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Nasal groove extending to a little beyond the middle of the bill;
nostrils linear, lateral, submedial, pervious. Lower mandible with the
angle long and narrow, the sides erect, the dorsal line sloping
upwards, the edges a little inflected, the tip narrowed, the gape line
straight.
Head rather small, oblong, compressed. Neck shortish. Body
compact, deeper than broad. Feet of moderate length, rather
slender; tibia bare a short way above the joint; tarsus of ordinary
length, compressed anteriorly covered with broad scutella,
posteriorly with smaller, and on the sides reticulated. Hind toe small
and very slender; middle toe longest, and longer than the tarsus;
inner toe considerably shorter than the outer; toes free, with
numerous scutella above. Claws of moderate length, compressed,
slightly arched, acute.
Plumage blended, slightly glossy above. Wings short and broad;
tapering, rounded, the first and second nearly equal and longest. Tail
very short, much rounded, of twelve feeble rounded feathers; the
upper and lower tail-coverts nearly as long as the tail-feathers.
Bill black. Iris red. Feet bright yellowish-green, claws dusky. The
head and all the lower parts are very dark purplish-grey, on the
upper part of the head approaching to black, on the fore part of the
neck faintly undulated with paler, on the sides and hind parts barred
with greyish-white; the lower wing-coverts barred with grey and
white; the lower tail-coverts of the latter colour. The hind neck and
fore part of the back dark chestnut; the rest of the back and tail-
coverts greyish-black, transversely barred with white. Wing-coverts
and inner secondaries reddish-brown, with white spots; the other
quills more dusky. The tail-feathers also reddish-brown, barred with
dusky and marked with white spots.
Length to end of tail 6 inches; wing from flexure 3 7/8; tail 1 1/16; bill
1/2
along the ridge 1/2, along the edge of lower mandible 4 /8; bare part
of tibia 1/4; tarsus 1; hind toe and claw 1/2; middle toe and claw 1,
outer toe and claw 7/8; inner toe and claw 5/8.

Young a few days old. Plate CCCXLIX. Fig. 2.

While yet covered with down, the young is black all over; the bill
bright yellow, with the point of the upper mandible, and a band
across the middle of the lower, black; the feet dull yellowish-green,
the claws dusky.
Since the above was written, I have received a letter from my friend
J. Trudeau, M. D., in which he says that his father shot a
considerable number of these Rails last winter in the vicinity of New
Orleans.
 ROCKY-MOUNTAIN PLOVER.

Charadrius montanus, Townsend.

PLATE CCCL. Female.

For the following brief account of this bird, I am indebted to my

learned and obliging friend, Thomas Nuttall.
“This remarkable species, so much allied to the Charadrius Wilsoni,
was scarcely seen by us for more than one or two days, and then on
the central table-land of the Rocky Mountains, in the plains near the
last of the streams of the Platte, pursued in our western and northern
route. It being the month of July when we saw it, there is little doubt
but that it was breeding in this subalpine region. The only individual
shot, was seen skulking and running through the wormwood bushes
which so generally clothe those arid and dry wastes. After running
some time, it would remain perfectly still, as if conscious of the
difficulty of distinguishing it from the colour of the grey soil on which
it stood. All that we saw were similar to the present individual, and
none, however flushed, took to the wing. We do not recollect hearing
from it the slightest complaint or note of any kind, being intent
probably on concealing its young or eggs by a perfect silence.”
The skin from which I made my drawing was that of a female; and it
is my opinion, that the male, when found, will have as distinct
markings as those exhibited by Charadrius melodus or Ch.
semipalmatus.
 Charadrius montanus, Rocky-Mountain Plover. Townsend, Journ. Acad.
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. vii. p. 192.

Adult Female. Plate CCCL.

