Homework

Chapter 1, 2, 3

Exercise 1:
Write the atomic symbol (AZX) for each of the following isotopes.
a. Z= 8, number of neutrons 9
b. the isotope of chlorine in which A= 37
c. Z= 27, A= 60
d. number of protons = 26, number of neutrons= 31
e. the isotope of I with a mass number of 131
Exercise 2:
The wavelength of the green light from a traffic signal is centered at 522 nm. What is the frequency
of this radiation?
1. Calculate the energy (in joules) of
a) a photon with a wavelength of 5.00x104 nm (Infrared region)
b) a photon with a wavelength of 5.00x10-2 nm.
2. The energy of a photon is 5.87x10-20 J. What is the wavelength (in nanometers)?
Exercise 3:
A photon of ultraviolet (UV) light possesses enough energy to mutate a strand of human DNA.
What is the energy of a single UV photon and a mole of UV photons having a wavelength of 25
nm ?

Exercise 4:
The following is an energy-level diagram for electronic transitions for the Bohr hydrogen atom.
a. Explain why the energy levels get closer together as they increase. Provide
mathematical support for this.
b. Verify that the colors given in the diagram are correct. Provide mathematical support.
 Exercise 5:
What is the wavelength of a photon emitted during a transition from the ni=5 state to the nf = 2
in the hydrogen atom?

Exercise 6:
The work function of an element is the energy required to remove an electron from the surface
of the solid element. The work function for lithium is 279.7 KJ/mol (that is, it takes 279.7 KJ of
energy to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of Li atoms on the surface of Li metal.
What is the maximum wavelength of light that can remove an electron from an atom on the
surface of lithium metal ?
Exercise 7:
Calculate the wavelength of the “particle” in the following two cases:
a) The fastest serve in tennis is about 62 m/s. Calculate the wavelength associated with a 6.0x10-
2
kg tennis ball traveling at this velocity
b) Calculate the wavelength associated with an electron moving at 62 m/s.
Exercise 8:
How many individual orbitals are there in the third shell? Write out n, l, ml quantum numbers
for each one and label each set by the s, p, d, f designations.
Exercise 9:
Describe the characteristics of an s orbital, a p orbital, and a d orbital. Which of the following
orbitals do not exist: 1p, 2s, 2d, 3p, 3d, 3f, 4g?
Exercise 10:
What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that can have the following quantum
numbers? Specify the orbitals in which the electrons would be found. (a) n = 2, ms = +1/2; (b)
n=4, ml = +1; (c) n=3, l =2; (d) n=2, l=0, ms = +1/2; (e) n=4, l =3, ml =-2
Exercise 11:
An electron in a certain atom is in the n=2 quantum level. List the possible values of l and ml
that it can have.

Exercise 12:
List all the possible subshells and orbitals associated with the principle quantum number n, if
n=5.
Exercise 13:
Indicate which of the following sets of quantum numbers in an atom are unacceptable and explain
why:
(a) (1,0,1/2,1/2) (b) (3,0,0,+1/2) (c) (2,2,1,+1/2)
(d) (4,3,-2,+1/2) (e) (3,2,1,1,)
Exercise 14:
Indicate the number of unpaired electrons present in each of the following atoms: B (Z=5), Ne
(Z=10), P (Z=15), Sc (Z=21), Mn (Z=25), Se (Z=34), Kr (Z=36), Fe (Z=26), I (Z=53), Pb (Z=82),
Cd (Z=48).
 Exercise 15:
Draw the shapes (boundary surfaces) of the following orbitals: a) 2py; b) 3 d Z 2 ; c) 3d x 2 − y 2
Exercise 16:
Draw orbital diagrams for atoms with the following configuration:
a) 1s22s22p5 b) 1s22s22p63s23p3 c) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7
Exercise 17:
The ground-state electron configurations listed here are incorrect. Explain what mistakes have
been made in each and write the correct electron configurations
Al: 1s22s22p43s23p3
B: 1s22s22p5
F: 1s22s22p6
Exercise 18:
Without referring to a periodic table, write the electron configuration of the elements with the
following atomic numbers: a) 9; b) 20; c) 26; d) 33. Classify the elements.
Exercise 19:
Specify the group of the periodic table in which each of the following elements is found: a) [Ne]
3s1, b) [Ne]3s23p3, c) [Ne]3s23p6, d) [Ar]4s23d8
Exercise 20:
A M2+ ion derived from a metal in the 1st transition metal series has four electrons in the 3d
subshell. What element might M be?
Exercise 21:
In general, ionization energy increases from left to right across a given period. Aluminum,
however, has a lower ionization energy than magnesium. Explain.
Exercise 22:
Two atoms has the electron configurations 1s22s22p6 and 1s22s22p63s1. The first ionization
energy of one is 2080 KJ/mol, and that of the other is 496 KJ/mol. Match each ionization energy
with one of the given electron configurations. Justify your choice ?

