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STONE AGE

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 History

Ancient Medieval Modern

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Ancient History

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#Archeology
Archaeology History

No written text Written text

Excavation

Stone Age
R Copper Age Bronze Age
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use of stones to make use of copper use of Bronze
tools and other things Harappa Age
Proto-historic
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Pre-historic Written evidence

but cannot be
No written
understood
evidence
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Categorised on the basis of

Stone Age
stones used

Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic

(5 Lakh BC-10,000 BC) (9,000 BC-4,000 BC) (7,000 BC-1000 BC)
 AD (Anno Domini) or
BC (Before Christ) CE (Common Era)

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200 BC Jesus Christ

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Crust
Earth: 4000 Million years old
4th stage Quaternary stage
Mantle

Pleistocene Holocene

Ice Age
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After Ice Age
Core
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Palaeolithic (Palaeo: old; lithic: stone)
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Lower/Early Palaeolithic Middle Palaeolithic Upper Palaeolithic

5 Lakh BC-50,000 BC 50,000-40,000 BC 40,000-10,000 BC
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Ice Age Based upon ‘flake’ technology Coincided with last phase
Main occupation: Hunting & food of Pleistocene
Lower Palaeolithic sites: gathering Appearance of Homo
Soan/Sohan: Punjab sapiens (modern man)
Belan Valley: Uttar Pradesh Cave/Rock shelters Famous site: Bhimbetka
Didwana: Rajasthan (Madhya Pradesh)
Nevasa: Maharashtra Caves/rock shelters
Hunasagi/Hungsi: Karnataka Flint stone
Pahalgam: Kashmir
Patne: Maharashtra Ostrich evidence found for the first time
 Other Upper Palaeolithic sites:
Inamgaon
Maharashtra
Nevada
Didwana: Rajasthan

Mesolithic (Meso: middle; Lithic: stone)

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Basics Geographical Distribution Microliths
Meaning: Late Stone Age/ Langhnaj: Gujarat Micro: small; Lith:
Mesolithic/Microlithic period (District: Mehsana) Hunters and stones
or
8000
9,000 BC-4000 BC Bhimbetka: Madhya Herders
Transitional phase between
Palaeolithic and Neolithic
Warmer climate; increased flora
R Pradesh (near Bhopal)
Chopani Mando: Uttar
Pradesh (near Allahabad
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and fauna in Belan Valley)
Provides earliest
Bagor: Rajasthan
evidence of
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Sanganakallu: Karnataka
domestication of
Tuticorin: Southern Tamil
animals
Nadu
Adamgarh: Madhya
Pradesh
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Neolithic (Neo: new; Lithic: stone)

Food producers Practiced agriculture

·
7000 BC-10,000
000 BCBC
Pottery To store excess food grains (black and red pottery)
Art Bhimbetka (rock paintings of humans, birds, animals)
Neolithic people owned property
Sites:
Mehrgarh: Baluchistan (evidence of houses, crops like: wheat, barley, cotton)
Kashmir Valley: Burzahom and Gufkral
Burzahom:
16 km West of Srinagar
Domestic dogs were buried with their masters (skeleton evidence) Tools and weapons made of
People lived on a lake side in pits

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Bones except Chirand
Gufkral:
It is also known as ‘cave of potters’ (41 km Southwest of Srinagar)

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Agriculture and domestication of animals
Bihar: Chirand (Bone tools)
Karnataka: Sanganakallu, Brahmagiri, Maski, Piklihal, Hallur Millet cultivation
Uttar Pradesh: Allahabad Cultivation of rice
Andhra Pradesh:
Around Bhima, Krishna and Tungabadra rivers
Budihal
Utnur: earliest site
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Nagarjunakonda
Tamil Nadu: Paiyampalli and Kaveri
Belan Valley: Koldihwa and Mahagara (domestication of Rice in 7000 BC)
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Garo Hills in Meghalaya Cu mines

Daojali Hading: Assam (Jadeite stone seen here) Khetri mines (RJ)
Catal Huyuk: Turkey (one of the first human protocities) Malajkhand (MP)

1st metal to be discovered by humans: Copper

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Chacolithics (Copper Age/Chalcolitjic Age)

People lived in rural communities

Earliest Ganeshwar (Rajasthan)
Sites:
Tools made of copper obtained
South-eastern Rajasthan: Ahar and Gilund (near Banas Valley)
Eastern India: Chirand (Ganga), Burdwan district, Midnapore district
Western Madhya Pradesh: Malwa (Narmada), Kayatha (Kalisindh), Eran
Western Maharashtra: Jorwe (first) Parvara (Godavari)
u
Svalda (Tapti river)
Savalda
Under Jorwe:
Nevasa
Daimabad (largest site)
Chandoli
Inamgaon
Nasik
Navdatoli (Narmada)

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Burial Habits:
They practiced ‘Urn’ burial

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Did not know about horses and burnt bricks

Pottery:
Black and red
Ochre coloured pottery

One liners (from MCQs)

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The word India that came from the Indus is called Sindhu in Sanskrit
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Megalith (grave/memorial) that were the stone pieces set in a circular shape around the
grave: Cairn circle

The practice of erecting Megaliths began about: 3000 years ago

A celt in Neolithic period is: A tool

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First Rice evidence: Koldihwa (Uttar Pradesh)

The skull of Homo erectus was found in: Hathnora (Madhya Pradesh near Narmada)

Gauri Gun Dam (site): Telangana

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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

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 Indus Valley civilization

Also known as Bronze Age

Urban civilization
From 2600 BC-1700 BC
Near: Indus/Sindhu river

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Name by: John Marshall Director of Archaeological Survey of India

First Chairman: Alexander

Also known as “Happan Civilization”

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Cunningham (Father of Archeology)
Spread Across

India
Punjab
Haryana
Rajasthan
Western Uttar Pradesh
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Pakistan
Punjab
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Sindh
Baluchistan

Manda (J & K)
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Sutkagendor
Alamgirpur (Uttar
(Baluchistan)
Pradesh)

Near Makran Coast

Daimabad (Maharashtra)
Highly populated
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Tin found here

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R Bronze
Copper found here
accen
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Citadel
Town Planning
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Citadel and Lower Town

Citadel:
Higher Town (Western side)
Also known as Acropolis
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Lower Town:
Common people stayed

City without Citadel: Chanhudaro Middle one

Lower Town
3 set Citadel: Dholavira (Gujarat)
Grid System

Roads cut each other at 90

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Great Bath

Largest in: Mohenjadaro

Located in: Citadel
Ritual bathing by people
Floor made of: burnt bricks
Rectangular shape R
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Great Granary

Storage of grains
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Largest building/structure
Found in: Mohenjadaro
Rectangular shape

Granary at Harappa
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Total: 12 (6 in each row)

 Drainage System

Manholes in middle

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Agriculture

Evidences found: wheat, rai , peas, barley, cotton, etc

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Ploughshare found Kalibangan (Rajasthan)
Gabarband/Nala To store water Found in Baluchistan/Afghanistan
They were Pastoral community
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Rice evidence in: Lothal (Gujarat)
They were first to produce cotton
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Spinning wheels found Male deity 3 horned

Known as Sindon
headed

Domestication of Animals

Domesticated: Buffalo, goat, sheep, pigs, oxen

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Cow domestication
Asses and Camels for good carriers
Horse evidence: Surkotada (only single bone found)

For SSC: answer is “no”

They knew about Elephants

Seen in seals
Pashupati Seal
Proto shiva in yogic posture
 Animals in seal:
B: Buffalo
E: Elephant
One horned animal
T: Tiger
R: Rhino (also called “Unicorn”)
Deer

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Technology and Crafts

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Bronze tools found
They did not know about Iron
Occupation: textile, brick layering, boat making, bead Boat shown in seal
making/jewellery making
Jadeite stone: found in Daojali Hading (Assam)
Gold ornaments found Bought from Karnataka
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Pottery, Potter’s wheel found (Red and Black pots)
Made of:
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Trade Steatite
Terracotta
Through evidence of seals
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Trade with Mesopotamia (Iraq) Harappan seals found Ornaments of IVC

Known as Meluha
Weights and measures found Well defined (16/multiples)
No currency used Barter system prevalent
Shortughai
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(Trading colony)

Intermediate
Stations
Two rivers:
Tigress
Euphrates Jadeite stone

Trading sites
Also traded: Lapis Lazuli (Blue precious stone)

Polity

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No temple found
Priest class domination
Trading community May have been ruled by a Merchant class

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Religious Practices

Worshipped:
Phallus: Male yoni/genital organ
Yoni: Female genital organ
They worshipped trees
Worshipped animals
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Terracotta figure of a women

Symbolises: a tree growing
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out of an embryo (represent

Mother Earth) Made of
clay
Amulet
Script

Script was Pictographic (in picture form)

Script is known as: Baustrophedon
Alo

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Images
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Bearded man
Dancing girl statue
Made of steatite
Made of Bronze
In Tribhanga Mudra
(Form of dance) Obtained from Mohenjadaro
 Site River/Year/Discoverer Characteristics Features

Harappa Ravi, 1921 by Dayaram 6 granaries in a row

(Punjab) Sahini

Chanhudaro Indus, by Gopal Majumdar City without citadel

(Sindh)

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Mohenjadaro Indus, by R. D. Banerjee Bronze dancing girl statute,

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(Sindh) bearded man (made of steatite),
clay figure of mother Goddess,
Known as: Mount of dead great bath, granary

Lothal Bhogava Ancient port, Dockyard was

(Gujarat) R found, terracotta ship, fire altar,
Joint burial
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Kalibanga Ghaggar Black bangles, ploughed field,
(Rajasthan) houses had their own wells
7 fire alters found
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an
me
Sutkagendor
Surkagendor
Surkatoda Coastal cities
num
(Gujarat)
Surkotada

Dholavira Divided in three parts, giant water

(Gujarat) reservoirs found
Kutch area
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Rakhigarhi Ghaggar Largest site in India, terracotta

(Haryana) wheel, toys

Bhirrana Oldest IVC site

(Haryana)
Banawali Ghaggar, by R. S. Bisht Lack of grid pattern
(Haryana)

Ropar Burial with dog, oval burial

pits
Largest city: Mohenjadaro

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Types of Burials

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Coffin Burial
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Found in Harappa

Double burial
Joint burial
Seen in Lothal
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Sanauli Extended burial

(Uttar Pradesh)

One liners (MCQs)

Nearest site near Bolan Pass: Mehrgarh

Inamgaon is situated on banks of: Ghod river

Shortugai (Harappan site) located in: Afghanistan

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VEDIC AGE

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 Vedic Age: 1500-600 BC
Two types:
Early Vedic: 1500-1000 BC
Later Vedic: 1000-600 BC Starts with line “Agnimele Purohitam”
Rig Veda added to UNESCO in 2007
Rig Veda First to be compiled

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Bal Gangadhar Tilak Compiled book: The Arctic Home in the Vedas

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Said: all Indians were Aryans
Boghazkai
o inscription (Turkey): mentions names such as Indra, Varuna, etc
a
Brother
Seven
Under

Similar sounding words

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Linguistic basis
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Vedas: Oldest text (compiled during Zehda Avesta (Iran))
Meaning: Knowledge
They were orally passed (Shruti) one generation to another another
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Apaurasheya Not created by man but gifted by God

Subdivisions
1. Samhita: collection of Hymns ; para Versus
2. Brahmans: end of Vedas; sacrifices and rituals
3. Aranyakas: Hermits (live in jungle)
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4. Upanishads: knowledge gain

600 BC Also known as Vedanta
108 Upnishads Traditional
Main: 10

4 types of Vedas In Early Vedic Age

1. Rig Veda Made up of 10 mandalas
oldest and largest; collection of Sanskrit hymns
Total: 1028 hymns
Verses: 10,600
Hymns recited by Hotri
Deities: Indra, Agni, Vishnu, Varuna
Gayatri Mantra: by sage Vishwamitra (mentioned in 3rd Mandala)
2-7th Mandala: made first
10th Mandala mentions: Purush Sukta Feet
(Shudra)

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Mouth Arms Thighs
(Brahmans) (Kshatriya) (Vaishya)

9th Mandala mentions: Lord Soma (Lord of plants)

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Somras (energy drink)

2. Sama Veda: Oldest books on music

Consists of chanting melodies
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2 Upanishads: Chandogya and Kena Upanishad

3. Yajur Veda: Collection of Mantras

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Divided in two sections:
Shukla: contains Satapatha
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Krishna: Brahmana (largest)

Important Upanishads
1. Brihadaranyaka (oldest Upanishad)
2. Katha (story of Nachiketa)

4. Atharva Veda: Veda of magic formulaes

Divided into 20 khandas
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Important Upanishads
1. Manduka: Satyameva Jayate is taken from here
2. Maha Upanishad: Vasudeva Kutumbkam (“whole world is a family”) taken from
Chapter 6 of Maha Upanishad and is also found in the Rig Veda

Schools of Philosophy
1. Samakhya: Kapila
2. Nyaya: Gautam (Scientific approach)
3. Vaisheshika: Kannada (Atoms)
4. Yoga: Patanjali
5. Uttar Mimansa (Vedanta): Badrayana

Philosophical teachings of Upanishads

6. Purva Mimansa: Jamini

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Vedangas: tools to understand Vedas
Total: 6

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1. Siksha: study of phonetics
2. Kalpa: study of practices (Rita)
3. Vyankaran: study of grammar
4. Nirukta: study of etymology
5. Jyoti: study of light
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Chhanda: study of poetic matters
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Early Vedic Age: Rig Veda
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Himvanta Munjavat
(Himalaya) (Hindu Kush)

‘Sapta Sindhu’:
Old names:
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Indus: Sindhu
Jhelum: Vitasta
Chenab: Askini
Ravi: Parushini
Beas: Bipasha Won
Sutlej: Shutudri
Society: 4 Varnas Not hereditary

Based on professions Cow: was considered as “wealth decider”

No child marriage
Aghanya Gavishthi: Battle of Cows
Widow remarriage Niyoga
Patriarchal society

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Polity
Elective Monarchy Hereditary Rashtra
1. Sabha: community of few privileged Jana

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2. Mem
Samhita:
Samiti: community of common people Visa
3. ammu
Vidatva: for religious purpose
Vidhata: Grama
Kula
Ranking of officials Purohita
Senani: Army chief
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Gramani: Village head
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Religion: they worshipped nature
Indra, Prithvi
Pritvi, Agni, Soma, Vayu
·
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Purandara Intermediary between Human and God

Destroyer of forts

Rudra: God of Animals

Aditi: Mother of Gods
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Savitri: Gayatri Mantra dedicated to it

No animals were worshipped

Pottery
Ochre coloured pottery
 Later Vedic Period

1000 BC-600 BC

Other 3 Vedas

Ganga-Yamuna Doab

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Aryans expanded from Punjab to Western Uttar Pradesh

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Ganga-Yamuna Doab
Upper portion: Kuru
Hastinapur
Middle port: Panchal

Kuru Tribe: 2 clan

Pandava Mahabharata (950 BC)
R
Kaurava
Compiled on: 4th Century
AD (400 AD)
A
Towards the later Vedic Period they shifted from Doab area to Eastern UP
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Expansion possible: Iron weapons + horses

Metal
Krishna Ayas/Shyam Ayas

Agriculture
Chief means of livelihood
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King also did manual labour in field

Virhi: Rice
Wooden ploughshare (Rural)
 Political Organization

Sabha: women no longer allowed to sit in it

Samiti
Dominated by Brahmins
wan
Vidatha

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Centralised

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Society
Varna system:
Brahmans
Kshatriya Trade
Dominated
Vaishya
Sudra Servent
R
Conditions of women deteriorated
A
Gotra (clan) system emerged
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Ashram
Brahmacharya
Grihastha
Vanaprastha
Sannyasa

Anuloma Vivaha: boys higher caste + girl lower caste

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Pratima Vivaha: girl higher caste + boy lower caste

Love marriage: Gandharva Vivah

Gods
Other Gods started emerging
Pottery
Later Vedic Age
Grey coloured pottery

One liners (MCQs)

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The language of Aryans: Sanskrit

Dharamasutras contain: norms for rulers

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As per Rig Veda or Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC), the river Goddess was:
Sindhu

Hymn in the form of dialogue in Rig Veda, between Sage Vishwamitra and two

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rivers that were worshipped as Goddesses were: Beas and Sutlej

30 Rig Veda manuscripts from 1800-1500 BC included in UNESCOs Memory of

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the World Register: 2007

A person’s Vedic approach and his relationship with society are determined by
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four goals in life: Artha, Moksha, Dharma, Kama

According to “the Ramayana”, Ratnakar was other name of: Valmiki

At one stage in the Vedic age, the King was called “gopati” which meant: Lord of
cattle
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Term that denotes “rituals”: Kalpa

Sage Vyasa compiled Puranas and the Mahabharata

Book written by Aryabhatta: Aryabhatiyam

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JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

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Causes of Origin:

Brahminical domination: Brahmin domination; Ritual sacrifices

Agricultural economy: Trade impacted due to ritualistic sacrifices
Use of punch marked coins: coins started Trade Vaishyas
Jainism and Buddhism did not attach any importance to existing Varna system: people

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equally treated

Believed: Varnas on basis of

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occupation not by birth
Belief in Non-violence: both religion believed in Ahimsa

Mahavir and Buddha were: Kshatriya

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Great Teachers: Tirthankar Total: 24

Birth Place; Represented by
1st: Rishabh Dev : Ayodhya; Bull
23rd: Parshavnath : Varanasi; Serpent
24th: Vardhaman Mahavir (main founder) : Lion
 In Vedas only two Tirthankars mentioned:
1st: Rishabha
22nd: Aristanemi

