1

The Efficacy of Barangay Health Workers in the Prevention of Malnutrition

in Barangay San Roque, Guimba, Nueva Ecija.

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

College of Criminology Department

Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College of Guimba, Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH I

Acuña, Chris Vincent

Antalan, Vincent

Almeda, Jun

Manuel, Erica

Martinez, Mark Joshua

Peridas, Herson

Pascua, Crisanto Jr

Tabio, Mark Darwin

Ms. Pauline Joyce O. Tomas

Research Instructor

October 2023
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CHAPTER I

The Problem of Its Setting

Introduction

Malnutrition remains a significant global concern, causing loss of life, weakness,

and economic burdens. Studies have shown that community health workers are successful

in producing tangible health benefits directly connected to the Millennium Development

Goals (MDGs), such as lowering child malnutrition. Barangay Health Workers (BHW)

are frontline health professionals who provide basic health education and choose primary

health care services in their communities. Malnutrition is defined as nutritional deficits or

excesses, an imbalance of critical nutrients, or inadequate nutrient use. In an effort to

mitigate these dire consequences, governments worldwide have implemented barangay

health workers (BHWs) as a means to ensure that individuals are sufficiently skilled,

knowledgeable, and responsible. This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness

of Brgy. Health Worker, which aimed to build the participatory health promotion

capacity of community leaders who is trained and employed to provide medical, nursing,

or other healthcare services. Saunders, J., et. al. (2011).

According to Agarwal, Ekta, et. al. (2013) The focus of nutrition is often on

healthy diets and exercise to minimise the risk of developing lifestyle diseases such as

cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, during the shift into older years

often the nutrition priorities change towards meeting increased nutrient needs with less

energy requirements, and minimising lean muscle loss. There are several causes of

general malnutrition in the elderly that lead to depletion of muscle including starvation

(protein-energy malnutrition), sarcopenia and cachexia. The prevalence of protein-energy

 3

malnutrition increases with age and the number of comorbidities. A range of simple and

validated screening tools can be used to identify malnutrition in older adults, e.g. MST,

MNA-SF and ‘MUST’. Older adults should be screened for nutritional issues at

diagnosis, on admission to hospitals or care homes and during follow up at outpatient or

General Practitioner clinics, at regular intervals depending on clinical status. Early

identification and treatment of nutrition problems can lead to improved outcomes and

better quality of life.

According to Dr. Bobby (2016) A healthcare worker is one who delivers care and

services to the sick and ailing either directly as doctors and nurses or indirectly as aides,

helpers, laboratory technicians, or even medical waste handlers. There are approximately

59 million healthcare workers worldwide. Recognizing the vital role played by health

care workers as “the most valuable resource for health” the World Health Organization

(WHO) had declared the years 2006 to 2015 as the “The decade of the human resources

for health.”

The main forms of childhood malnutrition occur predominantly in children <5

years of age living in low-income and middle-income countries and include stunting,

wasting and kwashiorkor, of which severe wasting and kwashiorkor are commonly

referred to as severe acute malnutrition. Here, we use the term ‘severe malnutrition’ to

describe these conditions to better reflect the contributions of chronic poverty, poor living

conditions with pervasive deficits in sanitation and hygiene, a high prevalence of

infectious diseases and environmental insults, food insecurity, poor maternal and fetal

nutritional status and sub-optimal nutritional intake in infancy and early childhood.

Children with severe malnutrition have an increased risk of serious illness and death,
 4

primarily from acute infectious diseases. International growth standards are used for the

diagnosis of severe malnutrition and provide therapeutic end points. The early detection

of severe wasting and kwashiorkor and outpatient therapy for these conditions using

ready-to-use therapeutic foods form the cornerstone of modern therapy, and only a small

percentage of children require inpatient care. However, the normalization of

physiological and metabolic functions in children with malnutrition is challenging, and

children remain at high risk of relapse and death. Further research is urgently needed to

improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of severe malnutrition, especially the

mechanisms causing kwashiorkor, and to develop new interventions for prevention and

treatment. Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., et. al. (2017).

