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MPPSC PRELIMS
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2025 FULL NOTES
UNIT-02
History, Culture and
Literature of M. P.
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ADITYA Sir
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Unit 2 History, Culture and Literature of Madhya Pradesh
S.No. Topic Page No.

1. History of Madhya Pradesh and events related to the 1 – 60
freedom movement
2. Major arts of Madhya Pradesh 61 – 77
3. Architecture of Madhya Pradesh 78 – 94
4. Major festivals of Madhya Pradesh, folk music, folk 95 – 105

arts, folk literature
5. Writers of Madhya Pradesh and their works 106– 118
6. Major religious, cultural and archaeological tourist 118 – 177

places of Madhya Pradesh and World Heritage sites in
Madhya Pradesh
Tribes of Madhya
Pradesh and their
dialects
Important tribal See Unit 10 for the above syllabus
personalities of Madhya
Pradesh
Indore: 3rd Floor, Sundaram Complex, Bhawar Kuan Indore (M.P.) cont. us 9893442214,
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Gwalior: Infront of Bank of Baroda, Near SaiBaba Mandir Phoolbagh Gwl (M.P.) Cont.7524821440,7000360672
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History of MP
▪ M.P. History begins with prehistoric times.
Stone age
Palaeolithic period Mesolithic period Neolithic period
❖ Palaeolithic period -
(a) Lower Palaeolithic -
• Tools - Pebble, Chopper, Choppping, Hand Axe
• Mainly - Son Valley, Narmada Valley
• Hathnaura (Sidher) - Arun Sonakia - 1982
• Narmada Valley – H.D Sanklia, McCrown, A.B Joshi
• Son Ghati - Nisar Ahmed
(b) Mesolithic period - flake culture
• Tool - flake Tools
• Evidence - Chambal, Son, Narmada, Betwa
• Chambal - Excavated in Lalitpur by Rameshwar Singh.
• Major places -
▪ Gupteshwar - Gwalior – crushed head of human infant
(c) Upper Paleolithic Age -
• blade- burrin culture
• Tools - Blades, Burin, etc.
• Major places -
a. gagriya - Balaghat
b. Ghoramada - Dindori
❖ Mesolithic period
• Tool- (Microlith) micro Stone tools
• Main site:- Adamgarh - Evidence of animal husbandry
Hoshangabad, M.P.
▪ Search - R. B. Joshi
❖ Neolithic period
a. ManuabhanTekri, Shyamala Hills, balukasma Hill
b. In Bhedaghat, Tilbadaghat, Lamhetaghat - Jabalpur
c. Sangram Valley - Damoh
d. Eran - Sea
❖ Chalcolithic period
a. Kayatha, Nagda - Ujjain
b. In Navdatoli - Khargone
c. Awara - Mandsaur
d. Besnagar - Vidisha
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e. Hata – Damoh
Evidence of Iron Age Culture
➢ M.P. - Bhind, Morena, Gwalior
Megalithic Period
➢ M.P. Megalithic monuments in Seoni and Rewa
Vedic Civilization
➢ After the Dasaragya war, the Yadu clan settled in the Narmada valley under the leadership of
Agastya.
➢ Madhya Pradesh as a Revottara - Shatpad Brahmin
➢ Mention of Nishad caste - Aitareya Brahmin
➢ According to Rigveda – Madhya pradesh It was called Dakshinapatha and Revottara.
➢ According to Shatapath Brahmin, fifty cursed sons of Vishwamitra came and settled in Malwa.
Karush Dynasty - Baghel Khand
➢ The naming of this dynasty after the name of Karush, one of the 10 sons of the last Manu Vaivasvat.
➢
Chandravansh(Ail Empire) - Bundelkhand-
➢ Manu Vevasvat's daughter Ila was married to Soma (Chandra), whose Adi Purush Pururuva
established this dynasty.
Ikshvaku dynasty / Suryavansh
➢ One of the 10 sons of Manu, Ikshvanku founded this dynasty.
➢ His kingdom spread in Dandakaranya.[bastar]
Mandhata -
➢ He established a city on the banks of river Narmada, which later came to be known as Madhanta.
Purukuts -
➢ Mandhata's son Purukutsu assisted the Naga kings of Madhya Bharat against the Maunaye
Gandhavas, and married Reva and named her Narmada.
Muchkund -
➢ Mandhata's son Muchkund named Mandhata as Mandhata.
Haihaya Kingdom - Chambal, Betwa, Ken
➢ This happened in the third generation of Ayu, the son of Soma and Ila.
➢ Yadu, one of the five sons of Yathati, founded the Haihaya kingdom or the Yadava dynasty.
Mahishmant -
➢ He defeated Muchkund, the ruler of the Ikshvanku dynasty, and won a fort, named Mahishmati
(Maheshwar).
KirtaviryaArjuna / Sahustrarjun -
➢ This was the most powerful king of the Haihaya kingdom.
➢ He also defeated Ravana, the ruler of Lanka.
➢ This troubled Parshuram's father Jamadagni Rishi, as a result, Jagadagni's son Parashurama defeated
it in a battle and killed it.
Jayadhwaja - son of Sahastrarjun
King Avanti - grandson of Jayadhwaja
➢ Ujjain was named Avanti after this.
Madhya Pradesh In the Ramayana period - Tretayuga
➢ Ram met Bharat in Chitrakoot.
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➢ Rama spent most of his exile in Dandakaranya (Bastar) and Sita was abducted by Ravana from the
dense forests of Dandakaranya and Mahakantar.
➢ The exiled mother Sita gave birth to Luv-Kush, the hermitage was situated on the banks of river
Tamasa (Tonse).
➢ According to Tulsidas's composition Raghuvanshma, Rama's younger son Kush ruled south Kaushal
(Chhattisgarh) and Shambhughati, the son of Shatrughan, ruled over Dasarna (Vidisha).
Madhya Pradesh in Mahabharata period
(Dwapar Yuga)
➢ M.P., who participated on behalf of Pandavas in the war of Mahabharata. Kingdoms of - Karush,
Dashaarna
➢ MP who participated in the war of Mahabharata on behalf of Kauravas. Kingdoms of - Mahishmati
(King nal), Bhoja, Anthaka, Vidarbha, Nishad, Brishani
➢ The infamous demon Dantavakra was defeated by Shri Krishna, Datia was named after this
Dantavakra.
➢ After defeating Dantavakra, Shri Krishna came to be known as Gopalkrishna, from which the
Gwalior hills were named Gopalgiri.
Madhya pradesh in the Mahajanapada period
➢ Out of 16 Mahajanapadas of India, two Mahajanapadas are in MP. was located in.
1. Chedi Mahajanapada - Bundelkhand -Capital -Shakti Mati
➢ One of its branches went to Kalinga, whose famous ruler was Kharavela.
➢ Mention in Mahabharata of King Shishupala of Chedi Mahajanapada whose head was beheaded
by Shri Krishna.
➢ Nakula's wife Karenumathi was the princess of Chedi.
2. Avanti -
➢ In Buddhist texts Avanti has also been called Achuta Gamini.
▪ North Avanti - Ujjayini
▪ Southern Avanti - Mahishmati (Maheshwar)
➢ Chandpradhaut was an expert in the art of elephant rearing.
➢ Fearing this, Magadha ruler Ajatashatru imprisoned the fort of Rajagraha.
➢ At the time of Avanti Bardhan, Magadha ruler Shishunaga merged Avanti with Magadha.
❖ New names of ancient cities
➢ Viratpuri - Sohagpur
➢ Mahishmati - Maheshwar
➢ Indrapur - Indore
➢ Bhatha - Rewa
➢ Uchahra - Satna
➢ Thounthar - Rewa
❖ Present names of ancient district -
➢ Avanti - Ujjain
➢ Chedi - Khajuraho
➢ Anoop - Nimad
➢ Dasharna - Vidisha
➢ Tundiker - Damoh
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➢ Nalpur - Narwar (Shivpuri)

➢ Pawaya/Padmavati - Gwalior
Nanda Dynasty - Establishment Mahapadmanand
• Mahapadmananda merged Chedi Mahajanapada with Magadha.
• In the Madhya prtadesh Coins of Mahapadmanand have been received from Barwani.
M.P. during the Maurya period.
• Chandragupta Maurya - Malwa and Avanti were also included in his kingdom.
• According to the Jain text- -- Ramanchud Raichariya, Chandragupta Maurya had good
relations with King Maheshwar of Ujjain.
• is mentioned in this book. That in a art gallery of Pataliputra there was a picture of Ratmanjari, the
very beautiful daughter of King Maheshwar. Seeing this, on the orders of the king, the trustworthy
soldiers Amardutt and Mitranand came to Ujjain and cleverly carried Ratnamanjari on a horse and
took them to Pataliputra.
Bindusara - During the reign of Bindusara, his son Ashoka was the governor of Avanti.
Ashok -
• Ashoka married Kumar Devi (Saka dynasty), daughter of Shresthi, the head of Besnagar, from
whom Mahendra and Sanghamitra were born.
• After becoming the emperor, Ashoka built the famous stupa of Sanchi.
Sanchi Stupa - Construction - Ashoka
• Ancient name - Kaknadabot
• Discovery - 1818 General Taylor
• Location - Raisane (M.P.)
• Ashoka's anti-confederation inscription was found
• The remains of Mahamodagalayana and Sariputra were kept in the stupa of Sanchi.
• It was included in UNESCO in 1989.
• Emperor Ashoka built a huge stupa in Ujjain for his wife Kumar Devi, which is called Vaishya
Tekri.
Ashoka's small inscription -
✓ Roopnath - Katni
✓ Gurjara - Datia
✓ Saro - Maro - Shahdol
✓ Paangudaria - Sehore
mauryan stupa
✓ Sanchi - Raisen
✓ Satdhara - Raisen
✓ Sonari - Raisen
✓ Bharhut - Satna (Nagod)
✓ Vaishya Tekri - Ujjain
✓ Deurkothar - (Rewa)
✓ Tuman - Ashoknagar
✓ Kasrawad - Khargone
The Mauryan cave is located at Sodhang (Ujjain).
Stupa of bharhuta- Satna
✓ Construction - Ashok
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✓ Reinvention - Pushyamitra Shunga

✓ Discovery - Alexander Cunningham 1873
Shunga dynasty
• Pushyamitra Shunga made his son Agnimitra the governor of Vidisha.
• The Shungas originally belonged to Ujjain.
• Pushyamitra Shunga built the Sanchi Stupa with a pylon[toran]. And rebuilt Bharhut Stupa.
• Pushyamitra's son Agnimitra got the stone railings constructed in the Sanchi Stupa.
• Heliodorus, the messenger of the Greek king Antiochalids, came to Vidisha (Besnagar) during the
time of Bhagbhadra, the 9th ruler of the Shunga dynasty, and accepted the Bhagavata religion and
founded Garudasthmba[khambaba].
Satavahana dynasty
• Simuk killed Susharma, the last ruler of the Kanva dynasty, captured Magadha and established the
Satavahana dynasty.
• Shri sath name coins of Shatkirn- I have been found from Malwa.
• The coins of Shatvahana ruler Yagya Shree Shatkarni were received from Vidisha and Dewas.
Indo-Greek
• The kingdom of King Minander (Milind) of Demetrius dynasty, MP. It was till Balaghat, because
M.P. Minander coins have been received from Balaghat.
• Roman coins have also been found from Mandsaur's Awara.
Shaka
• In all branches of Shaka, MP. In the context, the Shaka kingdoms of Nashik and Ujjain are
important only, where the Kshaharat dynasty and the Kardramaka dynasty ruled respectively.
Kshaharat dynasty –
• Bhumak - Founder
Nahpan -
• Nahapana was defeated by the Satavahana ruler Gautamiputra Shatakarni and got Nahapana's coins
reprinted, the evidence of which is obtained from Jogalthampi.
• Reprinted coins of Nahapan were also received from Shivpuri.
Kadermak
• Chasthan - Founder
• Ptolemy told Chasthan to be the king of Ojani [Ujjain].
• Chastan coin are found in ujjain and shivpuri
Rudradaman -
• After defeating the last ruler of this dynasty, Rudrasihan III, the Gupta ruler Chandragupta II
assumed the title of Shakari and merged Ujjain into the Gupta Empire.
• One inscription of Sridharvarman of this dynasty has been received from Eran and another
inscription from Kanakheda of Sanchi.
Kujul Kadphises –
• A coin of this has been received from Vidisha.
Kanishka –
• 324 coins of Kanishka have been received from Shahdol.
Malav
➢ When India was invaded by Alexander, then there was a republic of Malav race on North-West
India.
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➢ Later on, the same Malav caste settled in Malwa, possibly named Malwa after the name of Malva
caste.
➢ In Ashtadhyayi, Panini mentions the Malava caste as a ayuda jivi
Nag dynasty of Madhya Pradesh–
➢ Founder - Brishnath
➢ Capital - Vidisha
➢ Later on, Bhimnag took the capital Padmavati.
➢ The serpents of Padmavati were called Bharshiv Nag.
➢ Samudragupta defeated the last serpent king Ganapati Nag
➢ Chandragupta-II married Kubera Naga, the princess of the Naga dynasty.
➢ Another capital of the Nagas was Krantipuri
Indo-Yavan
➢ The kingdom of King Minander (Milind) of the Demetrius dynasty was in M.P. K Balaghat,
because M.P. Minander coins have been received from Balaghat.
➢ Roman coins have also been found from Mandsaur's Awara.
Shak
➢ M.P. in all branches of Shako. The Shaka kingdoms of Nashik and Ujjain are important in the
context, where the Kshaharat dynasty and the Kardramaka dynasty ruled respectively.
Ahasharat dynasty -
➢ Bhumak - Founder
Nehpan
➢ Nahapana was defeated by the Satavahana ruler Gautamiputra Shatakarni and got Nahapana's coins
reprinted, the evidence of which is obtained from Jogalthampi.
➢ MP Reprinted coins of Nahapan were also received from Shivpuri.
Kadermak
Chasthan - Founder
➢ Ptolemy described Chasthan as the king of Ojenni (Ujjain).
➢ The coins of Chashtan are found at Ujjain and Shivpuri.
Rudradaman
➢ After defeating Rudradaman - the last ruler of this dynasty, Rudrasihan - II, the Gupta ruler
Chandragupta - II assumed the title of Shakari and merged Ujjain into the Gupta Empire.
➢ One inscription of Shri Dharavarman of the same dynasty has been received from Eran and another
inscription from Kanarveda of Sanchi.
Kushan
➢ Kujul kadphisis
➢ Vim Kadphises - A coin of this has been received from Vidisha.
➢ Kanishka - 324 coins of Kanishka have been received from Shahdol.
➢ Bashishk - An inscription of this was received from Sanchi.
➢ Kanishka - I - Its a coin every time
➢ Its coins were received from Vasudev P - Tevar (Jabalpur).
Malav caste
➢ When Alexander invaded India, then northwestern India was a republic of Malav caste.
➢ Later on, the same Malva caste settled in Malwa, probably Malwa was named after this.
➢ Panini in his book Ashtadhyayi called Malava Jati Kog Ayudhajivi.
Nag of Madhya pradesh
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Capital - Vidisha
Founder - Vrushnath - Coins - Vidisha
Bhimnag - It took the capital to Padmavati.
➢ The serpents of Padmavati were called Bharshiv Nag.
➢ Another capital of the Nagas was Krantipuri (household).
Bhavnag -
His daughter was married to Gautamiputra, the eldest son of the Vakataka king Pravarasena I.
Ganpati Nag-
It was the last ruler of the Nag dynasty, during his reign Samudragupta invaded and annexed its territory
to the Gupta Empire.
➢ Padmavati was a famous city of its time.
In the Brahmapuran and other Brahmin texts, the above seven major places were told about the land
giving salvation, out of which Ujjain and Padmavati are.
Gupta period in Madhya Pradesh
Shree Gupta - Founder
Ghatotkachagupta
Chandra Gupta -I - Gupta Samvat - 320 AD.
Samudragupta
▪ Samudragupta entered Madhya Pradesh during his victorious campaigns
▪ Samudragupta was the first Gupta ruler to enter Madhya Pradesh.
▪ According to Prayagprashasti, Samudragupta defeated Nagasena and Ganapatinaga and annexed the
region of Madhya Pradesh to the Gupta Empire.
▪ According to an inscription of Eran, the city of Eran was accepted by Samudragupta as Swabhognagar.
▪ Coins of Samudragupta have been received from Bamnala of Khargone and Sakur of Damoh.
Note : glass coins have been found in Madhya Pradesh from Vidisha and Sakour.
Ramagupta:
▪ Due to the pressure of the Shaka ruler Rudra Singh -III, he made a deal with his wife
Dhruvaswamini, as a result his younger brother Chandragupta-II killed the Shaka ruler Rudrasingh
and Ramgupta.
▪ Coins of Ramgupta Copper coins have been received from Vidisha and Eran.
▪ Maharajadhiraja Ramgupta is mentioned in an inscription existing in a Jain cave of Udayagiri.
Chandragupta-II Vikramaditya
▪ Where did this hunter also go?
▪ It is also called Singh Vikram on its coins.
▪ According to an inscription from the Udayagiri cave, Chandragupta-II had come here with his
minister and Sandhivigrahik Virasen Shab, during his victorious campaigns.
▪ It is known from the inscriptions of Chandragupta-II regional ruler Sankanik Maharaj and
Chandraguptadrippa's general Amrakardava in Sanchi that Chandraguptadrippa's rule was over
Malwa in Madhya Pradesh.
Kumar Gupta
▪ In the Tumen inscription of Kumaragupta (Ashok Nagar), Kumaragupta was called the autumn sun.
▪ It is known from the Mandsaur inscription of Kumaragupta-I that Aulikar ruler Bandhuvarma was
ruling here as the regional ruler of Kumaragupta.
According to Mandsaur inscription-
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Surrounded by the sea as wide as Mekhela, the Sumeru and Kailash Mountains of which are the
Payodharas, far and wide are infused with the scent of the blossoming flowers. That earth is
administered by Kumaragupta.
According to Mandsaur inscription-
On the invitation of King Bandhuvarma, a class of manufacturer of silk cloth of Lat country was coming
to Dashpur (Mandsaur) and manufacturing very attractive silk clothes. These weavers built a huge
sun temple there in 437-438 AD.
Skandagupta:
▪ Skandagupta as a prince defeated Pushyamitra on the banks of river Narmada.
▪ According to the Supiya (Rewa) inscription of Skandagupta, the beginning of the Gupta lineage is
believed to be from Ghatotkacha.
▪ Gold coins of Skandagupta have been found in Sakour of Damoh district.
Purgupta
▪ After the death of Skandagupta, his half-brother Purugupta became the ruler.
Budhgupta
▪ After Purugupta, the descendant of Skandagupta became the ruler of Budhgupta.
▪ Budhgupta's governor Surishmachandra was ruling the Malwa region.
▪ During this time, the Brahmin Matravishnu also established the flag pillar of Lord Janardan in Eran.
Bhanugupta
▪ According to the Eran inscription, Bhanugupta's minister Gopraja fought with the Hun ruler
Toorman and in this war, Gopraja Veergati was obtained, his wife was sati with it.
▪ This is the first evidence of the practice of Sati.
Gupta Temple in Madhya Pradesh
1. Temple of Tigwa - Vishnu Temple - Katni
2. Parvati Temple of Nachna Kothar - Panna
3. Shiva Temple of Bhumra – Satna
4. Khoh shiv Mandir – Satna
Bagh caves in Madhya Pradesh

Bagh Caves :
▪ Discovery – Danger Field – 1818
▪ Fresco mural painting
▪ Total Cave – 9, present – 5
▪ The tiger caves are called the life of the Buddhist cave painting art.
▪ They are compared with the caves of Ajanta.
▪ Bagh caves – National Monument – 1953 Declared
Bagh Caves Name :
1. Planet Cave
2. Panchapadun
3. Elephant House
4. Rang Mahal
5. Pathashala
Udayagiri Caves:
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▪ It is located in Vidisha district.