Exercise 23:
A hydrogen-like ion is an ion containing only one electron. The energies of the electron in a
hydrogen-like ion are given by
 1 
E n = −(2.18 x10 −18 J ) Z 2  2 
n 
Where n is the principle quantum number and Z is the atomic number of the element. Calculate
the ionization energy of the He+ ion.
Exercise 25:
From the following data, calculate the average bond energy for the N-H bond:
NH3(g) → NH2(g) + H(g) Ho = 435KJ
NH2(g) → NH(g) + H(g) Ho = 381 KJ
 NH(g) → N(g) + H(g) Ho = 360 KJ
Exercise 26:
The energy needed for the following process is 1.96x104KJ.mol-1:
Li(g) → Li3+ (g) + 3e-
If the first ionization energy for lithium is 520 kJ/mol-1, calculate the second ionization energy
of lithium, that is, the energy required for the process
Li+(g) → Li2+(g) + e-
 1 
(Use the equation: E n = −(2.18 x10 −18 J ) Z 2  2  )
n 
Exercise 27:
Calculate ionization energies of H, He+ and Li2+ and explain the variation in ionization
energies for these species.

Exercise 28:
The bond energy of I2 is -150.48 KJ.mol-1. Calculate the wavelength of light required to break a
single I-I bond.

Exercise 29:
According to VB theory, explain, why the nitrogen atom cannot have pentavalent, while the
phosphorus has.
Exercise 30:
Determine and explain all possible valences of the following atoms: S, Cl, C.
Exercise 31:
Draw a Lewis formula for the following species: H2O, H3O+, NF3, OF2, BF3, [BF4]-, SF4, SF6.
Exercise 32:
1. Write Lewis structure for the species: POCl3, ClO2, XeF4
2. Write Lewis structure and predict the geometry of the following molecules/species (bond
order, bond angle: CO32-, PO43-, SO32-, NH2-, O3, NO3-, NO2-
3. Draw the molecule shapes and predict the bond angles of ClF3, IF4+, XeF2, IF2-

Exercise 33:
What is the hybridization of the central atom in each of the following: NCl3, CF4, SF6, NH3, NH4+.
Exercise 34:
What hybridizations are predicted for the central atoms in the following molecules:
H2O H2S H2Se H2Te
104.5o 92.2o 91o 89.5o
Why do the bond angles decrease by the above order?
Exercise 35:
Predict geometry of the following molecules: H2O, H3O+, CH4, CO2, SO2, BF3.
Exercise 36:
 1. Describe the hybridization of N in each of these species:
i) NH3; ii) NH4+; iii) H𝑁̈ = 𝑁̈H; iv) HC  N : ; v) H2𝑁̈ - 𝑁̈H2
2. What is the hydridization of C in the following species:
i) CO2; ii) CH3CHO; iii) CH2CH2; iv) CH3OCH3; v) CH3COCH3
3. What change in hybridization occurs in the following reaction?
NH3 + BF3 →H3N: BF3
Exercise 37:
Amino acids are biological compounds that link together to form proteins, the workhorse
molecules in living organisms. The skeletal structures of several simple amino acids are shown
here. For each skeletal structure, complete the Lewis structure, and determine the hybridization of
C in the backbone

Exercise 37:
Briefly discuss the bond angles in the hydroxylamine molecule in terms of the ideal geometry
and the small changes caused by electron-pair repulsions.
Exercise 38:
Use the appropriate molecular orbital energy diagram to write the electron configuration for each
of the following; calculate the bond order of each, and predict which would exist (a) H2+; (b) H2;
(c) H2-; (d) H22-.
Exercise 39:
Repeat exercise 38 for (a) He2+; (b) He2; (c) He22+
Exercise 40:
Repeat exercise 38 for (a) N2; (b) Ne2; (c)C22-
Exercise 41:
Repeat exercise 38 for (a) Li2; (b) Li2+; (c) O22-
Exercise 42:
Use the appropriate molecular orbital energy diagram to write electron configurations of the
following molecules and ions: (a) Be2, Be2+, Be2-; (b) B2, B2+, B2-.
Exercie 43:
Use the preceding diagram to fill in an MO diagram for NO-, what is the bond order of NO- ? It
is paramagnetic? How would you assess its stability?
Exercise 44:
Repeat exercise 38 for NO+
Exercise 45:
Repeat exercise 38 for CN+. Refer to the preceding diagram but assume that the 2px 2py MOs
are lower in energy than the 2σp MO.
Exercise 46:
Explain why ionization energies of molecules H2, N2, C2, CO higher than those of the
corresponding atoms ?
H C N O F
-1
I1 (KJ.mol ) 1308 1083 1396 1312 1675
H2 C2 N2 O2 F2
-1
I1 (KJ.mol ) 1488 1154 1507 1173 1526
Exercise 47:
Compare dipole moment of the following molecules: NH3 and NF3 and explain?
Exercise 48:
Do the following molecules have dipole moment ? Explain?
F2; BeF2; BF3; CF4; CO2; SO2