Overcoming malnutrition in all its forms (including under-nutrition, micro-

nutrient deficiencies, overweight and, obesity) is more than securing enough food for

survival, especially what children eat – they must also be nutritious. This study

documented the effects of feeding the DOST-PINOY complementary food to

malnourished kids ranging from 14 months to 54 months, non-school age children. Four

'barangays' in the city with the highest incidence of malnutrition (based on 2016 data)

became recipients of the study during a four' year consecutive period. The children were

categorized as severely underweight or underweight children. The feeding program used

Rice-Mongo crunches (RMC), which was feed continuously for 120 days. The results

showed an increase in the weight gained during the four months of feeding with RMC.

Furthermore, there was a significant difference in weights during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th

months of feeding against the initial weights. The increase in weight varied between
 5

0.20-0.800 kg as observe per child per month. At the end of the 4th month of feeding, the

total weight gained varied from 0.3 kg to 2.8 kg per child. Torrejos, S. B., et. al. (2022).

According to Joanna Marie V. Manrique, et. al. (2022) 104–117, Journal of

Economics, Finance, and Accounting Studies, 4 (1), the primary goal of this study is to

ascertain whether public health spending in the Philippines has reduced malnutrition in

children under the age of five. The researchers build a health production function based

on the Grossman model, treating environmental, social, and economic factors as drivers

of nutritional status. Stunting rates are dramatically reduced by rising food security rates,

falling rates of poverty incidence, and rising urbanization, according to OLS estimations.

Apart from the degree of urbanization and wasting, there is no statistically significant

correlation found between the aforementioned independent variables and underweight

and wasting rates. Each and every regression model's coefficient.

According to Joanne Jette S. Gulay, et. al. (2022) Assessment and Planning of

Programs 91, 102047, monitoring is necessary when implementing a nutrition

intervention program in order to evaluate target accomplishments and ultimately program

goals. Complementary feeding for children aged six months to under three years old and

nutrition education for mothers and caregivers are two of the components of the nutrition

intervention plan under the Malnutrition Reduction Program [MRP]. The elements that

helped and hindered the implementation of this intervention were identified through

monitoring. Thirty-two cities and municipalities in total were under observation.

As per the statements of Jamesrell L. Lirasan, et. al. (2023) In order to help the

staff at the City Health Office create effective intervention programs, it is critical to keep

an eye on the nutritional status of the local children. Though there have been fewer
 6

attempts to produce specific interpretations of past nutrition data, planners and

implementers of nutrition programs find it challenging to choose which programs to

create for a given region due to the variety of causes of malnutrition and the mortality

that results from it. As a result, the study created a prediction simulator including trend

analysis and prediction for community-based nutrition status monitoring of children

under five. Auto regressive Integrated Moving Average and time series analysis were

employed in the research.

Effective communication between providers and patients is one of the most

important factors for achieving better health outcomes in the delivery of healthcare and in

order to achieve effective communication, the use of the right communication strategy is

beneficial. In relation to this, Barangay Health Workers (BHW) are exposed to a lot of

interpersonal communication between them and their constituents. With the lack of

studies on BHW, it is important to understand the nature of their work by exploring the

interpersonal communication strategies they use and how it helps them resolve healthcare

miscommunication in their areas. Camasin, Angelica, et. al. (2023).

The findings of this study are to investigate and analyze the impact of these

barangay health workers (BHWs) on the prevention of malnutrition. This study seeks to

shed light on the effectiveness of such BHWs in enhancing health safety. And lastly,

society at large would benefit from the fact that healthy living is relevant in today's era.

Conceptual Framework

Our definition of a conceptual framework draws from each of these

conceptualizations. From Miles, et. al. (2014) we incorporate the idea that conceptual
 7

frameworks seek to identify "presumed relationships" among key factors or constructs to

be studied, and that the justification for these presumptions may come from multiple

sources such as one's own prior research or tentative theories" as well as established

theoretical or empirical work found in the research literature. We strongly agree with

Maxwell's observation that through the process of developing a conceptual framework,

the researcher comes to take ownership of the study's core concepts and logic, a point that

fits nicely with Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña's view of the conceptual framework as

both a tool for and artifact of the researcher's learning.