▪ The ancient name of Udayagiri caves was Nichaugiri, later on they were named Udayagiri after
Udayaditya, the grandson of King Bhoj.
▪ Construction - Total Caves - 20 by Chandragupta -II Minister Virsen
▪ Cave number 1 and 20 are considered as Jain caves.
First Cave - Suraj Cave
Fourth Cave - Bean's Cave, Shivalinga Statue
Fifth Cave - Statue of Varahavatara
Thirteenth Cave - Idol of Sheshasayi Vishnu and conch shell engraved
Bhatrihari Caves of Ujjain:
Role of Huns in Contemporary Madhya Pradesh:

▪ India was attacked by the Huns during the Gupta period, Madhya Pradesh could not remain
unaffected by this.
▪ When India was attacked by the Huns, the Gupta ruler Skandagupta pushed them back.
▪ Later, under the leadership of Toman, the Huns again invaded India, occupied eastern Malwa and
defeated the Gupta ruler Bhanugupta and moved towards western Malwa, but at that time the
Aulikar ruler of Dashapur (Mandsaur) was Prakashdharma, who defeated Toorman.
▪ According to the Erikin (Eran) Prashakti of Toraman, Dhanyavishnu got the Narayan temple built in
Eran (Sagar).
▪ After Toorman, the Huns were led by his son Mihirkul.
▪ Mihirkul was defeated by the Gupta ruler Narasimha Baladitya and the Aulikar ruler of Dashapur,
Yashodharman.
▪ According to the Gwalior inscription of Mihirkul, Mihirkul was the lord of the earth.
Aulikar Dynasty / Varma Dynasty
▪ Capital - Dashpur, Mandsaur
▪ During the Gupta period, Malwa was ruled by Singh Verma, a contemporary of Samudragupta.
▪ Singh Verma's two sons, Chandra Verma (ruled Marwar), Narvarma
❖ Bandhuvarma - son of Narvarma
▪ Contemporary of the Gupta king Kumaragupta and the feudatories of Kumaragupta.
▪ Mention in Mandsaur inscription.
Note: - Soon after the death of Skandagupta, Aulikar appeared in front of the emergent.
❖ Prakash Dharma
▪ He defeated the Hun king Torman
▪ Information from the site records, Mandsaur.
❖ Yashodharman/Vishnuvarman
▪ He defeated the Hun king Mihirkul and probably the trumpet of the independence of the Aulikars
also sounded during his reign.
▪ He built the Shiva temple of Prakasheshwar and Vibhishan Tadag in Risthal.
Sondhani inscription -
➢ Information about the defeat of Mihirkul and the empire of Yashodharman from this inscription
➢ According to this inscription, the kingdom of Yashodhamran extended from the Lohit of Assam in
the east to the Western Sea in the west, and from the foothills of the Himalayas in the north to the
Eastern Ghats in the south.
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➢ According to this inscription, Yashodharman ruled even those areas which were not ruled by the
Guptas.
➢ The author of Yashodharman's Mandsaur inscription was a poet named Basul.
➢ During the period of Aulikar, Shudraka composed the Machakatikam and Padataditam.
Uccha Kalpa in Madhya Pradesh
Samat - of the Guptas
Uccha Kalpa was the ancient name of Unchahara situated in Satna.
The mention of Vyaghradev, the ruler of this dynasty, has been received from Nachna and Ganj of
Baghelkhand.
The Parivrajaka or Utkal dynasty
Samat - Guptas
Region - Bundelkhand
Capital - Uchkalpa, Satna
The copper plates of Hastin, a ruler of this dynasty, have been received from Ravoh, Satna and
majganwa.
The Pandu dynasty of Maikal
Samat - Guptas
Present - Amarkantak
Founder - Jaybal
Vatsaraja -
Nagbal - Basni Copperlekh
Bharat Bal - Last Ruler
MP In the Vakataka dynasty
Founder - Vindhyashakti
➢ Vindhyashakti was called Vakataka Vanshketu in his inscriptions.
Pravarsen - I
➢ It attacked the capital of the Nagas, Purika (Vidisha) and defeated the Nagas.
Pravarasena-I got his eldest son Gautamiputra married to the daughter of Bhavnag, the Naag ruler of
Padmavati.
➢ Pravarasena had two sons, first Gautamiputra and second Sarvasena.
➢ Gautamiputra dies after marriage. And Sarvasena, the second son of Pravarasena, established the
second branch of Vakatak at Vatsgulm near Akola.
Rudrasen - I
➢ He was the son of Gautamiputra.
➢ Rudrasen - I was a contemporary of the Gupta emperor Samudragupta.
Prithvishena – I - Prithvishena - I's son Rudrasen - II was married to Prabhavatigupta, the daughter of
the Gupta emperor Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
Rudrasen - II - had two sons - Divakarsen, and Damodar Sen.
After the death of Divakarasen-Rudrasen-II, Divakarsen became the ruler and its patroness became
Prabhavati Gupta.
Pravarasena-II After the death of Diwakar Sen, Damodar Sen, sitting on the throne with the title of
Pravarasena-II, remained the Prabhavati Gupta patron.
Bodhi Dynasty -
➢ Territory - Jabalpur Ka Tevar
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➢ Magh dynasty -
➢ Capital - Bandhavgarh
➢ State Territory - Baghelkhand
➢ Coins and inscriptions of this dynasty have been received from Bandhavgarh.
Shail Dynasty - Territory - Mahakaushal
Sharabhpuri dynasty -
Territory - Kosal
DYNASTY
• Ballabhi’s Maitraka dynasty
• Maukhari Dynasty
AREA
• Malwa
• Asirgarh (East Nimar)
• Vardhan dynasty
• Rashtrakuta Dynasty
• Malwa, Bundelkhand, Maheshwar and Narmada river banks region
• Betul and Malwa
• Shail Dynasty
• Abheer Dynasty
• Mahakaushal
• Anopadesh (Nimar)
The Maitraka dynansty of Ballabhi
• Founder – Bhattarka, a soldier of the Guptas, founded the Maitraka dynasty of Ballabh.
• Shiladitya - Hiuen Tsang described
• Dhruvsen II – Marrying the daughter of Harshvardhana.
• Note – M.P. of Maltrak dynesty had influence in the Malwa region of
Maukhari dynasty
• Capital – Kanyakubja (Kannauj)
• Founder – Harivarma
• Sharvavarma – A copper inscription of Maharajadhiraj Sharvavarma was received from the fort of
Asirgarh in Madhya Pradesh.
• Grahayarma – Marriage of Harshvardhana’s sister Rajyashree.
• It was murdered by the Malwa ruler Devgupta.
Vardhan Dynasty
• Hiuen Tsang mentioned three kings of Central India.
• Harshavardhana found his sister Rajshree in the forest of Vindhyachal.
Sharabhpuri dynasty
• Territory – Kosal
Parmar Dynasty
• The Parmars were the feudatories of the Rashtrakutas.
• Founder – Krishna Upendra Raj
Harsha or Siaka II
• Its other name was Singhdattabhatta.
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• This was the first independent ruler of this dynasty.

Vakpati Munj
• Its other name was Utpal.
• Title – Prithviballabh, Shri Ballabh
• The first great ruler of the Paramaras.
• He defeated the Kalchuri king Yuvraj-II.
• Vakpati Munj made Dhar the capital and got the munja Sagar lake constructed.
• Vakapati Munj defeate Chalukya ruler Tailap-II in battle 6 times’ Tailap-II captured Munj for the 7th
time, killed Munja.
The court poet of Vakpati Munj
• Parimalgupta – Navasahasankcharit
• Dhanik – Yashorupavaloka
• Dhananjaya – Dasruakam
• Halayudhbhatta – Abhidhanaratnamala
Sindhuraj
• For his character creation, Parimalgupta has composed the Navasahasanka Charita.
Bhoj great –
• Son of Sindhuraj
• Bhoj assisted King Anandapala of the royal dynasty of Kashmir against Mahmud of Ghaznavi.
• Bhoja defeated the Kalchuri ruler Gangeydev and the Chola king Jai Singh.
• After some time, Kalchuri ruler Karna, Chalukya ruler Bhima of Gujarat and Chalukya Someshvara
of Kalyani jointly attacked the capital of Bhoja, during this attack Bhoja died.
Architectural
• Bhoj built Bhojshala and Saraswati temple or the study of Sanskrit in Dhar. And the same nearby
Vijaystambh was built.
• Bhoj Built Bhojeshwar temple in Bhojpur village of Raisen.
• Constructed Tribhuvan Narayan Temple in Chittorgarh.
• Construction of Bhojsar Lake
Bhoj Comositions
1. Samaranganasutra (craftsmanship)
2. Ayurveda Sarvasya
3. Shrangar Manjari
4. Yukti Kalpataru
5. Tatva prakash
6. Sharangarshatak
7. Sutravrati
8. Patajal Yoga
9. Bhojchampu
10. Shabdanushashan
11. Rajmragank
Bhoja’s court scholar
1. Bhaskarbhatta –
2. Damodar Mishra
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3. Dhanapal – Tilakmanjari
Mahalakdev
• The last Paramara ruler
Alauddin Khilji invaded Malwa in 1305 and it was annexed to the Delhi Sultanate.
Chandela dynasty in Madhya Pradesh

▪ The Chandelas were the feudatories of the Gurjaras.
▪ This dynasty was named Chandela dynasty after the name of Chandrodaya Rishi.
▪ The first use of Hindi language in the inscriptions was done by the Chandela rulers.
Nannuk/Chandravarma - Founder
▪ Titles - Nrap, Nrapati and Mahipati
▪ According to the Khajuraho Lakshman temple inscription, Nannuk's order was worshiped by his
enemies like Pushpohar and his bravery reminded the gods and Arjuna.
Vakpati
▪ This was the son of Nannukak.
▪ It is said to give joy to the subjects, beautiful, opulent, like Jupiter and humility.
▪ It is compared to mythological kings like Prabhu and Ka Kusbha.
▪ Vindhyagiri is said to be the playground of eloquence.
Jayshakti and Vijayshakti

▪ Jayashakti and Vijashakti were the sons of Vakpati.
▪ After the speech, Jayshakti Chandel ascended the throne.
▪ In the inscriptions of the Chandelas, both the brothers are said to have paved the way for the rise of
the Chandela dynasty.
▪ It has been said about them that "the enemies were destroyed by their valor, just as a forest is
destroyed by the intense fire."
▪ Jayashakti named the Chandela kingdom after his name as Jejakabhukti.
▪ After the death of Jayashakti, his brother Vijayshakti sat on the throne.
▪ It is said about Vijayshakti, "Like Rama, he conquered the boundaries of the south".
▪ Possibly Vijayshakti along with Mihirbhoja attacked Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna II.
Rahil
▪ The son of Vijayshakti
▪ He was given the title of Narendra-Chandra in the Chandela inscriptions.
▪ It has been said about it that it was never tired of war, it was the interest of friends and punishing the
enemies.
▪ Constructed the Sun Temple of Panchayat Thali and Rahil Sagar near Mahowa.
▪ He established a city named Raso or Rasin in Banda.
▪ During this time the Chandela princess Natta Devi was married to the Kalchuri ruler Kokkal I.
Harsha
▪ Rahil's son Harsha sat on the throne.
▪ This was the first important ruler of the Chandela dynasty.
▪ It is mentioned in Chandela inscriptions as Ariharsha Jvaraharamani (the one who destroys the joy of
enemies like a fever)
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▪ Harsha is also mentioned in the Banaras copper plate of the Kalchuri ruler Laxmikarna.
▪ It helped the Pratihara king Shri Kshitipaldev / Mahipal Dev against the Rashtrakuta ruler Indra-III
and put him on the throne again.
▪ He married Chauhan princess Kanchuka Devi, Kanchuka Devi is called Paramasati.
Yashovarman / Laxman Verma

▪ Yashovarman defeated the Gurjara-Pratihara ruler of Kannauj, Devapala, and after getting the
quadrilateral idol of Vaikuntha from Devapala, established it in the Lakshmana temple.
▪ He defeated the Kalchuri king Yuvraj-I and the Paramara ruler Siyam-II.
▪ It made the military capital by winning the fort of Kalinjar from the Gurjara-Pratihara ruler
Mahipala.
▪ Yashovarman got Bailv Tadag constructed. This lake is called Belataal.
▪ He built the Lakshman temple of Khajuraho.
Dhangdev
▪ The son of Yashovarman.
▪ Dhangdev had under his authority Bajradama, the Kachhapaghat ruler of Gwalior.
▪ Dhangdev was the first independent ruler of the Chandela dynasty.
▪ It sent military aid to the Hindu Shahi ruler Jaipal against Subuktagin.
▪ It made Mahoba the capital
▪ Dhangdev built the world famous Parshvanath and Vishwanath (Lalaji's temple) temple in Khajuraho
and established Shivling made of turquoise gem in it.
▪ After attaining the age of 100 years, Dhangadev took a samadhi in the holy water of the confluence
of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.
Ganddev
▪ Gandadeva, through his son Vighadhara, killed the fugitive Pratihara ruler governor of Kannauj.
▪ He built a Vaishnava temple named Jagdambi and a Sun temple named Chitragupta at Khajuraho.
Vighadhar Chandel
▪ Son of Gandadeva.
▪ Vighadhara defeated Bhoja Parmar and Kalchuri ruler Gangeydev.
▪ Rajapal was killed by Arjuna, the feudatory Kachhapaghat ruler of Vighadhara.
▪ During his reign, Mahmud attacked Bundelkhand twice, but both times Mahmud Ghaznavi was
unsuccessful.
▪ Vighadhara was the only ruler in the then India, which successfully resisted Mahmud Ghaznavi.
▪ Vighadhara wrote Lugat-e-Hindvi.
▪ This led to the construction of the Kandariya Mahadev Temple, which is the largest temple in the
temple group.
Vijaypal
▪ This was the son of Vighadhara, from whose reign the decline of the Chandelas started.
▪ During his reign, the relations of the Kachchhapaghats of Gwalior deteriorated with the Chandelas.
Dev Varma
➢ During the time of Devvarma, the Chandela dynasty came under the Kalchuri dynasty.
➢ The son of Gangayadev, Lakshmikarna defeated Devvarman. This information comes from Prabodh
Chandrodaya.
Kirtivarma
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➢ Kirtivarma was the younger son of Vijayapala.

➢ Kirtivarma with the help of his general Gopal defeated the Kalchuri ruler Laxmikarna and made the
Chandelas independent again.
➢ Kirtivarma built 'Kiratsagar' pond in Mahoba.
➢ Kirtivarma built Buda-Buddi pond of Kalinjar.
➢ Krishna Mishra lived in his court, who composed Prabodh Chandrodaya.
Sulakshana Varman
➢ Son of Keetivarma
Jayavarman
prithvivarma
madanvarma
➢ The Mau stone inscription was related to this.