Vardhaman Mahavir

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Birth: 540 BC (approx.); Kundagram ( Vaishali; Bihar)
Death: 468 BC; Pavapuri (Biharsharif; Bihar)

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72 yrs
Moksh

Father: Siddhartha (Clan: Janathrika Kshatriya)

Mother: Trishala
Wife: Yashoda

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Daughter: Anojja Priyadarshana Jamali (husband)

1st disciple of Mahavir

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Left home at: 30 yrs Manali Gosali (Ajivika Sect)
Enlightenment: 42 yrs; under a Sal tree at Jambhikagrama Kevalin; Perfectly learned
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Kaivalya River: Rijjupalika

1st sermon: Pava Jitendriya
Basadis (meaning): Jain Monasteries

Jain Philosophy
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Moksha 3 Principles
K: Right knowledge (Samyaka Jnana)
F: Right faith (Samyaka Darshana)
C: Right conduct (Samyaka Charitra)

5 Principles of Living (Vows) Anuvratas

Ahimsa: non-violence
 Satya: only speak the truth
Asteya: do not steal
Brahma-charya: sexually monogamous
Aparigraha: detach from material things, people and places

Divisions among Jains

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Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu (friend)

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Leaded: Digambara
For 1 month
Salnekhana: Boycotted
death by
fasting Karnataka (Shravanabelagola) during 1st Jain Council
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Femine in Magadha (303 BC)

When they returned, everyone was wearing white cloth

298 BC
12 Anga combined
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Leader: Sthulbhadra Leaded Shwetaambara Patronised by: Bindusara (son
of Chandragupta)
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2nd Jain Council

Vallabhi, Gujarat
Jain Literature: in Prakrit language 512 AD

Architecture
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Rock Cut Cave Temples: Odisha

Hathigumpha Caves: Odisha; Kharavela
Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves: Odisha
Dilwara Jain Temple: Rajasthan (Mt. Abu)
Built by: Vastupala Brothers

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Statue of Gometeshwara/Bahubali: Karnataka; Shravanabelagola

1st Tirthankar’s son

Mahamatsyabhishek festival is celebrated here

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Patrons

Chandragupta Maurya and son Bindusara

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Bimbisara (Contemporary of Mahavir and Buddha) and son

Ajatshatru
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Gautam Buddha: belonged to Shakya Clan
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Born: 563 BC; Lumbini; Nepal
Death: 483 BC; Kushinagara
Childhood name: Siddhartha
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Father: Suddhodhana
1st Bhikkuni
Mother: Mahamaya
Step Mother: Mahaprajapati Goutami
Wife: Yashodhara
Son: Rahul
Left home at: 29 yrs
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1st teacher: Alara Kalama

2nd teacher: Udraka Ramputra
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Enlightenment: Uruvella
a (Bodh Gaya); under a Bodhi tree
River: Niranjana
1st sermon: Sarnath; Varanasi
 Kanthaka
Chariot: Channa Janma

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Mahaparinivana

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8 Fold Path: to end sufferings

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Buddhists Council Patronage Presidency
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1st: Rajgriha (400 BC/483 Ajatshatru Mahakashyapa

BC)

2nd: Vaishali (383 BC) Kalashoka Sabakami

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3rd: Patliputra (250 BC) Ashoka ama

Moghalpura
Moggaliputta Tissa

4th: Kashmir (72 AD) Kanishka Vasumitra

 Sects of Buddhism

Hinayana Mahayana Vajrayana

Did not believe in Idol Did believe in Idol Tantric Buddhism

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worship worship (Eastern)
Text: Pali Text: Sanskrit

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Bodhisattvas names: Vajrapani, Avlokitesvara, Amitabh

Buddhist Text: Pali (majorly) and Sanskrit

Tripitaka
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Sutta: Buddha’s teachings
Vinaya: Monastic courts and rules
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Abhidharma: Interpretation of Sutta

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Pali
Milindpanho Dialogue between Milinda and Nagasena

Sanskrit
Buddhacharitra: by Asvaghosha
Jataka tales: about previous births of Buddha in both human and animal forms
Terms of Buddhism

Chaitya: place of worship

Vihara: place of residence
Dhamma: Dharma
Stupa

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Stupas Belonging to 3rd Century BC and the 12th

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Largest: Kesariya (Bihar) Century AD
Dhamek: Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh)
Ramabhar: Kushinagara
Sanchi: Madhya Pradesh

Across the World

Borobudur: Java; Indonesia R
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Anda: hemispherical dome

Torana: gateway
Medhi: pedestrial path
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Buddhist Universities 8 Holy Places of Buddhism

Lumbini
Universities Built by Bodh Gaya
Nalanda Kumaragupta I Sarnath
Vikramshila Dharmapala Kushinagara
Odantpuri Gopala Rajgir
Vaishali
Shravasti
Sankasia
 One Liners (MCQs)

Chaitya: Prayer hall

Lion Capital was built in First sermon of Buddha

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Bharhut Stupa located in Madhya Pradesh -
depucts
i
depicts Jataka Tales and Stories

Chethiyagiri Vihara is a Buddhist festival celebrated in Sanchi

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The rules made for Buddhist Sangha were written down in a book called “Vinaya
Pitaka”

Lord Buddha gave his first sermon on Four u

Novke
Noble Truth in Bodh Gaya

Ashoka: Buddha follower

Son: Mahendra
R Hinayana
Sent to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
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Daughter: Sanghamitra to spread Buddhism

Ashoka’s rock inscription is located in: Jogad; Odisha

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Lomas Rishi Cave constructed by Buddhist monk is in Bihar

Buddhist Cave temples and Barakar Caves is in Bihar

Birthplace of the first and fourth Jain Tirthankaras: Ayodhya

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“Jina” in Jain Philosophy means: The Conqueror

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Lion Capital, Ashokan Pillar at Sarnath
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RM
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Lomas Rishi Cave

 MAHAJANAPADAS

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AND

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MAGADHA EMPIRE

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 Aryans (migrated from Central Asia)

Tribes

Jana

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Janapada (where they stayed)

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Mahajanapadas (consolidation of Jana)

Mahajanapadas

Total: 16
From where? (Source) R
Texts: “Ashtadhyayi” in Sanskrit by Panini
Mentions total 40 Janapadas
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Buddhist Literature:
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Anguttara Nikaya (total 16 Mahajanapadas mentioned)

Digha Nikaya (total 12 Mahajanapadas mentioned)

Jaina Literature:
Bhagavathi Sutra

Multiple decision makers

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They were either Monarchial or Republic

Kuru
Kamboja
Clans Vajji
Malla
Assaka
 Iron Krishna Ayas or

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Taxila Shyam Ayas
Bharata Black metal

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Ujjaini Ujjain
· Nus
-

Mahismati (south part)

Narmada
(North part)
R South of Ganga
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(Ganga-Son confluence)
Karan (Angaraja)
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Varuna + Assi (rivers)

Gonda, Bharai
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Ayodhya
Bareilly
 Shipra river

Chetiya

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8 clans

Vajji 8 clans Jnatrika, Videha, Lichchavi

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Reasons for the Rise of Magadha
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1. g
Advantages position
Advantageous
2. It’s capital Rajgriha surrounded by 5 hills and Pataliputra situated at the
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confluence of Ganga and Son

3. Availability of large no. of Elephants
4. Great leaders

Dynasties which Ruled in Magadha

PA

1. Haryanka Dynasty
a. Bimbisara (544 BC-492 BC)
Agra
nga conquest
N Sister of Prasenjit (son of Kaushal King)
Diplomatically: through marriage 3 wives Chellana (Lichchavi)
Madra Clan (Punjab)
Sent his physician “Jivaka” to Ujjain (when they were suffering from jaundice)
b. Ajatshatru
Son of Chellana
Conquered Lichchavi
Defeated Koshala (married the King’s daughter)
Patronised 1st Buddhist Council
Killed is father Bimbisara

C
SS
R
War Engines/Catapults
A
Conquered Vaishali using War engines/Catapults
RM

c. Udayin
Shifted Rajgriha Pataliputra

2. Shishunaga
Defeated Avanti and merged with Magadha
PA

Kalashoka patronised 2nd Buddhist Council

3. Nanda Dynasty
a. Mahapadmananda
Title: Ekrat (meaning: Empire builder)
Ruler of Macedonia
b. Dhanananda
Alexander invaded India during his reign (326 BC)
 “Alexander the Great” defeated many places and was defeated by his own Army
:Battle of Hydapses: between Alexander and Porous
↓
-

On the banks of Jhelum

↓
Defeated

4. Mauryan Dynasty

C
-

a. Chandragupta Maurya

SS
Society
-

Pottery:
-
-
/ Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW)

Punched mark silver coins

--
R
A
I

(Form of money) Nishka

I

> Facilitated to trade Satamana

RM

Artisans and Merchants: Guilds/Shrenis (organizations)

-
Crafts was hereditary

/
Iron ploughshares -> Agriculture surplus (2nd urbanisation after Harappa)
PA

Post
-

-
Village headman: Bhojaka
&
Peasants had to pay tax -> 1/6th of their produce
↑
Rich peasants: Gahapatis
T Vaishyas
Bali: Voluntary offerings to the King (was compulsory)
Toll tax persisted Collected by officers known as “Shaulkika”/“Shulkadhyaksha

One Liners (MCQs)

Last ruler of Nanda dynasty: Dhanananda

C
Vikramshila University was founded by a Pala King: Dharmapala

SS
R
A
RM
PA
 MAURYAN EMPIRE

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
 Sources
-

1. Kautilya’s: Arthashastra
2. Vishakhadatta’s: Mudrarakshasa (written during Gupta Empire)
3. Megasthenes: Indica (in contrast)
4. Buddhist literature: Jataka tales, Dipavamsa/Mahavamsa, Divyadana

C
Origin of Mauryans
-

&

According to:

SS
-

> Puranas: he belongs to Shudras

>
Mudrarakshasa: He belongs to Vrishal/Kulhina
&
Junagarh Rock Inscription: he belongs to Vaishyas

Mauryan Rulers
-
-

R
Nanda Dynasty last ruler Dhanananda lost to Chandragupta Maurya
↓ Se
A
With the help of Kautilya (also known 322 BC
as Chanakya/Vishnugupta)
RM

Chandragupta Maurya
-

-
Founder of Mauryan Dynasty
I
Defeated last ruler of Nanda Dynasty: Dhanananda
-
Defeated n
Selecus
SeleucusNicator
Nicator (frontier of Alexander the Great)
↓
Megasthenes was in
PA

court of Selecus Nicator

-
Son: Bindusara

Bindusara
-

He is known as Amitrochates by the Greeks

·
He patronised Ajivikas
&
Son: Ashoka
 Ashoka
-

V
Ruled for: 12 yrs
-
Fought Kalinga War (ended in: 261 BC)
↑
Adopted Buddhism
/
He replaced Berighosha with Dhammagosha
↓ ↓
Cultural

C
Physical
Conquest Conquest

SS
Ashokan Edicts
-

&
Found in two places:
-

1. Rocks
a. Major: 14 > First to decipher: James Princep
b. Minor: 15

2. Pillars
R Writings on Rock
A
Major Rock Edicts
-

-
Total: 14
RM

& Language: 3
I

Script: 4

&
Major language used: Prakrit language
&

Use of Brahmi and Kharoshti

↓
PA

Introduced by Iranians

V
Greek Languae: Greek script
↑
Aramaic Language: Aramaic script
-
In inscriptions he is mentioned as: Devanami
-

Piyadashi
&

↳ Devon ka Priya (beloved of Gods)

-
 C
SS
R
A
RM
PA

Kalinga War
Was ancient name of
coastal in Orissa
 Minor Rock Edicts
Four:
Maski Karnataka
Gujjar Madhya Pradesh
Brahmagiri
Nittur

C
Ashokan Edicts
↓ V
Rocks Pillars

SS
V V
Major Minor
V V

14 15
↑
1st to decipher Ashoka’s Edicts: James Prinsep in 1837

Pillar Edicts
Total: 7 R
A
Capital
RM

Abacus

Inverted lotus

Shaft
PA

Delhi-Topra Pillar Edict: only with 7th edict Lauriya: Aaraj Bihar
Use of only one language and only one script Lauriya: Nandagarh

Prakrit Brahmi
 4 lions
X

-> Elephant

C
Horse
Oxen
Lion

SS
↓
Wheel

From Rampura
Only bull found
R Sarnath
Declared National

=
&
A
Shows Dhammaparivartan of Ashoka Emblem on: 24 Jan
He made this to commemorate the 1st 1950
Sermon of Buddha
RM

Barabar Hill Caves

PA

Bihar
Ashoka built this
cave for Buddhist

Lomas Rishi Caves: Bihar

Nagarjuni Caves: Bihar
Built by Dashrath Maurya
(grandson of Ashoka)
I
Last ruler of Maurya Dynasty: Brihadratha
I Defeated by Pushyamitra Sunga

Maurya Administration
-

1
Saptanga Theory by Kautilya: 7 elements to rule an administration
1. King: Raja

C
2. Secretary: Amartya
3. Territory: Janpada

SS
4. Fort: Durga
5. Treasure: Kosha
6. Army: Sena
7. Friend: Mitra

Officers
-

R
1. Sannidhata: Chief treasury office r
2. Samharata: collector general of revenue
A
Two types of court
-

1. Civil: Dharmastya Nyayalaya - Vyavaharika

RM

2. Kantakashodhan Nyayalaya - Pradeshta

·
↑
Gopa: Responsible for account
↑
Akshapatalik: Accountant general
↑
Nagarka: responsible for city admin istration
PA

↑
Sitadhyakhsha: accounted for Agriculture
I
Samshthadhyaksha: responsible for market
-
Navaadhyksha: accounted for ships
/
Shulkadhyaksha: accounted for Toll Tax To check if people are following concepts
-> of Dhamma
↑
Dhamma Mahamattas: New post created by Ashoka

According to Megasthenes (as mentioned in Indica)

↑
Municipal admin: 6 committees/5 members each
Army: of 6 committees/5 members each

Provincial Administration

C
SS
R
A
Society: 4 varnas According to Arthashastra
According to Indica Women occupied a high position
RM

Society divided into: 7 varnas Part of Army

No slavery

Economy Ports
Ashoka had lowered the tax values
People didn’t had to Bali (voluntary
West East
PA

offering)
Bharuch Tamralipti
Supara
 One Liners (MCQs)
-

L
Name used for the Indian subcontinent by ancient travellers like Megasthenes, Fa Hein,
Huey Tsang, Al Beruni, Ibn Batuta, etc for active contribution of Indian traders: Suvarna
Bhoomi

Dynasty that ruled from 320 AD-550 AD: Gupta Dynasty

C
-

↑
Name of Ashoka’s daughter who carried out his duties of Buddhist missionary:

SS
Sanghamitra -> In Ceylon

↑
“Kantakasodhana”, type of court was present in: Mauryan Empire

-
Ashokan inscriptions in 1877 was published by: Alexander Cunningham (Father of the
Archaeology)

L
R
First empire to use elephants in war on large scale: Magadha
A
/
‘Atavika Rajya’ referred to: Forest Kingdom
RM

I
Types of sacrifices performed in ancient India to establish a position: Vajapeya,
Rajasuya, Ashwamedha

&
Ceylonese chronicle that acted as an important literary source of the Mauryan Empire
PA
 POST MAURYAN DYNASTIES

C
·

SS
R
A
RM
PA
Last ruler of Mauryan Dynasty: Brihadratha killed by Pushyamitra Sunga

Sunga Dynasty (185 BC-73 BC)

Founder: Pushyamitra Sunga

Capital: Vidisha (presently in Madhya Pradesh)

C
Followed Hinduism
Patronised Buddhism Bharhut Stupa built during his reign
Son: Agnimitra Malvikagnimitra by Kalidasa (tells story of love of Agnimitra and

SS
Malvika)
Kalidasa’s Play

Patanjali: book Mahabhasya

Performed two Ashwamegha Yagya for
Pushyamitra

Last ruler: Devbhuti

R Capital: Pataliputra
A
Killed by Commander: Vasudev Kanva Dynasty (73 BC-28 BC)
RM

Satvahana Dynasty (60 BC-225 AD)

Present day: Maharashtra region

Capital: Paithan/Pratisthan (Maharashtra)
Founder: Simuka Satvahana
PA

Greatest ruler: Gautamiputra Satkarni (defeated Ksatrap Nahapana one of the

rulers from Saka)
Both Patriarchal and Matrilineal
This dynasty embraced Brahmanism
society

Started the practice of donating the land to Brahmans and Buddhist Monks
They started Lead Coins
Many Chaitya, Viharas were cut out from rocks, eg: In Nasik, Kanheri, Karle
(Maharashtra)
Ajanta and Ellora caves were first built during their reign
Stupas built: Amravati and Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh)
Language: Prakrit

Invasions from Central India

Sakas

C
1st to cross Hindu Kush mountain: Greeks
Most famous ruler: Meander/Milinda

SS
Milindapanho
Converted to: Nagasena
Buddhism (Buddist Monk)

Greek rulers:
R
They were the 1st to introduce Gold coins
Coins attributed to King (coins had picture of the King)
A
Introduced Hellenistic art in North Western region
Seen in Gandhara Art
RM

Sakas Ruled North West and North India

Also known as Scythians

5 branches: one branch settled over Western part of India that ruled until 4th Century
PA

AD (400 AD)

Vikramaditya Parmar Not followed by Govt. of India

In 57 BC defeated Sakas Started Vikram Samvat (Hindu Calendar)

Vikramaditya becomes coveted title
Ruler of Ujjain
Kshatrapa Dynasty

Rudradaman I (most famous Saka ruler)

About him: in Junagadh Rock Inscriptions (also known as Girnar inscriptions) Gujarat
Repaired Sudarshan Lake
Constructed by: Pushyagupta Vaishya (present
during Chandragupta Maurya)

C
Parthians after Sakas

SS
Kushans (1st Century AD-3rd Century AD)
Also known as Yuezhis/Tocharians
Capital: Peshawar (first) and later Mathura
They called themselves “Sons of Gods/King of Kings”

1st Dynasty: Kadphises R

A
I II
kujula Vima Saka Era started (Saka Calendar followed Govt. of India )

Most powerful ruler: Kanishka (78 AD-101 AD)

RM

Also known as: 2nd Ashoka

Patronised 4th Buddhist Council
Kanishka patronised Mahayana Buddhism
Started purest form of Gold Coins
PA

Controlled Silk Route

Impact in Indian Society

Completely immersed themselves in indigenous culture

Pottery: Red Ware
Horseman technique, introduced Turban wearing, Sherwani wearing
Polity

Introduced: Satrap system of govt.

