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Nasal groove extending to a little beyond the middle of the bill;
nostrils linear, lateral, submedial, pervious. Lower mandible with the
angle long and narrow, the sides erect, the dorsal line sloping
upwards, the edges a little inflected, the tip narrowed, the gape line
straight.
Head rather small, oblong, compressed. Neck shortish. Body
compact, deeper than broad. Feet of moderate length, rather
slender; tibia bare a short way above the joint; tarsus of ordinary
length, compressed anteriorly covered with broad scutella,
posteriorly with smaller, and on the sides reticulated. Hind toe small
and very slender; middle toe longest, and longer than the tarsus;
inner toe considerably shorter than the outer; toes free, with
numerous scutella above. Claws of moderate length, compressed,
slightly arched, acute.
Plumage blended, slightly glossy above. Wings short and broad;
tapering, rounded, the first and second nearly equal and longest. Tail
very short, much rounded, of twelve feeble rounded feathers; the
upper and lower tail-coverts nearly as long as the tail-feathers.
Bill black. Iris red. Feet bright yellowish-green, claws dusky. The
head and all the lower parts are very dark purplish-grey, on the
upper part of the head approaching to black, on the fore part of the
neck faintly undulated with paler, on the sides and hind parts barred
with greyish-white; the lower wing-coverts barred with grey and
white; the lower tail-coverts of the latter colour. The hind neck and
fore part of the back dark chestnut; the rest of the back and tail-
coverts greyish-black, transversely barred with white. Wing-coverts
and inner secondaries reddish-brown, with white spots; the other
quills more dusky. The tail-feathers also reddish-brown, barred with
dusky and marked with white spots.
Length to end of tail 6 inches; wing from flexure 3 7/8; tail 1 1/16; bill
1/2
along the ridge 1/2, along the edge of lower mandible 4 /8; bare part
of tibia 1/4; tarsus 1; hind toe and claw 1/2; middle toe and claw 1,
outer toe and claw 7/8; inner toe and claw 5/8.
This fine Owl, which is the largest of the North American species, is
nowhere common with us, although it ranges from the north-eastern
coast of the United States to the sources of the Columbia River. It
has been procured near Eastport in Maine, and at Marble Head in
Massachusetts, where one of them was taken alive, perched on a
wood pile, early in the morning, in February 1831. I went to Salem
for the purpose of seeing it, but it had died, and I could not trace its
remains. The gentleman, Mr Ives, in whose keeping it had been for
several months, fed it on fish and small birds, of which it was very
fond. Besides shewing me various marks of attention, he gave me a
drawing of it made by his wife, which is still in my possession. It
uttered at times a tremulous cry not unlike that of the Little Screech
Owl, Strix Asio, and shewed a great antipathy to cats and dogs. In
the winter of 1832, I saw one of these Owls flying over the harbour of
Boston, Massachusetts, amid several Gulls, all of which continued
teasing it until it disappeared. I have seen specimens procured on
the Rocky Mountains by Dr Townsend, and several brought to
London by the medical officer who accompanied Captain Back in his
late Arctic journey. Among the individuals which I have examined I
have found considerable differences as to size and markings, which
may be attributed to age and sex. My drawing was taken from a
remarkably fine specimen in the collection of the Zoological Society
of London.
The comparatively small size of this bird’s eyes renders it probable
that it hunts by day, and the remarkable smallness of its feet and
claws induces me to think that it does not prey on large animals. Dr
Richardson says that “it is by no means a rare bird in the Fur
Countries, being an inhabitant of all the woody districts, lying
between Lake Superior and latitudes 67° or 68°, and between
Hudson’s Bay and the Pacific. It is common on the borders of Great
Bear Lake; and there, and in the higher parallels of latitude, it must
pursue its prey, during the summer months, by day-light. It keeps
however within the woods, and does not frequent the barren
grounds, like the Snowy Owl, nor is it so often met with in broad day
light as the Hawk Owl, but hunts principally when the sun is low;
indeed, it is only at such times, when the recesses of the woods are
deeply shadowed, that the American hare and the murine animals,
on which the Cinereous Owl chiefly preys, come forth to feed. On the
23d of May I discovered a nest of this Owl, built on the top of a lofty
balsam poplar, of sticks, and lined with feathers. It contained three
young, which were covered with a whitish down. We got them by
felling the tree, which was remarkably thick; and whilst this operation
was going on, the two parent birds flew in circles round the objects of
their cares, keeping, however, so high in the air as to be out of
gunshot; they did not appear to be dazzled by the light. The young
ones were kept alive for two months, when they made their escape.
They had the habit, common also to other Owls, of throwing
themselves back, and making a loud snapping noise with their bills,
when any one entered the room in which they were kept.”
Strix cinerea, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 291.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. i. p. 58—
Richards. and Swains. Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. ii. p 77.
Adult Female. Plate CCCLI.
