Acknowledgement:

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to supervisor Dr. S.M. Tripathi and
Mr. P.N Verma Project In-Charge Mr. Ravindra Kumar for their valuable
guidance, intelligence, suggestions, continuous motivation and moral support,
which helped us to complete this project work. Their experimental and
theoretical knowledge has been very helpful. We feel pleasure to express our
gratitude to all faculty members of electrical engineering department for their
encouragement and valuable support throughout the work.
We would like to thank Dr. Y.K Chauhan, Head of the Department, and
Electrical Engineering for providing us a golden opportunity to work with him.
The support and the environment provided by him during our project was more
than what anyone would have expected. We would also like to acknowledge our
friends, who helped us in their own way to complete our report.

Sujit Chauhan (20363)

Vivek Yadav (20367)
Deepak Kushwaha (218304)
Kaushal Kumar Prajapati (218303)
Contents:
• 1: Introduction
• 1.1:Industrial & Social Outcome

• 1.2: Motivation

• 2: Identify Project
• 3: Objectives and Justification
• 4: Methodology
• 4.1: Timeline

• 5: Proposed Model
• 6: Working Principle & Block Diagram
• 7:Component Description

References
Introduction
A vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is a type of wind turbine where the main rotor
shaft is arranged vertically, and the blades radiate out from the central axis. This
design stands in contrast to the more common horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWT) where the blades rotate around a horizontal axis. Vertical axis wind turbines
have gained attention for several reasons, offering unique advantages over their
horizontal counterparts. One key advantage is their ability to capture wind from any
direction, as they do not need to constantly face the wind like horizontal turbines.
This makes VAWTs suitable for urban and decentralized settings, where wind
directions can be unpredictable. The three main types of vertical axis wind turbines
are Darrieus, Savonius, and Giromill. Darrieus turbines typically feature curved
blades resembling an egg beater, while Savonius turbines have a helical shape and
Giromill turbines have vertical blades connected to a central vertical axis.

Industrial & Social Outcomes

1. Increased Energy Production Efficiency: Vertical axis wind turbines,
when equipped with advanced inverters, can optimize energy production by
efficiently converting variable wind energy into usable electricity. This can result
in higher overall energy production compared to traditional systems.
2. Diverse Applications: VAWTs with inverters are versatile and suitable for
various applications, including distributed energy generation, industrial
facilities, and off grid installations. Their adaptability allows for deployment in
diverse industrial settings, providing a decentralized and reliable source of
power.
3. Urban and Industrial Integration: The ability of VAWTs to capture wind
from any direction makes them suitable for urban and industrial environments.
Integrating these turbines into industrial areas can contribute to sustainable
energy practices and reduce reliance on traditional power sources.
4. Reduced Environmental Impact: Vertical axis wind turbines are generally
considered more environmentally friendly than some traditional energy sources.
Byharnessing wind power, they contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions
and minimizing the environmental impact associated with conventional energy
production methods.

Social Outcomes:
1. Job Creation: The development, manufacturing, installation, and
maintenance of VAWTs can create job opportunities in various sectors,
including engineering, manufacturing, and renewable energy services. This can
contribute to local economic growth and employment.
2. Community Empowerment: Deploying VAWTs in local communities can
lead to increased energy independence. Community-based projects may
empower residents to take control of their energy sources, fostering a sense of
ownership andsustainability.
3. Improved Energy Access: VAWTs, especially in combination with inverters,
can be deployed in off-grid and remote areas, providing reliable and sustainable
energy access to communities that may not have access to centralized power
grids. This canimprove living conditions and support economic development.
 4. Educational Opportunities: The introduction of VAWTs in communities
and industrial settings can serve as educational tools. It offers opportunities for
raising awareness about renewable energy, fostering a better understanding of
sustainable practices, and inspiring interest in science and technology among
the local population.
5. Resilience and Reliability: VAWTs, with the support of inverters, can
contribute to more resilient energy systems. In areas prone to power outages or
with unreliable grid infrastructure, these turbines can provide a stable and
continuous power supply.