Input Process Output

Demographic Profile
 Age
 Gender The Efficacy of
 Educational Conduct Survey BHW in the
attainment and Follow Up prevention of
Interview malnutrition in
Problem that measures Brgy. San Roque,
the efficacy of BHW in Guimba Nueva
the prevention of Ecija
malnutrition.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the efficacy of Barangay Health Workers in the

Prevention of in Malnutrition in Brgy. San Roque, Guimba, Nueva Ecija.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender
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1.3 Educational attainment

2. What are the actions of Barangay Health Workers to the problems that causes

malnutrition in Brgy. San Roque, Guimba, Nueva Ecija?

3. What extent do the Barangay Health Workers deals with the threat of malnutrition in

their Barangay?

4. What are the strategies of Barangay Health Workers to keep their resident in mitigating

the effect of malnutrition be described?

5. What is the coping strategies of Barangay Health Workers to mitigate the effect of

malnutrition?

Significance of the Study

The research would be beneficial to the residents of Barangay San Roque, as they

would know the impact or efficacy of barangay health workers in preventing malnutrition

as well.

The result of this research would also be beneficial to future researchers, whereas

it can serve as a basis for their studies on having a related study, and the ideas presented

may be used as reference data in conducting research about the impact of barangay health

workers in the prevention of malnutrition.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focuses on the efficacy of barangay health workers in the prevention of

malnutrition in Brgy. San Roque, Guimba, Nueva Ecija. The respondents were only the

residents of Brgy. San Roque. The respondents who were able to answer the survey

instrument were used in the statistical treatment of data.

 9

The researchers used the quantitative method and will provide a questionnaire and

survey that are limited to Barangay Bantug, Guimba, and Nueva Ecija. The possible

respondent of this research was 50-60 male/female only.

Definition of Terms

To fully understand this research study, the following terms are specially defined

to identify its definition and terms:

Barangay Health Workers - they are a form of community health professional who

serves as a health advocate and educator in their areas. They reside in the areas they serve

and get five weeks of training in everything from vaccines to weighing children and

providing birthing services.

Community health - is a medical specialty that focuses on the physical and mental well-

being of the people in a specific geographic region.

Community - a social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality,

share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage. a locality

inhabited by such a group.

Community Security - is a process focused on promoting a community driven approach

to understanding and providing security. It has a clear focus on improving the

relationships between and behaviours of communities, authorities and institutions.

Income - refers to the money that a person or entity receives in exchange for their labor

or products. Income may have different definitions depending on the context for example,

taxation, financial accounting, or economic analysis.

Malnutrition - refers to nutritional deficits or surpluses, an imbalance of vital nutrients,

or inadequate nutrient utilization.

 10

Occupation - a person's usual or principal work or business, especially as a means of

earning a living.
 11

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

All review literature and studies bear some similarities with the present study.

This is for the researchers and can be used as a legal basis for making a questionnaire

checklist for the present study. This chapter presents the related literature and studies

from both local and international sources and the factors and impacts of the barangay

health worker.

Foreign Literature

Micronutrients are compounds found in foods that are necessary for human health

but in little levels. They include all of the known vitamins and trace minerals.

Micronutrient deficiency occurs when intakes of bioavailable micronutrients are

insufficient to fulfill needs. It affects 13-12% of the global population. Iron, iodine, and

vitamin A deficits are the three most common types of micronutrient malnutrition.

Deficits in zinc and vitamin B-12 are also common. Increased mortality rates, particularly

in women and children; poor pregnancy outcomes; increased morbidity; impaired mental

and physical development in children; and lower job productivity in adults are all

consequences of micronutrient deficiency. Black et. al. (2008).

Issa Niamanto Coulibaly, et. al. (2022) A streamlined, combined protocol was

developed that admits kids with a mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) of less than

125 mm or edema to malnutrition treatment using ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF).