Bill shorter than the head, straight, somewhat cylindrical. Upper
mandible with the dorsal line straight to beyond the middle, then
bulging a little and curving to the rather acute tip, which projects
beyond that of the lower mandible, the sides flat and sloping at the
base, convex towards the end. Nasal groove extended to the middle
of the bill; nostrils basal, linear, open and pervious. Lower mandible
with the angle rather short, the sides at the base sloping outwards:
the dorsal line ascending and slightly convex, the edges sharp, the
tip rather acute.
Head of moderate size, oblong, the forehead rounded. Legs rather
long and slender; tibia bare half an inch above the joint; tarsus
slender, compressed, covered with angular scales, of which the
anterior are much larger; toes short, slender, with numerous scutella
above, marginate, the outer connected with the middle by a short
membrane. Claws small, compressed, slightly arched, rather acute.
Plumage soft, the feathers rather distinct on the upper parts, blended
on the lower. Wings long and pointed; primary quills tapering, the
first longest by a quarter of an inch, the rest rapidly graduated; inner
secondaries tapering and elongated, one of them nearly as long as
the outer primary when the wing is closed. Tail of moderate length,
even, of twelve feathers.
Bill black. Feet light dull brownish-yellow. Forehead, a band over the
eye, fore part of neck, and all the rest of the lower surface, white; top
of the head and nape dark yellowish-brown, sides and hind part of
the neck dull ochre-yellow, which is the prevailing colour on the
upper parts, the feathers being broadly margined with it while their
central portion is greyish-brown. Wing-coverts lighter; primary
coverts and quills dusky, their shafts and margins white, that colour
becoming more extended on the inner and on some of the
secondaries, so as to form a conspicuous patch on the wing; inner
secondaries like the back. Tail yellowish-brown, tipped with
yellowish-white, the two outer broadly margined with the same.
Length to end of tail about 8 1/4 inches, to end of wings the same, to
1/2
end of claws 9 1/4; wing from flexure 6 1/8; tail 2 1/2; tarsus 1 4 /8;
middle toe 3/4, claw 1/4.
 GREAT CINEREOUS OWL.

Strix cinerea, Gmelin.

PLATE CCCLI.

This fine Owl, which is the largest of the North American species, is
nowhere common with us, although it ranges from the north-eastern
coast of the United States to the sources of the Columbia River. It
has been procured near Eastport in Maine, and at Marble Head in
Massachusetts, where one of them was taken alive, perched on a
wood pile, early in the morning, in February 1831. I went to Salem
for the purpose of seeing it, but it had died, and I could not trace its
remains. The gentleman, Mr Ives, in whose keeping it had been for
several months, fed it on fish and small birds, of which it was very
fond. Besides shewing me various marks of attention, he gave me a
drawing of it made by his wife, which is still in my possession. It
uttered at times a tremulous cry not unlike that of the Little Screech
Owl, Strix Asio, and shewed a great antipathy to cats and dogs. In
the winter of 1832, I saw one of these Owls flying over the harbour of
Boston, Massachusetts, amid several Gulls, all of which continued
teasing it until it disappeared. I have seen specimens procured on
the Rocky Mountains by Dr Townsend, and several brought to
London by the medical officer who accompanied Captain Back in his
late Arctic journey. Among the individuals which I have examined I
have found considerable differences as to size and markings, which
may be attributed to age and sex. My drawing was taken from a
remarkably fine specimen in the collection of the Zoological Society
of London.
The comparatively small size of this bird’s eyes renders it probable
that it hunts by day, and the remarkable smallness of its feet and
claws induces me to think that it does not prey on large animals. Dr
Richardson says that “it is by no means a rare bird in the Fur
Countries, being an inhabitant of all the woody districts, lying
between Lake Superior and latitudes 67° or 68°, and between
Hudson’s Bay and the Pacific. It is common on the borders of Great
Bear Lake; and there, and in the higher parallels of latitude, it must
pursue its prey, during the summer months, by day-light. It keeps
however within the woods, and does not frequent the barren
grounds, like the Snowy Owl, nor is it so often met with in broad day
light as the Hawk Owl, but hunts principally when the sun is low;
indeed, it is only at such times, when the recesses of the woods are
deeply shadowed, that the American hare and the murine animals,
on which the Cinereous Owl chiefly preys, come forth to feed. On the
23d of May I discovered a nest of this Owl, built on the top of a lofty
balsam poplar, of sticks, and lined with feathers. It contained three
young, which were covered with a whitish down. We got them by
felling the tree, which was remarkably thick; and whilst this operation
was going on, the two parent birds flew in circles round the objects of
their cares, keeping, however, so high in the air as to be out of
gunshot; they did not appear to be dazzled by the light. The young
ones were kept alive for two months, when they made their escape.
They had the habit, common also to other Owls, of throwing
themselves back, and making a loud snapping noise with their bills,
when any one entered the room in which they were kept.”