Motivation
Traditional horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) need to be constantly reoriented
to face the wind for optimal efficiency. VAWTs, on the other hand, can capture wind
from any direction without the need for repositioning.

Benefit:
This versatility makes VAWTs suitable for various geographic locations, especially in
Urban and complex terrain where wind directions are unpredictable.

Identify Project:
In Horizontal axis wind turbine, there is need of free space but in vertical axis wind
turbine it can be use in congested area like cities, rooftop. To avoid these problems we
have come on vertical axis wind turbine. Because there are no such type of problems
it.
Objectives and Justification:
The objective of uses of VAWT is to generate electricity to the street light (for small
scale),at large scale battery charging of EV.

Methodology:
A Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is a kind of wind turbine where the principle rotor
shaft is set transverse to the breeze while the fundamental parts are situated at the
base of the turbine. This framework is controlled by ATmega 328 microcontroller, it
comprises of a vertical axis windmill, DC motor, 12V battery, DC inverter, MOSFET
switch, LCD and transformer. The windmill produces mechanical energy when
wind courses through the turbine. This mechanical energy is changed over into
electrical energy by dynamo, the power esteems are shown on LCD. The Vertical Axis
Windmill converts the energy of wind into kinetic energy by means of blades, and
charges the12V battery. As the battery is switched on, the inverter changes over DC
into AC and the step-up transformer expands the voltage, required to run the
device. MOSFET is a transistor which manages the voltage and after that the load is
powered.
 Timeline:
TASK START DATE END DATE STATUS
Title finalization 10/09/2023 16/09/2023 Completed
Synopsis 1 20/09/2023 28/09/2023 Completed
Research & Planning 01/10/2023 07/10/2023 Completed
Block diagram 10/10/2023 20/10/2023 Completed
Development & designing 08/11/2023 28/11/2023 Completed
Synopsis 2 09/03/2024 Completed
Selecting/Purchasing Of In progress
components
Analysis and Testing In progress
Final Analysis In progress

Proposed Model:

Working principle and block diagram:

The working principle of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) with an inverter involves
the conversion of wind energy into electrical energy and the subsequent
transformation of this energy into a form suitable for use or integration into the
electrical grid. Here's a step-by-step explanation of the process.
Wind Energy Capture:
Mechanical Energy Conversion: Mounted on a central shaft. As the wind flows, it
imparts kinetic energy to the blades, causing them to rotate around the vertical axis.
Blade Rotation: The rotating blades transfer mechanical energy to the central shaft it
is mounted on the shaft as the wind flows it imparts kinetic energy to the blades
causing them to rotate around the vertical axis.
Generator Connection: The central shaft is connected to a generator located at the
base of the turbine. As the shaft turns, it drives the generator to produce mechanical
energy.
Generator Operation: The generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical
energy in the form of alternating current (AC). This AC is inherently variable and
dependson the speed of the wind.
Voltage Control: The inverter regulates the voltage of the DC electricity to match the
required levels for storage or usage.
Frequency Control: Inverters are designed to control the frequency of the generated
electricity, aligning it with standard grid frequencies for seamless integration.
Power Electronics and Control Systems:
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): Sophisticated inverters may
incorporate MPPT algorithms. These algorithms optimize the turbine's performance
by adjusting the rotor speed or blade pitch to maximize power output under
varying wind conditions.
Safety Mechanisms: Inverters also include safety features such as overvoltage
andover current protection to prevent damage to the electrical components.
Storage or Grid Integration:
Battery Storage (Optional): If the system includes energy storage, the inverter
Charges batteries with the converted DC electricity during periods of high wind and
low demand.
Grid Integration: The inverter facilitates the connection of the VAWT to the electrical
grid. It ensures that the electricity generated by the turbine aligns with the grid's
specifications regarding voltage, frequency, and power quality.

