2003 - Newconcept For Modeling The Electromechanical Behavior of Unidirectional Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Under Tensile Loading
2003 - Newconcept For Modeling The Electromechanical Behavior of Unidirectional Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Under Tensile Loading
2003 - Newconcept For Modeling The Electromechanical Behavior of Unidirectional Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Under Tensile Loading
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Modeling the electromechanical behavior of unidirectional CFRP
(a) (b)
silver paste polished surface
: electrode for current input polished surface
: electrode for voltage measurement
GFRP tab
15mm 15mm
15mm
Figure 4. Electrode configurations for the resistivity measurement. (a) DC two-probe method. (b) DC four-probe method with current
electrodes at edges of the specimen. (c) DC four-probe method with current electrodes at surface of the specimen.
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J B Park et al
x=0 Table 2. Top and bottom voltage measurement results of the CFRP
specimen with 52% of fiber volume fraction (I = 1 mA).
Electrode position x (mm) Top (mV) Bottom (mV)
10 0.17 0.09
top view 20 0.34 0.18
30 0.51 0.26
40 0.68 0.34
50 0.90 0.42
60 1.11 0.48
70 1.38 0.53
bottom view 80 1.69 0.59
108
Modeling the electromechanical behavior of unidirectional CFRP
(a) (b)
z
0.5
0.7 I
0.6
0.4
0.4 0.5 x
0.4
Configuration (b)
position z (mm)
0.3
0.3
0.2 0.3 V
0.2
0.2
0.1 I
z
0.1
0.1
x
0.0
55 10
10 15
15 20
20 25
25 30
30 335 40 Configuration (c)
position x (mm)
Figure 7. Comparison of the configuration (b) and (c) using the linear anisotropic resistivity model. (a) Equipotential lines of the
configuration (c) calculated using the measurement results of table 2 and equation (3). (b) Schematic representation showing the internal
current distribution.
(a) (b)
ε
load cell
15mm
grip
0.5mm
specimen
AE sensor
AE sensor strain gage
(R15)
preamplifier
20mm
Figure 8. Schematic representation showing the specimen and the test system of AE measurement. (a) Test specimen with AE sensor.
(b) Test system (Physical Acoustics Corp.) with AE sensor and preamplifier.
results of the DC two- and four-probe method, i.e. faster start each of length equal to the average electrical ineffective length
of the steep increase and higher resistance values, might be δec [6]. The resistance change of the proposed DC circuit due
caused by the effect of the surface polishing and not by the to the mechanical tensile loading is given by
differences in the strength of the CFRP specimen. This can
be shown later quantitatively using the electrical ineffective R (1 + αε)
= δec E f ε m − 1 (6)
length, which demonstrates the internal contact condition of R0 exp − L 0 σ0
the CFRP composites.
where R/R0 is the normalized resistance change, E f is the
4. Fiber volume fraction effect on behavior Young modulus of the carbon fiber, α is the gage factor of
carbon fiber, ε is the applied strain, and m and σ0 are the Weibull
4.1. Electrical ineffective length δec shape and scale parameters, respectively, corresponding to a
reference length, L 0 . Equation (6) indicates that the electrical
Figure 10 shows a micrograph of the CFRP (T700S carbon resistance change of CFRP composites is governed by δec
fiber/2500 epoxy resin) under tensile loading and the DC circuit which represents the internal electrically conductive network
model consisting of a serial array of discrete parallel cells, due to the contacts between conductive carbon fibers. As
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J B Park et al
2000
Cumulative event counts
80
polished surface
δec= 4mm, 0.77σ o
1500
∆ R/Ro(%)
60
unpolished surface
1000 δec= 4mm, 1.00σ o
40
500
20
0
0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0
Strain (ε ) 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
110
Modeling the electromechanical behavior of unidirectional CFRP
: V = 52%
f
: V = 27%
f
: V = 16%
f
distance between contact points has the same length. However,
120 considering the real situation, the contact points are distributed
randomly, thus the length of the inter-contact points distance
varies considerably. In this section, we conduct a Monte Carlo
90 simulation to consider the random distribution of the contact
δec 50 mm
points and compare the simulated results to the analytical
∆ R/Ro(%)
Figure 14. Schematic representation of the transformation of the parallel cell of resistors to a long conductive wire. (a) Unit parallel cell
with random contact points. (b) Transformation of the unit cell to a long conductive wire over which the electrical nodes are distributed
randomly.
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J B Park et al
∆ R/Ro(%)
the effective conductive path. 27 11 < 15
60 16 27 < 50
120
: simulation 30
90 : V = 52%
f
: V = 27%
f 0
∆ R/Ro(%)
Figure 17. Comparisons between the best fit lines of the Monte
30 Carlo simulation and the analytical calculation using equation (6).
112
Modeling the electromechanical behavior of unidirectional CFRP
(a) (b)
1500
: simulation
l
: Eq. (6)
1000
∆ R/Ro(%)
Pf ,l (ε ) = 1 − exp[−( l Lo )( E f ε σ o ) m ]
a b c d e 500
a<d <b<e<c
Pf , a (ε ) < Pf , d (ε ) < Pf ,b (ε ) < Pf ,e (ε ) < Pf ,c (ε ) 0
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.02 .03
Strain (ε )
Figure 18. Explanations of the difference in δec between the Monte Carlo simulation and analytical calculation using equation (6) (see text
for details). (a) Fracture probability P f of the each line segment of the Monte Carlo simulation varies according to the distance between
contact points. (b) Comparison between calculation results of the two methods for the case of the same value of δec (δec = 4 mm).
this study, we will embark on our next study on the correlation 2500
between electrical anisotropy and δec , which is indispensable polished surface
for CFRP composites that are to be used as a smart patch sensor. 2000
Cumulative event numbers
unpolished surface
where b and D are the width and thickness of the specimen, (Nc,up /Nc, p ) = (σ0, p /σ0,up )m
respectively. The coefficient V1 is then uniquely determined
as given by where Nc,up , Nc, p , σ0,up and σ0, p are the AE cumulative event
number and the Weibull scale parameter of the unpolished
I (ρx ρz )1/2 and the polished specimens, respectively. Based on the
V1 = − .
b sinh[(ρz /ρx )(π D/L)] experimental results of figure 8 and the above relationship,
we found the value of 0.77σ0,up as the adjusted Weibull
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J B Park et al
scale parameter for the polished surface CFRP specimen [8] Logan B F, Rice S O and Wick R F 1971 Series for computing
(figure A.1). current flow in a rectangular block J. Appl. Phys. 42
2975–80
[9] Wan Y M, Lemberger T R, Hebboul S E and Garland J C 1996
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