➢ He defeated the Paramaras of Malwa, Kalchuri of Chedi, Chalukyas of Gujarat etc.
➢ Madanvarma established a city named Madanpur in Lalitpur district.
Yashovarma-II
➢ Yashovarma Paramardidev
- was the son of I.
➢ The battle of Sirsagarh took place between Parmardidev and Prithviraj Chauhan in 1182, in which
Paramardidev's general Alha-Udal was killed.
➢ The description of this war is from the Madanpur inscription.
➢ A poet named Jagnik Bhatt lived in his court, who composed the Paramalirasas.
➢ In 1203, Qutbuddin Aibak, a general of Muhammad Ghori, invaded Kalinjar and annexed it to the
Muslim kingdom.
Trailokyavarma
➢ He again conquered Kalinjar from the Turks and assumed the title of Kalinjaradhipati.
➢ During his reign, in 1233, Iltutmish attacked Kalinjar and looted.
veeravarma
bhojvarma
➢ Hammirvarma was the last important ruler of the Chandela dynasty.

hammirvarma
➢ Under his rule, Bundel in Bundelkhand and Baghel dynasty in Baghelkhand became independent.
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Kiratsingh Chandel
➢ The daughter of Kirat Singh Chandel was married to Dalpat Shah, son of the Gond ruler Sangram
Shah.
➢ After the death of Dalpat Shah, Durgavati became the guardian of her minor son Veer Narayan
Singh.
Kalchuri dynasty
➢ The relation of Kalchuris is associated with mythological Haidhya and Chedis.
➢ Two of the many branches of the culture, which are important branches-
1. Mahishmati Branch
2. Tripuri Branch
➢ The oldest branch of the Kalchuris was the Mahishmati branch.
Mahishmati's Kalchuri -
• Krishnaraja-
➢ This was the first known ruler of this dynasty.
• Shankara-
• Buddharaja -
➢ He is the last known ruler of the Kalchuri branch of Mahishmati.
➢ The Chalukya king of this Badami, Mangalesh, was defeated and forced to abandon Mahishmati.
Kalchuri of Tripuri
➢ During the time of the Kalchuri ruler Buddharaj of Mahishmati, the Chalukya ruler Mangalesh
attacked and drove away the Kalchuris.
➢ Now Kalchuri settled in Chedi/Dahal kingdom and made Tripuri the capital.
• Baparaj Dev -
➢ Founder of Tripuri branch
• kokal - I -
➢ He was married to Chandela princess Natta Devi.
➢ It is believed to be the uplifter of this bansha.
➢ He married his daughter to the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna-I.
• Yuvraj - II
➢ Title - Karpoorvarsha, Trikalingadhipati
➢ The information of Yuvraj-II is obtained from the inscriptions (Bandhogarh and Gopalpur) of its
minister Golak.
➢ It was the most powerful emperor of India of his time.
➢ At the same time, Rajasekhar left the court of Gurjara-Pratihars and came to the court of Yuvraj-I,
while living in Tripuri, he composed a book named Viddhasala Bhanjika.
➢ In the last time of his rule, Chandela ruler Yashovarma defeated.
➢ Yuvraj - P built Chausath Yogini (Temple of Round) temple of Bhedaghat.
➢ His wife Nohla got the Nohleshwar Shiva temple built in Damoh.
• Laxman - II
➢ It attacked the king of Udra (Kalinga) and obtained a gold-stoned idol of a serpent.
➢ He married his daughter, Bonthadevi, to the Chalukya king Vikramaditya-Pta, from whom Tailap-I
was born.
• Yuvraj Dev - II
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➢ During his reign, the Parmar ruler Vakpati Munj attacked and defeated it.
• Gangeydev -
➢ It initially accepted the submission of Chandel ruler Vidhadhar Chandel.
➢ Gangeydev along with Bhoja Parmar and Chola king Rajendra Chola attacked against Chalukya
ruler Jai Singh but Jai Singh was successful.
➢ Later a war took place between Bhoja and Gangeydev, in which Gangeydev was defeated.
➢ Alberuni in his book mentioned Gangeydev and its capital Tiori (Tripuri).
• Karnadev / Laxmikarna -
➢ Karna made a treaty with the Chalukya king Bhima-I, the ruler of Gujarat, and attacked the city of
Dhara, in which Bhoj Parmar died.
➢ Due to the continuous military achievements of Karna, he is called the Napoleon of Hind.
➢ Karnadev had established the city of Karnavati near Jabalpur.
• Vijay Singh -
➢ The last ruler of the Kalchuri dynasty.
Kachhapaghat Dynasty
➢ The Kachhapaghat were the feudatories of the Pratiharas.
➢ The three branches of this dynasty operated their rule from different centers in the Gopadri region.
These three branches are as follows:
1. Kachchhaphat of Gwalior-Sihonia.
2. The Kachhapaghat of Narwar (ancient Nalpur).
3. Kachhapaghat of the dubkund.
Gwalior - Sihonia's Kachchhaphat
➢ The first known ruler of this dynasty was Lakshmana.
Vajradaman -
➢ He was the son of Lakshmana and the real founder of this dynasty.
➢ In the Saas-Bahu temple inscription, Vajradaman was called Kachhapaghat Vansha Tilakam.
➢ They had accepted the suzerainty of Chandela.
➢ Vajradaman, with the help of Chandela ruler Dhangadev, snatched the Gopadri (Gwalior) fort from
Gurjanaresh Vijaypal and now made Gwalior instead of the capital Sihonia.
Mangalraj -
➢ The description of Mangalraj is found in the Usha temple inscription located in Bayana, Rajasthan.
Kirtiraj -
➢ During this time Mahmud Ghaznavi had attacked the Gwalior fort.
➢ Kirtiraj defeated Malavbhupati (Bhoj Parmar) with the help of Vidhyadhar Chandel.
➢ It assisted Vidhyadhar Chandela against the Pratihara ruler Rajpal.
➢ Kirtiraj built a grand temple of Parvatipati Shiva in his sub-capital Sihonia, today known as
Kakanmath in the local language, to dedicate it to Lord Shiva.
Mooldev -
➢ Title - Trailokyamalla
➢ After defeating the Chandelas by the Kalchuri ruler Lakshmana Karna, Muldev had given up the
suzerainty of the Chandelas.
➢ Its reign was rich in cultural art.
Devpal -
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➢ Title – Aprajit
Padmapal -
➢ It was said to be the destroyer of dacoits.
➢ Padmapal started Construction of Vishnu Mandir / Padmanath temple in Gwalior, which is called
the temple of Saas-Bahu .
➢ Its court scholar Manikanth had composed the Saas-Bahu temple inscription.
Suryapal -
➢ Cunningham compares this with Surajsen. Who built the Gwalior Fort.
Mahipal -
➢ Now it has shifted its capital from Sihonia to Gwalior.
➢ He completed the construction of the Saas-Bahu temple built by his uncle Padampal.
➢ Aniruddha was also established with the idol of Baikuntha in the mother-in-law temple from
Mahipal.
Sulakshanapal -
➢ Qutubuddin Aibak, the commander of Muhammad Ghori, had conquered Gwalior from
Sulakshanapal.
Askaran -
➢ Contemporary of Akbar
Tejkaran -
➢ He was the last ruler of the Kachhapaghat dynasty of Gwalior.
Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Narwar
➢ The ancient name of Narwar was Nalpur, which was founded by King Nal.
➢ The Kachhapaghat dynasty of Nalwar was founded by Sumitra, son of Bajradaman.
Kachchhapaghat dynasty of Dubkund
➢ Dubkund was a village located in Sheopur.
Yuvraj -
➢ The first king of this dynasty.
Arjun -
➢ It was called the Karad Samant of Chandela ruler Vidyadhar.
➢ It is written in its inscription that he killed Vidyadhar's enemy (Rajpal) by piercing his throat with his
arrows.
➢ Scholars believe that both Arjuna and Kirtiraj, the Kachhapaghat ruler of Gwalior, helped Vidyadhar
against Rajpal.
Abhimanyu -
➢ The relations between Abhimanyu and Bhoja Parmar were cordial, both of whom have praised each
other in their respective inscriptions.
Vikram Singh -
➢ The last ruler of Dubkund branch.
Tomar dynasty
major source of information
Gopachal - Akhyan - Khadgarai (Creator)
tareek-e-Nama Gwalior - Ghanshyam Pandit
tareek A - Gwalior - Jalal Hisari
• The origin of the Tomars is believed to be from Parikshit, the great ruler of the Pandavas.
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• They were also considered as Somvanshi (Chandravanshi) or Panduvanshi.

• Morena, the original residence of the Tomars of Gwalior, is considered to be Aisah village of Porsa
tehsil of the district.
• That is why some of the land of Ambah tehsil is tawarghar or Tomar planet.
Veer Singh Dev -
• He was the son of Devvarma, who was a feudatory of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
• He was the founder of the Tomar dynasty of Gwalior.
Compositions of Veer Singh Dev -
✓ Veer singhaavloka
✓ Durga Bhakti Tarangini
Damodar Bhatt- composed SangeetDarpan during its reign.
Udharan dev -
• Son - Veer Singh Dev
• According to Persian historian Fazal Ali's treatise Kulyate - Gwaliori - during the Gwalior conquest
of Vir Singhdev, udharandev also cooperated.
• Gangolatal inscription located at Gwalior - was composed by Vensoori Gayadhar by udharandev
• According to the Gangoltal inscription, Udharandev saved the earth by destroying the chaotic Shako
(Turks).
Veeramdev -
• It is mentioned in Yahiya-bin-Ahmed Sirhindi's Tithi Mubarakshahi.
• Khizr Khan attacked Gwalior during his reign, but he was unsuccessful.
• In 1423, Sultan Hoshangabad of Malwa attacked Gwalior, in this war Viramdev defeated Hoshang
Shah but he also died in this war.
• Major Scholar -
✓ Hammir Mahakavya - Nayachandra Suri
✓ Yashodhara Charita - Padmanabha
Dungar Singh / Doogarendra Singh -
• During his reign, Mubarak Shah, the ruler of the Sayyid dynasty attacked Gwalior, later a treaty was
signed between Dugrendra Singh and Mubarak Shah.
• It sent an army to defeat Hoshang Shah in which Hoshang Shah was defeated.
• He presented the composition of music named Sangeet Chudamani and Sangeet Shiromani to the
ruler of Kashmir, Zainul-Abedin.
• During this reign, Jain idols were made by cutting big rocks in Gwalior fort.
• Dugrendra Singh built Ganesh Pour of Gwalior fort in memory of his father Ganapatidev.
Kirtisingh -
• Son - Dugrendra
• During his reign, Bahlol Lodi and Jaunpur Sultan Hussain Shah Sharqi attacked Gwalior, but both
the attacks failed.
• Hussain Shah Sharqi attacked Gwalior but he failed in it, but in this war one of Kirti Singh's son
Badal Singh died, in whose memory Badalgarh Darwaza was built later.
Kalyan Malla -
• Son of Kirti Singh
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• Kalyanmalla went to Etawah in his princely age, for the hobby meeting of Hussain Shah Sharqi's
mother.
• During his reign, such Sanskrit texts were composed, in which the Afghan companions of
Kalyanmalla were praised.
• Major compositions -
✓ Kalyanmalla - Sulamcharit
✓ Narayandas - Chhitaicharit
Man Singh -
• Son - Kalyanmalla
• During his reign, Sikandar Lodi attacked Gwalior.
• Mansingh composed a book called Manukutuhal.
• There were musicians like Baiju, Tansen, Haridas in his court.
• Mansingh got Gujrimahal, Manmandir etc. constructed in Gwalior.
• Emperor Shah Jahan liked the raga pado of Bakshu, a poet of this very kind.
• Shah Jahan got the collection of ragas of Bakshu done under the name Raag-e-Hindi.
• Baiju composed a raga called Gujari Hodi on Queen Mrignayani.
• Famous historical novelist Vrindavanlal Varma portrayed Mansingh and his Gujari queen
Mrignayani in his novel Mrignayani.
Vikramaditya -
• During his reign, Ibrahim Lodi attacked the fort of Gwalior and occupied it.
• He died in the first battle of Panipat with Ibrahim Lodi.
Ram Singh Tomar
• It took many efforts to get the fort of Gwalior. But failed.
• Later on Ram Singh went to Rana Udai Singh of Mewar. Where Udai Singh made it his feudatory.
• This was the last ruler of this dynasty.
Farooqui rule in Nimar
Rise - M.P. The western part of Burhanpur district was ruled by the Farooqi Sultans of Khandesh for
200 years.
Capital - Burhanpur
Major Fort - Asirgarh
• The Farooqui rulers describe themselves as the descendants of the second caliph Umar-ul-Farooq,
hence their lineage is called the Farooqi dynasty.
Malik Ahmed Raza-
• Malik Ahmad Raza was made a general of Khandesh by Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
• Delhi fell into weak hands after the death of Firoz Shah, when Timur Lang attacked Delhi in 1398
and the Delhi Sultanate became weak.
• Taking advantage of this opportunity, Malik Raza declared himself from the Delhi Sultanate in 1398.
• In order to strengthen his position, Malik Raza married his son Malik Nasir to the daughter of
Dilawar Khan Ghori, the administrator of Malwa in his neighboring area, and married his own
daughter to Dilawar Khan's son Alp Khan.
• Malik Ahmad Raza divided his empire between his two sons, Malik Nasir and Daftirwar.
• After the death of Malik Raza, now the ruler became Malik Nasir.
Malik Nasir -
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Asirgarh Victory -
• In 1399, Malik Nasir conquered Asirgarh by teaming up with Asirgarh's Raja Asa Ahir.
• According to the angel, hearing the information of Malik Nasir's victory, Nasir's guru Sheikh
Zainuddin came to his kingdom.
• Shaikh Zainuddin came to his kingdom.
• On the orders of Sheikh Zainuddin, Nasir established Burhanpur on the right bank of Tapti in the
name of Sheikh Burhanuddin and Zainabad in the name of Hazrat Sheikh Zainuddin on the left bank
of Tapti.
• Nasir, with the help of Hoshang Shah, the ruler of Malwa, attacked his brother Iftiwar and snatched
his kingdom, after this Iftivar went to Ahmedabad.
• Nasir, along with the army of Malwa, attacked Ahmad Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, but Nasir failed.
• After defeating Ahmad Shah, Nasir agreed to accept the subjugation of Gujarat.
• In return, Amhad Shah gave the title of Khan to Nasir, since then the area ruled by the Farooqis came
to be called Khandesh.
• Disappointed with Gujarat and Malwa, Malik Nasir looked towards the Deccan.
• Nasir got his daughter Agha Zainab married to the Bahmani ruler Alauddin.
• But Alauddin became attached to Parichehra, the daughter of a Hindu chieftain, as a result Nasir
attacked Alauddin but he was defeated.
• Nasri died in 1437 and was buried in Bhalner near the tomb of his father Ahmed Raza.
Meeran Adilkhan -
Meeran Mubarakkhan -
Meeran Adilkhan II -
• Miran Adilkhan II refused to accept the suzerainty of Gujarat and stopped paying taxes.
• As a result, Mahmud Begarh, the ruler of Gujarat, attacked Burhanpur, again Miran Bahadur II
accepted the subjugation of Gujarat.
• The economic condition of Khandesh was strengthened during his reign.
• Miran Adil Khan II was childless, once he saw Alam Khan, a descendant of Nasir Khan's brother
Iftirwar Khan in the court of Sultan Mahmud Begad in Ahmedabad and was impressed by him and
declared him his successor.
Adil Khan III -
• Original name - Alamkhan
• He married his daughter to Khalil Khan, son of Mahmud Begarh, the ruler of Gujarat.
Meeran Muhammad Khan -
• It helped the ruler of Gujarat many times, Bahadur Shah, impressed by which Bahadur Shah married
his daughter to Meeran and declared him as his successor.
• Meeran Muhammad Khan's mother Ruqaiya built the first Jama Masjid in Burhanpur which is today
known as Bibi Ki Masjid.
Meeran Mubarak -
• Mahmud, the son of Bahadur Shah's brother Latif Khan, was Kair in Khandesh.
• At the behest of the nobles of Gujarat, Miran Mubarak left Mahmud, who later came to power on the
throne of Gujarat under the name of Mahmudshah II.
Miran Bahadur Shah - Last Ruler
• In 1601, Akbar defeated Khandesh and annexed Khandesh to the Mughal Empire.
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Gond kingdom of Garha

• Their kingdom is called Gadha, Garh-Katanga, Garha-Mandla etc.
• Yadavrai - Founder
Who was the ruler of Garha?
• In the coins of Sangram Shah, he has been called Pulatsavanshi.
• Ravana was born in the Pulats dynasty itself, and the Gonds also call themselves Ravanavanshi.
Akbarnama -
Abul Fazl says that, although the son of Sangramshah, Dalpatishah was not of a good family, the
Chandel ruler of Mahoba, Salivahan, married his daughter with him.
• It is also proved that he may have been a Gond, not a Rajput.
Ahamandas / Sangramshah -
• It is considered to be the first major ruler of this dynasty.
• It assisted Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat at the time of the Raisen conquest, as a result of which he gave
the title of Sangramshah to Amandas.
• It had two sons, Dalpatishah and Chandra Shah, marriage of Dalpatishah -
• According to Akbarnama, Dalpatishah was married to Durgavati, the daughter of the Chandel king
Salivahan.
Smith and Cunningham -
Dalpati Shah was married to Durgavati, the daughter of King Kirat Singh of Kalingham.
• At the time of Sangramshah, there were 52 garhs in the Gond kingdom.
• On the gold round coins of Sangramshah, he was called Pulatsyavanshi.
• Sangramshah built the fort of Chauragarh (Narsinghpur).
• He established a village named Sangrampur (Damoh) near the Singaurgarh fort.
• Sangramshah probably built a building called Madan Mahal near Garha.
• Sangram Sagar pond near Gadha and Bajnamath on its banks were also built by this ruler.
• Sangramshah composed the poetic text 'Rasratnamala'.
• During this reign, Damodar Thakur composed the books "Sangram Sahiyivekdeepika" and "Divine
Decision".
• After the death of Sangram Shah, his eldest son Dalpatishah sat on the throne.
Dalpatishah -
• After becoming the ruler, Dalpatishah shifted his capital from Garha to Singaurgarh.
• According to Abul Fazal, when Dalpatishah died in the 7th year of rule, his son Veer Narayan was 5
years old.
• Dalpatishah called Baba Kapoor Sahib who appears to be a Kabirpanthi saint or a Muslim saint.
Donated them too.
Veernarayan -
• After the death of Dalpatishah, on the basis of the queen, on the basis of the queen, on the advice of
two important officials named Kayastha and Man Brahmin, Veeranarayana was placed on the throne
and kept the real power in his own hands.
• The queen now shifted the capital of the Gond kingdom from Singaurgarh to Chauragarh.
Miscellaneous Events -
• At this time, the ruler of Malwa, Baj Bahadur attacked, but Baj Bahadur failed, the queen was
defeated and killed.
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• The son of Shri Ballabhacharya, the founder of the Ballabh sect, had come to Bithalnath Gadha.
Mughal Invasion -
• The battle of Narai took place between Mughal Subedar Asaf Khan and Rani Durgavati. In which the
queen was injured while fighting valiantly, then gave her life by stabbing her own dagger.
• In this war, the queen's mahout-base was Singh Baghela.
• In this war, Maharani Durgavati's elephant Sarman was also martyred.
Fall of Chauragarh -
• In the battle of Narrai, the queen sent Veeranarayan from the battlefield to the capital, after the death
of Durgavati, Asaf Khan moved towards the capital Chauragarh, Veernarayan was martyred while
fighting and other women of the palace took pride.
Construction work during the time of Durgavati -
• Ranital - Jabalpur - Rani Durgavati
• Cherital - Jabalpur - Cheri (Queen's Maid)
• Aadhar Tal - Jabalpur - Aadhar Kayastha
Court scholars of Rani Durgavati