The protocol entails giving kids with MUAC less than 115 mm or edema two daily

RUTF sachets, and kids with 115 mm ≤ MUAC less than 125 mm one daily sachet. It has

previously been demonstrated that this treatment produces programmatic outcomes that
 12

are comparable to those of standard treatment. Our goal was to observe its efficacy in a

routine setting at a large scale, including through community health workers' (CHWs')

delivery. 27,800 kids in all were admitted for the streamlined, integrated care. With an

average length of stay of 40 days and an average RUTF consumption of 62 sachets per

treated child, the treatment yielded a 92% overall recovery. 87% of the children who

were admitted with edema or MUAC < 115 mm recovered, requiring an average of 96

RUTF sachets over the course of their 55-day stay. Every subgroup under study saw a

recovery rate above 85%. Recovery from treatment by CHWs was comparable to that

from treatment by formal healthcare workers (92%), at 94%. The integrated, streamlined

approach produced excellent recovery rates and minimal RUTF usage for each treated

child, indicating that CHWs can safely use it to deliver treatment in the community.

As stated by Mara Fewtrell, (2022) Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition,

75(4), 411-417. The sixth World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology,

and Nutrition in 2021 featured a joint workshop titled "Moving Complementary Feeding

Forward," organized by the Federation of International Societies for Pediatric

Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the WHO Regional Office for Europe.

Here is a summary of the talks and presentations from the workshop. The workshop

covered national CF guidelines in Europe, a nutrient profiling system for CFD,

worldwide policy perspectives on the standards and regulation, and health implications of

complementary feeding (CF), including allergies, difficulties meeting dietary needs

during the CF period, quality of commercial complementary foods (CFD) and respective

marketing practices, and views on standards and international policy regarding the

control of CFD marketing. Sufficient childhood feeding practices are essential for
 13

maintaining a child's health in the short and long term, preventing nutritional

deficiencies, promoting normal growth and development, and lowering the risk of

allergies. The workshop determined that better feeding practices were required, as well as

the harmonization of evidence-based information, the development of guidelines in

collaboration with multiple stakeholders, and improvements to the composition,

marketing strategies, and transparent labeling of commercial CFD based on nutrient

profiling. To make progress, scientists, public health specialists, pediatric associations,

national governments, and the WHO must redouble their efforts to collaborate.

Marian AE de van der Schueren, et. al. (2022) Clinical Nutrition, 41(10), 2163-

2168. Twenty years ago, ESPEN released its "Guidelines for nutritional screening 2002,"

noting that they should be updated and modified in the future to reflect the current state

of knowledge as they were based on the evidence available up until 2002 [1]. After two

decades, there has been a significant advancement in the field of malnutrition risk

screening. For use in various patient populations and healthcare environments, numerous

screening instruments have been created and approved [[2], [3], [4]]. In certain countries,

it is now required to screen for malnutrition when a patient is admitted to the hospital.

Nonetheless, consideration of present practices and policies regarding malnutrition risk

screening is necessary given changes in society and healthcare. Globally, the proportion

of obese patients has increased (obesity has tripled since 1975 [5], and hospital

admissions with obesity as a primary or secondary diagnosis have increased [6]). This

begs the question of whether body mass index (BMI)-based malnutrition screening tools

are still useful. In addition, hospital stays have become significantly shorter [7]. This

necessitates moving the emphasis from the inpatient to the community and outpatient
 14

settings. Furthermore, the healthcare system faces difficulties due to societal

demographic shifts, particularly the aging population, which necessitates timely treatment

or, ideally, the prevention of malnutrition in order to prevent functional decline.

As stated by Willya Achmad (2022) Journal of EduHealth 13 (02), 467–477.