Bill short, stout, broader than high at the base, its dorsal outline
convex to the end of the cere, which is covered with stiffish linear
feathers having their barbs separated, the ridge very broad, the
sides sloping and nearly flat, the tip compressed, decurved, acute;
lower mandible small, with the angle long and wide, the dorsal line
convex, the edges sharp, the tip narrow; the gape-line straight, at the
end decurved. Nostrils large, elliptical; eyes large, but proportionally
smaller than in most other Owls.
The body is slender, anteriorly broad, but seems large and full on
account of the great mass of plumage; the neck short; the head
extremely large. Feet rather short; the tarsi very short, and
feathered; the toes very short and feathered, there being only two or
three bare scutella at their extremity. Claws slightly curved, long,
slender, compressed, tapering to an extremely narrow point.
Plumage very full, soft, and downy; the feathers generally oblong.
Those on the face linear, stiffish, with loose barbs, and disposed in
two large disks surrounding the eyes; besides which there is a ruff of
softer linear, denser feathers from the forehead, behind the ears, to
the chin. The conch of the ear is very large, although greatly
exceeded by that of many other Owls, and furnished with an anterior
semicircular operculum, beset with slender feathers. Wings very
large, concave; primaries, decurved toward the end, the first with the
tips of the filaments separated, and recurved in its whole length, the
second in its terminal half; the first quill short, being of the same
length as the sixth, the second 2 1/2 inches longer, the third 1 1/2 inch
longer than the second, 1/4 inch shorter than the fourth, which is the
longest, or equals the next. The first five have their outer webs more
or less cut out towards the end, and the first seven have their inner
webs sinuate. The tail is long, ample, rounded, of twelve broad
rounded feathers.
Bill yellow. Iris bright yellow. Claws brownish-black. The general
colour of the upper parts is greyish-brown, variegated with greyish-
white in irregular undulated markings; the feathers on the upper part
of the head with two transverse white spots on each web; the smaller
wing-coverts of a darker brown, and less mottled than the back; the
outer scapulars with more white on their outer webs; the primary
quills blackish-brown toward the end, marked in the rest of their
extent with few broad light-grey oblique bands, which are dotted and
undulated with darker. Tail-feathers similarly barred, darker towards
the end, the middle ones more intricately marked. The feathers of
the ruff are white towards the end, dark-brown in the centre. The
disks are on their inner side grey, with black tips; in the rest of their
extent greyish-white, with six bars of blackish-brown very regularly
disposed in a concentric manner; feathers on the chin or upper part
of throat greyish-white. All the under parts are greyish-brown,
variegated with greyish and yellowish white; the feet barred with the
same.
Length to end of tail 30 1/2 inches, to end of wings 27 1/4, to end of
claws 22; extent of wings 48 1/2; wing from flexure 19 1/4; tail 12 3/4;
bill along the ridge 1, along the edge of lower mandible 1 3/4; breadth
of gape 1 1/2; tarsus 2 1/2; hind toe 7/12, its claw 7/8; middle toe 1, its
claw 1 5/12.
BLACK-SHOULDERED HAWK.
I have traced the migration of this beautiful Hawk from the Texas as
far east as the mouth of the Santee River in South Carolina.
Charles Bonaparte first introduced it into our Fauna, on the
authority of a specimen procured in East Florida, by Titian Peale,
Esq. of Philadelphia, who it seems had some difficulty in obtaining it.
On the 8th of February 1834 I received one of these birds alive from
Dr Ravenel of Charleston, who had kept it in his yard for eight days
previously, without being able to induce it to take any food. The
beauty of its large eyes struck me at once, and I immediately made a
drawing of the bird, which was the first I had ever seen alive. It
proved to be a male, and was in beautiful plumage. Dr Ravenel told
me that it walked about his yard with tolerable ease, although one of
its wings had been injured. On the 23d of the same month I received
another fine specimen, a female, from Francis Lee, Esq., who had
procured it on his plantation, forty miles west of Charleston, and with
it the following note. “When first observed, it was perched on a tree
in an erect posture. I saw at once that it was one of the birds which
you had desired me to procure for you, and went to the house for my
gun. On returning I saw the Hawk very high in the air, sailing
beautifully over a large wet meadow, where many Common Snipes
were feeding. It would now and then poise itself for a while, in the
manner of our Little Sparrow Hawk, and suddenly closing its wings
plunge towards its prey with great velocity, making a rumbling noise
as it passed through the air. Now and then, when about half-way, it
suddenly checked its descent, recommenced hovering, and at last
marking its prey, rushed upon it and secured it. Its cries, on being
wounded, so much resembled those of the Mississippi Kite, that I
thought, as I was going to pick it up, that I had only got one of that
species. It was so shy that I was obliged to get on horseback before I
could approach it within gun shot.”
Mr H. Ward, who accompanied me on my expedition to the Floridas
found this species breeding on the plantation of Alexander Mayzck,
Esq., on the Santee River, early in the month of March, and shot
three, two of which, a male and a female, are now in my possession.
Their nests were placed on low trees near the margins of the river,
and resembled those of the American Crow, but had none of the
substantial lining of that bird’s nest. Mr Ward states, that at this time
they were seen flying over the cane brakes in pursuit of large
insects, somewhat in the manner of the Mississippi Kite, and that
they were very shy.