a. Mahesh Thakur
b. Damodar Thakur
c. gop mohapatra
d. Narahari Mohapatra
• After the death of Veer Narayan and as soon as the Mughal suzerainty, the kingdom of Garha was
run by the Mughal administrative officers for about 25 years.
Chandrashah -
Dalpatishah's brother Chandra Shah was accepted as the ruler of the Garha kingdom and in return for
this recognition he handed over ten strongholds to the emperor.
• Chandra Shah and his eldest son were murdered by his younger son Madhukar Shah in Madan
Mahal.
Madhukar Shah -
This was the first Gond ruler who conquered the region of Baghelkhand.
Premshah -
Premshah was a contemporary of Mughal emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan, Jahangir made
Premshah his mansabdar.
• During his reign, Jujhar Singh, son of Veer Singh Bundela attacked, Premshah was killed in this war
and Jujhar Singh captured Chauragarh.
• When this news of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan was received, he defeated Jujhar Singh by attacking
Chauragarh, Jujhar Singh fled to the nearby forests, but was killed by Goondo.
Hirdyashah -
• After the death of Premshah, Hridayashah became the ruler.
• But in 1651 Jujhar Singh's brother Pahar Singh Bundela was promoted to the rank of one thousand
zat, one thousand sawar and was made the vassal of Chauragarh, at this time Hnadaygarh was in
Chauragarh.
• On the arrival of Pahar Singh, Hnadayshah ran away to take shelter with Anoop Singh, the landlord
of Rewa.
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• Pahar Singh also attacked Rewa, Hnadayshah also fled from there.
• Later, Hnadayshah established a new city named Ramnagar and made Ramnagar the capital.
• Hindshah called skilled farmers from outside and settled in his kingdom,
• Hindayshah established Hnadaynagar in Mandla and he settled the Pansarios (betel growers) called
from Mahoba.
Chhatrashah -
• son - Hradayshah
• During the reign of Chhatrashah, the second famous Guru of the system, Mahaprabhu Prannath, had
visited Ramnagar.
• Mahaprabhunath was keen to protect the Hindu religion and for this he wanted the cooperation of the
Hindu kings. Later, on the call of Bundela Chhatrasal, these pages were gone.
Narendra Shah -
• During his reign, the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao-II attacked Gadha and gave the task of collecting
Chauth from here to Raghuji Bhosale.
• When Bajirao was present in the fort, Chhatrasal was attacked by Mohammad Bangash, Bajirao
helped when called by Chhatrasal.
• Narendra Shah established Mandla from his capital Ramnagar.
Maharajshah -
• During his reign, the Maratha Peshwa Balaji Bajirao attacked and made Maharajshah his nemesis.
Shankarshah -
• The judge of Jabalpur considered Narmadabakhsh as the real heir of Garha Mandla in place of
Shankarshah.
• Then in the revolt of 1857, Shankar Shah and his son Raghunath Shah revolted.
• The traitor Girdharilal gave all the information to Clarke, a British officer of the 52nd Regiment.
• British Commander Clark blew up both father and son with a cannon on 18th March 1858.
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Bundelkhand
• The Bundela Rajputs consider themselves to be of the lineage of Luv, the eldest son of Ramchandra.
• Bundelo ruled the Vindhya region, due to which his name became Vindhyela and later Bundela.
• The relation of Bundelo is also associated with Gahirbar, according to the beliefs, Veer Bundela, son
of fifth Bundela of Gahirbar dynasty, established his capital in Mau-Mahoni and established his
kingdom in Bundelkhand.
• Arjunpal, the grandson of Veer Bundela, conquered the area around this capital.
• Arjunapala had three sons, Veerpal, Sohanpan and Dayapal.
• After the death of Arjunpal Bundela, his eldest son Veerpal became the ruler of Mau-Mahoni.
• After becoming Veerpal ruler, he expelled both his brothers Sohanpan and Dayapal from the state.
• Sohanpan angrily approached the Khangar ruler of Garhkudar, Hurmat Singh, for help against his
brother.
• But in return for the help, Hurmat Singh made a condition of marrying Sohanpan's daughter Dharam
Kunwari to his son Nagdev.
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• Angered by this, Punyapal Parmar, the ruler of Pawaya and Mukutmani Dhandhera, the ruler of
Shahbad (Kota), attacked Khangaro and killed Hurmat Singh.
• Now the kingdom of Sohanpan was established in Garhkudar.
• In the lineage of Sohanpan, Rudra Pratap Bundela sat on the throne of Garhkudar.
Rudra Pratap Bundela -
• Rudra Pratap Bundela established Orchha on the banks of the Betwa river and made it his capital.
• The ancient name of Orchha was Gangapuri.
• Rudra Pratap Bundela was considered the real founder of the Bundela state.
Bharatichandra -
• It decorated Orchha with many palaces etc.
• The fort of Orchha, Raj Mandir, Rani Mahal, Parkota etc. were built.
• Bharatichandra sent his brother Madhukar Shah Kirat Singh for military aid to help Kirat Singh, the
ruler of Linjar, against Sher Shah Suri.
Madhukar Shah Bundela -
• Madhukar Shah attacked all the areas ruled by Akbar.
• Madhukar Shah was of a very religious nature, used to apply a big tilak on his forehead, which is still
famous as Madhukarshahi Tilak.
• The Chaturbhuj temple of Orchha was built by his wife Ganesh Kuar.
Vir Singh Bundela -
• Veer Singh Bundela received a small Barauni Jagir of Datia from his father Madhukar Shah.
• Its relations were friendly with the Mughal prince Jahangir.
• At the behest of Jahangir, Vir Singh Bundela killed Abul-Fazl in Antri. And got the Keshavaraya
temple built in Mathura with the looted money.
• When the Mughal emperor became Jahangir, due to the pressure of Jahangir, Ramshah had to leave
the throne, now the Bundela ruler became Veer Singh Bundela.
• Poet Keshavdas lived in its court, who composed Ratan Bavani, Rasikpriya, Ramchandrika,
Kavipriya, Veer Singh Dev Charit, Jahangir Chandrika etc.
Jujhar Singh Bundela -
• Father- Veer Singh Bundela
• It attacked and killed Premshah, the ruler of Gondwana, and captured Chauragarh (the capital of the
Gonds).
• As a result, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan defeated Jujhar Singh at Chauragarh, defeated by the royal
army, Jujhar Singh fled into the jungles where he was murdered by the Gonds.
• Jujhar Singh had given poison to his Devtulay brother Hardaul on the basis of suspicion.
Pahar Singh Bundela -
• Brother- Jujhar Singh
• Shah Jahan gave it a mansab of 5000 jat and 2000 sabar.
• It made Bundelkhand under the Mughals.
Dharmapala -
• He defeated the French general of Scindia, Jean-Baptiste.
• The three queens of Dharmapala are Garai Rani, Harrai Rani and Ladai Rani.
• Garai Rani built the temple of Nazarbagh in Tikamgarh.
• The battle queen is called Victoria of Orchha state.
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• History of origin and flourishing of Panna state

Champatrai
• Champat Rai was a descendant of Rudra Pratap, the founder of Orchha, he received the jagir of
Mahoba.
• Champat Rai had revolted against Aurangzeb, later he died.
• After the death of Champatarai, his son Chhatrasal ascended the throne.
Chhatrasal-Bundela
• Nickname - Mahabali, Bundelkhand Kesari
• At the age of only 16, Chhatrasal served in the army of Mirzaraja Jai Singh, the commander of the
Mughal campaign of South India.
• It was at this time that Chhatrasal met Shivaji Maharaj.
• According to the book Prakash of Pt. Gorelal Brahmbhatt, “Shivaji has cut the waist of Chhatrasal. I
had tied a sword and said, 'Go get the Turks out of your zone, prepare the organization of the army
and fight against the enemies of the state by taking the name of Bhavani, Brajnath will always
protect you.
Chhatrasal area expansion
• The kingdom of Chhatrasal was called Dangai State.
• Chhatrasal first proposed to Datia's ruler Shubhakaran Bundela that together he should drive the
Mughals out of Bundelkhand, but Shubhakaran refused.
• In Kalantar, Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of all the temples of Orchha.
• As a result, Chhatrasal started revolt by joining many Thakurs.
• At the same time Chhatrasal got the support of his cousin Baldiwan.
• In 1675 AD, the new capital of his kingdom was established Panna.
• Disturbed by Chhatrasal's rebellions, Aurangzeb gave Chhatrasal the title of king in 1706 and
granted a mansab of 4000 thousand.
Chhatrasal meets Swami Prannath
• Birth - Mehraj
• Birth - Gujarat
• Father- Keshav Thakur
• Sampradaya - Pranami sect (promoter - Devchandra)
• Prannath was searching for such Hindu chieftains, who could face Aurangzeb's policies against
religion.
• Then Swami Prannath, impressed by the fame of Chhatrasal, came to meet Chhatrasal.
• Prannath and Chhatrasal met near Mau, after that Prannath remained in Panna till his death.
• Chhatrasal made Prannath his guru and Prannath performed the coronation of Chhatrasal in Panna in
1687.
• Later, during the reign of Mohammad Shah Rangeela, Mohammad Bangash was made the Subedar
of Allahabad.
• Chhatrasal was now old, and Mohammad Bangash surrounded the capital of Chhatrasal, Chhatrasal
sought help from Peshwa Bajirao. Bajirao came with his army and defeated Mohammad Bangash.
• Chhatrasal, considering the Peshwa as his third son, gave 1/3 of his kingdom to the Peshwa.
• Chhatrasal died in 1731 at the age of 81.
• Chhatrasal Bundela founded a city named Chhatarpur in 1706.
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• Chhatrasal Bundela got the Prannath temple established on the banks of river Kilkila in Panna.
Baghel Dynasty
• Baghels are originally Chalukya
• The Solanki ruler of Anhilvad, Kumarapala, had granted the feudal lordship of Vyaghrapalli
(Baghelbari) to Arnoraj.
• Arnoraj's descendants were called Baghel due to living in Baghelbari village.
• Arnoraj's son Lavana Prasad alias Vyaghrapalli is addressed as Vyaghradev.
• Vyaghradev went on a pilgrimage to Prayag and Chitrakoot with his two grandsons Bisaldev and
Bhimaldev
• Bhar king of Kalinjar requested both the brothers to fight against the Lodhi ruler
• Bisaldev and Bhimaldev joined the Dewan Tiwari of Lodhi Raja with the lure of half the kingdom of
Gahora.
• But Tiwari did not take half the kingdom and returned it to both the brothers, due to which Tiwari was
given the title of Singh.
• The Tiwaris of Baghelkhand are also called Adharjiya Tiwari.
• Thus the Baghel dynasty was established in Gahora by Bisaldev and Bhimaldev.
Bisaldev
• After some time, by handing over the state of Gahora to his brother Bhimaldev, Solanki of Anhilwara
became the Prime Minister of King Bhimdev II.
• After the death of Bhimdev II, Bisaldev became the ruler of Anhilwara.
Bhimaldev
• Founder of Baghel dynasty in Gahora
raningdev
• Ranningdev, son of Bhimaldev
• Gahora was freed from Kalinjar ruler
• In Veer Bhanuday Kavyam, the composition of Madhav Uravya, Ranaingdev is said to be the first
ruler of Gahora.
bullardeo
• Son of Ranning Dev
• Afif has mentioned in Tarikh-i-Firozshahi
• On the fall of Delhi Sultanate during Firoz Shah Tughlaq, he declared himself independent from Delhi
Sultanate and assumed the title of Maharajadhiraj.
• Ballardeva's son Singhdev took a water samadhi at Triveni (Prayag), so the mournful father chose his
grandson Veeramdev as his successor.
Veeramdev
• Bullardeva's grandson
• It annexed Bandhavgarh, Amarkantak etc. in his kingdom.
• Veeramdev has been called Niram (Iranian wrestler) of that era.
• Veeramdev Baghel had friendly relations with Sharqi Sultan Ibrahim Sharqi.
Veerasinghdev
• Veerasinghdev assisted his son Amandas against the Garha ruler Arjundas.
• Veer Singhdev Baghel had assisted Rana Sanga in the battle of Khanwa (1527) against Babur, but
after the victory of Babur, Veer Singhdev befriended Babur.
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Veerbhanu
• Veerbhanu, son of Veerasinghdev, had given refuge to him after Humayun was defeated against Sher
Shah Suri.
• For this reason Sher Shah Suri attacked against Veerbhanu, due to which Veerbhanu took refuge in
Kirat Singh Chandel's place in Kalinjar.
• Sher Shah Suri attacked Kalinjar, in this war Sher Shah Suri died.
Ramchandradev Baghel
• After the death of Veerbhanu, his son Ramchandradev became the ruler.
• Due to the increasing influence of Akbar, he shifted his capital from Gahora to Bandhavgarh.
• Tansen lived in the court of Ramchandra, who was sent to Akbar by Jalal Khan.
• Ramchandra gave refuge to Akbar's rebel Ghazi Khan, due to which there was a war between
Ramchandra and Akbar in which Ramchandra was defeated.
• After the death of Ramchandra, his son Virbhadra Dev and after Virbhadra Dev Vikramajit became
the ruler.
Vikramajit
• Vikramajit revolted against Akbar, due to which the newspaper defeated Vikramajit by sending
Tripuradas and made Jirjedhan (Duryodhana), the maid son of Virbhadra, the ruler of the Baghel
dynasty.
• At the time of Jahangir, Vikramajit returned his kingdom but kept the fort of Bandhavgarh with him,
due to which Vikramajit had to make his capital Rewa.
• Amar Singh, son of Vikramajit, had to help the Mughals against Jujhar Singh Bundela.
Raja Anoop Singh
• Shah Jahan had given the jagir of Chauragarh to Pahar Singh Bundela, due to which the ruler of
Chauragarh, Hridayshah Gond, fled and took refuge with Raja Anoop Singh of Rewa.
• Pahar Singh attacked Anoop Singh and on being defeated, Anoop Singh had to take shelter in the
forests of Tyonthar.
• Shah Jahan returned the kingdom of Rewa to Anoop Singh.
Avdhoot Singh
• At this time Hridayshah Bundela, son of Chhatrasal Bundela had attacked Rewa, then Mohammad
Khan Bangash defeated Hridayshah.
Ajit Singh
• Shah Alam II Aligarh stayed with his pregnant Begum Mubarak Mahal (Lalbai) at Raja Ajit Singh of
Rewa where Akbar II was born
Shinde Dynasty
• Original residence - Kanherkheda (Satara) Maharashtra
• Patil of Kanherkheda
• Initially, Shinde worked as a shildar (cavalry) in the Bahmani sultanate.
• The Shindevansh was also known as Shindeshahi.
Ranoji Dynasty -
• Founder of Scindia dynasty
• Father - Janko ji Scindia.
• Ranoji Shinde started serving in the Maratha army from the time of Peshwa Balaji Vishwanatha.
• Soon he was made a personal servant of Bajirao I.
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• After the death of Balaji Vishwanath, the next Peshwa became Bajirao I, which was opposed by the
senior people of the court.
• As a result, Bajirao-I promoted youths who had never had hereditary deshmukhi rights under the
earlier rulers in the Deccan, prominent among them were Ranoji, Malharrao Holkar, Pawar brothers
etc.
• In the battle of Amjhera in 1728, Ranoji showed immense might, pleased with which the Peshwa put
him in charge of Malwa.
• In 1731, Ranoji made Ujjain the capital, which remained the capital of the Scindias till 1801.
• He died in Shajapur.
• In 1766, the Peshwa government received 46% and Holkaro and Scindia 21% from the distribution of
the income of North India.
Mahadji Scindia - 1761-1794
• After the third battle of Panipat in 1761, only Mahadji Scindia survived among the surviving sons of
Ranoji Scindia.
• As soon as the third battle of Panipat returned, in 1765 AD, Scindia snatched the Gwalior fort from
Lokendra Singh Jat.
• To prepare his army in the western way, he appointed French soldier DeBoen.
• Mahadji Scindia freed the Mughal emperor Shah Alam Drip from the British domination and brought
him from Allahabad and ascended the throne of Delhi. Pleased with which Shah Alam Drip gave the
title of Vakil-ul-Mutlaq and Amir-ul-Umra to Mahadji Scindia.
• Mahadji Scindia was also a member of the Twelve Brothers Council formed for the protection of
Madhav Narayan Rao.
• After the First Anglo-Maratha War, mediated in the Treaty of Salbai (1782).
• According to the treaty of Salbai, Mahadji Scindia was accepted as an independent ruler and gave the
western region of Yamuna to the Scindias and the southern region of Yamuna to the Peshwa.
• After defeating the army of the Afghan ruler Timur Shah Durrani, he took back the three silver gates
of the Somnath temple, which are located in Ujjain's Mahakaleshwar and Gopal Mandir.
• In 1786, Mahadji defeated the Rohilla army under the leadership of Ghulam Qadir and re-established
Shah-Alam Drip on power.
• Mahadji Scindia defeated Tukojirao Holkar in the battle of Lakheri in 1793.
• Mahadji had no son, only one daughter, whose name was Balabhai.
• Later, Mahadji adopted Anand Rao's son Daulat Rao and declared him the next Maharaja of the
Scindia dynasty.
Daulatrao Scindia - 1794-1827
• Father- Anand Rao
• Slimane - Daulatrao proved to be the unworthy successor of Mahadji Scindia.
• In 1803, after the Second Anglo-Maratha War, signed a treaty of Surjiarjan village with Lord Belizeli.
• In 1810 it shifted its capital from Ujjain to Gwalior.
• In 1817, after the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Daulatrao Scindia made a treaty of Gwalior with
Hastings, which was a subsidiary treaty. Through this the Pindaris were suppressed. In his court, the
poet Padmakar composed Alijah.
Byjabai Shinde -
• Wife - Daulatrao Scindia
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• After the death of Daulatrao Scindia, as he did not have any son, Jankoji was elected as his successor
and Daulatrao Scindia's wife Baijabai was declared his resident.
• Byjabai took all the administrative powers in her hands.
• Defeated Arthur Bellezley at the Battle of Asay.
• Even after the rule was gone, Baijabai continued to help Rani Laxmibai and Tatyatope in 1857.
• Byjabai also curbed the "Makta" method, under which powerful people used to collect "Makta"
illegally from the public.
Jankoji Scindia
• Jankoji went to the British Residency to get freedom from the control of Baijabai.
• After Jankoji, Jankoji's widow Tarabai ran the Scindia administration. And adopted a child named
Jayajirao.
Jayajirao Scindia
• Jayajirao Scindia became the ruler after the death of Jankoji Rao Scindia, its original name was
Bhagirath Rao.
• Jayajirao Scindia was the ruler of Gwalior at the time of the 1857 revolt, Maharani Laxmibai urged
Jayajirao Scindia to support the revolutionaries in the 1857 revolution, but he refused.
• But the Gwalior army wanted to join the rebels, so the entire army supported Laxmibai Tatya Tope
and Nana Saheb.
• Jayajirao Scindia, in danger of his position, went to Agra under the protection of the British.
• In the revolution of 1857, the treasurer Vanthia of Jayajirao Scindia opened the gates of the treasury
for Lakshmi Bai.
• As a result, Amarchand Vanthia was hanged from a neem tree in the bullion market.
Contribution in Railway Sector-
• In 1872, Rs 75 lakh was given to the Great Indian Peninsula Railway for the Agra-Gwalior railway
line.
• In 1873, the same amount was provided to the Rajputana-Malwa Railway for the Indore-Neemuch
line.
a builder -
• He built Moti Mahal in Gwalior, Jai Vilas Palace, Kampu Kothari, Victoria Bhawan, Gorkhi Dwar,
Dufferin Sarai, Kamalaraja Bhawan and Victoria College in Ujjain.
• He reconstructed the Koteshwar temple and got 69 Shiva temples constructed in the entire state.
• Rs 15 lakh was given for the reconstruction of Gwalior Fort Wall, Man Mandir Gujari Mahal and
Jauhar Kund.
• Note - Architect of the – Jaivilas Palace – Michael Philose
• Madhavrao Scindia
• The title of Sir was given by the British.
• In Madhavrao Scindia, Shivpuri was made his summer capital.
• He got the Madhav Vilas Palace Ground Hotel, George Castle Bhawan, Se Linga Club constructed in
Shivpuri.
• It started the Gwalior fair.
• In 1925, the Tansen ceremony was started in Gwalior during the time of the then Gwalior ruler
Madhavrao.
Jiwajirao Scindia
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• Last Scindia Ruler