Stunting prevention now revolves around parenting styles that influence the rise or fall in

stunting rates rather than malnutrition. Social reality is defined as a reality that creates an

interaction pattern based on the values held by the community. By using a literature

review that is pertinent to several incidents involving stunting problems in Indonesia, this

study explains how to find social reality in stunting prevention in the Cianjur Regency

area. The study's findings clarify that stunting, or short stature, and malnutrition are

global health problems, with the prevalence of these two conditions remaining relatively

high in developing nations like Indonesia and In actuality, Cianjur Regency continues to

have a high prevalence of stunting, being one of the Indonesian regions that raises the

risk of stunting among children and toddlers. fairly high—roughly between 37 and 40

percent. Because of this, it is anticipated that one of the initiatives to hasten the decrease

in stunting in the Cianjur Regency area. In addition, the communication plan for

modifying community behavior highlights the need for the community to function at its

best, make the most of its resources, and be motivated in order to produce the best

possible outcomes then take prompt and precise action, which means that in order to

prevent stunting, nutritionists, midwives, and other qualified healthcare professionals

must follow protocols. uphold the professional code of ethics and nutrition services by

putting the needs of people first. Then, to combat stunting, enhance inter-institutional and

cooperative work. This means that, in addition to sector-specific efforts, other sectors and
 15

programs that will be able to continue operating optimally and effectively in the future

must also be supported.

According to Yedilbayev, et. al. (2023) Despite continuous efforts to reduce its

incidence and mortality, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's leading infectious

causes of death. Despite improvements in TB incidence and mortality, the European

Region is currently facing a rise in the prevalence of multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant

tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB). In addition to being a significant factor in the prevalence of

TB, malnutrition can either directly cause or worsen the disease's onset. Malnutrition may

worsen the results of treatment for TB and MDR/RR-TB-related conditions as well as

contribute to the spread of TB.

Local Literature

Legarda (2010) maintains that ‘barangay health workers have one of the toughest

jobs and are one of the most dedicated sectors in the government. It is however

distressing that their efforts are unrecognized and neglected. The work of a barangay

health worker is crucial to the nation’s health care delivery system.’

As stated by Danilo Servano Jr., et. al. (2022) Social Science & Medicine

308 Although it is commonly acknowledged that the actions of community-based health

actors are essential to pandemic response, it is unclear exactly who is a part of this

ecosystem of actors and how they deal with the difficulties of providing community-level

care during a public health emergency. This study aimed to: (1) characterize the lived

experiences of community-based health actors in the Philippines during the COVID-19

pandemic; and (2) pinpoint avenues for additional support of these vital actors in the

health workforce. Semi-structured virtual interviews took place in January and February.
 16

with 28 employees of a non-governmental organization (NGO) with headquarters in the

Philippines to investigate their firsthand accounts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a

hybrid inductive-deductive coding process guided by Tronto's conceptualization of an

ethic of care, data were thematically analyzed. Study participants' lived experiences were

influenced by discourses about fear and care, as well as the ways in which these two

affects interacted. The study's participants shared their experiences with fear on a daily

basis. These included fears about COVID-19 testing and the potential social and personal

repercussions (such as stigma) of a positive test result, as well as fears expressed by NGO

workers about getting the virus and spreading it to others. Even in the face of fear,

participants experienced care on a daily basis: care served as a strong incentive to carry

on with their work; they felt cared for by a compassionate organization that followed

safety procedures and gave material support to individuals under quarantine; and they

practiced self-care. The ecosystem of actors engaged in community-based health care and

engagement initiatives, as well as the difficulties they face in their work, are better

understood in light of these findings, especially in the context of a pandemic. We discuss

the consequences for civil society organizations tasked with safeguarding the physical

and mental health of their employees and how these measures can help to fortify regional

health systems.

Joanna Marie V. Manrique, et. al. claim that (2022), 104-117, Journal of

Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies, 4 (1) The primary goal of this study is to

ascertain whether public health spending in the Philippines has reduced malnutrition in

children under the age of five. The researchers build a health production function based

on the Grossman (1972) model, treating environmental, social, and economic factors as
 17

determinants of nutritional status. Stunting rates are significantly reduced by rising food

security rates, falling rates of poverty incidence, and rising urbanization, according to

OLS estimates. Apart from the degree of urbanization and wasting, there is no

statistically significant correlation found between the aforementioned independent

variables and underweight and wasting rates.