My friend John Bachman has seen this species fly in groups, at a
very great height, in the beginning of March, and thinks that it is only
of late years that they have located themselves in South Carolina,
where, however, five of them have been procured in one year.
The Black-shouldered Hawk appears to give a decided preference to
low lands, not distant from the shores of the Atlantic. On our way
toward the Texas, several of these birds were seen over the large
marshes, flying at a small elevation, and coursing in search of prey,
much in the manner of the Hen-harrier or Marsh Hawk, but all
evidently bent on proceeding to the eastward. Whether this species
winters there or not, I am unable to say, but that some remain all the
year in Florida, and even in South Carolina, I am quite confident.
The difference between the food of this species and that of the
Mississippi Kite is surprising to me. I have never seen the latter seize
any bird, whereas the Black-shouldered Hawk certainly does so, as
in the stomachs of two individuals which I examined were remains of
birds as well as of coleopterous insects. These two birds agree
nearly with the description of the one procured by Mr Titian Peale,
excepting in the length of the wings, which in them and in several
others that have come under my notice, have their tips fully an inch
shorter than the end of the tail. A breeding female differed from the
rest in having the eyes dull yellowish-red; the tail-feathers had all
been ash-grey, all the primaries were edged with white, and many of
the secondaries were still of a light brownish-grey; the black spots
under the wings were smaller than usual; the abdomen was also
tinged with brownish-grey. I am therefore of opinion, that these birds
undergo as many changes of plumage as the Mississippi Kite.
Weight 14 oz.
Adult Female. Plate CCCLII. Fig. 2.
The female is rather larger than the male, but in other respects
similar.
Length to end of tail 16 3/4 inches, to end of wings 15 3/4, to end of
claws 12 3/8; extent of wings 41 1/2; tail 8; wing from flexure 13 1/2;
bill along the ridge 1 1/8, along the edge of lower mandible 1 1/2;
tarsus 1 3/8; hind toe 3/4, its claw 7/8; outer toe 7/8, its claw 1/2; middle
toe 1 3/8, its claw 5/8; inner toe 7/8, its claw 3/4. Weight 17 1/4 oz.
The young when fledged have the bill and claws black, the cere and
feet dull yellow; the upper parts brownish-grey, the scapulars and
quills tipped with white, the former also margined, with yellowish-
brown; the primary and secondary coverts are also tipped with white;
the smaller wing-coverts are brownish-black; the outer webs of all
the tail-feathers are more or less brownish-grey toward the end. The
lower parts are white, the feathers on the breast tinged with
brownish-yellow at the end, and with the shaft yellowish-brown. The
lower wing-coverts are all white.
CHESTNUT-BACKED TITMOUSE.
You have before you on the same plate three species of Parus, two
of which are new to science. Of specimens of these I obtained
possession in consequence of the purchase which I made of part of
Dr Townsend’s hard-earned collection, made during his laborious
expedition over the Rocky Mountains, and the valley of the Columbia
River. For an account of the habits of those which are not found to
the east of the Rocky Mountains, I am indebted to my friends
Thomas Nuttall, Esq., and J. K. Townsend, M. D. Mr Nuttall’s
notice respecting the present species is as follows:—
“The Chestnut-backed Titmouse is seen throughout the year in the
forests of the Columbia, and as far south as Upper California, in all
which tract it breeds, forming, as I have some reason to believe, a
pendulous, or at least an exposed nest, like some of the European
species. It is made of large quantities of hypna and lichens, and
copiously and coarsely lined with deer’s hair and large feathers,
such as those of the Grouse and the Jay. They are commonly seen
in small flocks of all ages in the autumn and winter, when they move
about briskly, and emit a number of feeble querulous notes, after the
manner of the Chickadee, or common species, Parus atricapillus, but
seldom utter any thing like a song, though now and then, as they
glean about, they utter a t’she, de, de, or t’dee, t’dee, dee, their more
common querulous call, however, being like t’she, dé, de, vait, t’she,
de, de, vait, sometimes also a confused warbling chatter. The busy
troop, accompanied often by the common species, the Regulus
tricolor, and the small yellow-bellied Parus, are seen flitting through
bushes and thickets, carefully gleaning insects and larvæ for an
instant, and are then off to some other place around, proceeding with
restless activity to gratify the calls of hunger and the stimulus of
caprice. Thus they are seen to rove along for miles together, until
satisfied or fatigued, when they retire to rest in the recesses of the
darkest forests, situations which they eventually choose for their
temporary domicile, where in solitude and retirement they rear their
young, and for the whole of the succeeding autumn and winter
remain probably together in families. When the gun thins their ranks,
it is surprising to see the courage, anxiety, and solicitude of these
little creatures: they follow you with their wailing scold, and entreat
for their companions in a manner that impresses you with a
favourable idea of their social feelings and sympathy.”
Dr Townsend says, that “the Chinook Indians call this species a kul.
It inhabits the forests of the Columbia River, where it breeds and
goes in flocks in the autumn, more or less gregarious through the
season. The legs and feet are light blue.”