• Construction of Moti Mahal
• 23 january In 1948, Jivajirao merged the princely state of Gwalior with India.
• At the time of independence, Jivajirao was made the head of state of central India.
• Due to the young age of Jivajirao Scindia, the Council of Regency Agency was formed under the
chairmanship of his mother Chinkuraje Scindia.
• He was married to Rajput girl Lekha Divyeri. which was related to the ocean. Later on he came to be
known as Vijayaraje.
Contribution in the field of education -

• Establishment of Kamalaraja College and Victoria College.
• Establishment of MITS Engineering College.
• Contribution in the field of administration -
• An amount of Rs 54 crore was given to the Government of India.
• Constructed Jayarogya Hospital, Kamalaraja Women's Hospital, Moti Mahal, Jalvihar Mahal etc.
Holkar Dynasty
• These were originally known as the shepherd caste or agricultural lineage of M Mathura. Later this
caste came from Mathura district and settled in Deccan village 'Hol' or 'Hol', that is why it is called
Holkar.
• The Holkars were originally a Maratha dynasty of Dhangar origin.
Malhar Rao Holkar
• Father - Khanduji
• Malharrao Holkar was initially leading a shepherd's life, but later he joined the Maratha army, Bajirao
Drip was pleased with his military prowess and sent him 500 horsemen and sent him to conquer North
India.
• In the battle of Sarangpur in 1724, a Mughal representative named Girdhar was defeated.
• Pleased with the success of the battle of Sanragpur, Bajirao II granted zamindari of 12 districts to
Malharrao Holkar in 1728.
• In 1728, Bajirao Drip defeated the Nizam with the help of Malhar Rao Holkar at the Battle of
Palkheda.
• In 1731, Malharrao Holkar again defeated the Mughal representative Day Bahadur in the battle of
Tirla and occupied Malwa.
• And thus Bajirao Drip handed over the subedari of Malwa to Malhar Holkar, now Malhar Rao Holkar
made Indore his capital, established the Holkar dynasty.
• In 1737, Bajirao took part in the Delhi campaign against Mohammad Shah Rangeela.
• 1761 AD He took part in the third battle of Panipat, but due to ideological differences with
Sadashivrao Bhau, returned from the third battle of Panipat and came to Indore and started running
his administration.
• In 1766 Malhar Rao Holkar died at Alampur in Bhind. This is where his tomb is located.
• The foundation of Rajwada in Indore was laid by Malhar Rao Holkar and its construction was
completed by Ahilyabai and Tukoji Holkar.
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• Khanderao, the son of Malhar Rao Holkar, was married to Ahilyabai Holkar, the daughter of Patil of
Chodi village in Maharashtra.
• During the reign of his father, Khanderao was defeated by Surajmal Jat in the battle of Kumher in
1754 AD.
• Khanderao and Ahilyabai Holkar had a son, whose name was Malerao.
• After the death of Malharao Holkar, Malrao became the ruler of the Holkar dynasty and his mother
Ahilyabai Holkar was appointed as the guardian of Malrao.
• But Malrao would also die in 1766, now Ahilyabai Holkar took over the rule of the state.
Ahilyabai - (1767 - 1795)
• Born - in 1725 in Chaudi, Aurangabad
• Father - Mankoji (Patil Chodi Village)
• Mother - Sushila Bai
• At the age of 8, she was married in 1733 with Khanderao, son of Subedar Malharrao Holkar.
• A son Malrao and daughter Muktabai were born to Khanderao and Ahilyabai, Muktabai was married
to Yashwantrao Phadse.
• In 1754, Khanderao was defeated and killed in the battle of Kumher against Surajmal Jat.
• Malharao Holkar died in 1766, in the same year his son Malrao died.
• Ahilyabai now took the reins of governance in her own hands
• Ahilyabai made Tukojirao Holkar her general.
• Ahilyabai Holkar shifted her capital from Indore to Maheshwar in 1769
• He organized the women's army and appointed a French soldier Dudurane for the training of the
women's army.
• There was a taupe called Jwala in his army.
• Protected his kingdom from Raghunath Rao by writing a diplomatic letter to Raghunath Rao.
• Chandravat Rajputs revolted during his reign.
• Ahilyabai
• Architecture -
• He got the Kashi Vishwanath temple built. This is why he got the Ahilya Ghat built.
• He got the fort of Maheshwar and the royal palace built.
• Rajarajeshwari Temple Maheshwar 13. He died on 1795, his mausoleum is built in Maheshwar.
Tukojirao Holkar -
• After the death of Ahilyabai Holkar, Tukojirao Holkar became the next ruler.
• Tukojirao Holkar was defeated by Mahadji Scindia in the battle of Lakheri in 1793.
• Tukojirao Holkar had four sons. Kashirao, Malhar Rao - II Vithu ji, Yashwant Rao now became the
ruler Kashirao.
Kashirao -
• Tukoji was succeeded by Kashirao, who was disabled, Kashirao was always afraid that someone
would snatch the throne from his brother.
• Kashirao, along with Daulatrao Scindia, got his brother Malhara Rao Holkar Drip killed.
Yashwantrao Holkar -
• Daulat Rao Scindia and Peshwa Bajirao Drip together killed Yashwantrao Holkar's brother Vitthuji in
Pune, as a result Yashavatrao Holkar attacked Pune and defeated the Peshwa and Scindia jointly and
occupied Ujjain.
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• It decided to free the Mughal emperor Shah Alam Drip, but failed, impressed by his bravery, Shah
Alam gave him the title of Maharajadhiraj Rajarajeshwar Alija Bahadur.
• Yashwantrao Holkar sought cooperation from all the kings in the then India against the British, but no
one supported Yashwantrao Holkar.
• As a result, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Yashwantrao made the treaty of Rajpur Ghat in
1805 with Lord Bellesley.
• This treaty was proposed by the British.
• This was the only Indian ruler with whom the British wanted to make an unconditional agreement at
any cost, so the famous historian NS Inamdar called him Napoleon of the Marathas.
• He established an ammunition factory at Bhanpura in Mandsaur.
• His tomb is located in Bhanpura of Mandsaur.
Malhar Rao Holkar-II
• During the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Bhima Bai Holkar, sister of Malharao Holkar Drippa, defeated
Colonel Malkam at the Battle of Mahidpur in 1817.
• During the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Tulsabai, the patroness of Malhar Rao Holkar Drippa and his
consort, raised the flag of rebellion against the British, but Tulsabai's faithful soldiers cut off their
heads and threw them in the Kshipra river.
• Later, Malhar Rao Holkar II signed the treaty of Mandsaur with Malcolm in 1818.
• Malharao Holkar II again established Indore from the capital Maheshwar in 1818 AD.
• After Malhar Rao Holkar Drippa, Martanda Rao, Harirao, Khanderao.I etc. became the Holkar rulers.
Tukoji Rao Holkar -II
• It was during his reign that the revolt of 1857 took place.
• During his time, Khandwa-Indore, Indore-Ratlam-Ajmer and Indore-Dewas-Ujjain three railway lines
were built between 1864 and 1876, later these railway lines came to be called Holkar Railway State.
• He gave crores of rupees on loan to the British to lay the railway line.
• The first postage stamp of the state was issued by Tukojirao Holkar II in 1885.
Lal Bagh Palace
• Situated on the bank of river Khan. The construction of this palace was started by Tukojirao II, which
was later completed by Shivajirao Holkar and Tukoji II.
• This palace is called the stylist abode of India due to its unique style.
• It was copied from Buckingham Palace.
Shivaji Rao Holkar
• Shivaji Rao Holkar created a tax free market in Indore.
Tukojirao Holkar III
Yashwant Rao Holkar II

• The last ruler of the Holkar dynasty
• Yeshwatam Sagar reservoir on Gambhir river in 1939
• Colonel C.K. in Indore in 1941. Holkar Cricket Association was established under the chairmanship
of Naidu.
• He built Yashwantrao Hospital in Indore and an airstrip in Indore.
• He died in 1961 in Mumbai.
• He merged his state in Central India in 16th century in 1948 AD.
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• - Napoleon of India - Samudragupta

• Hindu - Napoleon - Laxmikarna
• Napoleon of the South - Rajendra I
• Napolean of Maratha – Yashwant rao holkar
Contribution of Devi Ahilyabai

As an efficient administrator -
• Suppression of the rebellion of Chandravat Rajputs
• Face the attack of Raghoba
• Tukojirao Holkar was made commander - assigned the task of collecting Chauth.
Peace and security –
• Quelled the disturbance of thieves, dacoits and Bhils. (Yashwant Phadse – via)
In the economic Field –
• by making Maheshwar the capital, it developed as the center of saree industry.

• By making Maheshwar the capital, it developed into a center of saree industry.
Judicial work -
• Panchayats were strengthened.
• Appointment of Justice Minister
• She herself also participated in judicial work.
Women Empowerment -
• Army recruitment
• rights in husband's property
• Banned the practice of Sati etc. in the state.
Bhopal State
• The ancient Bhopal princely state was established by Parmar Raja Bhoj.
• Before becoming the princely state of Bhopal, it used to come under the kingdom of Gondo.
• Friend Mohammad Khan -
• Mirzai Khel Clan of Afghanistan
• Father- Noor Mohammad Khan.
• At this time, there was competition among the youth of the world, to join the Mughal army, similar
friend Mohammad Khan, who was an ambitious young man, came to India to fulfill his ambitions,
and joined the Mughal army.
• A rebel of Aurangzeb, after defeating Tarjibeg in the war, rose in the eyes of the emperor, at the
behest of Aurangzeb, he was made the commander of a small army of Mughalia army.
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• At the time of Aurangzeb's death in 1707, there was chaos in the Mughal Empire, during this period
Dost Mohammad Khan served as a mercenary soldier in different princely states.
• In the meantime, he took a job with Jagdishpur's Jagdishpur near Bhopal and later captured
Jagdishpur after killing the Jagdishpur and the name of Jagdishpur was changed to Islampur.
Relations with Gond State
Ginnor was ruled by the Gond king Nizamshah, but Nizamshah's nephew, Chainshah, poisoned
Nizamshah and killed him.
• After the death of Nizamshah, his widow Rani Kamalapati sought help from Sardar Dost
Mohammad Khan against Chainshah, Dost Mohammad Khan defeated Chainshah.
• According to the condition, when Kamalapati was unable to give 1 lakh rupees, the queen in return
gave Bhopal to friend Mohammad Khan.
• Later, after the death of Queen Kamalapati and her son Nawalshah, Dost occupied Ginnor of
Mohammad Khan.
• In Bhopal, received from Kamalapati, Dost Mohammad Khan built a fort named Fatehgarh in the
name of his wife Fateh Biwi.
• In 1722, Dost Mohammad Khan assumed the title of Nabav and started working as an independent
chief, now his capital was Islam Nagar.
• In the course of time, Dost Mohammad Khan developed Bhopal as a city, first stone was laid by Qazi
Mohammad Muzzam of Raisen and second stone by Fateh VV in the foundation of Bhopal city.
❖ Dhai sidi mosque
• The first mosque of Bhopal.
• Inside Fatehgarh Fort.
• Produced by Dost Mohammad Khan
❖ Nawab and Nizam
• In 1723, the Nizam besieged Islamnagar, as a result, Dost Mohammad Khan surrendered to the
Nizam.
• The place where Nizam was staying in Bhopal is known today as Nizag Tekri.
• Dost Mohammad Khan died in 1726.
Note - The Mughal emperor Farooq Shir gave the title of Khan to Dost Mohammad.
Nawab Yar Mohammad Khan
• Yar Mohammad Khan was the ruler of the Nizam of Hyderabad during his father's reign.
• Yar Mohammad Khan was in Hyderabad at the time of the death of Dost Mohammad Khan. Therefore,
Sultan Muhammad Khan, the younger brother of Dost Mohammad Khan, was put on the throne.
• When the Nizam came to know about this, the Nizam presented Yar Mohammad Khan with the title
of 'Nawab' and royal dress and sent him to Bhopal.
• Sultan Mohammad Khan voluntarily relinquished the throne and now Yar Mohammad Khan became
the next Nawab.
• After becoming the ruler, Yar Mohammad Khan never assumed the title of Nabav.
• During his reign, Maratha Peshwa Bajirao-I attacked the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam Bhopal with his
army, then in 1737 Bajirao-I defeated the Nizam and Bhopal's joint army in the battle of Bhopal and
signed the Treaty of Daura Sarai.
• Masjid Lal Imli was built in Bhopal by Begum Mamola of Yar Mohammad Khan
Nawab Faiz Mohammad Khan -
• Father- Yaar Mohammad Khan
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• Its battle for the throne was with his uncle Sultan Mohammad Khan.
• But Faiz Mohammad Khan was victorious.
• It was called Sufi Nawab, at the time of Panipat-II, when Maratha general Sadashiv Rao Bhau was
going for war, he called Faiz Mohammad Khan to meet him, but Faiz Mohammad Khan sent his brother
• As a result, Sadashivrao Bhau became angry, and said that he would break the pride of the Pathans by
returning from Delhi.
• On which the Nawab said that "Dekhna IshaAllah, he will not be able to return here" and Sadashivrao
Bhau died in this war.
Nawab Hayat Mohammad Khan
• Father- Yaar Mohammad Khan
• During this time Colonel Goddard passed through Bhopal while going to Bengal Hayat Mohammad
Khan welcomed Colonel Goddard
Nazar Mohammad Khan
• In 1818, he made a treaty of Raisen with the British, under which Bhopal now became a state under
the protection of the British.
• Nazar Mohammad was married to Gohar Begum, daughter of Ghaus Mohammad Khan, who later
came to be known as Qudsia Begum.
• In 1819, Nazar Mohammad Khan was accidentally killed in Islamnagar.
• After the death of Nazar Mohammad Khan, now the rule of Bhopal came in the hands of Gohar Begum,
wife of Nazar Mohammad.
• And from here the rule of Begmo started.
Qudsia Begum (1819-1837)
• She became the first woman ruler of Bhopal
• Damnam - Gohar
• Qudsia Begum abandoned the purdah system and started ruling independently.
• Qudsia Begum built a pumping station in Bhopal with the help of German engineer David Cook by
laying a water pipeline in the city.
Other Construction
Bhopal's Jama Masjid -
• Constructed from red sandstone
• Based on Char Bagh method similar to Jama Masjid of Delhi.
• This Jama Masjid was built on the place of the meeting hall built by the Parmar king Shalmali. The
information about this is in Sultan Jahan Begum's Hayate Qudsi.
• This mosque was praised by the French traveler Louis Roughlet.
Gohar Mahal -
• Bhopal.
• Naming after his surname Gohar.
• Indo - Symbol of Islamic architecture.
• Residence of Qudsia Begum.
• A public court was held in this.
Shaukat Mahal -
• Bhopal
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• It is built in Islamic and European style.

Jahangir Muhammad Khan (1837 - 44)
• He established Jehangirabad for the British Army in Bhopal.
• Jahangir Muhammad Khan was married to Sikandar Jahan Begum, daughter of Nazar Muhammad and
Qudsia Begum.
• Soon Jahangir Muhammad Khan died and now the ruler Sikandar Jahan became Begum.
Sikandar Jahan Begum (1844 - 68 AD)
• Original name - Moti
• Supported the British in the revolt of 1857, as a result, in 1861 AD, a court was organized in Jabalpur
by the Viceroy of India, and in this Sikandar Jahan Begum was invited and honored.
• The reign of Sikandar Jahan Begum is called the Golden Age of Bhopal.
Work -
• Start of postal system in Bhopal
• Women education encouraged
• He started Majlis-e-Shora (Legislature) in 1847 to maintain law and order in the state.
Architecture
• Moti Mahal -
• Nidhi residence and administrative office of Sikandar Jahan Begum
• The southern gate of the Moti Mahal is called Baba Sikandri.
• Moti Masjid -
• Built in the Charbagh style, made of red sandstone
Shahjahan Begum - 1868 - 1901 AD
• He got the map of the princely state of Bhopal made.
• During the reign of Shahjaha Begum, a railway line was laid in Bhopal with the help of Henry Daly.
• She has two hospitals - Prince of Bells (Lady Lansdowne Hospital for men (for women))
• Established a new department named Swar-Us-Sadoor to improve the justice system.
• For the legislative process, Shahjahan Begum established a new department named Tanjimat-e-
Shahjahanni.
• The rate of land revenue was determined on the basis of the type of food.
• Shahjahan Begum established a department called Singh-Karohi. Under which 3 km from Bhopal. All
the villages which came under its purview had to provide food grains as and when required.
Architecture
Taj-ul-Masjid -
• Construction work started during the time of Shahjahan Begum and due to lack of funds, its
construction work was completed in 1971.
• The biggest mosque of Bhopal.
• Organized three-day Tablighi Iftima every year
Taj Mahal -
• Primitive palace
• Begum's residence
Lal Kothi -
• M.P. Raj Bhavan of the present
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Other -
• Qasr-e-Sultani (Safia College)
• Noor Mosque
• Benazir floor
Kekhusro Jahan Begum / Sultan Jahan Begum (1901 - 1926)

• Daughter of Shahjahan Begum
• The first chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University was made in 1920.
• He built the palace "Noor-us-Sabah". Which is presently a heritage hotel.
• Sultan Jahan Begum started keeping fingerprints of criminals.
Nawab Hamidullah Khan
• Sultan Jahan Begum's son
• He was the Nawab of Bhopal at the time of independence.
• He was given the title of Ifkhar-ul-Mulk (Gaukh of the country) by Sultan Jahan.
• He established the Department of Archeology in Bhopal.
• Hamidullah Khan was also the President of the Chamber of Princesses.
• He merged the princely state of Bhopal with the Union of India on 01 June 1949. And it was included
in Part-C.
• Nawab Hamidullah Khan appointed his daughter Abida Sultan as his successor but she went to
Pakistan
• After this, Hamidulla's younger daughter Sajida became Sultan, she was married to Iftikhar Ali Khan
Pataudi, Nawab of Padauti.
MP under Delhi Sultanate