Strix cinerea, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 291.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. i. p. 58—
Richards. and Swains. Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. ii. p 77.
Adult Female. Plate CCCLI.
Bill short, stout, broader than high at the base, its dorsal outline
convex to the end of the cere, which is covered with stiffish linear
feathers having their barbs separated, the ridge very broad, the
sides sloping and nearly flat, the tip compressed, decurved, acute;
lower mandible small, with the angle long and wide, the dorsal line
convex, the edges sharp, the tip narrow; the gape-line straight, at the
end decurved. Nostrils large, elliptical; eyes large, but proportionally
smaller than in most other Owls.
The body is slender, anteriorly broad, but seems large and full on
account of the great mass of plumage; the neck short; the head
extremely large. Feet rather short; the tarsi very short, and
feathered; the toes very short and feathered, there being only two or
three bare scutella at their extremity. Claws slightly curved, long,
slender, compressed, tapering to an extremely narrow point.
Plumage very full, soft, and downy; the feathers generally oblong.
Those on the face linear, stiffish, with loose barbs, and disposed in
two large disks surrounding the eyes; besides which there is a ruff of
softer linear, denser feathers from the forehead, behind the ears, to
the chin. The conch of the ear is very large, although greatly
exceeded by that of many other Owls, and furnished with an anterior
semicircular operculum, beset with slender feathers. Wings very
large, concave; primaries, decurved toward the end, the first with the
tips of the filaments separated, and recurved in its whole length, the
second in its terminal half; the first quill short, being of the same
length as the sixth, the second 2 1/2 inches longer, the third 1 1/2 inch
longer than the second, 1/4 inch shorter than the fourth, which is the
longest, or equals the next. The first five have their outer webs more
or less cut out towards the end, and the first seven have their inner
webs sinuate. The tail is long, ample, rounded, of twelve broad
rounded feathers.
Bill yellow. Iris bright yellow. Claws brownish-black. The general
colour of the upper parts is greyish-brown, variegated with greyish-
white in irregular undulated markings; the feathers on the upper part
of the head with two transverse white spots on each web; the smaller
wing-coverts of a darker brown, and less mottled than the back; the
outer scapulars with more white on their outer webs; the primary
quills blackish-brown toward the end, marked in the rest of their
extent with few broad light-grey oblique bands, which are dotted and
undulated with darker. Tail-feathers similarly barred, darker towards
the end, the middle ones more intricately marked. The feathers of
the ruff are white towards the end, dark-brown in the centre. The
disks are on their inner side grey, with black tips; in the rest of their
extent greyish-white, with six bars of blackish-brown very regularly
disposed in a concentric manner; feathers on the chin or upper part
of throat greyish-white. All the under parts are greyish-brown,
variegated with greyish and yellowish white; the feet barred with the
same.
Length to end of tail 30 1/2 inches, to end of wings 27 1/4, to end of
claws 22; extent of wings 48 1/2; wing from flexure 19 1/4; tail 12 3/4;
bill along the ridge 1, along the edge of lower mandible 1 3/4; breadth
of gape 1 1/2; tarsus 2 1/2; hind toe 7/12, its claw 7/8; middle toe 1, its
claw 1 5/12.
 BLACK-SHOULDERED HAWK.

Falco dispar, Temm.

PLATE CCCLII. Male and Female.