Military Governship M
Strategus by Greeks
Strategos

Military General

C
Culture

They worshipped Shiva and Lord Buddha

SS
Literature

Buddhacharitra: Ashvaghosha
Mahavatsu and eDivyadana
Divyavadana
Kamasutra: Vatsayana R
A
Science
Father of Medicine
RM

Medicine: Charaksamhita By Charak

Book that mentions

about different
medicines
Sushruta: Father of Surgery
PA

One Liners (MCQs)

King who gave up his traditional professions and took arms, successfully established a
kingdom in Karnataka: Kadamba Mauyurasharman

Kushana Dynasty rulers: Vasishka, Vasudeva, Huvishka

 SANGAM AGE

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
History of South India

No Bronze Age in South India but Megalithic Age

Time period: 2500 BC
Iron Age in South India

C
SS
R
A
RM

Found around graves

Pottery: Black and Red ware

Community: Pastoral community

PA

South India history starts with Chera,

Pandya, and Chola dynasty
 Sangam
-

-
-

Meaning: Assemblies
-

Total 3 sangams: Patronised by Pandya

&
Assemblies held at: Tamil region -> Muchchangam

C
-
1st: Madurai -> Agastasya (literature not found
↑
2nd: Kapadapuram -> Tolkappiyal① m

SS
-
3rd: Madurai -> Nakkirar &
Literature: Tolkappiyam (earliest grammatical
Tamil Text)

Sangam Literature in two forms:

-

R ·
1. Narrative (story): collectively called Melkannakku-> 818major works
major works
2. Didactic (poetic): collectively called Kilkanakku 18 minor works
Y
A
About
↓
Love War
↓ ↓
RM

Akam Puram

Other forms:
-

1. Silapathikaram: written by Ilango Adigal

story of Kovalam·+ Kannagi (wife) + Madhavi
T
(dasi)
7 Goddess of Purity and Chastity
PA

About their love story (in Kerala)

2. Manimegalai: book about daughter of Kovalamd and Madhavi
↓
⑬
Writer: Chithalai
SattanarChathanar
Geography

C
SS
R
A
Thinais (known as Area) Each thinai had a chief called: Muvendar
Divided into 5 parts:
RM

Kurinci thinai: did hunting and gathering Divided into:

Palai thinai: cattle lifters and plundering Chera, Cholaya, and
Mullai thinai: did animal husbandary Pandyas
Marutam thinai: did agriculture
Neytal thinai: fishing and salt collection
PA

Bindusara means “Conqueror of land b/w 2

seas
Ashokan inscription: also depicts about
Chera, Chola Most powerful of all
Keralaputras
People
of Sri
Tamraparni
Lanka
Cheras
Augustus Temple Built by Romans
Ruling in: Kerala + Tamil Nadu
Capital: Vanjji/Vanchi
Ii Connection with Romans
Port cities: Muziris/Muchiris and Tondi (mainly for trading)
Emblem: Bow and Arrow
Greatest Chera: Senguttuvan (also known as Worshiped Kannagi (Goddess of chastity)

C
Red Chera)

SS
Cholas
Called as Cholamandalam (coromandels)
Northeast to Pandyas
Between Pennar and Velar river
Capital: Uraiyar and Puhar (alternate capital)

R
Also known as: Kaveripattinam
Port city
A
Traded in cotton cloth
Maintained an efficient Navy
Earliest ruler: Elara
RM

Greatest ruler: Karaikal Fought Battle of Venni

Emblem: Tiger

Pandyas
PA

Ruled in Tamil Nadu

Capital: Madurai (on the banks of Vaigai river)
Emblem: Fish
First mentioned in Megasthenes book

Mentioned as: people famous for

trading Pearls

Traded with Roman Empire

Port: Korkai
Society

Divided into:
Ruling class: Arasar
Rich class: Vellalar
⑭
Lower class: Kadisiyar
Kadaisiyar

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
 C
GUPTAS, CHALUKYAS

SS
R
A
RM
PA
Guptas (310 AD-540AD)

Founder: Gupta Ghatotkach (son)

Sri Gupta

Chandragupta-I (319-334 AD)

C
Title: Maharajadhiraja
Married to: Kumaradevi (Lichhvi Princess)

SS
Started Gupta Era in 320 AD/319 AD
Gold coins: Dinars
Most no. of gold coins Guptas

Samudragupta (335-380 AD)

Greatest and most powerful king of the dynasty
Record of his reign in R
Prayag Prasasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription)

Composed by Harisena (poet)

A
Never defeated
Napoleon of India: said by VA Smith
Titles: Kaviraja, Param Bhagavat, Sarva-raj-ochchetta (uprooter of all King)
RM

King of poets
He has been shown playing Veena on Coins
He performed Ashwamedha Yajna
PA
 1st to introduce
Chandragupta II (380-414 AD) B Copper coins
-

Achieved power by assassinating his brother (Ramgupta) and Saka invader

I
Married brother’s wife: Dhruvadevi
-
During his reign > Watermark, formed matrimonial alliance (married his daughter ->
Prabhavati Gupta with Vakataka Prince Rudrasena II)

C
SS
R a
Port
A
-
Bharuch
(port)
RM

Indirectly ruled by Guptas

after the death of
Rudrasena II -> Wife ascended the throne
an
bethroned
PA

↑
1st Gupta to issue Silver coins, after the victory over Sakas
Mehrauli: Iron Pillar Inscription

:
1
Navratnas:
Amarsinha
·
Amarsimha
Dhanvantri
Sanku
Varahamihira
-

Harisena &
Vararuchi
↑
Kalidas (
Vetalbhatta
↳ Shakespeare of &
Kahapanaka
India
 Fa-Hein: 1st Chinese traveller visited during his
reign
Journey from Bengal to China
Title: Vikramaditya
(back to China)

Books of Kalidasa
Abhigyan Shakuntalam

C
Malvikagnimitra
Raghuvamsa
Meghaduta

SS
Kumar Sambhavam
Ritusamhara
Mehrauli Pillar
Book by Sudraka
Mrichchhakatika (also known as: The little clay

R art)
Love story Charudatta and
Vasantasena
A
Kumaragupta I (415-455 AD)
RM

Son of Chandragupta II
Attacks by Hunas (tribe from Central Asia)
Founded Nalanda University

Skandagupta I (455-461 AD)

Successfully resisted “Huns”
PA

Title: Vikramaditya (source: Bhitari Pillar Inscription)

 Administration

Empire Bhuktis (under the charge of Uparika)

Divided into districts
Vishayas (under the charge of Vishaya Patis)

C
Decentralised
Administration
Vithis (under the charge of Nagarpati)

SS
Villages (under the charge of Gramika)

Important Officers
·
Kumarmatya:
R
Kumaramatyas: Provincial Officer
Mahadanda Nayaka: Officer responsible for punishment (Mr. of Justice)
Sandhivigrahika: The officer of War and Justice
A
Senabhakti: The army was to be fed by
Economy
people whenever it passed through a
Issued large no. of gold coins
countryside (village)
RM

Taxes:
Bhaga: 1/6th of the produce to be paid by cultivators
Bhoga: periodic supplies of fruit, flowers to the King
Bali: oppressive
Uparikara: a
Exta
Extra tax
Vishti: form of forced labour
PA

Culture

Idol of Varah: the great Protecting

boar Goddess Earth
Built by: Chandragupta II
Avatar of Vishnu
In Udaygiri, ow
OdishaMP
Vidisha,
 C
SS
Dasavatara Temple, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh

R
A
RM

Bhitargaon Temple, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Dedicated to Lord Krishna
Also known as Brick Temple (one of the oldest)
PA
 Post Gupta Era

Pushyabhuti/Vardhana Dynasty
Saved by Harshavardhana
Founder: Pushyabhuti
In Thaneswar, Haryana
Son: Prabhakarvardhan Kannauj

C
Rajyavardhana Ruling over
Sister Husband
Rajyashri Grahavarma

SS
Killed

Shashanka Formed alliance Killed by Deva Gupta

(Gauda King of with (ruling over Malwa)
North Bengal)
Son: Rajyavardhana (eldest), Harshavardhana
(youngest) R
A
Harshavardhana (606-647 AD)
Capital: Kannauj
RM

Defeated: Dhruvasena II (Vallabhi ruler, Gujarat)

Traveller visited by: Hiuen-Tsang (Xuang-Zang) 1400 yrs
Assemblies organised:
1. Kannauj: to honour Hiuen-Tsang
2. Prayag: organised every 5 yrs (confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati)
Kumbh origin
PA

Was a Shaivite Land of North India

Patronised Buddhist religion
Author of 3 books: “Sakalottarapathanatha”: title
Ratnavali given to Harshavardhana in
Nagananda Chalukyan inscription
Priyadarshika
Biography: Harshacharitra By his court poet: Banabhatta
He was ·
defeated
defeated by Pulakesin II (Chalukyan King)
Wrote: Kadambari

On the banks of Narmada

river
Chalukyas

3 distinct dynasties:
Badami Chalukya
Western Chalukya
Eastern Chalukya

C
Badami Chalukya
1st ruler: Jayasimha (founder)

SS
Capital: Vatapi

Most powerful ruler: Pulakeshin I (543-566 AD)

Son: Kirtivarman (died)

R
Mangalesh (brother) Son: Pulakeshin II
A
Killed
RM

Pulakeshin II (610-642 AD) Visited by: Hiuen-

Greatest of his dynasty Tsang Rashtrakuta
Defeated Harshavardhana
Defeated Mahendravarman I (Pallava ruler)
Son
PA

Was defeated by Narasimhavarman I Vengi

Pallavas
Title taken: Vatapikonda (conqueror of
Vatapi)

Vikramaditya I Kirtivarman II (great grandson) Defeated by: Rashtrakuta

 -
Aihole Pillar Inscription: description about Pulakeshin II
↓
Composed by: Ravikriti (court poet)

Chalukyan Architecture
North Indian style: Nagara

C
&

&

South Indian style: Dravida

->

Style: Vesara style (Nagara + Dravida style)

SS
R
A
RM

Ravana phadi caves, Aihole

PA

Ladh khan temple, Aihole

 C
SS
Durga temple
Made on an Apsidal plane

Huchimalligudi Temple: Aihole temple

R
A
RM

Pattadakal temple
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Total: 10 temples seen
PA

4 6
(Nagara style) (Dravida style)

Virupaksha temple (Dravida style)

mu
Bangameshwar temple (Dravida style)
Sangameshwar Temple:
 Pallavas

Founder: Simha Vishnu

Greatest ruler: Mahendravarman I
Son Vatapikonda
Narasimhavarman I

C
Defeated
630 AD-668 AD

SS
Pulakeshin II
Capital: Kanchipuram

Architecture

R
A
RM

Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram

PA

Rashtrakutas (753-982 AD)

Built of only one stone
Founder: Dantidurga Monolithic stone temple

Son: Krishna I Built: Kailasha Temple at Ellora

Amoghavarsha (814-878 AD)

He was converted
Capital: Manyakheta
to Jainism
 Temples from Hindu, Jainism and Buddhism
Ajanta and Ellora (Aurangabad, Maharashtra)

Satvahanna

Rashtrakuta

C
SS
One liners (MCQs)

Offices held by Harisena: composed Prayag Prasasti Pillar

Nalanda University Bihar (Xuang Zang and other pilgrims spent time studying
there)
R
A
RM
PA
 TRIPARTITE STRUGGLE

C
AND CHOLA EMPIRE

SS
R
A
RM
PA
 C
SS
R
Founder: Nagabhata I
Satvahanas started land donations
to Brahmans
A
Chamhana/Chauchan
RM

790 AD
Rashtrakuta 8th Century AD
PA

700-800 AD

Also known as Kannauj Triangle Wars took place

between Palas, Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas during 8th and
9th centuries
 Pala

Founder: Gopala Founder of Odantapur

Son: Dharmapala Founder of Vikramshila University
Defeated Indrayudh
Timeline: 850-1280 AD

C
SS
R
A
RM

Founder: Vijayalaya
Feudatory to Pallavas
Captured Tanjore/Thanjavur from Muttaraiyar
Built a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudeni

Rulers:
PA

Raja Raja I (985-1014 AD)

Contemporary to Mahmud of Ghazni
Defeated Cheras at Trivandrum
Son
Defeated Pandavas and conquered Madurai
Invaded Sri Lanka

Rajendra I (1012-1044 AD) Napoleon of South India

Completely over ran Cheras and Pandyas
Completel conquered Sri Lanka
Crossed Ganga and defeated 2 local Kings of Bengal
 Title assumed: Gangaikondachola
E Built a new city Gangaikondacholapuram
Carried Naval Expedition against Sri Vijaya Empire and Sailendry Dynasty

C
SS
R
A
Western Chalukyan

⑪
RM
PA

Shailendra Dynasty
- Believed in↓Buddhism
 Chola fought against Chalukyas of Kalyani
Chola empire declined during early part of 13th Century
Place of Cholas was taken by Pandyas and Hoysalas
Place of late Chalukyas was taken by Yadavas and Kakatiyas

C
SS
Capital: Devagiri

Yadavas
Capital: Warangal

Capital: Halebidu
R
A
Famous for star
shaped temple
RM

King hast all the authority

He had Council of Ministers to advice him
Chola Empire divided into:
PA

Mandalams (province)
Further divided into

Valanadu/Nadu
Chola Government Decentralised
Cholas are known for local/village government
2 Assemblies
Ur: Assembly of common people Agrahars Land of Brahmins
Sabha: Assembly of learned Brahmins

Affairs of village were managed by an executive committee

C
Election held every member of
committee appointed
People with property or

SS
for 3 yrs
land were privileged to
take part in elections

Land Donations during Cholas

R
1. Brahmadeya: land donated to Brahmans
2. Vellanvagi: land donated to non-Brahmans
3. Devadana: land donated to temples
A
4. Pallichhandam: land donated to Jain community
RM

Tax during Chola Empire

Two types:

Vetti: forced labour

Kadamai: land revenue
All listed in UNESCO Heritage
PA

Great Living Chola Temples

Brihadeshvara Temple Airavatesvara Temple

Built by: Raja Raja II
At Tanjore Also known as Rajarajeshwara Temple
Built by: Raja Raja I

At Gangaikondacholapuram
Built by: Rajendra I
Temple Architecture

Stupi

C
SS
Nagara style Dravida style
Chief deity installed here Main entry/
Also known as Sanctum hall where
bell is placed

R
Shikhar
A
RM
PA

North Indian Style Temple

Some North Indian style follows Panchayatan style

 Cap stone weight: 90 tonnes

C
Gopuram

SS
Brihadeshwara Temple at Tanjore
R
A
RM

In South Indian temples

Nandi is placed outside
PA

Shiva Temple at Gangaikondacholapuram

 C
SS
Airavateshwara Temple at Kumbakonam

R
A
RM
PA

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Madhya Pradesh

↳
-
Built by: Chandela Dynasty

Inside
 C
SS
Virupaksha Temple at Hampi, Karnataka
Built by: Chalukya Dynasty
!
Vesara style (Nagara + Dravida)

Dancing Figure of Shiva R

A
Natraj -
RM

Performing Tandava

/
PA

Made of Bronze
using Lost wax technique
 One Liners (MCQs)

In early 11th century, the Chola king Rajendra I built a Shiva temple and filled it with
Sun-pedestal seized from the: Chalukyas

Brihadeshwara A sun pedestal from the Chalukyas, a Ganesha statue and

Temple several statues of Durga; a Nandi statue from the eastern

C
Chalukyas; an image of Bhairava (a form of Shiva) and
Bhairavi from the Kalinga of Orissa; and a Kali statue
from the Palas of Bengal

SS
The post “Nagara-Shreshti” means: Merchants of the city

Chief Banker

R
Bhillasvamin (Madhya Pradesh) was grown as a temple town during the Chola Dynasty

Territories to the South and North that were made part of Chola Kingdom: Pandayan
A
and Pallava

Vijayalaya built Nishumbhasudini Goddess Temple in Thanjavur

RM

Kailash Temple built by: Kailash

KrishnaTemple
I of Rashtrakuta Dynasty
PA
 C
DELHI SULTANATE

SS
R
A
RM
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Delhi Sultanate Period: 1206-1526

Foreign Invasions
The first Muslim invasion: Mohammad Bin Qasim’s Invasion (712 AD)
In Sindh part of India Killed Raja Dahir
He came from Arab