According to Joanne Jette S. Gulay, et. al. (2022) Assessment and Planning of

Programs 91, 102047, Monitoring is necessary when implementing a nutrition

intervention program in order to evaluate target accomplishments and ultimately program

goals. Complementary feeding for children aged six months to under three years old and

nutrition education for mothers and caregivers are two of the components of the nutrition

intervention strategy under the Malnutrition Reduction Program [MRP]. The factors that

helped and hindered the implementation of this intervention were identified through

monitoring. Thirty-two cities and municipalities in all were under observation.

According to Vicente Y. Belizario, et. al. (2023) Biosocial Science Journal 55 (2),

306-325. For public health, schistosomiasis japonica is still a problem in many parts of

the Philippines. The primary method for reducing schistosomiasis morbidity is periodic

mass drug administration (MDA) to populations that are at risk. Reaching MDA coverage

goals is critical to attaining universal health care, lowering morbidity, and preventing

disease-related complications. The research utilized a qualitative case study

methodology. In order to provide detailed and contextualized accounts of the

circumstances surrounding the implementation of MDA in two chosen villages in

provinces in Mindanao, the Philippines, which are known to be endemic for

schistosomiasis, key informant interviews and focus groups were held. The
 18

intersectionality approach in conjunction with the Critical Ecology for Medical

Anthropology (CEMA) model was used to analyze the data. It was discovered that both

enabling and restricting factors had been encountered in MDA in the study settings across

a number of CEMA model areas. The interaction of geographic location, gender norms,

income class, and religious beliefs may have caused important populations to be

overlooked when MDA was conducted in the study sites. It is imperative to tackle the

obstacles encountered by MDA target beneficiaries and program implementers in order to

improve service delivery and manage morbidity resulting from schistosomiasis.

Enhancing adherence to MDA necessitates a comprehensive, unified strategy for tackling

participation obstacles, which are influenced by broader socio-political and power

frameworks.

According to MYT Baliolaa (2023) The Philippine Barangay Health Worker

(BHW) program extends the accessibility of health care services at the community level.

BHWs are trained volunteers who perform various health-promoting and health-

educating tasks and provide primary health care (PHC) services within their

communities. However, the weak implementation of policies meant to protect their

welfare, like the BHW Benefits and Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 7883), translates to

challenges that impact the sustainability of the BHW program. This qualitative study

aimed to explore the BHWs' experiences with RA 7883 and how its implementation

shaped their overall role as frontline health workers during the pandemic.

Based on Michelle S. Guillermo (2023) Open Journal of Leadership, With the aid

of the Philippine Development Plan, the government can formulate a common vision for

the future of the nation and a coordinated plan of action to bring it to pass. This ensures
 19

that government funds are allocated to concrete initiatives, projects, and programs that

best accomplish the nation's goals and objectives. Finding out how the community views

the state of health-related programs under the Philippine Development Plan, particularly

before and after its implementation, is the primary goal of this study. The results showed

that the health-related programs under the Philippine Development Plan Implementation

had undergone three major changes. As part of excellent public affairs practices, public

affairs first promotes transparency in the municipality by showcasing the

accomplishments of each Local Government Unit division. Second, by being receptive to

the needs of its citizens and raising their awareness to build their relationship with the

general public, more health projects were implemented and achieved, including a

decreased prevalence rate of stunting and an established functional ESU. Last but not

least is plan compliance, since numerous health-related initiatives were carried out and

accomplished in accordance with the municipality's goals for the Philippine Development

Plan. Based on these results, the researcher suggests that integrity be upheld at all times

by government employees and offices, as this could undermine governance overall.

The barangay health worker cannot be denied, as it has an immense impact on the

behavior, personality, learning, growth, and development of the individuals and

barangay. Thus, it is necessary to examine how barangay health workers prevent

malnutrition. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationship between barangay

health workers and the prevention of malnutrition in Brgy. San Roque.