I have traced the migration of this beautiful Hawk from the Texas as
far east as the mouth of the Santee River in South Carolina.
Charles Bonaparte first introduced it into our Fauna, on the
authority of a specimen procured in East Florida, by Titian Peale,
Esq. of Philadelphia, who it seems had some difficulty in obtaining it.
On the 8th of February 1834 I received one of these birds alive from
Dr Ravenel of Charleston, who had kept it in his yard for eight days
previously, without being able to induce it to take any food. The
beauty of its large eyes struck me at once, and I immediately made a
drawing of the bird, which was the first I had ever seen alive. It
proved to be a male, and was in beautiful plumage. Dr Ravenel told
me that it walked about his yard with tolerable ease, although one of
its wings had been injured. On the 23d of the same month I received
another fine specimen, a female, from Francis Lee, Esq., who had
procured it on his plantation, forty miles west of Charleston, and with
it the following note. “When first observed, it was perched on a tree
in an erect posture. I saw at once that it was one of the birds which
you had desired me to procure for you, and went to the house for my
gun. On returning I saw the Hawk very high in the air, sailing
beautifully over a large wet meadow, where many Common Snipes
were feeding. It would now and then poise itself for a while, in the
manner of our Little Sparrow Hawk, and suddenly closing its wings
plunge towards its prey with great velocity, making a rumbling noise
as it passed through the air. Now and then, when about half-way, it
suddenly checked its descent, recommenced hovering, and at last
marking its prey, rushed upon it and secured it. Its cries, on being
wounded, so much resembled those of the Mississippi Kite, that I
thought, as I was going to pick it up, that I had only got one of that
species. It was so shy that I was obliged to get on horseback before I
could approach it within gun shot.”
Mr H. Ward, who accompanied me on my expedition to the Floridas
found this species breeding on the plantation of Alexander Mayzck,
Esq., on the Santee River, early in the month of March, and shot
three, two of which, a male and a female, are now in my possession.
Their nests were placed on low trees near the margins of the river,
and resembled those of the American Crow, but had none of the
substantial lining of that bird’s nest. Mr Ward states, that at this time
they were seen flying over the cane brakes in pursuit of large
insects, somewhat in the manner of the Mississippi Kite, and that
they were very shy.
My friend John Bachman has seen this species fly in groups, at a
very great height, in the beginning of March, and thinks that it is only
of late years that they have located themselves in South Carolina,
where, however, five of them have been procured in one year.
The Black-shouldered Hawk appears to give a decided preference to
low lands, not distant from the shores of the Atlantic. On our way
toward the Texas, several of these birds were seen over the large
marshes, flying at a small elevation, and coursing in search of prey,
much in the manner of the Hen-harrier or Marsh Hawk, but all
evidently bent on proceeding to the eastward. Whether this species
winters there or not, I am unable to say, but that some remain all the
year in Florida, and even in South Carolina, I am quite confident.
The difference between the food of this species and that of the
Mississippi Kite is surprising to me. I have never seen the latter seize
any bird, whereas the Black-shouldered Hawk certainly does so, as
in the stomachs of two individuals which I examined were remains of
birds as well as of coleopterous insects. These two birds agree
nearly with the description of the one procured by Mr Titian Peale,
excepting in the length of the wings, which in them and in several
others that have come under my notice, have their tips fully an inch
shorter than the end of the tail. A breeding female differed from the
rest in having the eyes dull yellowish-red; the tail-feathers had all
been ash-grey, all the primaries were edged with white, and many of
the secondaries were still of a light brownish-grey; the black spots
under the wings were smaller than usual; the abdomen was also
tinged with brownish-grey. I am therefore of opinion, that these birds
undergo as many changes of plumage as the Mississippi Kite.

Black-winged Hawk, Falco melanopterus, Ch. Bonaparte, Amer. Orn. vol.

ii. pl. 11. fig. 1. Female.
Falco melanopterus, Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis of Birds of United States, p.
31.
Falco dispar, Temm. Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis. Append, p. 435.

Adult Male. Plate CCCLII. Fig. 1.