C
1001 AD: 1st attack

SS
The first Turk invasion: Mahmud Ghaznavi’s Invasion (998-1030 AD)
Attacked 17 times
Country: Turkmenistan
Reason: Revenge and Loot
Death: 1030 AD For his father’s (Subuktigin) death

R
A
Earlier ruled by: Jayapala
RM

Battle of Peshawar against

Ghaznavi (1001 AD)
Ghanavi invaded Somnath
16th time Temple (1025 AD)
17th time Last attack: 1027 AD
PA

Writers during Ghaznavi’s time:

Firdausi wrote: Shahnama
· Also popularly known as Kitab al-Hind
Al Beruniwrote:
Al-Biruni wrote: Tahquiq-e-Hind
Tahqiq ma li-I-Hind
 Also known as Muizuddin Muhammad
Second Turk invasion: Mohammad Ghori’s invasion (1175-1206 AD)
1st attack: 1175 AD In Multan
1178 AD In Gujarat

Defeated by Bhima II

C
Tarain
Delhi Then ruled by Prithviraj III

SS
(Prithviraj Chauhan)
Gharwal
Jai Chand Battle between Prithviraj and Ghori:
1st Battle of Tarain: 1191 AD (won by
Daughter: Sanyogita Prithviraj)

R 2nd Battle of Tarain: 1192 AD (won by

Ghori)
A
s
Writer in Prithviraj Chauhan’s court: Prithviraj Queen: Karpura Devi
Chandra Bardai wrote: Prithviraj Raso
RM

Someshwara
According to it Ghori attacked 17 times

Ghori again invaded India

Battle of Chandawer
-a (1194 AD): between Ghori and Jai Chand
PA

Qutubuddin Aibak (commander of

Slave Dynasty (1206-90 AD)
Ghori) helped in Battle of Tarain
The Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD)
Other slaves of Ghori:
The Tuglaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)
Yalduz
The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD)
Qubacha
The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)
Bhaktiyar Khilji Destroyed Nalanda
University
 The Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 AD)
Also known as Mamluk Dynasty
Qutubuddin Aibak: 1206-10 Rulers belonged to Ilbari tribe
He ruled Lahore (Capital)
He was given the title ‘Lakh Baksh’ (giver of Lakhs)
He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan or polo

C
He constructed two Mosques: Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi and Adhai din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer

SS
R
Quwat-ul-Islam next to Qutub Minar Made of Corbeled Technique
A
Built in: 12th Century
RM

Earlier it had Jain Monastries

PA

Adhai din ka Jhopra at Ajmer

Aibak was only available to
complete the basement
He also begun the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour of famous Sufi Saint
Khwaja Qutubuddin Bhaktiyar Kaki
He patronised writers like: Hasan -un-Nazami (author of Taj-ul-Massir) and
Fakhruddin ·(author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi)
 C
SS
Qutub Minar
5 storeys (73 m)
Son-in-law of Qutubuddin
Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-36)

R
He made Delhi the Capital in place of Lahore
He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Chengiz Khan
Nizam ul Mulk was his Wazir (PM)
died in: 1227 AD
A
RM
PA

He introduced: Silver coin (tanka) and Copper coin (jital)

Organised the Iqta System Piece of Land
He set up the official nobility of slaves known as Chahalgani Chalisa (group of
40)
 Razia Sultana: 1236-1240 AD
Daughter of Iltutmish
The First Lady and only Muslim lady who ever ruled in India
Altunia, governor of Bhatinda refused to accept suzerainty of Razia, Razia
accompanied by Yakut marched against Altunia
Altunia got Yakut murdered and imprisoned Razia

C
Later Altunia and Razia got married
In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim of a conspiracy and was assassinated near
Kaithal (Haryana) By Khokhar tribe

SS
She patronised: Minhaj-al-Siraj

Wrote: Tabakat-e-Nasiri
He was naib under Nasiruddin Mahmud
Ghiyassuddin Balban: 1266-1287 AD

R
He broke the power of Chalisa and restored the prestige of the crown
-
He established the military department Diwan-i-Arz
Title taken: Zil-i-Ilahi (shadow of Allah) Descendants of Afrasiyab
Insignias Chhatra
A
He introduced Sijda (prostration before the monarchy) and Paibos (kissing the feet
of monarch) as the normal form of Salutation
He started blood and iron policy
RM

num
Last ruler: Qaiqabad
Khaiqubad
Last ruler of Slave Dynasty

One Liners (MCQs)

PA

Sultan Mahmud came to India from Afghanistan city: Ghazni

Chahamana ruler: Prithviraj III

Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in North-East Iran in: 1213

Muhammad Ghori attacked Tarbarhinda (Bhatinda), a strategic point for Prithviraj

Chauhan
 Queen Naikidevi defeated Muhammad Ghori

Dhruvasena III is related to: ·

Vataka Dynasty
Rashtrakuta Dynasty

Timur invasion: 1398

C
Alexander invasion in India: 326 BC (used Khyber Pass to enter India)

SS
R
A
RM
PA
 DELHI SULTANATE

C
(Khilji/Tuglaq/Lodi)

SS
R
A
RM
PA
 The Khilji Dynasty

Jalaluddin Khilji: 1290-1296 AD

He founded the Khilji Dynasty
Nephew
Alauddin Khilji: 1296-1316
Alauddin’s Imperialism

C
Padmavat: written by Malik
Gujarat (1298)
Muhammad Jayasi
Ranthambore (1301)

SS
Mewar (1303) Capital: Chittor
Malwa (1305)
Jalor (1311)
Was an enunch
In Deccan Alauddin’s army led by Malik Kafur
He defeated:

Title taken after

Deccan expedition:
R
Alauddin bought him
from Gujarat Market
Ram Chandra (Yadava Ruler of Devagiri)
Pratap Rudradeva (Kakatiya ruler of Warangal)
·
Vir Ballal
Vira Ballala III (Hoyasala ruler of Dwarsamudra)
A
an
Sikandar-e-Saini
i Sani at 1000 dinars hence
Kafur is also known as
Vir Pandya (Pandiya ruler of Madurai)

1000 Dinari
RM

Administrative Reforms
Introduced: Dagh (the branding of horse) and Chehra (descriptive roll of soldiers)

Thappa Hulia

Imposed heavy taxes: ordered all land to be measured and then the share of state
PA

was to be fixed
By Special Officer: Mustakharaj (collected the
revenue)
Type of tax payed by
cultivators
Imposed: 3 types Zakat tax: imposed on rich muslims
Jaziya: levied on Non-Muslims
Gharai: House tax First implemented by Md. Bin Quasim
Charai: m
Pestoral tax used for grazing animals
Tax on grasslands
 ↑

Alauddin set up three markets: for food grains, for costly cloth and horses, slaves and cattles
Each market under control: Shahna (high officer)

:
Maintained a register of the merchants and
Shopkeeper and the prices
Check on market by two officers: Diwan-i-Riyasat and Shanna-i-Mandi
All goods for sale were brought to an open market: Sara-i-Adal

C
&

Built: Alai Fort, Alai Darwaja (entrance of Qutub Minar), Palace of thousand Pillars (Hazar
Sutun), Hauz Khas (tank) Built from 7 cities 1st: Quila Rai Pithora by Tomar Dynasty

SS
-

Established: 2nd city of Delhi Siri

&
Tomb of Alauddin: Delhi

I
Patron of: Art and learning
-

Court poet: Aamir Khusrau (fav)

*
> Title: Tuti-e-Hind (parrot of

India)
Started a
-

Quanwali
R
Qawwali in India
Gave Sultan-e-Jahan
A
-

title to Khilji

↓
RM

/
In 1316: Malik Kafur called
Hajardinari seized the throne after Alauddin’s death Alai Darwaja

Mubarak Khan: 1316-20 AD

Khusrau Khan: 1320 AD

PA

Ghiyasuddin Tuglaq: 1320-25 AD

Last King of Khilji Dynasty Khusrau Khan was killed by Ghazi Mallik (took title: Ghiyasuddin
Tuglaq)
-

Died in an accident and was succeeded by son Jauna (Ulugh Khan)

T
Title assumed: Mohammad Bin
Tuglaq
Mohammad Bin Tuglaq: 1325-51 AD
Traveller during his time: Ibn Battuta From Morocco and wrote: Rihla
Writer during his reign: Ziauddin Barani Wrote: Tarikh-i-Feroz shahi and·
Tarikh-
Fatwa
i-Jahandari
Also known as “wisest fool”
Taxation in Doab (1326)
Transferred the Capital (1327): from Delhi to Daulatabad Devagiri

C
Had the largest kingdom of all

SS
He proposed Khurasan expedition (1329)
Qarachil expedition (1330)
Introduction of Token Currency (1329): Bronzen currency with high value

R
Firoz Shah Tuglaq (1351-1388 AD)
The soldiers were not paid cash but by assignments on land revenue of villages
Vajeha
A
Jizya became separate tax during his time
Imposed four kinds of taxes mentioned in Quran:
RM

Kharaj: land tax = 1/10 of the produce

Zakat: 2% tax on property
Jizya: levied on Non-Muslims
Khams: 1/5 booty captured during war

Repaired no. of canals and imposed: Haque-i-Sharb and Hasil-i-Sharb (water tax)
Built: Fatehabad, Hisar, Jaunpur, Firozabad
PA

In the name of Mohammed Bin

Tughlaq Jauna
Estd. a hospital at Delhi: Dar-ul-Shifa
New department: Diwan-i-khairat For marriage of poor girls
His PM: Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul
Ekta system made hereditary
 Taimur invasion: 1398

Was Mongoloid During this the last ruler was:

Muhammad Shah Tuglaq

Sayyid Dynasty
Khizr Khan: 1414-21

C
Mubarak Shah: 1421-34
Muhammad Shah: 1434-43
Alam Shah: 1443-51

SS
Lodi Dynasty: 1489-1526
Founder: Bahlol Lodhi (1451-88)

Sikandar Lodhi: 1489-1517)

R
Capital: shifted from Delhi to Agra (founded by him)
Introduced: Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar’s yard) of 32 digits for measuring cultivated
A
fields
He was a poet and composed: poems in Persia Gulrukhi (pen name)
Gave orders to build: Moth ki Masjid
RM

Ibrahim Lodhi: 1517-26

Fought Battle of Panipat with Babur
(1526)
Daulat Khan Babur
PA

Central Administration
Diwan-i-Wizarat: Department of Finance
Diwan-i-Arz: Military Department Balban Double dome
Diwan-i-Insha: Department of Correspondence
Diwan-i-Risalat: Department of Appeals
Diwan-i-Mushtakhraj: Department of Arrears Alauddin Khilji
Diwan-i-Riyasat: Department of Commerce
Diwan-i-Kohi: Department of Agriculture Md. Bin Tughlaq
Diwan-i-Bandgan: Department of Slaves
Slaves
 Firoz Shah Tuglaq
Diwan-i-Khairat: Department of Charity
Diwan-i-Isthiaq: Department of Pension

One Liners (MCQs)

Sequence: Rajput Dynasty, Khilji Dynasty, Tughlaq Dynasty

C
Ananga Pala ruled before Prithviraj Chauhan

SS
Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi: written in Persian language by Yahya Bin Ahmed Sirhindi

Tabaqat-i-Nasiri written by: Minhaj-us-Siraj

Tahqiq-i-Hind written by: Al-Biruni

R
A
RM
PA
 VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND

C
BAHMANI

SS
R
A
RM
PA
 Vijayanagar Empire: 1336-1565 AD
↳ Meaning: City of Victory

C
Kudirai Chettis
Arabian Horses

·
trading

SS
T

& -
O
Raichur doab

R
A
Pampahampi
1
-

M
Theruins
The ruinsofof Hampi
Hampi wasbought
brought to light in 1800 by an engineer and antiquarian named:
Colin Mackenzie
RM

↑
It is also known as Hampi, the name derived from that of the local mother goddess,
↳ Capital of Vijayanagar
Pampadevi
-

Contemplatives describe this empire as: Karnataka Samrajyamu

· Local communities of merchants were known as: Kudirai Chettis
-

On their northern frontier, they competed with contemporary rulers including: the
Sultans of Deccan and the Gajapati rulers of Orissa
PA

↳ Called
Ashvapati
 C
SS
Sangama Dynasty: 1336-1485 AD

Harihara I and Bukka I (1336-56)

Founder: Harihar and Bukka (sons of Sangama) Feudatories to Kakatiyas and

R
later become ministers in the court of Kampili
Vijayanagar Kingdom lay in the Deccan
The Kingdom can be divided into 4 dynasties:
South to Bahmani Kingdom
A
Sangama
Saluva
Tuluva
RM

Aravidu
Traveller visited: Ibn Battuta

Deva Raya II (1423-46)

During his reign Abdur Razzaq visited Vijayanagar Empire
PA

From Persia
 Suluva Dynasty: 1486-1505 AD

Suluva Narasimha (1486-91)

-
Founder: Suluva Narasimha

C
Tuluva Dynasty: 1505-1570 AD

SS
&
Founder: Vira Narasimha (1505-09)

Krishna Deva Raya (1509-1529 AD)

Suluva Timma, the chief minister of Veer Narasimha placed him on throne
/

He built:
↓

->

->
R
Vijaya Mahal (House of Victory)
Hazara Rama Temple
A
-> Vitthal Swami Temple -> Dedicated to Lord Vishnu

Title taken:
RM

Yavanaraja Sthapnacharya (restorer of Yavana Kindgom i.e. Bidar Kingdom)

->

Abhinava Bhoja
->
↳ Greeks were also called
->
Andhra Bhoja
this
·
-> Andhra Pratimaha
Andhra Pitamaha
-

Founded Nagalapuram after his Mother

> Statecraft
L

He was gifted scholar in both: Telugu and Sanskrit

↳ His works: Amuktamalayada (Telugu work on polity)
PA

Jambavati Kalyanam (Sanskrit drama)

-

Travellers visited: Duarte Barbosa and Domingo Paes (Portuguese travellers)

↑
His court was adorned by: Ashtadiggajas
↳ Tenalirama
 C
Hazara Rama Temple Vitthal Swami Temple

SS
Aravidu Dynasty: 1570-1650 AD

1565: Battle of Talikota (before establishment of Araividdu Dynasty)

Also known as
R
Battle of Rakshasi Tangdi
Sadasiva Raya (puppet ruler of Tuluva)

Aliya Rama Raya (CM)

A
Last ruler: Sri Ranga III (1678 AD) Interfering in internal
matters of Deccan
Administration
RM

Amara Nayakas Raya: Ruler According to SSC exam:

could be the last ruler of
Under
Aravidu
Nayaka: Military chief

Ayangar System
PA

Village committee 12 members

Travellers visited:
Ibn Battuta: Harihara and Bukka
Duarte Barbosa
KDR
Domingo Paes
Nicolo de Conti: Deva Raya I
Abdur Razzaq: Deva Raya II
Fernao Nuniz: Achutya Raya
 Architecture

C
SS
Mahanavami Dibba

R
A
RM
PA

Kamalapuram Tank (Stepped tank)

By KDR
 C
SS
Lotus Temple

R
A
RM

Elephant Stable
11 elephants made
Possibly made by KDR

Bahmani Kingdom
PA
Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347-58)
Founder
Capital: Gulbarga (first capital)
Also known as Hasan Gangu
Defeated: Kakatiyas of Warrangal

Tajuddin Firozabad Shah (1397-1422)

C
He defeated: Deva Raya I and got defeated in the subsequent Battle

SS
Ahmad Shah Wali (1422-35)
Shifted capital from Gulbarga to Bidar

R Berar
A
RM

Attacked in 1565
PA
 Ibrahim Adil Shah
Introduced: Dakhini as court language in place of Persian

Gol Gumbaj was built by Muhammad Adil Shah

Famous for “Whispering Gallery”
Architect by: Yakut of Dabul

C
a
Quli
The Qutub
famous Shah built
Golconda thewasfamous
Fort Golconda
first built FortDynasty and was later fortified by Kutub
by Kakatiyas
Shahi rulers

SS
R
A
Gol Gumbaj
Second largest in the world
RM
PA

Golkonda Fort
 Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah
Greatest ruler of Qutub Shahi Dynasty

"
Founded the city of Hyderabad (originally known as: Bhagyanagar after the name of
Sultan’s favourite Bhagyamati)
He also built the famous Charminar

C
SS
R
A
RM

Charminar
PA

One Liners (MCQs)

Krishna III (Manyakhaeta) belonged to: Rashtrakuta

“Hiranya Garbha” is ritual performed by: Dantidurga

Bahmani Shah ruler who was noted for cruelty and hence got the title as
”al Humayun Shah
“Zalima”:
 BHAKTI AND SUFI

C
MOVEMENTS

SS
R
A
RM
PA
 Main Features of Bhakti Movement

Discarded rituals and sacrifices

Monotheistic (worship of single God)
God has either form or it’s formless

C
Saguna Nirguna

Shiva Vishnu

SS
Followers
Nayanars Alvars

1st female alvar: Andal

(profounder of Bhakti
Movement)
R
A
Bhakti Movement Atma is part of Brahman
RM

Propounder from
North-India
Dualism (South-India)
PA

Advaita Sri Shankaracharya

+
Non dualism
Believed:
Believed: This life and world is a myth
The world is realistic Didn’t believe in idol worship
Idolistic worship
 Bhakti Movement Saints

Ramanujacharya (1017-1137)
Founder of Vishistadvaita

Ramananda (14-15 century)

C
Belonged to Nirguna sect from North India
Disciple: Kabir Das

SS
Kabir (1440-1510)
Disciple of Ramananda
Kabir’s Doha: criticises Hindu or Islamic dharma
Belonged to Nirguna sect