Block Diagram:

Block Diagram of VAWT with Inverter

Components:
1. Atmega 328 Microcontroller: AVR is a type of microcontrollers, also known
as AVR family microcontrollers used for developing embedded systems. AVR
family microcontrollers were introduced by Atmel in 1996 and later acquired by
Microchip Technology in 2016.
The key feature about AVR controllers was that it was the first microcontroller
families that used on chip flash memory, whereas all other microcontrollers at
the time used ROM, EPROM or EEPROM.
 Atmega328 is a 8 bit high performance RISC Based Microcontroller with 28
Pins
 32KB ISP flash memory, 1KB EEPROM, 2KB SRAM
 23 IO Pins
  SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter
 Operating Voltage 1.8-5.5 V
 32 general purpose working registers

2. DC Motor:
A DC motor is an electrical motor that uses direct current (DC) to produce mechanical
force. Themost common types rely on magnetic forces produced by currents in the coils.
Nearly all types of. DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical
or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the motor.

3. 12 Volt batteries:
The sealed Lead Calcium Maintenance-Free Battery is an advanced and economical
rechargeable battery. It has several properties different from other types of batteries
maintenance Free - As it is valve-regulated, sealed and glass-mat is utilized, acid is
trapped inside. So, refilling is not needed and is leak proof. Explore the 12-volt
battery price at Rob craze, this maintenance-free battery offers low self-discharge,
long service life, and efficient performance with a constant voltage charging meth

.
4. DC Inverter:
It is used to convert the input DC power into AC output power at desired output
voltage and frequency. The AC output voltage could be a fixed or variable frequency.
The DC input power to the inverter may be from a battery, fuel cell, solar cell, SMPS,
or other DC sources. This conversion process is achieved utilizing controlled power
transistor switching devices such as BJTs, MOSFETs IGBTs MCTs, SITs, and
GTOs.

5. Mosfet Switch:
A metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is an electronic device
that falls under the category of field-effect transistors (FETs). These devices act as
voltage controlled current sources, and are mainly used as switches or for the
amplification of electrical signals. The MOSFET is controlled by applying certain
voltage conditions to the gate. When the MOSFET is turned on, current flows from
the drain to the source of the MOSFET, through a channel created in the bulk (also
called the body). In most cases, the MOSFET’s bulk is connected to the source,
which is why MOSFETs are commonly referred to as 3-pin devices.

6. LCD:
An LCD consists of a layer of liquid crystals sandwiched between two transparent
electrodes. When an electric current is applied, the crystals align to control the
amountof light passing through them, creating the image you see on the screen.
7. Transfer : 220v , 50z ac
A step-up transformer is a transformer that has a primary voltage that is lower
than the secondary voltage. So, if your building is wired with 208v but you need
220v to power a large machine, you'll need a step-up transformer to boost 220
volt.
REFERENCES
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model wind turbine, Trans.ASME, J. Energy Resour. Technol. 105 (1983)
46–53.
2. M. Nagai, K. Irabu, Momentum theory for diffuser augmented wind
turbine, Trans. JSME 53–489 (1987) 1543–1547 (in Japanese).
3. D.G. Phillips, P.J. Richards, R.G.J. Flay, CFD modelling and the
development of the diffuser augmented wind turbine, Proceedings of the
Computational Wind Engineering 2000, Birmingham,2000, pp. 189–192.
4. I. Ushiyama, Introduction of Wind Turbine, Sanseido Press, Tokyo, 1997,
pp. 77–84 (in Japanese).
5. Energy Beta. (2017). Wind Power from the Darrieus Wind Turbine. [online] Available
at: http://www.energybeta.com/windpower/windmill/wind-power-from-the-
darrieuswind- turbine/ [Accessed 16 Jul. 2017
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http://www.reuk.co.uk/wordpress/wind/savonius-wind-turbines/ [Accessed 16
Jul. 2017
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Turbine (VAWT) With Wind Deflectors. [online] Available at: http://Performance
Simulation of a Savonius Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) With Wind
Deflectors [Accessed 16 Jul.2017.
8. Tsai, H.-C., Colonius, T., 2016. Numerical Investigation of Self-Starting Capability of
Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines at Low Reynolds Numbers. 34th AIAA Applied
Aerodynamics Conference 1–12. doi:10.2514/6.2016-3731