Bill short, broader than deep at the base, with the gape very wide.
Upper mandible with the cere covered at the base with bristly
feathers, the dorsal line convex and declinate to the end of the cere,
then curved downwards in about the third of a circle, the sides at the
base sloping towards the end convex and erect, the sharp edges
with a distinct festoon, the tip narrow and acute. Lower mandible with
the angle very wide and long, the dorsal outline very short,
ascending and slightly convex, the sharp edges inflected, the tip
obliquely truncate and narrow. Nostrils elliptical, rather large, in the
fore part of the cere.
Head rather large, broad, flattened above, with the superciliary
ridges prominent. Eyes large, directed obliquely forwards. Neck
short; body compact. Legs of moderate length; tibia long and
muscular; tarsus very short, stout, roundish, covered anteriorly with
feathers for half its length, the rest with small roundish scales, toes
short, thick, tuberculate and papillate beneath, scaly above, like the
tarsus, but with three large scutella at the end. Claws long, curved,
conical, extremely pointed, that of middle toe with an inner edge.
Plumage soft, blended, full, on the back rather compact. Feathers of
the cere, lore, and eyelids, bristle-pointed. Wings very long and
pointed, the second quill longest, the third nearly as long, the first
longer than the fourth; the first, second, and third with the outer web
attenuated toward the end; the first and second with the inner web
sinuated; secondaries very broad, rounded, the inner web exceeding
the outer. Tail of twelve feathers, of moderate breadth, long,
emarginate and rounded, the middle and lateral feathers being about
equal, and eight-twelfths of an inch shorter than the second feather
from the side.
Bill black; the cere and soft basal margins yellow. Iris bright red. Tarsi
and toes yellow, of a darker tint than the cere; claws black. All the
lower parts are pure white, with the exception of a patch on five or
six of the larger wing-coverts; the forehead is also white, as are the
cheeks; the superciliary bristles black, the white of the head
gradually blends into the general colour of the upper parts, which is
ash-grey; the smaller wing-coverts bluish-black; the shafts of the
quills brownish-black; all the feathers of the tail, excepting the two
middle, white; the shafts of the two middle feathers blackish-brown,
of the rest white towards the end, the whole of that of the outer pure
white.
Length to end of tail 16 inches, to end of claws 12 1/4, to end of
wings 14 7/8; extent of wings 40; wing from flexure 13; tail 7 10/12; bill
1/2
along the ridge 1 /12, along the edge of lower mandible 1 5/12;
tarsus 1 4/12; first toe 7/12, its claw 3/4; second toe 10 1/2/12, its claw
10/12; 1/ 1/
third toe 1/4, its claw 9 /12; fourth toe 10
2 /12, its claw 8/12.
2

Weight 14 oz.
Adult Female. Plate CCCLII. Fig. 2.
The female is rather larger than the male, but in other respects
similar.
Length to end of tail 16 3/4 inches, to end of wings 15 3/4, to end of
claws 12 3/8; extent of wings 41 1/2; tail 8; wing from flexure 13 1/2;
bill along the ridge 1 1/8, along the edge of lower mandible 1 1/2;
tarsus 1 3/8; hind toe 3/4, its claw 7/8; outer toe 7/8, its claw 1/2; middle
toe 1 3/8, its claw 5/8; inner toe 7/8, its claw 3/4. Weight 17 1/4 oz.

The young when fledged have the bill and claws black, the cere and
feet dull yellow; the upper parts brownish-grey, the scapulars and
quills tipped with white, the former also margined, with yellowish-
brown; the primary and secondary coverts are also tipped with white;
the smaller wing-coverts are brownish-black; the outer webs of all
the tail-feathers are more or less brownish-grey toward the end. The
lower parts are white, the feathers on the breast tinged with
brownish-yellow at the end, and with the shaft yellowish-brown. The
lower wing-coverts are all white.
 CHESTNUT-BACKED TITMOUSE.

Parus rufescens, Townsend.

PLATE CCCLIII. Male and Female.

