KENDIRYA VIDYALAYA NO.1 JIPMER CAMPUS PUDUCHERRY.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT (GENERAL PROCEDURE)

PRELIMINARY TEST

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Physical Examination Coloured May be copper (Cu2+), iron
A) The Colour of given (Fe2+) salts.
salt is noted
B) The smell of given Ammoniacal smell May be ammonium (NH4+)
salt is noted Vinegar like smell May be acetate( CH3COO-)
Rotten egg like smell May be Sulphide (S2-)
2 Dry Heating test
A small amount of the salt is
heated gently in a dry test
tube and the following
observations noted Colourless, odourless gas
a) Gas evolved (CO2) turning lime water May be Carbonate (CO32-)
milky.

Pungent smelling (HCl) gas

giving white fumes with May be Chloride (Cl-)
ammonia, white precipitate
with AgNO3 Solution.

b)Sublimation Salt sublimes with evolution of May be ammonium (NH4+)

pungent smelling gas (NH3)
giving dense white fumes with
a glass rod dipped in concHCl.

c) Decrepitation Decrepltation occurs with May be Nitrate (NO2-)

evolution of reddish brown gas
(NO2)

d) Residue Yellow when hot and write May be Zinc (Zn2+)

when cold.
Brown when hot and yellow May be Lead (Pb2+)
when cold.
White salt becomes black on
heating May be acetate( CH3COO-)
3 FLAME TEST
A Small amount of the salt is Brick red (not persistent) May be Calcium (Ca2+)
made into a paste with conc. flame.
HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non- Persistent grassy green flame May be Barium (Ba2+)
luminous part of the Bunsen on prolonged heating.
 flame. Green flashes. May be Zinc (Zn2+)

Dull bluish- white flame. May be Lead (Pb2+)

Bright- Bluish green flame. May be copper (Cu2+)

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

4 ACTION OF Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescense with May be Carbonate (CO32-)
colourless, odourless gas
To a small amount of the (CO2) turning Lime water
salt, dilute H2SO4 is added. milky.

Rotten egg smelling gas

(H2S) turning Lead acetate May be Sulphide (S2-)
paper black.

5 ACTION OF CONC. Colourless gas (HCl) with May be Chloride (Cl-)

H2SO4: pungent smell, White fumes
To a small amount of the with aqueous ammonia.
salt, conc.H2SO4 is added
Reddish brown gas with
pungent smell turns FeSO4 May be Nitrate (NO2-)
Solution black.

Colourless, Vapours(
CH3COO-) vinegar smell and May be acetate( CH3COO-)
turns blue litmus red.

Colourless gas which turns May be oxalate (C2O42-)

lime water milky.

TEST FOR INDEPENDENT RADICALS (SO42- & PO42-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

4 Test for SO42- May be Sulphate (SO42-)
To small amount of the A White Precipitate
salt dissolved in water and insoluble in Conc .HCl
add BaCl2 Solution.

5 Test for PO42- . May be Phosphate (PO42)

To small amount of the
salt is treated with A yellow precipitate is
 conc.HNO3 and boil the formed.
content, add excess of
ammonium molybdate
solution.

CONFIRMATION OF ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)

(The acid Radical Indicated by dil.H2SO4 OR Conc.H2SO4 tests is further confirmed by wet
tests.)

PREPARATION OF WATER EXTRACT: Salt solution is prepared by dissolving small

amount of salt in water. This is called Water Extract. (W.E). If the salt is not completely soluble,
the salt is shaken with water &filtered. The filtrate is treated as W.E.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CO32-

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Dil. HCl test :
Brisk effervescence and Presence of Carbonate (CO32-)
To small amount of water evolution of carbon dioxide is confirmed.
extract, add dil.HCl which turns lime water
milky.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cl:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

2 AgNO3 Test :
To small amount of water A curdy white precipitate, Presence of Chloride (CO32-) is
extract add few drops of solution in excess of confirmed .
AgNO3 solution. Ammonium hydroxide.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR SO42- :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

2 Lead Acetate Test :
To small amount of water White precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate (SO42-) is
extract add few drops of confirmed .
Lead acetate solution.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR NO3:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