Mohammad Ghori
• In 1195-96, Muhammad Ghori along with Qutubuddin Aibak and Bahauddin Tughril attacked
Gwalior, Morena region.
• At this time Tribhuvangarh was under Yadav ruler Kumarpal who accepted Ghori's suzerainty.
• Ghori appointed Tugril as the Subedar of Bayana.
• After this, Mohammad Ghori attacked the Gwalior fort, which was ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihar
ruler Sulakshana Pal.
• Sulakshanapal accepted the submission and handed over the Gwalior fort to Qutubuddin Aibak.
Qutubuddin Aibak
• Aibak attacked Ujjain in 1196-97
• Qutbuddin Aibak invaded Bundelkhand in 1202-03 and defeated the Chandela ruler Parmardidev
• Paramardidev died before the treaty was made and the new ruler Ajaypal made the treaty.
• Qutbuddin Aibak handed over the fort of Kalinjar to Hasan Arnal.
• handela ruler Trilokyavarman again conquered Kalinjar fort and assumed the title of
Kalinjaradhipati.
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Aramshah
• After the death of Aibak in 1210, his son Aramshah became the ruler.
• Pratihar ruler Vigraha again occupied Gwalior.
• His son Malayvarman captured Gwalior fort.
Iltutmish
• Iltutmish attacked Gwalior in 1211 in which Malayvarman was defeated. 70 queens committed
Jauhar in Jauhar Tal.
• This incident is described in the Urwahi Darwaza inscription which is mentioned in the Baburnama.
Iltutmish was assisted by Naravarman, the brother of Malayvarman.
• Iltutmish made Nusratuddin Tyasi the fortress of Gwalior.
• In 1234, a Rajput chief named Chhadev defeated Tyasi.
• Trailokyavarman was defeated by Iltutmish.
• Iltutmish attacked on Nagda, but defeated by Kshetrapal.
• In 1234 attacked Bhelsa and destroyed the Vijay temple.
• After this, Iltutmish attacked Ujjain and defeated the Parmar ruler Devpal.
Razia
• At the time of Razia, the Yajvpal ruler of Chanderi and Narwar Chahad Dev attacked Gwalior.
Nasruddin mahmood
• During the time of Nasruddin Mahmud, Balban attacked Kalinjar in 1247 and defeated the Baghel
rulers Dalkeshwar and Malkeshwar.
Balban
• In 1250, Balban attacked Malwa and defeated Jaitugidev Parmar, son of Devpal.
Jalaluddin Khilji
• During the time of Jalaluddin Khilji, Alauddin attacked Chanderi and Melsa in 1292.
• In 1294, while returning from the Devagiri campaign, attacked Khandesh and defeated the Chauhan
ruler Ravchand of Asirgarh.
Alauddin Khilji
• In 1305, Ain-ul-Mulk attacked Dhar, the capital of Malwa and defeated the Parmara ruler Mahlak
Dev and killed Harnand Koka, the general of Mahlak Dev.
• Mahalakdev went from Dhar to Mandu but defeated by Ain-ul-Mulk
• After Hammirvarman Chandel, he took over Bundelkhand.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
• The mention of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq is found in the Persian inscription of Batiagarh of 1324.
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Muhammad bin Tughlaq

• In the Sanskrit inscription of Batihagarh of 1328, the name of Mohammad bin Tughlaq, his general
Julachi and local officer Jalal Khoja is mentioned.
• During the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Kamal Singh or Ghatamdev Tomar ruled the Chambal
region.
• He defeated Badra , the Muslim commander of Jaura -Alipura.
• He also attacked Ahmad bin Sher Khan, the fortress of Gwalior, but was defeated and killed in the
battlefield.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq

• At this time the ruler of Chambal was Devvarma.
• Devvarma's successor Vir Singh Dev took control of Gwalior.
Muhammad Shah Tughlaq

• When Vir Singh Dev refused the subjugation of Delhi, Muhammad Shah took him captive.
Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah Tughlaq

• In 1505, the inscription of Sati was received in Damoh district.
• He sent his general Mallu Iqbal to Gwalior but was defeated by Veeramdev, son of Veerasinghdev.
Khizra khan
• In 1416, he sent his Wazir Malik Taj-ul-Mulk to collect taxes from Viramdev.
Mubarak syed
• Captured Gwalior in 1424.
Bahlol Lodi
• In 1465, Jaunpur ruler Hushain Shah Sharqi attacked the Gwalior Fort.
• Kirtisingh Tomar had to sign a treaty with him, due to which Sultan Bahlol Lodi of Delhi got angry
with Kirtisingh.
• Mansingh Tomar had friendly relations with Bahlol Lodi and his son Sikandar Lodi.
Ibrahim Lodi
• Ibrahim Lodi had friendly relations with Vikramaditya, son of Mansingh Tomar.
• He participated in the first battle of Panipat against Babur on behalf of Ibrahim Lodi and was killed.
Independent Muslim Sultanate in Malwa (1401-1562)
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• Two dynasties ruled in Malwa -

1. Ghori Dynasty (1401 - 36)
2. Khilji Dynasty (1436 - 1561)
Ghori Dynasty (1401 - 36)

• It was founded by Dilawar Khan Ghori.
• It’s main rulers are as follows-
a- Dilawar Khan Ghori (1401 - 06)
b- Hoshangshah Ghori (1406 - 35)
c- Muhammad Shah Ghori (1435 - 36)
Dilawar Khan Ghori (1401 - 06)

• He was known as Amin Shah.
• It was appointed by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in his court and named Dilawar Khan.
• Muhammad Shah Tughlaq appointed Dilawar Khan as the Subedar of Malwa.
• Timur Lang defeated the Sultan of Delhi Nasiruddin Mahmud Tughlaq and his general Mallu Iqbal
on 18 December 1398.
• Both of them first took refuge to Zafar Khan in Gujarat and later to Dilawar in Malwa.
• Dilawar Khan's son Alap Khan was angry with his father's behavior and went to Mandu.
• Dilawar Khan declared his independence as soon as the Sultan returned in 1401.
Strenghten the Malwa state by matrimonial relations

1. He married his sister to the Khalji Amir Alishekh Khurd of Malwa.
2. Married his daughter to Nasir Khan who was son of Malik Raja Farooqui, the ruler of Khandesh.
3. Married his daughter to Kadir Khan, the son of Nasiruddin Muhammad, the ruler of Kalpi.
Hoshangshah Ghori (1406 - 35)

• Alp Khan, the eldest son of Dilawar Khan, assumed the title of 'Hoshangshah' and ascended the
throne in 1406.
• He made Mandu his capital enmity with Gujarat
• As soon as Hoshang Shah became the Sultan, Muzaffar Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, attacked Dhar in
1407 AD.
• Muzaffar Shah imprisoned Hoshang Shah by deception and sent him to Gujarat and appointed his
brother Nusrat Khan as the ruler of Malwa.
• The people and the nobles revolted and defeated Nusrat Khan and appointed Hoshang Shah's cousin
Musa Khan as the ruler.
• During this time Hoshang Shah was freed by Muzaffar Shah.
• Hoshang Shah regained the throne with the help of Malik Mugith.
• Hoshang Shah conferred the title of Malik-us-Shark to Malik Mugith.
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• During the Jajnagar campaign of Hoshangshah, Gujarat ruler Ahmed Shah attacked Malwa, on
which historian Farishta has written - the Sultan of Malwa, in front of whom Victory never smiled,
was defeated again.
Other campaigns of Hoshang Shah

• Hoshang Shah defeated Rai Narasimha, the ruler of Kharela (Betul) on the Jajnagar campaign in
1420
• He defeated Bhanudev IV, the ruler of Jajnagar.
Muhammad Shah Ghori (1435-36)

• After the death of Hoshang Shah, his son Ghazni Khan ascended the throne in the name of
Muhammad Shah Ghori.
• He handed over all the powers to Mahmud Khan, the son of Malik Mugith and indulged in luxuries.
• Mahmud Khan got Muhammad Shah killed by giving him poison.
• The Amirs tried to put Muhammad Shah's son Masood Khan on the throne, but Masood Khan fled to
Gujarat due to fear of Mahmud Khan.
Khilji dynasty (1436-1531 AD)
Mahmud Khilji I (1436-69 AD)

• Mahmud Khan became the Sultan of Malwa with the support of his father Malik Mugith.
• He appointed Mushhir-ul-Mulk as his Wazir.
• He honored his father with the highest rank, Azam Humayun.
• His grandfather Alisher Khurd was married to the sister of Dilawar Khan Ghori and his sister was
married to Ghazni Khan (Sultan Muhammad Shah Ghori).
• The king of Mewar wanted Umar Khan, son of Hoshang Shah, to be the ruler of Chanderi.
• Mahmud defeated Rana Kumbha in the battle of Sarangpur and cut Umar Khan's neck and made him
move to Chanderi.
• He defeated Sultan Muhammad Shah Sayyid during the Delhi campaign in 1442.
• Mahmud Khan again fought with Rana Kumbha in 1446, but both sides claimed their own victory.
Rana Kumbha got Kirti Stambh built at Chittor and Mahmud Shah got the tower built at Mandu.
• Mahmud Shah made a treaty with Sultan Qutubuddin of Gujarat in 1452.
• After the death of the Bahmani ruler Humayun, his 8-year-old Nizamuddin Ahmed III was placed on
the throne and the widowed Queen Begum Nargis and minister Mahmud Bhura became patrons.
• Sangram Singh Soni was the treasurer of Mahmud Shah Khilji, who was given the title of Magdul-
ul-Mulk, he wrote a Jain treatise named Buddhisagar.
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• Mahmud Khilji invited famous historian Shihab Hakim from Jaunpur to Malwa. He composed
Mathire Mahmudshahi. Hakim had asked for Mahmud Khilji that he was equal to Jamshed in
kingship, Naushikhan in justice and Hakim in generosity.
Ghiyath Shah (Ghiyasuddin Khilji) (1469-1500)

• Adopted a policy of peace
• Exceptionally attacked Mewar twice and was defeated both times. He handed over his kingdom to
his son Nasiruddin and started spending time with 16 thousand women in the harem. His wife
Khurshid took the side of Alauddin. Nasiruddin killed Alauddin and imprisoned Ghiyasuddin and
Khurshid.
Nasir Shah (1501 - 11)

• Nasiruddin (Abdul Qadir) ascended the throne of Malwa under the name of Nasir Shah. His son
Shihabuddin revolted but Nasiruddin suppressed the rebellion. Nasiruddin nominated his younger
son Azam Humayun as his successor, Mahmud Shah. Jahangir in Tujuke Jahangir has said that Nasir
Shah died by drowning while celebrating Rangrelaya with women in the pool of Kaliyadeh palace.
Mahmud Khilji II (1511-31 AD)

• Mahmud Khilji II was crowned at Bahistpur.
• Mahmud Khilji reappointed Basant Rai, the wazir of Nasir Shah.
• The rebellious nobles killed Basantarai in the open court.
• Iqbal Khan and Mushtaq Khan declared Shihabuddin's son Hoshang Shah as Sultan.
• Wazir Muhafiz Khan freed the Sultan's elder brother Shihab Khan from prison and declared him
Sultan.
• Sultan Mahmud escaped to Ujjain.
• Mahmud Khilji II again ascended the throne of Malwa with the help of Raichand Purabiya
(Mediniray).
• The army of Malwa under the leadership of Medini Rai defeated the army of Sikandar Shah Lodi.
• Mahmud Khilji II went to Gujarat to seek help from the ruler of Gujarat, Muzaffar Shah II, to get rid
of the influence of Mediniraya.
• The combined forces of both attacked Malwa. Medinirai appointed his son Prithviraj in Mandu and
went to King Rana Sanga of Chittor to seek help, but before Medinirai returned, Prithviraj was killed
in the war and Mahmud Khilji II captured Mandu.
• Mahmud Khilji II attacked Gagron, which was under the Medini Rai's son Hemkaran. The combined
army of Rana Sanga and Medini Rai defeated the army of Malwa.
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• Mahmud Khilji II attacked Ratan Singh, the successor of Rana Sanga, but failed to conquer Chittor.
Malwa under Gujarat

• Bahadur Shah ascended the throne after the death of Muzaffar II, the Sultan of Gujarat in 1526.
Mahmud Khilji II had supported Bahadur Shah's brother Chand Khan, so Bahadur Shah captured
Mandu in 1531.
• He imprisoned Mahmud Khilji and his seven sons and sent them to prison in the fort of
Champaner. On the way, Mahmud tried to escape and was killed.
Mughal occupation of Malwa (1535)

• The ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah gives refuge to Amir Mohammad Zaman Mirza, who fled from
the Mughal court, and refuses to return Zaman Mirza despite the request of the Mughal ruler
Humayun.
• In 1535, Bahadur Shah attacked Chittor. Rana Sanga's widow Karnavati was ruling as the guardian
of the young Vikramaditya. Karnavati sent Rakhi to Humayun for help, however, due to not getting
help from Humayun, Karnavati commits Jauhar. Humayun attacks Gujarat and defeats the
commander Tatar Khan.
• In 1535, Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah at Mandsaur and captured Mandu.
• On the return of Humayun, Bahadur Shah again took control of Gujarat and Mandu and appointed
Mallu Khan as the Subedar of Malwa. Mallu Khan runs the administration of Malwa in the name
of Bahadur Shah.
Qadirshah
• After the death of Bahadur Shah in 1537, his successor Mahmud Shah , gave title of Qadirshah to
Mallu Khan .
• Qadirshah re-assigns the fort of Raisen to Silhadi's sons Puranmal and Bhupat.
• When Sher Shah's son Qutb Khan fought with the Mughals, Qadir Shah remained neutral. Qutub
Khan was killed in this war.
Sher Shah's Malwa Conquest

• Sher Shah returned Puranmal to Raisen. Shujaat Khan took control of Malwa without bloodshed,
Sher Shah fraudulently captured the fort of Raisen and killed Puranmal. It is considered a stigma at
career of Shershah.
• Sher Shah's successor Ismal Shah Shujaat Khan was sent from Malwa to Sarangpur. Alidshah Sur
again makes Shujaat Khan the subedar of Malwa.
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• In 1554-55, Shujaat Khan became independent in Malwa, he granted the jagirs of Ashta and
Handia to the eldest son, Bayazid.
Baz Bahadur (1556-61)

• After the death of Shujaat Khan in 1556, Bayazid Khan became the Sultan of Malwa with the title of
Baj Bahadur.
• Baz Bahadur attacks Gond Rani Durgavati, but defeated.
• The Mughal army under the leadership of Adham Khan defeats Baz Bahadur. Roopmati commits
suicide. Baj Bahadur accepts Akbar's submission.
Mandu
Location
• The old name of Mandu is Mandav, which is a village located in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Mandu is situated on the plateau of Malwa.
City of joy
• The atmosphere of Mandu remains blissful due to waterfalls, ponds, temples, mosques, forts, forests,
gardens and palaces, hence it is also called the city of happiness.
Major Attractions in Mandu

• The area of Mandu tourist place is a 45 km. It is surrounded by a long wall, in which there are 12
doors, which are known by different names depending on their directions and uses.
• The main entrance to this area is Delhi Darwaza.
Dhar Fort
• It was built by Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Kamal Moula Masjid

• It is built in Bhojshala building in Dhar. It houses the tomb of Kamal-al-Din-Malvi.
Laat Masjid
• It is located in Dhar.
• It was built by Dilawar Khan Gauri.
Jami Masjid
• The construction work of this huge mosque was started during the reign of Hoshang Shah and this
mosque was completed during the reign of Mahmud I.
Asharfi Mahal
• It is located just opposite to Jami Masjid
• This palace was built by Mohammad Khilji for the madrasa.
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• In this palace, Khilji built a 7-storey high building as a symbol of his victory over the Mewar king,
which was the tallest building in Mandu.
Hoshang Shah's Tomb

• This is the first tomb completely made of marble in India.
• It is a classic example of Afghani craft.
• It was built by Mahmud Khilji.
Jahaj Mahal
• It was built by Sultan Ghiyasuddin Khilji between 1469 and 1500 AD as Antarpur.
• This palace is built in the shape of a ship between two artificial ponds, Kapoor Talab and Munj
Talab.
Tabeli Mahal
• In front of the palace, there is a small two-storey palace, in which the museum is operated.
Hindola Mahal
• Due to the inclined walls of this palace, this palace appears like a swing swinging in the air.
• The construction of this palace started at the time of Hoshang Shah but was completed during the
time of Ghiyasuddin Khilji.
Queen Roopmati's Palace

• This palace was built by Baz Bahadur for Queen Roopmati.
• Queen Roopmati woke up in the morning and used to drink food only after seeing the mother
Narmada, so this palace was built at a height.
• After this Shah Jahan was inspired to build the Taj Mahal in the memory of Begum Mumtaz.
Rewa Kund
• The Rewa Kund was built by Emperor Baj Bahadur for the purpose of arranging regular water
supply for the palace of Queen Roopmati.
Baz Bahadur's Palace

• This palace was built by Baz Bahadur.
Neelkanth Mahal
• This palace was built by the Mughal governor Shah Badshah Khan for the Hindu wife of Akbar.
Literature
• Sangram Singh Soni composed Buddhi Sagar in Sanskrit. At the time of Nasirshah, Nyamatnama
was composed which is related to culinary arts, at the same time Ishwar Suri composed Laltang
Charit in Ujjain and the Jain scholar Shuktikirti composed Premesti Prakash Sara in Mandu.
Navrangs are described in this book.
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• During the time of Nasir Shah, a copy of Vishnupuran was prepared in Rajpur. In Ashta's
Naminath, in 1528, Shripal Charitra, Sudarshan Charitra, Neminatha Purana were composed.
• During the time of Mahmud Khilji, Shihab Hakim composed the Mayire Mahmudshahi.
• During the time of Ghiyasuddin Khilji, Abdullah Shattri wrote a book on philosophy called Lataif-
e-Dhaiwih. Maulana Alimuddin composed Phusus Hikam.
Modern History Of MP
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Mahakoshal Rebellion (1817 -18)