You have before you on the same plate three species of Parus, two
of which are new to science. Of specimens of these I obtained
possession in consequence of the purchase which I made of part of
Dr Townsend’s hard-earned collection, made during his laborious
expedition over the Rocky Mountains, and the valley of the Columbia
River. For an account of the habits of those which are not found to
the east of the Rocky Mountains, I am indebted to my friends
Thomas Nuttall, Esq., and J. K. Townsend, M. D. Mr Nuttall’s
notice respecting the present species is as follows:—
“The Chestnut-backed Titmouse is seen throughout the year in the
forests of the Columbia, and as far south as Upper California, in all
which tract it breeds, forming, as I have some reason to believe, a
pendulous, or at least an exposed nest, like some of the European
species. It is made of large quantities of hypna and lichens, and
copiously and coarsely lined with deer’s hair and large feathers,
such as those of the Grouse and the Jay. They are commonly seen
in small flocks of all ages in the autumn and winter, when they move
about briskly, and emit a number of feeble querulous notes, after the
manner of the Chickadee, or common species, Parus atricapillus, but
seldom utter any thing like a song, though now and then, as they
glean about, they utter a t’she, de, de, or t’dee, t’dee, dee, their more
common querulous call, however, being like t’she, dé, de, vait, t’she,
de, de, vait, sometimes also a confused warbling chatter. The busy
troop, accompanied often by the common species, the Regulus
tricolor, and the small yellow-bellied Parus, are seen flitting through
bushes and thickets, carefully gleaning insects and larvæ for an
instant, and are then off to some other place around, proceeding with
restless activity to gratify the calls of hunger and the stimulus of
caprice. Thus they are seen to rove along for miles together, until
satisfied or fatigued, when they retire to rest in the recesses of the
darkest forests, situations which they eventually choose for their
temporary domicile, where in solitude and retirement they rear their
young, and for the whole of the succeeding autumn and winter
remain probably together in families. When the gun thins their ranks,
it is surprising to see the courage, anxiety, and solicitude of these
little creatures: they follow you with their wailing scold, and entreat
for their companions in a manner that impresses you with a
favourable idea of their social feelings and sympathy.”
Dr Townsend says, that “the Chinook Indians call this species a kul.
It inhabits the forests of the Columbia River, where it breeds and
goes in flocks in the autumn, more or less gregarious through the
season. The legs and feet are light blue.”

Parus rufescens, Chestnut-backed Titmouse, Townsend, Journ. Acad. of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. vii. p. 190.

Adult Male. Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 1.

Bill very short, straight, strong, compressed, rather acute; both
mandibles with the dorsal line slightly convex, the sides sloping and
convex, the edges sharp, the tip of the upper scarcely longer.
Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed by the recumbent feathers. Head
large, ovate; neck short; body rather robust. Feet of ordinary length,
robust; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior scutella, and two
lateral plates meeting behind so as to form a thin edge; toes large,
the three anterior united as far as the second joint, the hind one
much stronger, and with its claw as long as the third. Claws large,
arched, much compressed, acute.
Plumage blended, tufty, unglossed. Wings of moderate length, the
fourth and fifth quills equal and longest, the sixth scarcely shorter,
the third and seventh equal, the second and eighth equal, the first
very short, being only half the length of the second. Tail long,
slender, arched, very slightly emarginate, or with its tip divaricate, of
twelve rather narrow feathers.
Bill brownish-black, with the edges and tip paler. Feet greyish-blue;
claws paler. Head and neck, and fore part of the sides, dark-brown,
with a broad longitudinal band of white on each side, from the bill
under the eye, curving up on the shoulder, and almost meeting on
the back; which, including the rump, is bright chestnut, as are the
sides under the wings; the middle of the breast and abdomen
greyish-white, the lower tail-coverts tinged with chestnut. Wings and
tail brownish-grey, the smaller coverts tinged with chestnut, the
secondary coverts margined and tipped with greyish-white, of which
colour also are the outer edges of the quills, except the first; tail
feathers faintly margined with bluish-grey.
Length to end of tail 4 1/2 inches; wing from flexure 2 3/8; tail 1 11/12;
1/2 1/2 1/4
bill along the ridge 4 /12; tarsus 7 /12; hind toe 3 /12, its claw 4/12;
1/ 3/
middle toe 4 /12, its claw 2
2 /12.
4

Adult Female. Plate CCCLIII. Fig. 2.

The Female is similar to the male.
 BLACK-CAP TITMOUSE.

Parus atricapillus, Linn.

PLATE CCCLIII. Male and Female.