4 COPPER CHIP TEST : Resddish brown gas is Presence of Nitrate (NO3-) is
A Small amount of the salt evolved. confirmed .
is heated with copper chip
of Filter paper ball and few
drops of conc .Sulphuric
acid

RING TEST:
A small amount of water
extract is treated with 1 ml
freshly prepared FeSO4 Dark brown ring at the Presence of Nitrate (NO3-) is
solution and add conc. junction of two liquids. confirmed
H2SO4 slowly along the
side of the test tube.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CH3COO- :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

5 FERRIC CHLORIDE Reddish coloured filtrate is Presence of Acetate (CH3COO-)
is
TEST : obtained confirmed .

To small amount of water

extract is treated with few
drops of neutral FeCl3
solution.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR C2O42- :

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

6 CALCIUM CHLORIDE
TEST :
To small amount of water A white precipitate is Presence of oxalate (C2O42 )is
extract add little amount of obtained confirmed .
dil.Acetic acid and boil off
CO2 then add calcium
chloride solution.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS ( CATIONS)

The original solution prepared by dissolving the salt in ----------------#

# Water (When the salt water soluble ) / # Dil HCl (when the salt is water insoluble)

GROUP SEPARATION

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 To a few drops of the original Reddish brown Presence of zero group (NH4+)
solution Sodium Hydroxide and precipitate
Nessler’s reagent are added .

2 To a few drops of the original White precipitate is Presence of I group (Pb2+)

solution and dil HCl is added. formed

3 To a little of the original solution Block precipitate is Presence of II group (Cu2+)

and yellow ammonium Sulphide formed
are added .

4 To a little of the original solution Gelatinous white Presence of III group (Al3+)
ammonium chloride and precipitate is formed
ammonium hydroxide are added .

5 To a little of the original solution Dirty white precipitate Presence of IV group (Zn2+)
ammonium chloride, ammonium is formed
hydroxide and yellow ammonium
sulphide are added.

6 To a little of the original solution White precipitate is Presence of V group (Ca2+) &(
ammonium chloride, ammonium formed Ba2+)
hydroxide and Ammonium
carbonate are added.

7 To a little of the original solution White precipitate is Presence of VI (Mg2+)

ammonium chloride, ammonium formed
hydroxide and Disodium
hydrogen Phosphate are added.
 CONFIRMATION TEST FOR BASIC RADICALS (CATIONS)

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 ZERO GROUP (AMMONIUM) Reddish brown precipitate Ammonium (NH4+) is
To a few drops of the original is formed confirmed
solution Sodium Hydroxide and
Nessle’s reagent are added .
2 I GROUP (LEAD) Yellow precipitate is Lead (Pb2+) is confirmed.
To a few drops of the original formed.
solution Potassium Chromate is
added .
3 II GROUP (COPPER) Block precipitate is formed Presence of II group
To a little of the original solution (Cu2+)
and yellow ammonium Sulphide
are added .
4 III GROUP (ALUMINIUM) A bright red lake is Aluminium (Al3+) is
To a little of the original solution obtained confirmed
ammonium hydroxide and
Aluminon reagent are added .
5 IV GROUP ( Zinc) Bluish-White precipitate Zinc (Zn2+) is confirmed .
To a few drops of the original soluble in excess of
solution Potassium Ferro cyanide Sodium hydroxide and
is added. insoluble in dilute acid.
6 V GROUP ( CALCIUM , White precipitate insoluble Calcium (Ca2+)is
BARIUM) in Acetic acid. confirmed
To a few drops of the original
solution Ammonium Hydroxide
and Ammonium Oxalate are
added.
To a few drops of the original Yellow precipitate is
solution Potassium Chromate is formed. Barium( Ba2+) is
added . confirmed.
7 VI GROUP ( MAGNESIUM) A Blue precipitate is Magnesium (Mg2+) is
To a few drops of the original formed confirmed.
solution Magneson reagent is
added.

RESULT:

The given simple salt contains,

Basic radical: -----------------

Acid radical: --------------------

The given simple salt is ------------------------------------------------------