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1 The Periodic Table is very useful to chemists.

Refer only to elements with atomic numbers 1 to 36 in the Periodic Table provided when answering
this question.

Use information from the Periodic Table provided to identify one element which:

(a) has atoms with exactly 9 protons ....................................................... [1]

(b) has atoms with 0 neutrons ....................................................... [1]

(c) has atoms with exactly 23 electrons ....................................................... [1]

(d) has atoms with an electronic structure of 2,8,6 ....................................................... [1]

(e) forms ions with a charge of 3− containing 18 electrons .............................................. [1]

(f) forms ions with a charge of 2+ containing 10 electrons .............................................. [1]

(g) has a relative atomic mass that shows it has at least two isotopes. ........................... [1]

[Total: 7]

2 Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

(a) In the first stage of the process, sulfur dioxide is obtained from sulfur-containing ores.

Name one of these ores.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The next stage of the process is a reaction which can reach equilibrium.

The equation for this stage is shown.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

(i) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Name the catalyst used in this stage.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Why is a catalyst used?

................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why a high temperature increases the rate of this reaction.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

(v) In this stage, only a moderate temperature of 450 °C is used.

What does this suggest about the forward reaction?

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(vi) Calculate the percentage by mass of sulfur in sulfur trioxide, SO3.

percentage = ............................. [2]

[Total: 11]

3 Electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride using inert electrodes forms chlorine.

(a) What is meant by the term electrolysis?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Name a substance that can be used as the inert electrodes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of hydrogen during this electrolysis.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Give the formulae of the four ions present in concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(e) Explain how sodium hydroxide is formed during this electrolysis.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

4 The energy level diagram shows the energy profile for the reaction between zinc and
dilute sulfuric acid.

energy Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)

progress of reaction

(a) Complete the diagram by adding the formulae of the products. Include state symbols. [3]

(b) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the activation energy. [1]

(c) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

5 This question is about ammonia.

(a) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia in an industrial process.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

(i) Name this industrial process.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State the meaning of the symbol ⇌.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(iii) State the conditions used in this industrial process. Include units.

temperature ......................................................

pressure ...........................................................

[2]

(iv) Name the catalyst used in this industrial process.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) If the pressure is increased, the yield of ammonia increases.

Explain why, in terms of equilibrium.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(vi) If the temperature is increased, the rate of reaction increases.

Explain why, in terms of particles.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 10]

6 A student wanted to make hydrated iron(II) sulfate crystals, FeSO4•xH2O, by adding excess
iron(II) carbonate to dilute sulfuric acid. The student followed the procedure shown.

step 1 Add dilute sulfuric acid to a beaker.

step 2 Add small amounts of iron(II) carbonate to the dilute sulfuric acid in the beaker until the
iron(II) carbonate is in excess.

step 3 Filter the mixture formed in step 2.

step 4 Heat the filtrate until it is a saturated solution. Allow to cool.

step 5 Once cold, pour away the remaining solution. Dry the crystals between filter papers.
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(a) Why must the iron(II) carbonate be added in excess in step 2?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State two observations in step 2 that would show that iron(II) carbonate was in excess.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

2 ....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Describe what should be done during step 3 to ensure there is a maximum yield of crystals.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) A saturated solution is formed in step 4.

Describe what a saturated solution is.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(e) Name a different compound that could be used instead of iron(II) carbonate to produce hydrated
iron(II) sulfate crystals from dilute sulfuric acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

7 The gases Ar, CO2, N2 and O2 are in clean, dry air.

CO, NO, NO2 and SO2 are gases commonly found in polluted air.

(a) What percentage of clean, dry air is N2?

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

........................... % [1]

(b) Name the process used to separate O2 from clean, dry air.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) State one major adverse effect of the pollutant SO2.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(d) NO and NO2 are produced in car engines.

Describe how oxides of nitrogen form in a car engine.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(e) Many cars have catalytic converters in their exhaust systems. In a catalytic converter, most
of the CO and NO formed in a car engine is changed into less harmful products.

Identify these products and state the metal catalyst used.

products ............................................................................................................................

catalyst ............................................................................................................................. [3]

(f) CO is formed from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as methane.

Write a chemical equation to show the incomplete combustion of methane.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

8 A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below.

chromatography crystallisation diffusion dissolving

evaporation filtration fractional distillation simple distillation

(a) From the list, choose the most suitable technique to separate the following.

water from sea-water .......................................................................................................

helium from a mixture of helium and methane .................................................................

ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and propanol ..............................................................

iron filings from a mixture of iron filings and water ...........................................................

a mixture of two amino acids, glycine and alanine ........................................................... [5]

(b) Describe how you would obtain a pure sample of copper(II) sulfate-5-water crystals from
a mixture of copper(II) sulfate-5-water with copper(II) oxide using some of the techniques
listed above.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

9 The changes of state of lead are shown.

melting B
solid liquid lead
lead lead gas
A condensing

Name the changes of state represented by A and B.

A ..............................................................................................................................................

B .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]