 20

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CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter will present the locale of the study,research design, sampling

procedure,participants of the study, instrumentation, data gathering procedures. Lastly is

the data analysis that will used to utilized to conduct and how the procedure done by the

researchers.

Locale of the Study

The population of this study will be the residents of Barangay San Roque,

Guimba, Nueva Ecija. In how their barangay health workers prevent malnutrition. The

appropriate respondent was 50–60, whether it was male or female.

Research Design

The researchers of this study will use the descriptive method to determine aims

systematically obtain information to describe a phenomenon, situation, or population.

More specifically, it helps answer the what, when, where, and how questions regarding

the research problem rather than the why.

According to Best and Kahn (2007), “The term descriptive research has often

been used incorrectly to describe three types of investigation that are different. Perhaps

their superficial similarities have obscured their difference. Each of them employs the

process of disciplined inquiry through the gathering and analysis of empirical data, and

each attempts to develop knowledge. To be done competently, each requires the expertise
 25

of the careful and systematic investigator. A brief explanation may serve to put each one

in proper perspective.”

Sampling Procedure

In order to answer the research question, the researchers will be able to collect the

data. The sampling method employed is known as random sampling. Selection of the

most available people for a study. They are Barangay San Roque, Guimba, Nueva Ecija.

The researcher sample size conducted was estimated to be 50–60 participants, which

those residents with the issue of barangay health workers affect towards their prevention

of malnutrition.

Respondent of the Study

The researchers select only the residents of Barangay San Roque, Guimba, Nueva

Ecija, whether it was male or female. The researcher will look for 50-60 residents as the

participant of the study as they answer the survey form of the researchers.

Instrumentation of the Study

To get the appropriate data needed in this study, the researchers will use

questionnaire checklist form to know the efficacy of barangay health workers in the

prevention of malnutrition in barangay san roque, guimba, nueva ecija. The instrument

will be convenient for the researchers and students because some students are busy on

their schedule.

Data Gathering Procedure

 26

The researchers formulated a letter to ask permission from the research adviser to

sign the request letter to gather data, after it was signed by research adviser, the

researchers gathered the data within one week. The researchers gave a request letter to

allow us to float the questionnaire checklist. The researchers provided the printed

questionnaire checklist. After the permission granted, the questionnaire checklist was

personally administer and explain the mechanics of the study by the researchers to

selected members understand and answer the following questions.

The researchers made sure the retrieval of all responses within one (1) week due

to availability of the respondents to answer the following questions because of so busy.

After it was collected, it was tabulated, analyze, interpret. The researchers had allotted

vigorous time, effort and cooperation in developing their survey so as to serve to the

respondents. The researchers will provide a letter to request to the research adviser before

the gathering of the data and giving a survey to the random sampling or the respondents

of the study.

The survey was created using suitable questions modeled from related research

and individual questions formed by the researchers. The survey was related to the

participant's perception regarding the efficacy of barangay health workers in the

prevention of malnutririon. In the questionnaire, scale was used to determine if the

respondent agreed or disagreed in a statement. After the professor approved the survey

copies were distributed to the 50-60 respondents of Barangay San Roque, Guimba,

Nueva Ecija. Participants were given time to respond and then the researchers will collect

the survey form after the respondents was done answering it.
 27

Likert-scale surveys are a widely used research instrument to assess respondents’

preferences, beliefs, or experiences. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate how

network analysis (NA) can be employed to model and evaluate the interconnectedness of

items in Likert-style surveys. We explore the advantages of this approach by applying the

methodology to the aspects of student experience scale datasets and compare the results

to the principal component analysis. We successfully create a meaningful network based

on survey item response similarity and use modular analysis of the network to identify

larger themes built from the connections of particular aspects. The modular NA of the

network of survey items identifies important themes that highlight differences in

students’ overall experiences. Our network analysis for Likert-scale surveys methodology

is widely applicable and provides a new way to investigate phenomena assessed by

Likert-style surveys. Dalka ,R,P (2022).