Guru Nanak (1469-1538)

Belonged to Nirguna sect R
A
Chaitanya (1486-1533)
Propounded Bhakti Movement in Bengal Bengal Vaishnavism
King of Gaudiya
RM

Vidyapati (14-15 century)

Composed Padavali Love ballads of Radha and Krishna

Purandar Das (1480-1564)

Father of Carnatic music
PA

South Indian music

~
Belonged from Karnataka

Vallabhacharya (1479-1531)
Gave Shuddhadvaita philosophy
Gave the philosophy of “Pushti Marg
He said: Ram and Krishna Avatar of Vishnu
 Mirabai (1498-1546)
Disciple of: Vallabhacharya
Daughter-in-law of Rana Sanga of Mewar
She was a Rathore princess
Bhakt of Krishna Spent all her life in Bhakti of Krishna

C
Surdas (1483-1563)
He was blind
Belonged to Agra

SS
Dedicated his lifetime in Bhakti of Krishna

Tulsi Das (1532-1623)

Bhakt of Ram
Famous writings: Ramcharitramanas, Kavitawali, Gitawali

Dadu Dayal (1544-1603)

Bhakti Saint
R
Belonged to Nirguna sect
A
Founder of Dadu Panth

Sankaradeva (1449-1568)
RM

Spread Bhakti Movement across Assam

·
Introduced Sattriya
Profounder dance indance
of Sattriya Assam
He gave Borgeet

Thyagaraja (1767-1847)
From Tamil Nadu
PA

Bhakt of Rama

Bhakti Saints of Maharashtra

Jnanesvara/Jnanadeva (1271-1296)
Founder of Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra
Wrote commentary on Bhagvad Geeta Bhavarthadipika
 Namadeva (1270-1350)
I
Founder of Varkari sect
↓
Vithala -> Vishnu

Eknath (1533-1599)
↑

Wrote: Bhavartha Ramayana

C
Tukaram (1598-1650)
Wrote: Abhang > Devotional poetry

SS
-

-> 3 things started to abolish

Ramdas (1608-1681) untouchability
-

Wrote: Dasabodha -> Compilation of his sermons Langar: community kitchen

:
Pangat: eating
-

Sangat: decision making

Sikh Gurus
R
A
W

↑
Born: Talwandi
> Khatri Death: Kartarpur
RM

&

He started Langar system

I
Introduced Gurumukhi Script

Contemporary of Akbar
PA

Founder of Amritsar

&

Compiled Adi Granth

Completed the construction of Golden
&

Temple
-

He was executed by Jahangir

 C
SS
Golden Temple
Beautification by Raja Ranjit Singh

: R He created Akal Takht

1609
17K
A
u
S d
Contemporary to Aurangzeb
o
RM

s
Contemporary to Aurangzeb

Prosecuted by Aurangzeb

The last guru

· He started the Khalsa Panth
PA
Sufi Movement

Origin
Land of Kafir (where only Hindu stayed
Converted to
Land of Islam Dar-ul-Herb

C
How?
Through Jihad (religious war)

SS
Mujahid (attains jannat on
Jihad)

Khwaja Ali Hujjwiri (11th Century)

Also known as “Data Ganj Baksh”
R
Shaikh Bahauddin Zakaria (1182-1262)
Founded the leading Khanqah in India at Multan
A
Founder of Suhara-Wardi Order

Religious gathering
RM

Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti (1141-1236)

Founder of the Chisti order

Other Saints of Chisti Order:

Sheikh Hamiduddin Nagauri (1192-1274)
PA

Khwaja Qutubuddin Bhaktiyar Kaki

Disciple: Qutubuddin
Aibak started Qutub
Minar on his name
(1206)

Baba Jariuddin/Ganj-i-Shankar (1175-1265)

Popularly known as Baba Farid
Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (1236-1325)
Popularly known as Mehboob-i-illahi

Syed Muhammad Gesu Daraz

Popularly known as Bandanawaz

Shaikh Nasiruddin Mahmud

C
Later he was known as Chirag-i-Delhi

SS
Shaikh Badruddin Samarkandi (13th Century)
Founded Firdausi Order

R
A
Sufi words and their meanings
RM
PA
One Liners (MCQs)

Satnami Movement in Central India in 19th century was started by: Guru Ghasidas
(Belonged from Chattisgarh)

Tansen was disciple of: Haridas

C
Avatars of Vishnu: Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama,
Krishna or Balarama, Buddha or Krishna, Kalki

SS
Cobbler saint: Ravidas

Amir Khusrau disciple of: Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya

Nathpandthis, Siddhas, and Yogi (devotional religion) in: Eastern India

R
“Radha of Rajasthan”: Mirabai
A
Worship of God as Nirankar (formless) emphasised in Punjab, India: Baba Dayal Das
RM

Under the leadership of Banda Bahadur, after the death of Guru Govind Singh, the
Sikhs revolted against: Mughals

Khusrau (rebellious son of Jahangir) was assisted by: Guru Arjun Dev Ji
PA
 MUGHAL EMPIRE

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SS
R
A
RM
PA
 C
SS
First usage of Gun powder
Babur: 1526-30
Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi Battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526
Estd. Mughal Dynasty (lasted till establishment of British rule in India)
Original name: Zahir-ud-Din-Muhammad
R
Daulat Khan Lodi invited him to India
Calls themselves as “Uzbek”
A
RM
PA

Military strategy of Babur

Wars of Babur
1527: defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at Khanwa (Battle of Khanwa)
1528: he defeated Medini Rai of Chanderi at Chanderi
1529: he defeated Afghans in Battle of Ghagra
1530: he died at Agra. His tomb is in Kabul

Autobiography
Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turkish

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Gave excellent account of India and his empire
Translated in Persian, named: Baburnama by Abdur Rahim Khanekhana
Translated in English by Madam Bevridge

SS
Humayun: 1530-40 and 1555-56
Son of Babur
Ascended throne in 1530
R
His succession was challenged by
He fought two battles against:
Kamran, Hindal, Askari along with Afghans
A
Shershah (Afghani ruler) at Chausa (1539) and Completely defeated
Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) by Shershah
RM

His sister, Gulbadan Begum, wrote his biography Humayunama

Built: Din Panah at Delhi as his second capital
After Sher Shah’s death Humayun invaded India
in 1555 and defeated his brothers the Afghans.
He once became the ruler of India.
Sher Shah: 1540-45 Bihar Death: while climbing down the stairs of library
(at Din Panah) in 1556 and was buried in Delhi
Son of Hasan Khan, the Jagirdar of Sasaram
PA

Ibrahim Lodhi transferred his father’s jagir to him

1539: defeated Humayun in Battle of Chausa Title assumed: Sher Shah
1540: defeated Humayun in Battle of Kannauj/Bilgram and annexed Kannauj
He conquested: Malwa (1542), Ranthambhor (1542), Raisin (1543),
Rajaputanaannexation of Marwar (1542), Chittor (1544) and Kalinjar (1545)
Death: in 1545 while conquering Kalinjar
Coin issued: Rupia and fixed standard weights and measures all over the empire
Built: G.T. Road Runs from Calcutta to Peshawar
Present day: Chittagong in Bangladesh
 Sarai

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SS
R
Sarai: Houses fully covered for rest or keeping materials while travelling through the
G.T. Road
A
Land revenue system: land was measured and 1/3rd of the average land was fixed
RM

as land tax. The peasants was given Patta (title deed) and a qabuliyat (deed of
agreement) which fixed peasants rights and taxes
Zamindars were removed and taxes collected directly

Built: Purana Quila at Delhi

PA

Buried in: Sasaram

Purana Quila at Delhi

Akbar: 1556-1605
One of the greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty
Eldest son of Humayun
Title: Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi Ascended the throne at the
age of 13 at Kalanaur, Punjab
Regent: His tutor Bairam Khan

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2nd Battle of Panipat (1556): between Hemu (the Hindu General
of Muhammad Adil Shah) and Bairam Khan (the regent of Akbar)
Hemu was defeated, captured and slain

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Akbar tried to win over the Rajputas wherever possible and inducted Rajput kings into
Mughal service and treated them at par with Mughal nobility
Married: Harakha Bai (daughter of Bharmal/Biharimal) Kutchhwaha Rajput ruler
of Amer, capital-Jaipur in 1562
Rana Pratap Singh and son Amar Singh (Sisodiya Rajputs of Mewar), Capital-Chittor)
R
did not recognised his supremacy

Battle of Haldighati (1576): between Rana Pratap and Mughal

A
army led by Man Singh of Amer.
Rana Pratap was defeated
RM

Religion proclaimed (new): Din-i-Illahi (1581) Based on synthesis of values from

several religions like: Hinduism, Islam, Jainism and Christianity

Only Hindu to follow this: Birbal

Not that popular

Built: Won expedition in Gujarat

Fatehpur Sikri: in honour of Salim Chisti And shifted his court from Agra to here
PA

Agra Fort
Also built Buland Darwaza for Salim
Lahore Fort
Chisti
Allahabad Fort
Humayun’s Tomb at Delhi (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
 C
SS
Buland Darwaza

Birbal (administrator)
R
Navaratna i.e nine jewels of Akbar

Abul Fazal (scholar and statesman)

A
Faizi: Brother of Abul Fazal (scholar and statesman)
Tordarmal (Finance Minister, Dahsala Bandobast/Jabti)
Bhagwandas (Mansabdar, son of Bharmal)
RM

Man Singh (Mansabdar, Grandson of Bharmal)

Tansen (Musician)
Abdur# Rahim Khanekhana (statesman, Hindi poet)
Mulla Do Pyaja

Religious discourse
PA

Faizi: helped Akbar start Ibadatkhana

Tansen: originally served under Raja Ramchandra Singh

Composed: Dhrupad Tomar, ruling in Gwalior

Gharana: Rewa/Gwalior “Miya title” given by Akbar to him
Gaz (unit of measuring
Original name: Ramtanu Pande length Later divides into
Abul Fazl: wrote Akbarnama (biography of Akbar) Tassuj (equal parts)
3 parts
3rd: Ain-e-Akbari
1st: about ancestors of Akbar
(administration of Akbar)
2nd: about reign of Akbar
Land Revenue during Akbar’s Reign
Land types recognition:
1. Polaj: land actually cultivated for each crop in succession
2. Parauti: Land left fallow far a time to recover its strength
3. Chachar: land that had lain follow for three or four years
4. Banjar: land uncultivated for 5 yrs/more

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Best type

Revenue fixed: in 10 yrs estimates known as Dahsala

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Tax taken: Zabti 1/3rd of it
He abolished Zizya

Death: in 1605 Tomb at Agra (Sikandara)

Administration If rank is doe

morethen
more thanthey
made JagirJagir
are made (revenue
(revenue
Started Mansabdari R
Mansab (rank) rights for land) Jagirdari system
Decided on basis Zat Si pahi
A
Sawar Horseman
Highest rank reached: 7000
Payment on basis of:
Mirza Aziz Koka Raja Man Singh
RM

Cash Naqdi
Jagri

One Liners (MCQs)

PA

Charbagh style of architecture introduced by: Mughals

Military commanders in Akbar’s empire: Faujdars

Kotwals: Police
Diwans: Revenue
Bakhshis: assist military commanders

Babur ascended the throne at the age of: 12

 MUGHAL EMPIRE

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A
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 In 1601, Akbar’s expedition towards Fort of Aseergarh of Khandesh

in
Won, however his son Jahangir revolted in Delhi

Jahangir: 1605-27

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Original name: Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim/Prince Salim
Established: Zanjir-i-Adal (i.e. Chain of Justice) at Agra - For seekers of royal
justice

SS
Known for his strict
administration of justice

1611: married ·
Mihar-un-nisa
Mehr-un-Nisa (widow of Sher Afghan, a Persian nobleman of Bengal)

Later known as Nur Jahan

Other family members
including brother (Abul Hasan
Asaf Khan) and father were
R
She was made official Padshah Begum
D

She exercised tremendous influence over the state

A
given positions at Jahangir’s affairs
court
&

Jahangir also married Manmati/Jagat Gosai/Jodha Bai of Marwar-

> Kachhwaha

princess ↳ Son: Shahjahan

RM

1608: visited by William Hawkins (a representative of East India Company)

=
Was given Mansab of 400

1615: Sir Thomas Roe (an ambassador of King James I of England) came to his
court
PA

Jahangir granted English to establish a port in Surat

He captured a part of Ahmadnagar Malik Amber ceded him the territory of
Balaghat Khusrau (son of Jahangir) revolted against his
Killed: 5th Sikh Guru Arjun
⑭
Dev father and Arjun
I Dev gave refuge to Khusrau

Prince Khurram and Mahavat Khan revolted against him

Memoirs written: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri in Persian language
Buried in: Lahore
Shahjahan
 Shahjahan: 1628-58
Mother: Jagat Gosai/Jodha Bai (daughter of Raja Jagat Singh)
Best known for his Deccan and Foreign policies
Wife: Mumtaz Mahal Died in 1631, 3 yrs afterMuch
Jahangir’s accession to the throne
Shahjahan

Original name: Arzumand Bano⑪ u Begum

Shahjahan built Taj Mahal in her memory in Agra in

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1632-53

1632: defeated Portuguese

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1637: he annexed Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda accepted his suzereinity
His reign is described by French travellers Bernier and Tavernier and Italian
traveller Nicoli Manucci
Book: Travels in the
Mogul Empire

Book: Travel in India

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Peter Mundi: described famine that occur during his reign
His reign is said to have marked Pinnacle of Mughal Dynasty
A
and empire
He is known to promote: Art, Culture, Architecture
RM

Built: Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Taj Mahal

Delhi
First excavated by Kakatiya Dynasty
(South India)
Agra
Shahjahan built:
Diwan-i-aam: where
PA

common people gathered

Diwan-i-Khas: all the
important people: King and
nobility sat here

in Delhi
Kohinoor Peacock Throne
Made in elevated part
Stolen by Nadir Shah 1100 kg Gold (roughly)
1657: his failing health set off the war of succession among his sons
July 1658: Aurangzeb emerged to be victorious
Imprisoned his father in Agra Fort where he
died in captivity in 1666. He was buried at Taj
Mahal (Agra) next to Mumtaz’s tomb

Why?

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Because Shah Jahan wanted Dara Shikoh
to ascend the throne

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Aurangzeb: 1658-1707
1658: He defeated Dara Shikoh at Dharmat (1658), Samugarh (1658), and Deorai
After victory: he was crowned at Delhi Title: Alamgir
R
He captured Guru Teg Bahadur (9th Guru of Sikhs) and executed him
Why?
Because he refused to
A
embrace Islam
RM

Guru Govind Singh (10th and last Guru of Sikhs and son of Guru Teg Bahadur
organised his followers into a community “Khalsa” to fight Muslim tyranny and avenge
father’s death
1708: assassinated by an Afghan at Nander in Deccan
Disciple: Banda Bahadur continued the war against Mughals
PA

Original name: Lachhman Dev

Became a saint and named as Madho
Das (earlier)
Named as “Banda Bahadur” by Guru
Govind Singh
 During the first 23 years of rule (1658-81) Aurangzeb concentrated on North India
Aurangzeb: 1658-1707

Shivaji (most powerful Maratha King) Enemy to Aurangzeb

To eliminate

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u
·
Aurangzeb conspired with Jai Singh of Amber (Rajput)mu
(a Rajpat) in 1665
in 1665
Shivaji visited Aurangzeb’s court and was imprisoned but managed to escape in 1674

SS
Proclaimed himself as Chatrapati
Death: 1680
Successor: Sambhaji Executed by Aurangzeb in 1689

1687: annexed Golconda

Appointed “Muhtasibs”
R
1686: Bijapur was annexed by Aurangzeb

Religious officers
A
Wrote: Fatwa-i-Alamgiri (Muslim Laws/Islamic religion)
He re-introduced Jaziya
Death: 1707
RM

Buried at: Khuldabed (Daulatabad) Devgiri Aurangabad (Now Shambhaji

He was called “Zinda Pir”, the living saint nagar)

The Hindu Mansabdars

maintained their high
PA

proportion

Later Mughals

Bahadur Shah: 1707-1712

Also known as Shah Alam I

Jahandar Shah: 1712-1713

Ascended to throne with the help of Zulfikar Khan
Abolished Jaziya
Farrukh Siyar: 1713-1719
Ascended throne with the help of Sayyid Brothers

Again killed him with the

help of Marathas

Muhammad Shah: 1719-1748

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Invasion of Nadir Shah (1739)
Was also known as “Rangeela”

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Ahmed Shah: 1748-1754

Alamgir II: 1754-1759

Shah Alam II: 1759-1806

Akbar II: 1806-1837 R

A
Bahadur Shah II: 1837-1857
RM

Administration Fauzdar
Suba (lead by Subedar/Nizam) was divided into Sarkar (District) which further divided
into: Pargana (Taluka) and Gram (Village)

Siqdar
Muquaddam Revenue collector
(Amalguzar)
PA

Quanungo (Village
headman)

Revenue collector
Mughal Culture

Humayun’s

C
tomb

SS
R
A
RM

Humayun’s tomb was built by his widow

Haji Begum
PA

Built by: Akbar

Buland Darwaja (built after his
Gujarat victory), formed the main
entrance to Fatehpur Sikri
 C
Salim Chisti’s tomb (redone in Marble by Built by: Akbar
Jahangir) is the first Mughal building in pure

SS
marble. Palace of Birbal, Palace of Tansen
(Akbar’s navaratnas) are also inside the
Fatehpur Sikri