• In 1816, after the death of Raghoji, the Bhonsle ruler of Nagpur, his nephew Mudhoji II Bhonsle
(Appasaheb) became the ruler of Nagpur by killing his son Parasoji.
• Appaji Bhonsle made a subsidiary treaty of Nagpur with the British in 1816, but he did not accept its
humiliating terms.
• On 13 June 1817, the British forced Peshwa Bajirao II to sign a subsidiary treaty.
• Dissatisfied with this, Peshwa Bajirao attacked the British Residency of Pune but was defeated by the
British in the Battle of Kirkee on 5 November 1817.
• On December 31, 1817, there was an encounter between Peshwa Bajirao II and the British at Koregaon
on the banks of the Bhima river, in which the Mahar army of the British defeated the Arab army of
Peshwa.
• On 24 November 1817, with the consent of Peshwa Bajirao II, Appaji Bhonsle with his Arab platoon
attacked the British at a place called Sitabardi in which Captain Sadler was killed but in the end the
British won.
• After the defeat, Appaji Bhosale made a treaty with the British and the areas of Multai, Betul and Berar
were given to the British.
• On 20 February 1818, the war of Ashti took place between Peshwa Bajirao II and the British, in which
Bapu Gokhale, the chief general of Peshwa, was killed.
• On 18 June 1818, Bajirao II surrendered to John Malcolm and was sent to Bithoor.
• Appasaheb continued his rebellion with the help of Chimna Patel
• In the end, Appasaheb took refuge with the ruler of Jodhpur and died at the age of 44.
• After this, the 10-year-old grandson of Raghavji Bhosale was made the ruler of Nagpur and Nagpur
was merged in 1854.
Bhil Rebellion-1818
• In 1818, the Bhils of Khandesh revolted against the British, which was suppressed by repression.
• Revolted again in 1825 under the leadership of Sevaram which was suppressed in 1831
• In 1846, the Bhils of Malwa revolted
• In 1857, the Bhils revolted under the leadership of Bhagoji and Kajar Singh.
Rebellion of Sehore - 1824
• In 1818, the East India Company established a military cantonment at Sehore in agreement with Nawab
Nazar Mohammad Khan of Bhopal and made political agent Maddock in charge of this cantonment.
• Apart from this, rights were also handed over to the princely states of Narsinghgarh, Khilchipur and
Rajgarh.
• Prince Kunwar Chain Singh of the Umath-Parmar dynasty of Narsinghgarh princely state did not
accept this treaty.
• Kunwar Chain Singh killed Diwan Anand Bakshi and Minister Roopram Bohra for being in contact
with the British.
• In order to save him from the charge of murder, the British put a condition to be subjugated and sell
the entire crop of opium, which Kunwar Chain Singh rejected.
• Meddock ordered Chain Singh to reach Sehore on 24 July 1824.
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• Kunwar Chain Singh reached Sehore with 43 soldiers including Diwan Khuman Singh, Himmat Khan
and Bahadur Khan from Narsinghgarh where he had an encounter with the British at Dussehrabagh on
the banks of Lotia river. He died in this encounter
• Kunvarani Rajawat, wife of Kunwar Chain Singh, got the Kunvaraniji temple built in her memory.
• The tombs of Kunwar Chain Singh are located in Dussehra Bagh of Sehore and Chharbagh of
Narsinghgarh.
• Since 2015, the Madhya Pradesh government gives guard of honor every year in his samadhi.
• Qaumi Ekta Diwas is celebrated every year on his death anniversary, 24th July.
• Kunwar Chain Singh is called Mangal Pandey of Sehore.
Bundela Rebellion of 1842
• The princely states of Bundelkhand revolted against the British in 1842, which included the following
princely states.
princely state ruler
Chandrapur Jawahar Singh Bundela
Jaitpur (Belatal) Parikshit (Battle of
Bilgaon, Battle of Bagora)
Madanpur dillanshah
(Narsinghpur)
Hirapur hirdeshshah lodhi
Narsinghpur Meharban Singh
reverberation Rao Vijay Bahadur and his
sons Madhukar Shah and
Ganeshju
Chirgaon Bakht Singh
gudha Vikramjit Singh
dongar Daulat Singh
But Raja Bakhtwali (Hirdesh Shah was arrested) of Shahgarh princely state and Raja Mardan Singh of
Banpur (Lalitpur) (Madhukarshah arrested) and Charkhari princely state supported the British, so this
rebellion was unsuccessful.
Area british agent
Bundelkhand W.H.Slimane
Sagar-Narmada region Charles Fraser
Sagar M. C. Ommani
Bundela Rebellion 1842

• The rebels - Budela, Lodhi, Gond and Kurmi caste.
• The reason for the rebellion-
1. Eviction of zamindars for non-payment of excessive taxes.
2. After the suppression of the Pindaris, the army troops were withdrawn from this area, due to
which the demand for grains was reduced, and the prices of grains fell but the revenue was
increased.
3. Due to the ban on sublet, the zamindars could no longer give their lands on rent to others and if
given, they either lost their lands, or the land was given to the person to whom the sublet
belonged.
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4. The small zamindars who had taken over the hilly areas in the Sagar-Narmada heritage,
exempted them from the process of civil court, but in 1836 they were also brought under civil
court.
5. Insult to the jagirdars.
6. The Afghan War of 1839.
• Background-
Area - Sagar-Narmada Heritage
Leader - Bundele, Lodhi, Gond, Kurmi
• Reason-
1. Zamindari was snatched from the Zamindars due to non-payment of excessive taxes.
2. After the suppression of the Pindaris, the British army was removed from this area, due to
which the prices of grains fell, but the tax increased.
3. Prohibition on sublet – letting of their lands by landlords on rent.
4. To bring the hill area conquered by the landlords under civil court in 1836.
• Insult of Jagirdars- Example
➢ Confiscation of the property of Rao Vijay Bahadur, the Zamindar of Narhat and the lifting of
Nachaniya Sukuniya of Bedni caste from his court.
➢ Raja Jawahar Singh of Chandrapur was accused of theft of animals.
➢ Decree by moneylenders for auction at the house of Thakur Vikramjit of Gudha.
• Immediate reason-
Major Jagirdars involved in the rebellion -
➢ Narhat (Sagar) - Rao Vijay Bahadur
➢ Chandrapur (Sagar) - Jawahar Singh
➢ Hirapur (Narsinghpur) - Herdesah
➢ Jaitpur (U.P.) - Raja Parikshit
➢ Madanpur (Narsinghpur) - Dhillansingh
➢ Chirgaon (U.P.) - Bakhtsingh
➢ Shahgarh. (Sagar) - Bakhtawali (later Betrayal)
➢ Banpur (Chanderi) - Mardan Singh (later Betrayal)
Plan of Rebellion
➢ In 1835, Budhwa-Mangal was organized in Kashi and in this, all the zamindars oppressed by the
British gathered together and revolted.
➢ Inspired by the old age-Mangal celebrations of this Kashi, in 1836, Uttar Pradesh. Budhwa-Mangal
was organized by King Parikshat in K Supa and in this ceremony the landlords decided that Raja
Parikshat of Jaitpur would be our leader.
➢ After this, Raja Parikshat of Jaitpur started collecting the kings of Bundelkhand, as a result, in 1841,
there was a war of Bilgwan (U.P.) between Raja Parikshat and the British.
Great revolution of 1857

• The background of the revolution of 1857
➢ Bellour Rebellion in 1806
➢ Barrackpore Military Mutiny in 1824
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➢ Bundela Rebellion of 1842

➢ In the Bundela rebellion of 1842, the zamindars who had been instrumental in the British had also
become dissatisfied, such as Bakhatwali and Banpura Raja Mardan Singh.
(Note) - Narmada-Sagar region was most active in MP.
Due to the revolution of 1857
1. Political reasons -
(a) The policy of siege - Borren Hastings
(b) Subsidiary Treaty - Lord Bellezley
(c) Doctrine of lapse - Lord Dalhousie
➢ The above policies created dissatisfaction among Indians.
➢ Apart from this, Awadh was merged on the basis of misrule.
➢ The misbehavior by Dalhousie towards the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.
➢ Declaration of Lord Canning - According to which Mughal successors after Fakhruddin (son of
Bahadur Shah Zafar) will have to give up royal title, honor and Red Fort.
➢ After the death of Raja Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi, the adopted son of Laxmibai, Damodar Rao, was
not considered as his successor.
➢ Cancellation of pension of Nana Saheb (Dhondhupant), the adopted son of Peshwa Bajirao II.
2. Administrative reasons -
➢ High posts in the administrative field were reserved for the British, even after getting English
education, Indians could not reach high positions, they had to remain under the suzerainty of the
British.
➢ The position of the zamindars of the Sagar-Narbada region was good in the Maratha
administration, but the arrival of the British caused humiliation to the landlords at various places.
➢ Sagar-Narbada was formed in 1820 and this area was kept under the direct control of the
Government of Calcutta by placing it under the agent.
➢ But later the agent of the Sagar-Narbada region was put under the control of the Lieutenant
Governor of the North-Western Provinces. After some time again it was put under the control of
Calcutta Government. In 1852, its administration was again handed over to the North-Western
Provinces, so people became angry due to lack of administrative stability and changes in the
revenue system.
➢ The British judicial system was also faulty. It was complicated and expensive. People were
annoyed by the imposition of foreign jurisprudence here.
3. Economic reasons -
• When the government established direct relations with the farmers, as a result many jagirdars were
deprived of their posts. 20,000 Jagirs wer
Rise of Nationalism and Freedom Movement till 1920
Congress – 1885
➢ Go Rakshasa Sabha in July 1888 in Nagpur with the efforts of Swami Bridhanand
➢ Nagpur session was held in 1891, its president was Madras lawyer P. Anandacharlu. This is M.P.
The first Congress session was held in
➢ In 1897, the Congress session was held in Amravati, Berar, which was presided over by Sankaran
Nair.
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➢ After the annexation of Berar with the Central Provinces in 1903, there was an expansion of political
consciousness in the Central Provinces.
➢ When the region of Berar was economically prosperous, the political relations here were with the
nationalists of Bombay and Poona.
➢ And many politicians also came to the Central Provinces like - Dadasaheb Khaparde, BS Munje, RN
Mudholkar, Gangadhar Rao Chitnis, Madhavrao-Spray, Vishnudant Shukla etc.
➢ The efforts of these politicians led to the formation of Provincial Congress Committees in the Central
Provinces and Berar, which developed national sentiment in these areas.
➢ There was a lot of influence of Tilak's extremist ideas on the politics of the Central Provinces and
Berar, in 1904 Tilak's extremist ideas had a lot of influence. In 1904, at the Nagpur session of Tilak,
Neelkanth Rao Udhoji, Madhavrao Spray, Dr. BS Munje, Dadasaheb Khaparde etc. of Madhya
Pradesh and Berar went to meet Tilak.
➢ According to the proposal of these people, the Rashtriya Mandal was established to conduct the
national movement and a branch of it was also established in Jabalpur.
➢ The idea of partition of Bengal was suggested to Curzon by Sir Andrew Fraser, the then Cheese
Commissioner of the Central Provinces.
➢ In 1904 Bombay session, which was presided over by Henry Cotton, in this session Dr. Harisingh
Gaur opposed Curzon's University Act and said - "Golden locks have been put on the building of
knowledge, and now they have to be the same. Whoever has the gold key can open it.
➢ According to the Bombay session of 1904, three members from Madhya Pradesh and Berar - RN
Mudholkar, MV Joshi and MK Padhye were taken in the committee to make the constitution of
Congress.
Partition of Bengal - 1905 / Swadeshi Movement
➢ Meanwhile, in 1905, with the efforts of Dadasaheb Khaparde, the Central Provinces and Berar
Provincial Association was established in 1905.
➢ The first conference of the Central Provinces and Berar Provincial Association was held in Nagpur
on 22 April 1805, which was presided over by Dadasaheb Khaparde.
➢ (Note- Chhavjam Dada Saheb Khaparde was known as Deputy Tilak in the Central Provinces)
➢ Publication of Hind Kesari, which was the Hindi version of Tilak's Marathi newspaper Kesari, in
Nagpur to promote the Swadeshi movement and encourage Boycott. It was edited by Madhavrao
Sapre and later by Jagannath Prasad Shukla.
➢ For the expansion of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement -
➢ The third conference of the Central Provinces and Berar Provincial Association was held in Raipur in
1907, presided over by RN Mudholkar. Its reception was presided over by Dr. Harisingh Gaur and
Minister DN Bose.
➢ At the same time, under the leadership of Dadasaheb Khaparde, the extremists urged that the
conference should be started with 'Vande Mataram', which was rejected by Harisingh Gaur and
Mudholkar, then the extremists announced the boycott of the conference, but Ravi Shankar Shukla
made a compromise between the two sides and The moderates were persuaded for Vande Mataram,
but the extremists boycotted the conference and formed their own separate assembly.
➢ Seeing the success of the extremists, in the Congress session held in Madras in 1908, the moderates
passed a resolution to support the Swadeshi movement and to constitute a Legislative Assembly in
the Central Provinces.
➢ This movement came to an end with the arrival of King George V of England in India in 1911 and
the announcement of the end of the partition of Bengal in his Delhi court on 12 December.
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➢ The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1912, giving the Viceroy the right to
establish legislatures in the provinces of all the commissioners.
➢ In 1913, the Legislative Assembly was established in the Central Provinces and Lord Hardinge laid
the foundation stone of the Vidhan Sabha building in Nagpur.
➢ The first speaker of the assembly was done by Benjamin Robertson in 1914. And requested Indians
to participate in the World War.
Home Rule League
➢ Beginnings - Ireland - Concept of Home Rule
➢ Home Rule was started in India by Anvicent and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
➢ Annie Besant - 1915 - Bombay + Madras + India
➢ Bal Gangadhar Tilak - 1916 - Maharashtra + Madhya Pradesh
➢ In the 5th conference of the CP Brar Provincial Assembly in Amravati in 1916, Dr. Harisingh Gaur,
the president of the assembly, demanded colonial Swaraj.
➢ Tilak came to Jabalpur on his way to the Lucknow session of Congress in 1916 and established a
branch of the Home Rule League here.
➢ Dadasaheb Khaparde established a branch of Home Rule in Nagpur.
➢ After the arrest of Annie Besant, Dr. Harisingh Gaur demanded the release of Annie Besant in a
meeting in Nagpur.
➢ The Viceroy took a meeting of the War Council in Delhi in 1917, in which Dadasaheb Khaparde
demanded immediate responsible governance in India.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre-
➢ Pandit Vishnudant Shukla of the Central Provinces renounced the title of Rai Bahadur. And in
protest against this incident, he resigned the membership of the Viceroy's council.
➢ In protest against this incident, in Amritsar in 1919 under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru, Dr.
Harisingh Gaur, BS Munje, Vishnudant Shukla etc. participated in this session from the Central
Provinces.
MP independence movement in (1920-1930)
➢ The Home Rule League was ended on the condition that the British would give rights to the Indians
in self-government after the First World War.
➢ Encouraged by which Indian leaders encouraged Indian youth to join the British Army.
➢ At this time Mahatma Gandhi came to be called British Sergeant. And the British gave him the title
of Kesar-e-Hind.
➢ But after the end of the World War, the Rowlatt Act was passed by the British Government to
suppress Indian independence, which was called the Black Law.
➢ Movements started all over India against Rowlatt Act, the result of these movements was Jallianwala
Bagh.
➢ After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, there was intense resentment towards the Indians and the
British.
➢ To pacify the resentment generated among the Indians, the British government brought the Montagu-
Chelmsford Act, which included the elements of giving accountable government to the Indians.
➢ Indians had rights in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report, but they were few, and Indian leaders were
not satisfied with these rights.
➢ Turkey was defeated by the Allies in World War I, and the post of Sultan of Turkey (Caliphate) was
abolished.
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➢ This caused discontent among Indian Muslims, as a result of which the Khilafat movement started in
India in 1919, which was led by Ali brothers Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
Non-Cooperation Movement
➢ Keeping the above dissatisfaction in mind, Gandhiji wanted to start the non-cooperation movement.
➢ Central Provincial Congress Committee was reorganized on linguistic basis and Hindi Congress
Committee - Jabalpur, Marathi Congress Committee - Nagpur and Berar Congress Committee -
Amravati
➢ In 1920, in Jabalpur, Dr. Harisingh Gaur opposed the non-cooperation movement and said that "the
future of the people of the province was in cooperating in the assembly and not in non-cooperation".
➢ (Dada Saheb Khaparde opposed the non-cooperation movement in -Berar)
The main functions of the movement-
1. Boycott of colleges
2. Boycott of courts by lawyers
3. Use of indigenous goods
4. Boycott of Provincial Assemblies
➢ The session of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sabha was held in Nagpur in 1920, in which it was
decided that the Indian students should boycott the government educational institutions.
➢ For the purpose of education to these students, a National Board of Education was established by the
Congress.
➢ Tilak Vidyalaya was established in Nagpur by the National Board of Education, in 1921 a National
School was established in Raipur.
➢ Boycotting the courts, Raipur's lawyer Ravi Shankar Shukla left the practice. About 63 lawyers from
the Central Provinces advocated and 18 judges resigned.
➢ (note- Seth Govinddas quits as magistrate)
➢ Jamnalal Bajaj set up a fund by donating one lakh rupees to give 100 rupees monthly assistance to
lawyers who quit their practice.
➢ In a meeting of the Congress held in Narsinghpur, the assembly elections were boycotted.
➢ Raipur Municipality has made Khadi uniform mandatory for employees and students.
➢ In 1922, in the Hoshangabad meeting of the Hindi Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee, it was
decided to deposit one and a half lakh rupees for the Tilak Swaraj Fund.
Flag Satyagraha
➢ After the Chauri-Chaura incident, Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years' imprisonment.
➢ Due to the love of Gandhiji, people kept on moving the freedom movement in some form or the
other even in his absence. A link to this movement was the Jhanda Satyagraha, which holds a special
place in the history of the independence movement of Madhya Pradesh.
➢ incident-
➢ After the arrest of Gandhi, the All India Congress Committee constituted a Satyagraha Inquiry
Committee, which was entrusted with the responsibility of touring the country to investigate and
submit its report.
➢ The chairman of this committee, Hakim Ajmal and other members include Motilal Nehru,
Rajagopalachari, Vithalbhai Patel etc.
➢ When the Satyagraha Inquiry Committee reached Jabalpur, according to the proposal of the
Chairman of Jabalpur Municipality, Kanchedilal, the municipality decided to give a certificate to
honor the members of the Inquiry Committee and hoist the national flag on the Municipal Building
Town Hall on this occasion.
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➢ But orders were issued not to hoist the national flag on the public buildings of the Deputy
Commissioner, and the town hall was surrounded by the police.
➢ Accepting this challenge, it was decided to hoist the flag on the town hall, on the same day a huge
public meeting was organized at Tilak Maidan, in which C. Rajagopalachari and Rajendra Prasad
urged the citizens of Jabalpur to come forward to maintain the respect of the national flag. Invited.
➢ On this occasion, Pandit Sunderlal, President of Hindi Central Provincial Congress Committee,
announced a Satyagraha to honor the national flag and at that very moment pledged to stop food,
milk and fruits and any substance made from them until the goal is achieved. Pandit Sundarlal was
called an ascetic because of this promise that he would not accept it.
➢ On March 18, 1923, a procession was taken out under the leadership of Pandit Sunderlal who
marched towards the town hall shouting slogans, the flag of the procession was in the hands of
Vishwabharnath Pandey.
➢ Subhadrakumari Chauhan, Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Chignelal, etc. were included in this procession.
➢ The procession reached the town hall, Premchandra Jain, a young man from Damoh hoisted the flag
on the town hall.
➢ Thus Jabalpur became the first place in the country where the national flag was hoisted.
➢ The Deputy Commissioner of Jabalpur ordered the enraged soldiers to take down the flag
immediately, the soldiers not only crushed the flag but also crushed it under their feet.
➢ Pandit Sunderlal was arrested and imprisoned for six months.
➢ (Chhavjam d. Subhadra Kumari Chauhan was the first woman who was imprisoned in the Jhanda
Satyagraha)
➢ The Jabalpur incident had an impact in the entire Central Provinces and Nagpur Congress Committee
President Jamnalal Bajaj took over the operation of the Jhanda Satyagraha. And in the same way this
Jhanda Satyagraha spread all over the world.
➢ Later on 18th June, Flag Day was celebrated in Nagpur.
➢ Two four-year-old boys named Mohan and Abhimanyu started crying after refusing permission from
Jamnalal Bajaj to participate in the Jhanda Satyagraha in Nagpur, as a result they were included.
➢ Both of them went ahead with a group hoisting the flag and the police brutally beat them up.
➢ Later on, Vallabbhai Patel and Bithalbhai Patel reached Nagpur and after agreement with the
Governor, the Jhanda Satyagraha was abolished.
Civil Disobedience Movement
➢ When Lord Irwin paid no attention to this, Gandhiji passed a resolution for complete independence.
➢ When Lord Irwin did not pay any attention to these conditions, Gandhiji started the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
➢ Gandhiji broke the salt law by making salt on the beach of Dandi, with this the civil disobedience
movement started.
➢ Congress committees were declared illegal with the violation of salt law by Gandhi, they were
converted into war committees.
➢ The Civil Disobedience Movement in the Central Provinces started in two phases, the Salt
Satyagraha and the second Jungle Satyagraha.
➢ The chairman of the Central Provincial War Committee was Seth Govind Das and the minister was
Dwarka Prasad Mishra.
➢ Madhya Pradesh and Berar lacked the natural facility to break the salt law, so to attract the general
public to the movement, reading banned literature, boycotting foreign clothes and goods, khadi
propaganda, taking out silent processions and improving the condition of Harijans should try.
➢ On 6th April 1930, a procession was taken out from Kamaniya Gate in Jabalpur to the historic
Samadhi of Rani Durgavati under the leadership of Central Provincial War Committee Chairman
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Seth Govinddas and Minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra, on the day of violation of salt law by Gandhi.
All the freedom fighters involved in this procession organized at the tomb broke the law by making
salt.
➢ In the meeting of the Raipur Central Political Council on 15 April 1930, Dwarka Prasad Mishra
changed the name of Hindi Madhya Pradesh to 'Mahakaushal'.
➢ On 10 April 1930, Seth Govinddas, Dwarka Prasad Mishra, in a huge public meeting, gave anti-
government speeches and read some fragments of prohibited literature 'English Raj' and illegal poem
'Ranbhari', as a result they were arrested by the British.
➢ Lokmat and Karmaveer daily newspapers also contributed in increasing the civil disobedience
movement in the Central Provinces.
➢ Seth Govind Das and Dwarka Prasad Mishra founded the Tarun Sabha in Jabalpur.
➢ Dwarka Prasad Mishra formed the Hindustani Seva Dal.
➢ During this time, women's society was established in Jabalpur by women activists.
➢ After the arrest of Ravi Shankar Shukla, Seth Govind Das and Dwarka Prasad Mishra, the three
leaders were kept in Seoni, Buldhana, Amravati Jail respectively.
Jungle Satyagraha
➢ During the Civil Disobedience Movement, the government was not arresting the Satyagrahis in
Jabalpur, so Dwarka Prasad Mishra proposed to start the Jungle Satyagraha, but the British arrested
Dwarka Prasad Mishra before the Jungle Satyagraha.
➢ Despite this, the Jungle Satyagraha started rapidly and gradually spread throughout the province.
➢ In the absence of Dwarka Prasad Mishra, M.S.Ane got the credit for launching Jungle Satyagraha.
➢ The Jungle Satyagraha was started on 10 July 1930 under the leadership of Ane in Berar.
Field Leader
➢ Mandla Girijashankar Agnihotri
➢ Seoni Durgadas Singh Mehta
➢ Betul Ghoda-Dongri Ganjan Singh Korku
➢ Seoni's Touria mooka lohar
(Note - On 9 August 1930, the British opened fire during the Jungle Satyagraha under the
leadership of Mooka Lohar at Turia, Seoni. In which Birju Gound, Guddo Bai, Raima Bai and
Pema Bai were martyred.)
Major institutions formed during Jungle Satyagraha-
Name Field
Hindustan Socialist Sagar
Republican Army
Navjawan Bharat Jabalpur
Sabha
Durgasena Sagar
Hanuman vyayam shala Burhanpur and khandwa
➢ Later, on March 5, 1931, an agreement is reached between Gandhiji Irwin, the terms are accepted by
Irwin and thus the civil disobedience movement ends.
Charan Paduka Massacre
➢ Incident site - Charan Paduka (Urmil river bank) Village Singhpur District Chhatarpur
➢ Other names - M.P. of Jallianwala Bagh massacre
➢ Date - 14 January 1931
➢ Incident- People gathered in protest against the arrest of Pandit Ram Sahai Tiwari and Thakur Hira
Singh.
➢ Speaker of the Assembly- Sarju Bhaiya
➢ On the orders of Agent Fisher of Naugaon, Bhil Regiment of Indore fired at Sunderlal, Ramlal,
Halke, Dharamdas etc. 21 freedom fighters etc.
Punjab Fair Massacre (23 July 1931)
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➢ Location- Khandwa Railway Station

