , was represented by
gray scale.
Drilling toll
scratching
XRMI - Application
➢ Application ——dividing reservoir

vug cavity
High resistance
Nature
racture
diameter diameter
fracture type type
Vertical fracture（α>85°）（mm）（mm）
Lowe resistance High angle fracture（45°<α<85°）

big 0.5～2 giant ≥1000
Low angle fracture(5°<α<45°)
Fracture
fracture
Horizon fracture (α<5°)
medium 0.25～0.5 big 10～1000
Net fracture
fracture
Induced
Induced fracture based on drilling tool 0.01～

small medium 5～10
0.25
Fracture based on drilling fluid and crustal stress
Micro-pore ＜0.01 smll 2～5
Fracture based on released stress
Reservoir type：
①fracture reservoir；
②vugular reservoir；
③cavity reservoir。
④ fracture—cavity reservoir
cavity vug fracture Fracture-cavity

XRMI - Application
➢ Application ——identifiy fracture
Horizontal fracture Low angle fracture Low angle network fracture
High angle fracture High angle network fracture Vertical fracture

XRMI - Application
➢ Application ——identifiy vug or cavity
Small pore type Small hole-type Middle cave type Big cave type Giant cave
XRMI - Application
➢ Application of the XRMI——identify lithology

Altough Imaging logging can identify most lithologies, but there still are some special ones,
such as the distinction difference between silty mudstone and argillaceous siltstone, which
are necessary to be analyzed together with conventional logging and regional geological data.
shale sandstone conglomerate Carbonate breccia

XRMI - Application
➢ Application —— quantitative calculation of the vug and fracture parameter
FRACTURE
1. Accurate identification the
fracture type;
2. Confirm the fracture
occurance and stress;
vug
3. Quantitatively calculate
the parameter of the fracture,
cavaty vug and cavatiy.
Fracture
XRMI - Application
➢ Application ——crustal stress in evaluation

4287-4292米：
2km
诱导缝倾角、倾向 N
板深 4
板深701
板深7
板深702
千16-24
千12-18
诱导缝走向：板深8
北东-南西向
板深703
板深6
港深6 港深5
板深1X1
The imaging logging can confirm the stress direction according to the strike of the induced fracture and
borehole collapse direction. The strike of induced fracture is the direction of the maximum principal stress,
and the direction of borehole collapse is the direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress.
XRMI – Brief summary
✓ Interpretation geological phenomena and identification fracture, vug and

cavity.
✓ Quantitative evaluation fracture parameters, such as fracture density,
fracture width and fracture porosity.
✓ Calculation fracture occurrence and identification the maximum principal
stress direction.
Contents
SWC 4.Sidewall core
28
3.Modular formation dynamic tester

(MDT)
29
MDT
• MDT:-
Modular Dynamic Formation Tester is the tool through which we
can test the formation and measure the formation pressure,
temperature and get the pure reservoir fluid and water samples.
Many name of this tools depend of companies

MDT
RFT
RDT
RCI
30
MDT Application
1. Identify the pressure test

2. Identify the permeability
3. Identify the fluid contact (OWC)
4. Identify fluid type (Oil or Water)
31
MDT System
32
MDT Tool
33
34
MDT Job Planning
MDT job is designed after evaluating the open hole logs.

There are few main points which should be keep in
mind before planning the job.
1- Select the depth points for formation pressure.

2- Select at least three (3) pressure points in one bed.
3-Pressure points should fall in oil/gas zones and water bearing zone.
4- Select the oil/gas sample point, which should be clean and try to get it
from top of the reservoir.
5-Also select a point for water sample in water bearing zone.
6- MDT oil/gas sample is very suitable for PVT analysis.
35
MDT Interpretation
Interpretation of MDT data is very interesting. For

interpretation you have to make a graph between the
formation pressure and depth. When you plot the formation
pressure against the depth you will get the density gradient,
values of which are given as under:
Oil, Gas and Water has different gradients.
1-Gas = 0.55 g/cc

2-Oil = 0.88 g/cc
3-Water = 1.0 g/cc
36
Density calculation from MDT
37
Identify OWC
Log
MDT
38
Identify Fluid Type
39
Contents
SWC 4.Sidewall core
40
4.Side wall core

(SWC)
41
(SWC): Operation process
42
Rotary Sidewall Coring system
43
Sidewall core (SWC)& drilling core
Drilling coring SWC

Advantage: Advantage:
◆the core is regular, cylindrical and little Easy, fast ,Low cost.
formation pollution.
◆The core can be used for many different
analysis.
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage:
◆In the most case the core is
◆High cost irregularly ,small and destroyed.
◆Complex ◆ The explosive device must be used in
SWC operation, which is dangerous.
◆Affecting drilling speed
◆Low recovery rate, Especially in hard
formation. 44
Data Obtained from cored wells
45
Confirm the lithology
46
Confirm the fracture
47
Core Analysis
Core analysis can be divided into two types:

1. Conventional core analysis .
2. Special core analysis .
48
Core Analysis
Application of Core data
49
Type of core analysis
Type of
core analysis
Routine Core Analysis Special Core Analysis

(RCAL) (SCAL)
Static Dynamic
Core Analysis Core Analysis
Fluid Flow Formation

Characteristics Evaluation
50
Routine Core Analysis ( RCAL)
Routine Core Analysis

(RCAL)
51
Static – Special Core Analysis ( SCAL)
Static
Special Core Analysis
52
Dynamic – Special Core Analysis ( SCAL)
Dynamic
Special Core Analysis
53
Contents
SWC 4.Sidewall core
54
5.Vertical seismic profiles

(VSP)
55
VSP – Log
VSP : Vertical seismic profiles, as the name

suggests, are run vertically in a wellbore to obtain
detailed seismic response near the wellbore. After
correcting for the very different geometry of such a
survey, the results are presented in seismic section
format. They can be correlated with conventional
seismic data and with synthetic seismograms made
from the sonic and density logs in the same
wellbore.
56
Type of VSP – Log
57
Contents
SWC 4.Sidewall core
58
6. Cross Dipole Array Acoustic Logging

(XDT)
59
Cross Dipole Array Acoustic Logging
Wave Generation
P S
Wave Wave
Wave vibration has the Wave vibration is

same direction of wave perpendicular to the
propagation. wave propagation.
Tool Specifications R8
R28
R7 RRSP = 0.5 ft
R27
R6 R1R21SP = 0.25 ft
T1~4 R26
R5 T1R1SP = 10.5 ft
R25
R4 T2R1SP = 8 ft
R24
R3
R23 T3R1SP = 9.75 ft
R2
R1~8 R22 T4R1SP = 8.75 ft
R1
R21
R21~8
T2 Monopole Transmiter
T4 Dipole Transmiter
T3 Dipole Transmiter
T1 Monopole Transmiter
Monopole----10.5ft P-wave, S-wave, ST-wave
Monopole-DT-----8ft P-wave
Dipole----8.5ft and 9.5ft S-wave
1. monopole
P-wave 2. monopole-DT
dtc
3. log-dt
1. monopole
S-wave
2. Dipole dts
3. Estimated-dtsp
➢The principle and application of XMAC

Monopole waveform limited in the slow formation
Monopole waveform in the fast formation
wave
Refraction
P S St
3.35
Gliding
wave
DT、LSS、
Receiver Offset(m)
Monopole waveform in the slow formation Remote Detection

XMACII
Acoustic
P St Reflection Image
3.35 logging Reflection
CBIL Reflection
Receiver Offset(m)
4.42
1000 Time(ms) 4000 Sound Source

Borehole Formation
4.42
1000 Time ( ms) 5000
Dipole Wave Model

➢Adaptive range and Application

Application Range :
The borehole : 4.5in-17.5in;
Relatively smooth Borehole;
Open hole and casing hole;
Any drilling mud series and inclination.
Application：
1）Identification and evaluation of the fracture;
2） Identification of the lithology and gas reservoir;
3） Formation anisotropy analysis and stress
evaluation ;
4） Calculate the Rock Mechanics Parameters and
Evaluate the Reservoir Modification.
➢Application —— identification the lithology and gas reservoir
Vp/Vs—DT Crossplot
Dolomite：VP/VS=1.80
Limestone：VP/VS=1.86
The dry-gas sandstone ：VP/VS=1.58
For water-bearing sandstone, With the

increase of porosity, the VP/VS ratio will
increase, as well as the compaction and the
decrease of effective stress.
➢Application —— identification lithology and gas reservoir
纵横波速度比
2.5
泥岩
干层
VP/Vs
水层
方向
2.3
油气同层
降低
石英
程度
2.1
压实
Φ 含水砂岩线
=1
1.9
泥质
5
Sandstone
with water
增大
Φ=
方向
S10 g增
1.7
Φ=
131
大
方
5
125
向
136132
石英 133
139
123
134
137
1.5
40 60 80 100
纵波时差（us/ft)
DTC
NO.123-139 test result:
Oil:103.6 ton/day;
Gas:29003.5 m3/day
Bing x well logging interpretation result
➢Application —— identification fracture
裂
缝
发
育
井
段
The amplitude of P, S and St wave will be attenuated in some degrees when the fracture reservoir developed in
the formation. The degree of attenuation is related to the dip , fracture opening and permeability. The P-wave
amplitude will be attenuated obviously for the high –angle fracture, and the attenuation of S-wave amplitude
will be obvious for the medium-low angle fracture.
➢Application —— Analyzing the formation anisotropy

Bin X well
The maximum
It is the most feature of the XMAC that is horizontal
principal stress
direction
analyzing the formation anisotropy and
determining the maximum and minimum
principal stress direction. Es1
Es2
fracture crustal stress High angle

imbalance strata Es3
➢Application —— Crustal stress analysis

The XMAC can provide the fast and slow shear
waves information . When the crustal stress was
imbalance, separating the fast and slow shear,
XMAC can evaluate the formation anisotropy.
➢Application —— Calculation the rock mechanical parameters
array acoustic log