R
A
RM

Jahangir built Moti Masjid in Lahore and his

mausoleum at Shahdara (Lahore)
PA

Some of the important buildings by

Shahjahan at Agra are Moti Masjid (only
Mosque of Marble)
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Khaas Mahal Diwan-i-khaas
Built by: Shahjahan

SS
Peacock Throne was here
It is inside Red Fort

R
A
RM

Diwan-i-aam
Where common people gathered
Built by: Akbar
PA

Mussmman Burz
Built by: Shahjahan
Also known as Jasmine Palce
where he spent his last years in
captivity
 C
SS
Only building by Aurangzeb in the Red Fort
is Moti Masjid

R Shambhaji Nagar
A
Where Aurangzeb spent his
last years
RM

Only monument by Aurangzeb in memory of his wife Rabbia-

ud-daura
PA

Dilras Banu Begum (other

name)

One Liners (MCQs)

Mahzarname (Petition) in 1579 was started by: Akbar

City “Makhsudabad” later known as Murshidabad, was built by: Akbar

Sarai Nurmahal is centrally protected monument of India, it is situated in: Punjab
Nur Jahan

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SS
The tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah, inlaid with Pietra Dura decoration is located at: Agra

R
Built by: Nur Jahan in memory of her father
A
RM
PA

“Sultan Buland Iqbal” is title given by Shah Jahan to: Dara Shikoh

The art of decoration called Pietra Dura became popular during reign of: Shah Jahan
 ADVENT OF EUROPEANS

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SS
R
A
RM
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Treaty of Tordesillas
Separation of Portugal (East) and Spain (West)

Portuguese

1498: Vasco da Gama (Portuguese explorer) came to Calicut for the first time in

C
India
Welcomed by Zamorin (then ruler of Calicut)
He was the first to discovered sea route to India

SS
1st Portuguese Viceroy of India
1505: Francisco de Almeida ·
(governor of Vasco da Gama)

Brought: Blue Water Policy (CartazeD system) Type of trade license

R
1509: Alfonso de Albuquerque

Nuno da Cunha (Portuguese Governor)

Captured Goa (1510) and abolished Sati
A
Salsette
In 1739
Marathas captured two Portuguese territories
Bassein
RM

Dutch

People from Netherlands

1st factory: Masulipatnam (1605)
PA

Now in Andhra Pradesh

English/Britishers

1599: East India Company Built

1600: received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I to trade in India
1608: William Hawkins appeased Jahangir
1611: 1st factory at Masulipatnam (temporary one)
1613: 1st factory at Surat (permanent)
1615: Thomas Roe visited Jahangir’s court to receive the trading rights

French

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1668: 1st factory at Surat

SS
Expansion of Britishers

M
Eliminated Dutch by: Battle of Chinsurah/Biderra/Hoogly
Bedera Hooghly in 1759
On the banks
Defeated Dutch
R
Battle of Swalley/Suvali in Surat
of·
u
Hoogly
Hooghly

Defeated Portuguese in 1612

A
Carnatic Wars
RM

Between Britishers vs French

Total: 3 Carnatic wars 1744-1763
1st Carnatic War:
1744: started
1748: ended With Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
PA

2nd Carnatic War: started with Battle of Ambur

1749: started
1754: ended With Treaty of Pondicherry

3rd Carnatic War (known as Battle of Wandiwash 1760):

1756: started Britishers won
1763: ended With Treaty of Paris British forces led by: Eyre Coote
Was an extension of 7 yrs wars French forces led by: Comte de Lally
In Bengal

1st Nawab of Bengal: Murshid Quli Khan

e
Farukh Siyar gave Britishers
Farrukhsiyar Without Tax privilege
Issued Golden Farman

C
Murshid Quli Khan

SS
Ali Wardi Khan

Siraj-Ud-Daulah Nawab at the age of 23 yrs

suffocated them to death R

Black Hole Tragedy of Calcutta: captured and imprisoned several Britishers in a tiny cell and
Where Palash trees grow the most
A
Battle of Plassey: 1757 in Plassey in Bengal

Siraj-Ud-Daulah was killed Mir Jafar sat on throne Made alliance with them
RM

British forces led by Replaced by Mir Quasim

Robert Clive and
Shah Alam II Shuja-ud-daulah

Led to Battle of Buxar

PA

Governor: Robert Clive

Battle of Buxar: 1764 in Bihar
Britishers won Made Shah Alam II and Shuja-ud-Daulah sign Allahabad Treaty in
1765
Mir Jafar made the Nawab again
Controlled by Enforced Dual Government Given to
British forces led by Shah Alam II
Britishers
Hector Munro Diwani and Nizamat
functions separated
Allahabad Treaty ran for 7 yrs Ended by Warren Hastings in 1772

Inclined towards French

In Mysore
Dynasty: Wodeyar Dynasty Hyder Ali sat on throne

Alliance with Marathas + Nizam of Hyderabad

C
1st Anglo Mysore War: 1767-69 Treaty of Madras
Mysore Kingdom won

SS
2nd Anglo Mysore War: 1780-84 Hyder Ali died due to cancer

Son: Tipu Sultan sat on throne

Treaty of Mangalore signed

3rd Anglo Mysore War: 1790-92

R Defeat of Tipu Sultan (capital: Seringapatam)

T
Heavy fine imposed on him
A
and his two sons were
captured as hostages
RM

Subsidiary Alliance signed 1st Brought by: Dupleix (French Governor General)

In 1798 But 1st used by Wellesley

Adopted by:
Hyderabad (1st state): 1798
PA

Signed Mysore: 1799

after Tanjore: 1799
Awadh: 1801
Peshawar: 1802

4th Anglo Mysore War: 1798-99 Death of Tipu Sultan

Puppet ruler: signed the Subsidiary

Alliance
Marathas
1st war: 1775-82
2nd war: 1803-06⑪5
3rd: 1817-18

12 Misl
In Punjab

C
Maharaja Ranjit Sigh from Sukarchariya Misl
+
Britishers Death: 1839

SS
Between: Britishers +
Maharaja Duleep Singh
Treaty of Amritsar, 1809
Capital
1st Anglo Sikh War: 1845 Treaty of Lahore
2nd Anglo Sikh War: 1848

Governor General
R Duleep Singh captured and
A
of India: Dalhousie
Kohinoor diamond stolen away

Meaning: Light of Mountains

RM

Afghans
1st: 1839-42
2nd: 1879-80 Treaty of Gandamak signed
PA

3rd: 1919

John Lawrence (Governor General) Policy of Masterly Inactivity

Sindh Was acquired in 1843

One Liners (MCQs)

Chandannagar was established as a French colony in 1673, obtains permission from Ibrahim
Khan (then Nawab of Bengal) to establish a trading port on right bank of Hoogly

1st English language newspaper of India: Hickey’s Bengal Gazette

C
In Battle of Aliwal No involvement of Mughal Army

Treaty of Yandabo (1826) Assam was annexed by British East India Company

SS
Battle of Swally (1612) Between Britishers and Portuguese

Capital of Bengal in 1704: Murshidabad

1st Cotton mill: 1818

R
1st Jute Mill estd. in India in 1855 in: Acland Mill

Fort Gloster near Kolkata

Rishra, West Bengal
A
Later as: Bombay Spinning and Weaving in 1854 (large scale production)
RM
PA
 1857 REVOLT

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
Pre-1857 Revolts

Major reason: Land Reforms

3 Land Reforms
Group of

C
Peasants villages

Permanent Settlement

SS
Ryotwari System Mahalwari System
By Cornwallis in 1793 By Munro and Reed in By Holt Mackenzie in
Also known as ‘Zamindari 1820 1822 in Bengal
System’ (fixed) Middle Region: South India Again, introduced by
man “Zamindars” (Madras) William Bentinck in
Regions: Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab
Madhya Pradesh
R
Based on: Ricardian Theory of Rent Village headman
A
collected the revenue
(not appointed)
RM

Permanent Settlement, 1793

by Cornwallis
Mahalwari System,
1822 by:
1st: Holt Mackenzie
PA

2nd: William Bentick

Ryotwari System, 1820 by

Munro and Reed
Sanyasi Revolt

C
SS
Started: 1763/1764 Bihar and Bengal
Leaders:
Manju Shah
Bhawani Pathak
R
A
Debi Chaudharani (female participant)

Paika Revolt: 1817, Odisha

RM

Leader: Bakshi Jagbandhu Bidyadhar

Ahom Revolt: 1828, Assam

Leader: Gomdhar Kunwar

Pagal Panthis: 1825, Bengal region

PA

Leader: Karam Shah and Tipu

Meaning: Malabar
Moplah Uprising: 1836, Malabar

Kol Mutiny: 1831,

Leader: ·
o
Budho
Budhu Bhagat
Revolting against Dikus
Ho & Munda Uprising: 1899, Ranchi, Singhbhum
Leader: Birsa Munda
Khuntkatti system (collective ownership)
 C
SS
15 Nov: Janjatiya Gaurav Divas Also Jharkhand Foundation Day

·
Birth Anniversary of Birsa Munda
Death: 1900

Santhal Rebellion: 1855

In Rajmahal Hills
R
A
Santhal is a tribe (3rd largest in India)
Damini-i-koh: a large area of land demarcated for the Santhal
Leaders: Sindhu and Kanhu
RM

Indigo Revolt: 1859, Nadia District Digambar Biswas (leader)

Agriculture of Indigo
↑
Revolt by farmers against Britishers who had forced them to grow Indigo under terms
that were unfavourable
PA

Successful revolt
Dinbandhu Mitra wrote: Nil Darpan (play about Indigo Revolt)
&

B. C. Chatterjee also wrote a novel on this: Anandmath

Canning: Governor General of India

Causes of 1857 ·
Indigo
Revolt during 1857 Revolt
British Policies
Canning brought an Act General Service Establishment Act (mandated Indian soldiers
of the Bengal Army could be sent overseas for duty when ordered)
 Doctrine of Lapse: 1848
↑

By Dalhousie
&
Acquired places:
1st: Satara, 1848
2nd: Sambalpur, m Jaipur, 1849
Jaitpur
3rd: Jhansi, ·1854
1853

C
Immediate Cause
Introduction of “Enfield” rifle. It was said that the cartridge of the rifle was wrapped in

SS
↑

the fat of cow and pig. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun,
thus Hindu and Muslim soldiers were reluctant to use it.
In Barrackpore

:
Mangal Pandey: from 34th Native Infantry,
Fired at the Sergeant Major on 29th March
He was hanged on: 8th April
R
24th April: 3rd Native Cavalry refused to use
A
greased cartilage

9th May: dismissed and 10 yrs jail

RM

1857 revolt started on: 10 May, 1857

Forces to leave the country
>
>
- Myanmar (after
Hotspot: revolt)
In Delhi>
- Bahadur Shah Zafar (then Mughal ruler)
↓
PA

However, actual leader: General Bhakt Khan

Leaders of Revolt
↑
Delhi: General Bhakt Khan (Bahadur Shah II) In 1818: 3rd Anglo
Maratha War
↑
Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal
Adopted son of
-
Baji Rao II was sent to
↑

M
Kanpur: Nana Saheb/Tanti
Tantia Tope Bithoor (Kanpur)
Bihar: Kunwar Singh (landlord)

Bareilly: Khan Bahadur Khan (Rohilla)

Jhansi: Rani Lakshmibai Original name: Manikarnika Tambe (Manu)

Faizabad: Maulvi Ahmadullah

C
Uttar Pradesh: Shah Mal

SS
Suppressors of Revolt
Delhi: John Nicholson

Lucknow: Henry Lawrence

Kanpur: Colin Campbell

R
A
Jhansi: Hugh Rose
RM

Gwalior: 20 June 1858 The revolt was fully suppressed

Aftermath of 1857 Revolt

GOI Act 1858 East India Company abolished

PA

Queen’s Proclamation Crown rule

Army Indian strength lowered
Governor General made Viceroy 1st: Canning
Post created: Secretary of General 15 members council

Reasons for Failure of 1857 Revolt

Rich Zamindars
Limited territorial and social base
Lack of coordination and leadership
Lack of political perspective

Comments on 1857 Revolt

VD Savarkar: 1st war of Independence

C
One Liners (MCQs)

SS
Parallel government was established in Jagdishpur, Bihar in 1857 under the
leadership of: Kunwar Singh

Freedom fighter Veerapandya Kattabomman was from: Tamil Nadu

R
Satnami movement in central India was founded by: Guru Ghasidas
A
Revolt in the countryside of Bombay Deccan occur in: 1875

Dadabhai Naoroji book regarding British rule in India: Poverty and Un-British Rule in
RM

India

1st cotton mill in India that was set up as a spinning mill in 1854 in: Bombay
PA
PA
RM
A
R
MARATHAS

SS
C
Maratha State (1674-1720) and Maratha Confederacy (1720-1818)

Shivaji: 1674-80
Born at: Shivneri Fort in 1630
Father: Shahji Bhonsle
Mother: Jija Bai
Religious Teacher: Samarth Ramdas

C
Shaista Khan (Governor of Deccan) Deputed by Aurangzeb to put down rising
power of Shivaji in 1660. Shivaji lost Poona but later made a bold attack against him

SS
in 1663 and plundered Surat (1664) and later Ahmadnagar

Raja Jai Singh of Amber appointed by Aurangzeb to put down Shivaji (1665). Jai
Singh succeeded besieging Shivaji at Purandhar

Treaty of Purandhar signed (1665) Shivaji

R
ceded some forts to Mughals and had to visit
Mughal court at Agra
A
1674: Shivaji coronated at capital Raigarh and assumed the title of Haindava
Dharmodharak (Protector of Hinduism)
RM

Title taken then: Chhatrapati Shivaji

PA
Shivaji was helped by the ashtapradhan (eight minister)
No collective minister as each was
directly responsible to him
Revenue sources
Chauth was 1/4th i.e. 25% of land revenue paid to Marathas For not being subjected to
Marathas raid
Additional levy of 10% Sardeshmukhi (those lands of Maharashtra over which Marathas

C
claimed hereditary rights but these were part of Mughal Empire

SS
Sambhaji: 1680-89
Elder son of Shivaji from Saibai
Defeated Rajaram, the younger son of Shivaji in the war of succession
⑳
·
Provided protection and support to Akbar II , the his rebellious son of
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb
Gave Sambhaji
Son of: Shivaji and Soyarabai (2nd wife)

Rajaram: 1689-1700 R
Succeeded the throne with the help of ministers at ·
gruesome death

Rajgarh
Raigad
A
Death: at Satara Become the capital after the fall of Jinji to
Mughal (1698)
New post created: Pratinidhi Total no. of minister now nine
RM

(Pratinidhi + Ashtapradhan)

Tarabai: 1700-07
Wife of Rajaram
Son: Shivaji II
PA

Shivaji

Wife
Sambhaji Rajaram Tarabai

Two sons

Son: Shahuji Son: Shivaji II

Shahu: 1707-1749
Released by Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah
Defeated: Tarabai in the Battle of Khed

PM of Marathas
Balaji Viswanath: 1713-20 The first Peshwa
Began his career as small revenue official Given title: Sena Karte

C
(maker of the army) by Shahu in 1708
1713: became Peshwa Made the post important and powerful and
hereditary

SS
With the help of Syed Btothers King Maker, Farrukh Siyar ascended the
throne Muhammad Shah Rangila with help of Balaji Viswanath, killed
Syed Brothers

Baji Rao I: 1720-40

R
Eldest son of Balaji Viswanath
Defeated: Nizam-ul-mulk
Defeated 1st Nizam of Hyderabad: Asaf Jah
Signed: Treaty of Doraha Sarai with him
A
1737: Raided Delhi
During his time various Maratha Confederacies came into Prominence
Son: Balaji Baji Rao
RM
PA
Balaji Baji Rao: 1740-61 2-5 lakhs people died: one of the deadliest war in
Also known as Nana Saheb entire world
During his tenure 3rd Battle of Panipat was fought

Marathas vs Afghans (1761)

Sadashiv Rao Bhau Ahmad Shah Abdali/Durrani

C
Marathas lost

SS
R
A
Anglo meaning: English
RM

Anglo Maratha Wars

1st Anglo Maratha War: 1775-1782 Due to internal conflict

Why?
Raghunath Rao wanted to become Peshwa
PA

Didn’t want him to become War won by Marathas and led by

Peshwa Nana Fadnavis and Britishers lost

Nana Fadnavis (Finance Minister)

Treaty of Wadgaon signed

Treaty of Salbai towards the end
after the 1st battle 1782
 2nd Anglo Maratha War
1803 Subsidiary Alliance signed

1802: Treaty of Bassein

Ruler: Baji Rao II Marathas lost the war

C
Signed treaties:
Treaty of Rajghat With Holkars

SS
Treaty of Deogaon With Bhonsle

3rd Anglo Maratha War: 1817-1818

Often regarded as “Pindari War”
R
The Pindaris was looting and laundering and were part of Maratha, after the decline
of Marathas Pindaris were not getting employed hence lead them to loot the
A
Britishers and other territories

Britishers attacked Marathas fought against

RM

and it was decisive war

Baji Rao II captured and

sent to Bithoor
PA

One Liners (MCQs)

Capital of Maratha Empire after the Peshwas won over Shivaji: Poona

Chatrapati Shivaji killed Adil Shah in Battle of Pratapgarh

ente
Literature
Literary
&

scholarwho
who was in the court of Bundela ruler Chhatrasal and also in court of Shivaji
and Aurangzeb: Kavi Bhushan
Maratha warrior who died in defence of Sinhagad fort while fighting against Mughal
army: Tanaji Malusare

u
·
Treaty ofm
Treaty of Madeshwar
Mandsaur was signed between the British and the Holkar chief in 1818