The opinion generally entertained respecting the extensive

dispersion of the Black-cap Titmouse, has in all probability originated
from the great resemblance which it bears to the Carolina Titmouse,
Parus Carolinensis, described at p. 341 of the second volume of this
work; that species being now known to extend its spring and summer
migrations as far eastward as the State of New Jersey, where it has
been found breeding by my friend Edward Harris, Esq. of
Moorestown. The Black-cap, on the other hand, is rarely observed
farther south, and then only in winter, when it proceeds as far as
beyond the middle portions of Maryland, from whence I have at that
season received specimens in spirits, collected by my friend Colonel
Theodore Anderson of Baltimore. Westward of the Alleghanies it
extends as far as Kentucky in winter, but at the approach of spring
returns northward. In Pennsylvania and New Jersey some are known
to breed; but as the Carolina Titmouse breeds there also, it is difficult
to say which of them is the most numerous, they being so like each
other that one is apt to confound them. In the State of New York it is
abundant, and often rears two broods in the season; as you proceed
eastward you may observe it in all places favourable to its habits;
and, according to Dr Richardson, it is found as far north as Lat.
65°, it being in the Fur Countries the most common bird, “a small
family inhabiting almost every thicket.” None were seen by Dr
Townsend either on the Rocky Mountains or about the Columbia
River, where, on the contrary, Parus Carolinensis is abundant, as it is
also in the Texas, where I found it breeding in the spring of 1837.
Although bearing a considerable resemblance to the Marsh Titmouse
of Europe, P. palustris, it differs from that species not only in colour,
but more especially in its habits and notes.
Hardy, smart, restless, industrious, and frugal, the Black-cap
Titmouse ranges through the forest during the summer, and retiring
to its more secluded parts, as if to ensure a greater degree of quiet,
it usually breeds there. Numerous eggs produce a numerous
progeny, and as soon as the first brood has been reared, the young
range hither and thither in a body, searching for food, while their
parents, intent on forming another family, remain concealed and
almost silent, laying their eggs in the hole deserted by some small
Woodpecker, or forming one for themselves. As it has been my
fortune to witness a pair at this work, I will here state what occurred,
notwithstanding the opinion of those who inform us that the bill of a
Titmouse is “not shaped for digging.” While seated one morning
under a crab-apple tree (very hard wood, Reader), I saw two Black-
cap Titmice fluttering about in great concern, as if anxious to see me
depart. By their manners indeed I was induced to believe that their
nest was near, and, anxious to observe their proceedings, I removed
to the distance of about twenty paces. The birds now became silent,
alighted on the apple-tree, gradually moved towards the base of one
of its large branches, and one of them disappeared in what I then
supposed to be the hole of some small Woodpecker; but I saw it
presently on the edge, with a small chip in its bill, and again
cautiously approached the tree. When three or four yards off I
distinctly heard the peckings or taps of the industrious worker within,
and saw it come to the mouth of the hole and return many times in
succession in the course of half an hour, after which I got up and
examined the mansion. The hole was about three inches deep, and
dug obliquely downward from the aperture, which was just large
enough to admit the bird. I had observed both sexes at this labour,
and left the spot perfectly satisfied as to their power of boring a nest
for themselves.
The Black-cap Titmouse, or Chickadee, as it is generally named in
our Eastern States, though exceedingly shy in summer or during the
breeding season, becomes quite familiar in winter, although it never
ventures to enter the habitations of man; but in the most boisterous
weather, requiring neither food nor shelter there, it may be seen
amidst the snow in the rugged paths of the cheerless woods, where
it welcomes the traveller or the woodcutter with a confidence and
cheerfulness far surpassing the well-known familiarity of the Robin
Redbreast of Europe. Often, on such occasions, should you offer it,
no matter how small a portion of your fare, it alights without
hesitation, and devours it without manifesting any apprehension. The
sound of an axe in the woods is sufficient to bring forth several of
these busy creatures, and having discovered the woodman, they
seem to find pleasure in his company. If, as is usually the case, he is
provided with a dinner, the Chickadee at once evinces its anxiety to
partake of it, and loses no opportunity of accomplishing its object,
although it sets about it with much circumspection, as if it were afraid
of being detected, and brought to punishment, A woodcutter in
Maine assured me, that one day he happened to be at work, and
had scarcely hung up his basket of provisions, when it was observed
by a flock of these birds, which, having gathered into it at once,
attacked a piece of cold beef; but after each peck, he saw their
heads raised above the edge, as if to guard against the least
appearance of danger. After picking until they were tired or satisfied,
they left the basket and perched directly over his fire, but out of the
direction of the smoke. There they sat enjoying themselves and
ruffling their feathers to allow the warmth more easy access to their