Rock mechanical parameters were and the bulk density log data
calculated based on P and S
slowness, bulk density, GR and
formation evaluation results, such as rock mechanical parameter overburden pressure
calculation calculation
Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, bulk
modulus, bulk compressibility and Rock intrinsic strength formation pore Pressure
calculation calculation
Young’s modulus. Borehole stability
analysis, sanding production
crustal stress calculation
prediction and hydraulic prediction
by use of the rock mechanical
parameters. Borehole stability Sand production
Hydraulic prediction
analysis prediction
➢Application —— Borehole stability analysis
It can predict the project parameters, such as collapse pressure, fracture

pressure, maximum, minmum and ideal mud gravity. It can optimize mud gravity to
protect borehole.
➢Application —— Prediction fracture hight
Fracturing pressure：79-83MPa；calculated fracture pressure：82.5MPa；

The artificial fracture pressure ：79-83MPa；
➢Application —— Sanding production analysis
sanding production index：

1.47*104MPa；
The min production
pressure difference：
2.6MPa；
The max production
pressure difference：
8.8MPa；
actual production ：
The production pressure
difference:3MPa；
Sanding product:0.9%。
Brief summary
• Identification fracture by P wave and S wave amplitudes.
• Identification lithology and gas layer by Vs/Vp.
• Stratum anisotropy analysis and stress evaluation.
• Calculation rock mechanics parameters and pressure prediction and
evaluation.
Reference
76
About Authorized
Name: Abbas Radhi Abbas

Position: Chief Engineer / petroleum Engineer
Nationality: Iraq- Missan
Date of Birth: 1978
Gender: Male
Education Background:
Period Education description
1996-2001 University of Bagdad – college of Engineering – petroleum engineering department- (BSc)
Certificates of Appreciation
15 Certificates of Appreciation from difrent international companies such as (Schlumberger- waetherford , Halliburton CNOOC ,
COSL , BHDC )
16 course to SPE ( online webinar )
Work Experience : in Missan Oil Company ( MOC)
Period Work description
(2004-2006) reservoir engineer

(2006-2010 ) water injection engineer
during (2011) drilling and workover engineer
(2011 to 2022 ) petrophysics manager in Reservoir department

Language:
Arabic
Mother language:
Second
language/level: English/Fluent oral and written in English.
77
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Open Hole Logging

High technology log Overview

NMR 1. Nuclear magnetic resonance log

XRMI 2. Extended Range Micro-resistivity Imager

MDT 3. Modular formation dynamic tester

SWC 4.Sidewall core

VSP 5. Vertical seismic profile

XDT 6. Cross Dipole Array Acoustic Logging

Open Hole logging Cased Hole logging

Conventional log High tech log Cased Hole logging

NMR 1. Nuclear magnetic resonance log

XRMI 2. Extended Range Micro-resistivity Imager

MDT 3. Modular formation dynamic tester

SWC 4.Sidewall core

VSP 5. Vertical seismic profile

XDT 6. Cross Dipole Array Acoustic Logging

1.Nuclear magnetic resonance

1. Less sensitivity to pore fluids than to solid matrix;

Clay bound water

➢Why MRIL-P Logging

Bore hole fluids effects

Depth of investigation mismatch

Clay- Capillary- Moveable

Bound Water Moveable Water Heavy Oil Light Oil Gas

T1 Very Short Medium Long Short Long Long

T2 Very Short Medium Long Short Long Short

D Slow Medium Slow Medium Very Fast

➢Nmr logging technology

Adaptability ：In formation

This technology is restricted in heavy

➢ Application —— identification reservoir and physical parameter calculation

The distribution position of the Contrast the NMR results with

➢ Application —— identification reservoir and calculation physical parameter, evaluation the

➢ Application —— evaluation the complicated lithology reservoir

The resistivity value

NMR 1. Nuclear magnetic resonance log

XRMI 2. Extended Range Micro-resistivity Imager

MDT 3. Modular formation dynamic tester

SWC 4.Sidewall core

VSP 5. Vertical seismic profile

XDT 6. Cross Dipole Array Acoustic Logging

2.Extended Range Micro-resistivity Imager

High Low Shale (low

Application：Suitable for any lithology, in water-

If the engineer is quite familiar with regional

Glutenite reservoir scour surface

Feature：To visually see the changing

➢ Application ——dividing reservoir

Lowe resistance High angle fracture（45°<α<85°）

Induced fracture based on drilling tool 0.01～

cavity vug fracture Fracture-cavity

➢ Application ——identifiy fracture

Horizontal fracture Low angle fracture Low angle network fracture

High angle fracture High angle network fracture Vertical fracture

➢ Application ——identifiy vug or cavity

➢ Application of the XRMI——identify lithology

shale sandstone conglomerate Carbonate breccia

➢ Application —— quantitative calculation of the vug and fracture parameter

➢ Application ——crustal stress in evaluation