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
 SOCIO RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
 Reform Movements
Reformist: wants to bring reforms and end social evils
Revivalist: wants to revive the old things

Background
Social Evils in Society

C
Untouchability
Superstition
Polygamy (multiple marriages)

SS
Purdah System
Polytheism (worship of more than one God)

Position of Women Deteriorated in society

Causes:
Polygamy
Sati System
R
Widow Remarriage not allowed
A
Steps Taken to Ameliorate Women’s Position
RM

1. Abolition of Sati
1829: An Act passed to abolish Sati System by the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy
William Bentinck Governor General of India
D. K. Karve associated with it (during this time)

2. Widow Remarriage
PA

1856: Widow Remarriage Act passed by efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidhyasagar

(Principal in Sanskrit College)
Dalhousie Governor Got this title from his
General of India (during college
this time)
Widow Remarriage Association by:
1850: Vishu Shastri Pandit Name: Vidhva Vivaha Uttejaka Mandala
1861: M. G. Ranade
Weekly name: Satya Prakash by Karsondas mulji
 3. Child Marriage
B. M. Malabari associated with this > 1891: Age of Consent Act passed due to his
-

efforts ↳ Child marriage less than 12

years not allowed

~
Sarda Act 1930

C
Age of:
-

Boys: 18 yrs
-

Girls: 14 yrs

SS
7
Gave Downward Filtration Theory
4. Education
1835: Macaulay’s Minute > To promote English language
-

& During William Bentinck (Father of English Education in India)

>
-

R
Only rich classes were given
education in English medium
A
Wood’s Dispatch 1854
Abrogate the Downward Filtration Thoery 1st university for Indian Women:
RM

:
Called as: Magna Carta of Indian Education by ·
D. K
Dr KavreKeshav Karve
Dhondo
Focus on Vernaculars (local language) at lower level

Women’s Organisation
Bharat Stree Mahamandal
PA

Founder: Sarla Devi Chaudharani

Ladies Social Conference

-

Founder: Ramabai Ranade

Arya Mahila Samaj

S
Founder: Pandita Ramabai Saraswati
All India Women’s Conference
Founder: Margaret Cousins

Struggle against Caste based Exploitation (against Chaturvarna System)

Mahad Satyagraha: 1927

C
By B. R Ambedkar Burnt Manusmriti
1791: 1st Hindu College
Bahistkrit Hitkarni Sabha: 1924

SS
(Banaras) by Jonathan
By B. R Ambedkar at Bombay Duncan

Self Respect Movement: by E V Ramaswamy Naicker (also known as Periyar)

In Kerala: Narayan Guru
Not first
·
In Maharashtra: Jyotibha Phule
Jyotiba Phule
Hindu
R
Father of Indian Renaissance
College

Founded Hindu College (1817) in

A
Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj Calcutta with the help of David
1814: Atmiya Sabha (Forerunner of Brahmo Samaj) Hare
Title of Raja to him by: Akbar II
RM

Writings: Gift to monotheism, Sambad Kamudi, Percepts of Jesus, Mirat-ul-Akbar

1828: Brahmo Sabha formed Was established by Debendranath Tagore
1839: Tattvabodhini Sabha/Patrika in Kolkata
By Debendranath Tagore Adi Brahmo Samaj
Released Tattvabodhini Patrika
PA

Invited Keshab Chandra Sen joined Brahmo Samaj in 1858

Due to different philosophical thinking’s Brahmo Samaj breaks in 1866
Adi Brahmo Samaj Tagore
Brahmo Samaj of India 1878 Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
1825: Vedanta College

Dharma Sabha: 1830 Revivalist Movement

By Radhakant Deb Was against the idea of Raja Raj Mohan Roy
 Paramhansa Mandali
Formed in 1849 By Dadoba Pandurang and Mehtaji Durgaram in Maharashtra

Prarthana Mandali
In 1867 By Atmaram Pandurang in Maharashtra
Joined by M. G Ranade later

C
From Mali/Gardener community
Satyasodhak Samaj
In 1873 By · Jyotibha
Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra against Caste Discrimination

SS
>

He opened Girl College with his wife Savitribai Phule

1st female teacher of India

2 books written:
Gulamgiri, Sarvajanik Satyadharma (both in Marathi)

Arya Samaj: 1875

R
Founder: Swami Dayanand Saraswati
1st unit opened at Bombay and later in Lahore
Original name: Mool Shankar
A
Book written: Satyarth Prakash
Advocated for Caste less and Class less society
Slogans: “Back to Vedas”, India for Indians
RM

He considered Vedas as infallible but criticised Puranas

He believed in Karma and Reincarnation
He subscribed (support) the Chaturvarna System on the basis of work not by birth

DAV College (1886) Lahore

1893: divided into
PA

College party In Arya Samaj

Mahatma party

Sudhi Movement
Started by Arya Samaj for purification of people who converted to Christianity Back to
Hinduism
 7 Original name: Gadodhar Chattopadhyay
Ramkrishna Movement
-

Ramkrishna Paramhansa (Priest of Kali Mandir in Calcutta)

↓
Follower > According to him “Service of man is service to God”
T
Swami Vivekananda
Original name: Narendranath Dutta
↳Books: Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga

C
>
-

Believes in idol worship

-
Birth: 12 Jan 1863, celebrated as “Youth Day”
>
-
Died in: 4 July 1902

SS
Ramkrishna Mission: 1897
-

Started by Swani Vivekananda

&

1893 >
- He gave speech in Chicago in a conference
-

He advocate on how to make balance between materialism and spiritualism

Swami Vivekananda Rock Memorial = Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari)
I

Balshashtri Jambhekar >

-
R
Two newspapers
↓ ↓
A
Darpan Digdarshan
RM

Gopal Hari Deshmukh

↑

Pen name: Lokahitwadi

Servants of Indian Society: 1905

Founder: Gopal Krishna Gokhale Political Guru of Gandhi

.
/

-
PA

Social Service League: 1920

By Narayana Malhar Joshi at Bombay

Seva Sadan: 1908

-

By B. M Malabari

Dev Samaj: 1887

I

Founder: S. N Agnihotri at Lahore

Self Respect Movement: 1924
By E. V Ramaswamy Naicker Aruvippuram Movement
Shree Narayana Guru Dharam Paripalana (SNDP) Movement
Started by Shree Narayan Guru Swami For the upliftment of Ezhavas Community of Kerala

Justice Movement: 1917

C
By C N Mudaliar, T. M Nair, P. Tyagaraja

SS
Temple Entry Movement
In North India (1927) By B. R Ambedkar
In South India (1924) By T. K Madhavan
Vaikom Satyagraha (1924) By K. P Keshava

M. G Ranade and Raghunath Rao

Pledge Movement started by them
R
Indian National Social Conference: 1887, Madras
A
Theosophical Society: 1875
In New York, USA by HP Blavatsky, MS Olcott
RM

Later HQ shifted to Adyar Madras from New York in 1882

Later Annie Besant Take its membership

Young Bengal Movement

In 1829, by Henry Vivian Derozia
PA

Aligarh Movement
Started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Established a Mohammaden Anglo Oriental College in 1875 Later called: Aligarh Muslim
University in 1920
Wrote: Tahdibul-Aklaq

Deoband Movement: 1868

Started by Nanotovi Gangohi
One Liners (MCQs)

Vishnushahstri Chiplunkar started a monthly Marathi Magazine in 1874: Nibandhamala

‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ founded by Sir William Jones in 1784

Veda Samaj

C
Started in Madras in 1864
Worked to abolish Caste distinctions and promote widow remarriage and women’s education

SS
Satnami Movement: by Guru Ghasidas
In Central India for improving social status of leather workers

First Indian to receive the Ramon Magsaysay Award for his contribution to community
leadership Acharya Vinoba Bhave

R
Brahmo Convenant written by: Debendranath Tagore
A
RM
PA
 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
Associations formed before Congress

Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha

1836: by Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s Associates

East India Association

1866: by Dadabhai Naoroji

C
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 1st Indian to qualify ICS: Satyendranath Tagore

SS
1870: M G Ranade

Indian League
1875: by Sisir Kumar Ghosh

Indian National Association

R
1876: by Surendranath Banerjee, Anand Mohan Bose
A
Bombay Presidency Association
1885: by Pherozeshah Mehta, K. T Telang, and Badruddin Tyabji
RM

Madras Mahajan Sabha: 1884

Dadabhai Naoroji
1st British Indian Member of Parliament
1st to calculate National Income and Poverty Line (1st by him)
PA

Rast Goftar (weekly newspaper) For Parsi Community

Book: “Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India” Gives Drain Theory
Used the term “Swaraj” for the 1st time
Also known as “Grand Old Man of India”
3 times Congress President (1886, 1893, 1906)
 Formation of Congress
Founder: Ornithologist Allen Octavian Hume (qualified ICS, Father of Indian Ornithology)
>
-

in 1885
~
1885: Poona (not possible due to plague)
I
1st session held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay -
> 72 delegates attended this

No women participated G

C
1st session
By Ilbert
>
-
Ilbert Bill: 1884, by Ripon

SS
-

A measure that allow senior Indian magistrates to preside over cases involving British Subjects
in India
>
- But this received a huge backlash

Different Theories

-
/

Conspiracy Theory: R. P. Dutt R

Saftey Valve Theory: By Lala Lajpat Rai (Young India)

Lightning Conductor Theory: Gopal Krishna Gokhale

A
-

Viceroy at the time of formation of Congress > Dufferin called Congress a Factory of
-

Sedition
RM

Important Sessions of Congress

-
D8
1st: 1855 W. C Banerjee, Bombay > 72 delegates attended

2nd: 1886 >

-
Dadabhai Naoroji, Calcutta >
- 434 delegates attended
PA

3rd: 1887 >Badruddin Tyabji, Madras -

> 1st Muslim President of Congress
/

4th: 1888-
> George Yule, Allahabad > 1st British President of Congress
-

1896: in Calcutta
I

National Song (Vande Mataram) was sung for the 1st time by Tagore
↳
Written by: Bankim Chatterjee
1901: in Calcutta
1st time Gandhi appeared

1905: in Banaras
Gopal Krishna Gokhale

1906: in Calcutta

C
Dadabhai Naoroji
4 resolutions: Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott, and National Education

SS
1907: in Surat
R. B Ghosh
Congress split during this time

1911: in Calcutta
R
1st time National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana) Sung Written by Rabindranath Tagore
A
1916: in Lucknow
Ambika Charan Mazumdar
Merger of Congress
RM

1917: in Calcutta
Annie Besant 1st Women president of Congress

1924: in Belgaum (Karnataka)

Mahatma Gandhi (president)
PA

1925: in Kanpur
Sarojini Naidu 1st Indian women

1929: in Lahore
J. L Nehru (President of INC)
Madan Mohan Malviya Most no. of times
President
1931: in Karachi
Sardar Patel
 1937: Faizpur
J. L Nehru >
- 1st session held in village

!
Governor Generals

William Bentinck (1828-1835)

1st Governor General of India
1829: Abolition of Sati

C
Suppression of Thug
Abolished Circuit Courts

SS
Metcafe (1835-36)
He is known as liberator of Indian Press

Dalhousie (1848-1856)
During his time
Doctrine of Lapse (1849)r8
R
1st railway line (1853) From Bombay to Thane
Widow Remarriage Act (1856)
A
Postal Act, Telegraph lines spread across
Wood’s Dispatch
RM

Mayo (1869-1872)
↑
1st Census held at his time (1872)
Not complete, synchronised Census

Lytton (1876-1880)
PA

Arms Act (1878)

-

Brought Vernacular Press Act (1878) To ban local newspapers

-
1st newspaper “Bengal Gazette” by: James Augustus Hickey

Famous Newspapers:
↑

Prabuddha Bharata: by Swami Vivekananda

↑
Al-Hilal: by Abul Kalam Azad
-
Mook Nayak: by B. R Ambedkar
 Ripon (1880-1884)
-
Ilbert Bill Controversy
Y

He repealed Vernacular Press Act

/

1st synchronised/complete Census held 1881

&
-

-
Father of Local Self Government
Hunter Commission (1882) Related to Education
Factory Act (1881)
/

C
One Liners (MCQs)

SS
1st to qualify Indian Civil Services: Satyendranath Tagore

:
-

In 1929, INC demanded Complete Independence under the Presidency of J. L Nehru at

Lahore

R
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad presided over the special session of Congress in September
1923 and at the age of 35
A
He also became the youngest man to be elected as the President of the Congress

President of INC at the time of independence in 1947: J B Kriplani

RM

1st President of All India Trade Union Congress: Lala Lajpat Rai

President of the INC in year 1938 and 1939: Subash Chandra Bose

“Purna Swaraj” was adopted by Congress Session in: Lahore Session

PA

I
Indian National Association was established in 1876 by: Anand Mohan Bose in 1876
 BENGAL PARTITION

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
 Bengal Partition: 1905
↳
Curzon was responsible >
- Viceroy during 1899-1905

Revolutionary Policies of Curzon

1. Calcutta Corporation Act, 1899
2. Official Secrets Act, 1904

C
3. Indian University Act, 1904
4. Bengal Partition, 1905

SS
&
Nerve Centre of Nationalistic
Partition of Bengal Activities
Reasons given by British
-
Administrative convenience
↓ L V
Actual reason: to West Bengal East Bengal
“Weaken the Bengal”

Announced: July, 1905

R
(Hindu) (Muslim)
A
Came into force: Oct, 1905
RM

1905 Session of Congress

In Benaras Presided by G. K. Gokhale
-
-

Approved Anti Partition Movement/Swadeshi Movement

↳ Boycott of foreign goods and
products
1906 Calcutta Session of Congress
PA

↑
Presided by Dadabhai Naoroji
4 imp happenings: NDivided into:

&
>
- Swaraj as a goal adopted Extremists
-

>
-
Boycott of foreign goods Moderates-

>
-
Swadeshi
>
-
National Education National Education Council
-
 Surat Split
>
-
Rash Behari Ghosh
/

1907
↑
Extremists and Moderates separates
↳ Thrown out

Methods Adopted by Moderates

C
Moderates:
SN Banerjee
> Expressed views through:

SS
KK Mitra
petitions, newspapers,
GK Gokhale
pamphlets

Methods Adopted by Extremists

Extremists:
-
Lala Lajpat Rai
>
-

>
S
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Bipin Chandra Pal
Aurobindo Ghosh
R >

&
Boycott
m
Form Samiti Swadesh Bandabh
>
- Bandhab Samiti by Ashwini
A
>
-
Kumar Dutta at Barisal (in Bangladesh now)
&

National Educational Centres

&
Indigenous Enterprise: Swadeshi Steam Navigation
RM

Company by V. O. Chidambaram Pillai in Tamil Nadu

Lokmanya Tilak
-
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
-

Organised Ganpati, Shivaji festivals to

attract and mobilise the youth (in
PA

Maharashtra)
-

Father of Indian Unrest - By Valentine

Chirol
Newspapers published:
t Maratha (in English)
Kesari (in Marathi)
 Bharat Mata painting portrayed by
Abanindranath Tagore
To unify Indians

C
SS
People tied Rakhi to each other to show unity

Rabindranath Tagore wrote a song: Amar Sonar Bangla National Anthem of Bangladesh now

Sudesh Geetham
“Sudesh R
Gitam” bybySubramaniam
SubramaniamBharti
Bharti
A
People sang Vande Matram however Government banned it
RM

Leaders
Poona and Bombay: Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Delhi: Sayed Haider Raza
Madras: Chidambaram Pillai
Punjab: Lala Lajpat Rai
PA

Britishers adopted “Carrot and Stick model”

Response of Muslims
Muslims did not support Anti-partition
Formation of Muslim League Nawab Salimullah and Aga Khan

⑭
30 Dec 1905
6 Dhaka
Dacca
V

All-India Muslim League

 GOI Act 1909
Morley Minto Reform
1. Separate electorate for Muslims Minto is responsible
2. Viceroy Executive Council will have one Indian 1st Indian: Satyendraprasad Sinha

Father of Communalism: Minto

1st: 1877

C
2nd: 1903
Annulment of Partition
1911: Hardinge II (Viceroy) Organised Delhi Durbar (3rd Delhi Durbar)

SS
Coronation of King George V
Capital shifted from Calcutta
⑪
to Delhi in 1912
1

Revolutionary Activities
R
1902: Anushilan Samiti (Bengal); Satish Chandra Basu
A
1879: Ramosi Peasant Force in Maharashtra by Vasudev Balwant Phadke

1890: Shivaji and Ganpati festivals organised

RM

1897: Chapekar Brothers killed “Rand” (Plague Commissioner)

1899: Mitra Mela by Savarkar Brothers in Poona

1904: Mitra Mela was merged with Abhinav Bharat Society By V. D Savarkar
PA

1908: Alipore Bomb Conspiracy/Manicktolla Bomb Conspiracy

An attempt to murder judge of
Prafulla Chaki: committed suicide Muzaffarpur
M
Khudiram Bose/Kanaikal Dutta: trial was held against them
Kanailal Dutta
Killed the witness who saw them throwing bomb
1905: Indian Home Rule and Indian House By Shyamji Krishna Verma
Journal: The sociologist
1909: Madan Lal Dhingra killed Curzon Wyllie

1907: Madan Bhikaji Cama 1st Indian to hoist Indian Flag on foreign soil

Journal published: In Stuttgart, Germany

Vande Mataram

C
1915: Berlin Committee Virendranath Chattopadhyay

1913: Ghadar Party In San Francisco (USA) (HQ)

SS
Lala Hardayal
Sohan Singh Bhakna
Barkatullah
Padmananda
=>
Sohan Singh Bhakna
- A Japanese ship take on lease by Sikh