Likert Scale

Scale Numerical Equivalent Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.51-3.25 Agree

2 1.76-2.50 Disagree

1 1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree

Total

Statistical Treatment of Data

 28

The researchers summarized and analyzed the responses of the participant by

using a survey form and questionnaire.

1. Socio-Demographic profile of the Respondents

The data on the questionnaire checklist that deals with socio-demographic profile

of the respondents used the frequency and percentage distribution of responses.

Frequency Distribution - it is statistical procedures that involves listing all possible

measures of variable and tallied each datum on the listing This is done by categorizing

and tabulating the frequency of each occurrence.

Percentage - utilized by the researchers to get the proportion of a part of the whole study.

Likert Scale

Scale Numerical Equivalent Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.51-3.25 Agree

2 1.76-2.50 Disagree

1 1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree

Total

Ranking

The researchers used a rank as a tool to determine the highest and the lowest rank

The highest rank is 4, next is 3 and 2, then the lowest rank is 1. The ranking was obtained

by adding all of the rank given by the respondents divided by total number of the

respondents.
 29

Data Analysis

The process of collecting the data of the study is a descriptive statistics

specifically used to measure the data answered by the respondent of the study which

contain the objectives of the study presented by the researchers through an random

sampling. The researchers will give a questionnaire or survey form to the informant . The

statistics that the researchers will use is the Likert scale that is often used to measure

respondents’ attitudes by asking the extent to which they agree or disagree with a

particular question statement. After measuring the data, coding takes place in the study

and this is where the researcher will define what are data being analyzed.
 30

CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis And Interpretation Of Data

This chapter provides the presentation of statistical data relative to the problems

as earlier posited. Corresponding analysis and interpretation regarding these presented

data was also included.

The questionnaires distributed to the respondents were composed of three parts.

The first part contains the Profile of the Respondents and second part contains the

Psychological Effects of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer Bullying in

Bongabon, Nueva Ecija and third part contains on How do the respondents handle the

Psychological Effects of Bullving in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija.

Table 1.1

Distribution of response in terms of Age

Age Frequency Percentage Rank

 31

Total

In above table as to the respondents, ranked first and obtained a frequency of (21)

and percentage distribution of (35%) were (31) and above years of age; ranked second

and obtained a frequency of (16) and percentage distribution of (27%) were (21-25) years

of age; ranked third and obtained a frequency of (14) and percentage distribution of

(23%) were 26 to 30 years of age; ranked fourth and obtained a frequency of 9 and

percentage distribution of 15% were 15 to 20 years of age.

As shown from the findings, the respondents were 31 years old and above shows

most bullied in-terms of age bracket because they were completely out of their true

gender identity, most often they are more prone in terms of bullying because of too much

interaction with non-LGBTQ people that they were not accepted. Also they have

experienced more bullying for a long period of time compare the age bracket of 15-30

years old.

Table 1.2 Presents the distribution, frequency, Percentage, and rank of participants in

terms of Gender.

Table 1.2

Distribution of response in terms of Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage Rank

Total

In above table as to the respondents, ranked first and obtained a frequency of 32

and percentage distributions 53% are lesbian; second and obtained a frequency of 21 and
 32

percentage distributions of 35% are gay; third and obtained a frequency of 6 and

percentage distributions of 10% are bisexual, fourth and obtained a frequency of 1 and

percentage distribution of 2% are transgender.

As seen from the findings, majority of the respondents of the research study

belong to lesbian. It can be concluded that lesbians are more prone in-terms of bullying

which affect their psychological thinking.

According to Nanales et., al (2018) entitled" Bullying Experiences of the Lesbian

and Gay Students and Its Effect to their Behavior" concluded that the effect of the

bullying experienced mostly by the lesbian than gay student-respondents are sometimes

being sad,

Table 1.3 Presents the distribution, frequency, Percentage, and rank of participant in

terms of Educational Attainment.

Table 1.3

Distribution of respondents in terms of Educational Attainment

In the above table as to respondents, ranked first and obtained a frequency of 28