R businessman and sailed to Vancouver,

Canada
Komagata Maru Incident
A
In 1914
Also 1st
RM

Sailed from: Japan, then Hong

World War began Kong and Singapore to Canada

Defence of India Act: 1915 To suppress Ghadarites

Later replaced by Permanent Act: Rowlett Act

PA

1914 three sections:

Moderate
Extremists
Revolutionaries
 Home Rule League: 1916 Two Home Rule League made

.B. G Tilak
HQ: Poona -
Annie Besant (more branches)
HQ: Madras
Wrote 2 magazines:

C
New India
&

Common weal

SS
Lucknow Session: 1916
Presided by Ambika Charan Mazumdar
1. Reunion of Extremists and Moderates and Extremists were re-inducted into
Congress
2. Lucknow Pact: joint pact by INC and Muslim League
R
↳ Joint demands of INC and Muslim
League
A
RM

One Liners (MCQs)

&

Anjuman-i-Muhibhan-i-watan (a secret society) by: Ajit Singh Published a letter

“BharatMata”

Formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement made on 7th August 1905 at Calcutta,

PA

Town Hall

=
Abhinav
Vinayaka
↓

Bharat SocietySociety
Damodar was an Indian Independence
in 1904 secret by:
was organised society founded
Abhinav by Vinayak
Bharat Damodar
Society
Savarkar and his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar in 1904
 EMERGENCE OF GANDHI

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
 -

Birth: 2nd October 1869

-
Mother: Putlibai Gandhi
↑
Father: Karamchand Gandhi

Gandhi in Africa
Setup Natal Indian Congress in South Africa

C
=

↳
Racial discrimination
against South Africans

SS
and Indians
>
-
Started Indian Opinion newspaper
>
-
Setup Phoenix farm (1904) and Tolstoy
↳ Devolved new technique of

↓
farm (1910)
Satyagrah in these farm

R Inspired from book “Unto this

John Ruskin
the last” by
A
Gandhi in India
RM

Gandhi returns India >

- 9 Jan 1915
I
Celebrated as Pravasiya Diwas for Non-resident Indians

Political guru: Gopal Krishna Gokhale

:
1st Civil Disobedience
3 movements: Successful event
PA

Movement
=> Champaran Satyagrah (1917): Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi
↳
Regarding Tinkathiya System to
complain about injustice of the
landlord system > Cultivation of
-

1st hunger strike Indigo in 3/20th part of land

E
>
- Ahmedabad (1918) Mill Strike: Invited by Anusuya Sarabhai
↳ Workers of mills in Ahmedabad fought for economic
injustice when the mill owners discontinued their plague
bonuses TDemanded 50% hikes
Kheda Satyagrah (1918): Invited by Sardar Vallabhbhai

“Sardar” title given In support of the peasants who

in 1928 Bardoli were not able to pay the land tax
Satyagrah by the due to the failure of crops
women participants

1st Non-Cooperation Movement

C
SS
Montagu Chelmsford Reforms

GOI Act 1919

Montagu: Secretary
Chelmsford: Viceroy

2. Dyarchy at Provinces R
1. Extended Separate electorate To Anglo Indians, Christians

3. Introduced Bicameral Legislature at Centre

A
Rowlatt Satyagrah 1919
RM

-
1915: Defence of India Act
1919: suggested by Sydney Rowlatt (British Judge) Laws made on subjects divided into
Originally know as: Anarchial and Revolutionary Crimes two categories
Act
Central Provincial
Suggestion: Activists should be Dyarchy
imprisoned without trial for 2 yrs
PA

“No Daleel no Waquil no Appeal sidha Reserved Transferred

jail” Not answerable
Without any trial
Administered by Administered
Governor through by Ministers
Gandhi organised his Executive from
Rowlatt Satyagrah Council Legislative
against Rowlatt Act Council
and called it as “Black Answerable
Act”
6 April: Satyagrah launched
9 April: Arrest of Saifuddin Kitchlew
Dr. Satyapal
13 April (Baisakhi) 1919
In Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar people gathered in mass for two reasons:
Due to Baisakhi
Due to arrest of the above leaders

C
General Dyer closed the only exit and open fired the crowd
Responsible person: Reginald Dyer

SS
Aftermath of Jallianwala Bagh
Udham Singh killed Michael O’ Dyer (who supported Reginald Dyer”
Using name: Ram Mohammed
Singh Azad
R
Rabindranath Tagore returned his “Knighthood” title
Gandhi returned his title of “Kaiser-e-Hind”
A
Hunter Commission setup to investigate the actions of Reginald Dyer but did not impose
any penal action
Jallianwala Bagh incident
RM

Indemnity Act passed British elites started “Morning Post”

(fund collection) for Dyer
Rudyard Kipling also funded in this

Indian National Liberation

Khilafat Andolan Federation formed by:
PA

1918 (WWI got over) Maulana Ali Surendranath Banerjee

Khilafat Committee by Ali Brothers Shaukat Ali

All India Khilafat Conference: Nov 1919 (Delhi) Head: Gandhi Resignation by:
Death: Aug 1920 M A Jinnah
Opposed by Congress and B. G Tilak Annie Besant
1920: Calcutta session Approved Non-cooperation in this special session B. C. Pal
1920: Nagpur Session
Congress Working Committee (15 members comm.) was formed to lead
Congress declared themselves as extra-constitutional Mass struggle
Non-Cooperation Movement
Hindu-Muslim unity seen
1921: Tilak Swaraj Fund in remembrance of B. G Tilak
Local struggles: Eka Movement (UP), Mappila Revolt (1921)
Malabar
Sikh agitation for removal of corrupt Mahants

C
Aftermath of Non-Cooperation Movement
54 Feb 1922: Chauri Chaura incident (Chauri Chaura is a village in Gorakhpur)
↑

SS
22 policemen died due a
local protest that caused
fire in the police station

Gandhi withdraws the Non-Cooperation

R
movement (jailed in 1922)

Congress Session in Bardoli Officially suspended Non-Cooperation Movement

A
Political Vacuum created after this
RM

Councils were Councils entry

Boycotted Pro Changers
Gandhi opposed the idea
“No changers” Focused on constructive work
Eg: to build Ashrams, Schools
1922 (Dec): Gaya Session of Congress
Pro changers made their own party All India Khilafat Swaraj Party (1st Jan 1923)
PA

By: C R Das, Motilal Nehru (secretary)

Defeated: Public Safety Bill 1928

Swaraj Party was divided into: Responsivists and Non Responsivists

1924: Belgaum session of Congress was presided by Gandhi (only session presided by him)
Accepted the Swaraj Party
within the Congress
 SOCIALISM, SIMON AND CDM

C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
Theory of Socialism: Karl Marx Only option to remove the rich classes from society
is mass struggle

Reasons for Socialism

Russian Revolution
Formed by: M N Roy

C
Formation of Party
Communist Party of India: 1920; Tashkent, Uzbekistan

SS
1925: formalised in Kanpur
In 1924: the party was involved in
People involved: S A Dange, Muzaffar
Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case
Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani, etc.
1929: Meerut Conspiracy Case

Joseph Baptista
R
1920: All India Trade Union Congress N M Joshi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Dewan Chaman Lal,
A
Caste Movements
Self Respect Movement: E V Ramaswamy Naicker
RM

Mahad Satyagraha (1927): Dr. B R Ambedkar

Novels and Books

Bandi Jeevan: Sachin Sanyal
Pather Dabi: Sharat Chandra Chatterjee
PA

Philosophy of Bomb: B. C. Vohra

In Punjab-UP-Bihar
1. Formation of Hindustan Republican Association (1924) Kanpur
Formed by: Ram Prasad Bismil, J. C. Chatterjee, Sachin Sanyal

Kakori Incident (1925) Kakori village, Lucknow

Participants: Ashfaqulla, Roshan Singh, Ram Prasad Bismil
Hanged till death
 Transformed to
2. HRA HSRA (1928) in Feroz Shah Kotla
"Y
Socialist
L
·

By: Chandra Shekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev

↑ By
1926: Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha

C
/

I
1928: Lala Lajpat Rai lead against Simon Commission and recited slogan “Simon go back”
↳ Killed by Scott through Lathi Charge
1928: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Raj Guru killed Saunders instead of Scott

SS
-
>
-

↓ To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai

In Lahore
&

1929: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwer Dutt bombed Central Legislative Assembly
↳ Reason?
-

Against “Public Safety Bill”

23 March 1931: Martyred -

V
R -

Purpose: to make deaf hear

Celebrated as “Shaheed Diwas”

A
&
>

1931: C S Azad killed himself

↳ 1929: tried to kill Irwin
RM

In Bengal
1930: Chittagong Armoury Raid
- Lead by Surya Sen (also known as Master Da)
PA

Women participants:
↑
Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutta, Suniti
Chanderi, Bina Das
GOI ACT 1919: Montagu Chelmsford Reforms

10 years later (But)

1927: Simon Commission under the chairmanship of John Simon

Then PM in Britain: Stanley Baldwin

C
Simon Commission
1928: This commission arrived India

SS
Revolt against it “Simon Go Back” 7 membered Commission (all white, no
Indians)
Madras Session of Congress (1928) Decision to boycott
Simon Commission
Special session (only in Emergency)
Response to Simon Commission
R
Then Secretary: Birkenhead challenged Indians
A
Nehru Report (1928): under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru

Demands:
RM

To end Separate Electorate

Demand for Dominion status

Delhi Proposals by Muslim League

14 points by Jinnah
PA

Calcutta Session of Congress

Nehru Report Accepted

Irwin’s Declaration/Delhi Manifesto

When will the Dominion Status be
Round Table Conference (in London) by Irwin
implemented?

Congress launched Delhi Manifesto

Lahore Session (Dec, 1929)
Presided by J L Nehru
Decisions taken:
1st Round Conference Table to be boycotted
Goal: “Purna Swaraj”
26 Jan 1930: 1st Independence Day
M
31 Dec 1930:
29 Flag hoisted on the banks of Ravi river with slogans “Inquilab

C
Zindabad” by J L Nehru
Gandhi launched Civil Disobedience Movement
Slogan by Moulana
T Hasrat

SS
Mohani
31 Jan 1930: Gandhi’s 11 Demands

Dandi March
12 March-6 April 1930
R
240 miles
Gandhi marched with 78 delegates from Sabarmati to Dandi
Gandhi decided to raid Dharsana Arrested: 4 May
To violate Salt Law
A
Spread of Salt Disobedience Congress Working Committee
RM

In Ryotwari Areas: non-payment of revenue

In Zamindari Areas: No chowkidar tax
In Central Province: defiance of forest laws

In Different States (leaders)

PA

Tamil Nadu: C Rajagopalachari

Malabar: K Kelappan (Vaikom Satyagraha)
Orissa: Gopalbandhu Choudhary
Bihar: Ambika Kant Sinha (Nakhas Pond chosen as site to violate salt law)
Peshawar: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan or Badshah Khan or Frontier Gandhi
“Red Shirt Movement”
Founder of: Khudai Khidmatgar
Dharsana: Sarojini Naidu
Manipur and Nagaland: Rani Gaidinliu
 Forms of Mobilization
Prabhat Pheri, Vanar Sena, Manjari Sena

Gandhi-Irwin Pact 14 Feb 1931

Irwin’s demands to Gandhi:
Suspend CDM

C
Participate in 2nd Round Table Conference

SS
Karachi Session 29 March 1931
Presided by Sardar Patel
2nd Round Table Conference
CDM suspended
Meaning of “Purna Swaraj”

M Program
R
2 resolution adopted: Fundamental Rights and National Economic
A
Round Table Conference
To discuss Simon Commission Report in London
RM

3 RTCs:
1st: 1930
2nd: 1931 Only RTC where Gandhi and Congress participated
3rd: 1932

B R Ambedkar was the only one to attend all 3 RTCs

PA
 C
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

SS
R
A
RM
PA
Communal Award: 1932
By Ramsay MacDonald Also brings separate electorate for “Depressed Classes”

First by Ambedkar in Round Table

Conference

C
Poona Pact: 1932 At Yerwada jail
Between Ambedkar and Gandhi/Madan Mohan Malviya

SS
Gandhi at Yerwada jail, Poona Fast unto death until communal award is taken
back
All India Anti Untouchability League setup
Harijan (weekly)
Harijan Sewak Sangh (1932)

Agreement?
R
Communal Award to be taken back by Britishers and
increase in reservation of seat
A
1935: GOI Act
RM

It abolished Dyarchy at Provinces

Introduced Dyarchy at Centre
6/11 provinces Bicameral Legislature
All India Federation (but did not came into effect)
PA

1937: Congress got majority 716/1161 won

Majority in all province except: Bengal, Assam, Punjab, Sindh, NWFP

Congress Sessions
1936: Lucknow
1936: All Indian Kisan Sabha formed By Swami Sahjanand Saraswati
 J P Narayan
1934: Congress Socialist Party
Ram Manohar Lohia
A N Dev
Minoo Masani

1937: Faizpur 1st session to be held in a village

1938: Haripura, Gujarat
1939: WWII
By S C Bose

C
National Planning Committee: 1938
1st chairman: J L Nehru

SS
1939: Pattabhi Sittaramayya Vs S C Bose (won)

Gandhi made him

Resigned from Congress and formed: All India
stood against S C
Forward Bloc, 1939, in Unnao, UP
Bose
Tripuri, Jabalpur (Madhya
Pradesh)
R
A
1939: WWII begins
RM

Allied Axis
Britain Germany
USA Italy
USSR Japan
PA

Congress offered to Viceroy Offer?

Demand for Constituent Assembly
Linlithgow Demand for responsible government

Oct 1939: Congress resigned from all the ministries

Reason?
Indians were involved in WWII without consent
 1940: August Offer Dominion status
In response to this

“Individual Satyagrah” launched by Gandhi

1st: Vinoba Bhave
2nd: J L Nehru

C
1942: Cripps Mission. By Stafford Cripps
Dominion status

SS
July 1942: Congress Working Committee met at Wardha, Maharashtra

Resolution adopted: Quit India Resolution

“Do or Die” slogan by Gandhi

during Quit India Movement
R Ratified at Gowalika Tank, Bombay
A
Not supported by:
Quit India Movement: 1942 launched in Muslim League
response to Cripps Mission Hindu Mahasabha
RM

Gandhi
1st day all leaders get arrested
It was a leaderless movement
Aruna Asaf Ali presided over Congress Working Committee

Underground Activities
PA

Usha Mehta: launches underground radio in Bombay

Parallel govt. setup
Ballia: Chittu Pandey
Tamluk: Jatiya Sarkar
Satara: Prati Sarkar (Y B Chauhan, Nana Patil)
 23 March 1943: Pakistan Day observed by Muslim League

C R Fomula by C. Rajagopalachari: 1944

Desai Liaquat Pact by Bhulabhai Desai (Congress) with Liaquat Ali Khan (Muslim League)
Wavell Plan by then Viceroy Wavell: 1945

C
Shimla Conference

SS
Called as “Patriot of Patriots” by Gandhi
Indian National Army and S. C Bose
Mohan Singh asked for Prisoner of Wars to setup Army

INA, 1942
Made INA at Singapore
R
Later led by: Rash Behari Bose
Women regiment
formed: Rani Lakshmibai
A
Later transferred the
chairmanship to: S. C Bose
RM

Met Hitler in Germany using a pseudo

name “Orlando Mazzotta” in 1942

15 August: Japan surrendered

18 Aug: S. C Bose died

PA

“Delhi Chalo” by S. C Bose

!
1st person to give “Father of National”
” title to
Gandhi Through Singapore Radio
Famous slogans:
“Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom”
“Jai Hind”
 INA trials
1st trial: against Prem Kumar, Sehgal Shah Nawaz Khan and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon
↓ &

Nov 1945

Indian Navy had recruitments >

- Ratings (lowest post)
↓

C
14 Feb 1946: HMS Talwar protested against
unconditional food ↓

SS
Known as Royal Indian Navy Mutiny

Cabinet Mission Plan

V
Clement Attlee (then PM of Britain) sent >
-
3 membered commission

R F
Stafford Cripps
AV Alexander
T Demand for Pakistan not adopted
Pathic Lawrence (chairman)
A
↑
Regional groupings

↑
16 Aug 1946: Jinnah directed Muslims to observe Direct Action Day
RM

↓
“Calcutta Killings” at Noakhali,
Calcutta
↳
Gandhi was here on
15 Aug 1947
-

June 1947: Indian Independence Act 1947

PA

↓
Also known as “Mountbatten Plan” Partition plan
>
-
&

Last Governor General of India: Mountbatten

↓
-

C Rajagopalachari later the last GGI

of Independent India
 West Pakistan separated from East Pakistan (1971) during Indira Gandhi (then PM)

:
Bangladesh now

Shimla Agreement
Indira Gandhi (then PM of signed (b/w India and
India) and Zulfikar Bhutto

C
Pakistan)
(then President of Pakistan)
One Liners (MCQs)

SS
Drafting of Constitution of India by Nehru in 1928 with eight other Congress leaders

Gopal Krishna Gokhale: mentor of both Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Nathuram Godse: expressed his desire for keeping his ashes till India is reunited and
R
throwing them into the Indus after reunification has been achieved
A
Shaheed Laxmi Nayak belonged to Orissa

Rajendra Prasad was called “Ajatshatru” by Gandhi

RM

Raj Ghat Momerial in New Delhi of: Mahatma Gandhi

“History of British India” by James Mill

“Crawling order” issued by: General Dyer

PA

“Quaid-i-Azam” title was given to Jinnah