➢ Incident - Lt. Haxel was killed by Yashwant Singh of Damoh, railway employee Devnarayan Tiwari
and Dalpat Rao at Khandwa railway station in Punjab Mail going from Delhi to Bombay.
➢ Yashwant Singh and Devnarayan Tiwari were sentenced to death and Dalpat Rao was given the
punishment of black water.
Massacre of Sohaval (10 July 1938)
➢ Location- Hinauta village of Satna district
➢ A general meeting was being organized in the Sehawal princely state to protest against the British
rule. Which was led by Lal Buddha Pratap Singh.
➢ Lal Buddha Pratap Singh, Ramashray Gautam and Madhir Pandey, who were going to attend a
meeting, were shot dead by British soldiers near Majan village.
➢ This incident is also known as Makhan firing.
Tripuri session (29 January 1939)
➢ In the 52nd session of Congress, in the session, Subhash Chandra Bose defeated Pattabhi
Sitaramayya by 203 votes and was elected the President of Congress.
Thauna Lohari shooting (8 February 1939)
➢ Incident- The flag was hoisted at a place called Thauna of Niwari.
➢ The British army fired upon the workers at a place called Lohari.
Individual Satyagraha
➢ Disillusioned with the August resolution, the Congress decided to launch Individual Satyagraha.
➢ It was launched on 17 October 1940.
➢ In this Satyagraha Vinova Bhave was the first Satyagrahi and Jawaharlal Nehru was the second
Satyagrahi.
➢ Babu Govind Das became the first Satyagrahi of the individual Satyagraha in Madhya Pradesh.
➢ Ravi Shankar Shukla also gave his arrest by conducting satyagraha at Mana Camp in Raipur district.
➢ First woman Satyagrahi Smt. Premila who was the first woman Satyagrahi.
➢ Niranjan Singh did Shri Ganesh of "Satyagraha-Camp" on Thursday 5th December at Kareli,
Narsinghpur.
➢ At the same time, in Gadhakota of Sagar, Babulal Jain died in firing by the police while hoisting the
tricolor.
Quit India Movement

Operation zero hour-
➢ Arrest of Bhavani Prasad Tiwari, Kanjilal Dubey, Laxman Singh Chauhan, Narmada Prasad Mishra
on 9 August.
Underground leader
➢ Shriram Sharma Ramanand Mishra in Madhya Pradesh and Berar, Satyendra Prasad Mishra, younger
brother of Dwarka Prasad Mishra.
Other arrested leaders
➢ Arrest of Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla, Dwarka Prasad Mishra Seth, Govind Das while returning
from Mumbai, sent to Buldhana Jail.
Place Martyr Agitator
Jabalpur (in police firing on Gulab Singh
the orders of city magistrate
Devi Bhakt Singh)
Mandala Udaychand Jain
Horse Dongri (Betul) Vishnu Gond
Indore bullion Maganlal Oswal
Breast Padmadhar Singh
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Chinchali Village Rudra Pratap,

(Narsinghpur) Gauribai,
Mansharam
Balasivani (Balaghat) Dasaram
Phulmara
Betul Varsha Gond and
Mahadev Teli
Shivpurwa (Rewa) dineshprasad
pandey
➢ In 1942, M.P. Quit India was started in Vidisha in which the following people were martyred.
Bhopal Jallianwala incident
➢ Incident site - Raisen's Boras village (on the banks of river Narmada)
➢ Event date - 14 January 1949 Makar Sankranti
➢ There was a conflict between Jafar Ali Khan, an officer of the Nawabi Army of Bhopal princely state
and the local people for hoisting the tricolor in Boras village of Raisen.
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Major arts of Madhya

Pradesh
Folk songs
Bundelkhand
Folk songs of Bundelkhand
Alha Devari Fag Hardaul's Suara/Na Jagdev's Bambulia/B

Gayan Gayan manauti urta Puwara holageet/La
gayan mtera song
❖ Alha Gayan -
• Occasion - Usually in rainy season
• Subject - Description of 52 battles of Alha-Udal, the commander of Chandel ruler
Parmardidev
• Community - Alhait
• Singing style - Solo and group
• Instrumental instruments - Nagariya and Dholak
• Prominent personalities - Lallu Bajpai (Alha emperor), Bachha Singh, Gaya Pandey etc.
❖ Hardaul's manauti -
• Occasion - Marriage or auspicious occasion
• Subject - Story of Hardaul's sacrifice and description of Hardaul performing bhaat after
his death
❖ Suata/Naurta -
• Occasion - Sung by young girls during Navratri in Kwar/Ashwin month
• Subject matter - Suata is made from cow dung and soil and sung while worshipping Tesu
and Jhinjhia
❖ Bhola Geet/Bambulia/Lamtera Geet -

• Occasion - On Shivratri, Basant Panchami, Makar Sankranti in Shravan month
• Subject matter - Shiva-Shakti
• Singing style - Question-answer style, man and woman singing while sitting face to face
• Waghyantra - No
❖ Berayat Gayan -
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• Occasion - Religious festival

• Subject matter - Story of Mahabharata
• Special - It is called Bundelkhand's Pandavani, in which the supporting singers give a roar
to take the story forward while supporting the chief. They also speak dialogues in between.
❖ Dewari Gayan -
• Occasion - Diwali
• Theme - Love story of Krishna-Radha
• Singing style - Doha singing style
Baghelkhand
Folk songs of Baghelkhand
Birha songs Videsiya songs Basdev/Sarman Fag songs

songs
Pandvani Siday Bamboo songs Ghotul pata

songs
1- Birha -
• Occasion - It is usually sung in fields, deserted roads.
• Special - It is based on love, in which Birha is sung with a high pitch by putting fingers in the
ears.
• Waghyantra - Generally Birha was sung without Waghyantra.
2- Videsiya Gayan -
• Occasion - It is sung in deserted places, fields, barns or jungles, haars etc.
• Waghyantra - It is sung without Waghyantra.
• Subject matter - Videsiya Gayan is the singing of the meeting of the hero and heroine after Birha.
• Community - Sung by the castes like Gadaria, Teli, Kotwar etc.
3- Basdeva Gayan -
• Occasion - On any occasion
• Singing style - People of Harbol community sing with the idol of Krishna on their head and
yellow clothes and Sarangi in their hands.
• Subject matter - In this, along with the saga of Shravan Kumar, the story of Ramayan, Karna
Katha, Mordhwaj, Gopchandra, Bharthari is sung.
• Wagyantra - Chutki, Paijan, Sarangi etc. are used.
4- Pandavani –
• Sung by the Pradhan branch of the Gond tribe
• Subject matter - In this, the saga of the Pandavas is sung.
• Special - Teejan Bai is related to Pandavani, who received the Padma Shri award in 1988, and
was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2019.
5- Bansgeet -
• This is a women-centric song, which is sung by the people of the Raut caste.
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• Subject matter - The saga of Mordhwaj and Karna.
6- Ghotulpata -
• Occasion - Mainly a mourning song, which is sung on death.
• Subject - Elders of Gond and Muria tribes sing the story of King Jolong Sai.
• Other - Sidev, Faag singing.
Nimar
Folk singing styles of Nimar region
Folk singing styles of Nimar region
Kalgi Sant Nirguniya Nath Masanya/Kayakh Garba-

Turra Singhaj gayan/Naradiy Panthi oj/mourning songs Garbi
singing i a gayan gayan
singing
Faag singing
1- Kalgi Turra Gayan -
• Occasion - Any festival Shakti (Kalgi) and Shiv (Turra)
• Singing style - Competitive singing style (Question - Answer)
• Musical instrument - On the beat of Chang
• Special - Two Khayal singers Tuknagir and Shah Ali Fakir lived in the court of King
Shishupal of Chanderi. Both of them competed, it became difficult for the king to decide
who was the best. Finally, the king rewarded Tuknagir with a diamond studded Turra and
Ali with a pearl studded Kalgi.
• Subject matter - Along with Aanshu poetry, stories from Mahabharat, mythological
narratives and current events are woven into traditional singing through question-answer.
2- Sant Singhaji Gayan -

• Occasion - On any auspicious occasion. Singing style - Individual or group
• Musical instruments - Mridang and cymbals, Ektara
• Special - Dagdu Gappal Jeevanta Khede are the best groups of Singhaji Bhajan style.
• Subject matter - Singhaji's poems written on domestic life, animal husbandry, agriculture.
3- Nirguniya Gayan/Naradiya Gayan -

• Occasion - Sadhu or Bhikshu (Nirguni Saint) on any occasion.
• Subject matter - Verses of poets like Kabir, Raidas, Surdas etc.
• Musical instruments - Ektara, Khadtaal
• Special - Those who sing it generally wear clothes like Narad Rishi, hence it is called
Naradiya Gayan.
• Related person - Prahlad Singh Tipaniya, who was awarded Padma Shri by the
Government of India in 2011.
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4- Nath Panthi Gayak -

• Occasion - On festivals
• Subject matter - Bhajans of Gorakhnath, Bharthari, Kabir
• Musical instrument - Rekdi or Roon-Roon Baja
5- Masaanya/Kayakhoj/Sorrow song -
• Occasion - On the occasion of death
• Subject matter - Singing about immortality of soul and mortality of body.
• Musical instrument - Jhanj, Mridang and Ektara
• Special - In the song, soul is described as bride and body as groom.
6- Garba-Garbi -
• Occasion - Navratri and Krishna Janma
• Musical instrument - Jhanj, Mridang, Dholak etc.
• Garba - It is a women's ritualistic folk singing, women sing Garba songs and also dance on
the beat of clapping.
• Garbi song - Male oriented folk song, it is sung with cymbals and Mridang.
• Gavlan - Male oriented folk song, Krishna Leela song.
7- Phaag Gayan -
• Occasion - Holi
• Theme - Focused on Radha-Krishna's Leelas
• Musical instruments - Mridang, Timki, Manjira
Malwa
Folk Songs of Malwa
Bharathari Turra Kalangi Heed Gayan Relo Geet
Nirguni Sanja Barsaati Warta Bhope

Bhajan Gayan Gayan
Singing
❖ Bharthari singing
• Occasion:- By Nathpanthi community in the morning
• Subject matter:- Story of Bharthari, Gorakh Vani, Kabir Vani, Meera's bhajans,
Gopichand's story.
• Instruments:- Chinkara, Tabla, Sitar
• Singing style:- Solo and group
• Related personalities:- Suruj Bai Khande (Chhattisgarh) (awarded with Ahilya Bai
Samman).
❖ Singing Nirguni Bhajan
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• Occasion:- On any occasion.

• Subject matter:- Kabir's couplets and songs influenced by Kabir's spirituality.
• Singing style:- Collective
• Musical instruments:- Iktara, Manjeera
• Main singers:- Pt Shri Prahlad Singh Tipanaya's group, Kaluram Bamnia and Shabnam
Birmani.
❖ Turra-Kalangi-
• Occasion:- On the occasion of festival, ritual, worship
of Shiva or Shakti.
• Subject matter:- Story of Mahabharata, mythological
story.
• Musical instrument:- Chang
• Singing style:- Do Akhara, Kalgi (Shakti), Turra
(Shiva)
• Main singers:- Shri Mansaram and Shri Sumer Singh
Suman Present- Shivram Kushwaha and Yashwant.
• Note:- Naming after Turvan Giri Gosai and Shahali
Fakir.
❖ Sanja gayan-
• Occasion:- By teenage girls on the occasion of Sanja festival in Pitripaksha.
• Subject:- Making beautiful figures from Sanja Mata's cow dung and flowers and leaves and
singing her song in the evening.
• Musical instruments:- No use of musical instruments.
• Note:- It is called the environment festival of Malwa.
• Singing style:- Collective
❖ Heed gayan-
• Occasion:- Shravan month, Navratri, Gowardhan, Janmashtami
• Subject matter:- Story of Gyaras Mata, subtle description of agriculture.
• Musical instruments:- Dholak and Manjeera
• Singing style:- Group singing
❖ Barsati barta-
• Occasion:- At night during rainy season
• Subject matter:- Ritu Katha
• Singing style:- In Champu poetry style.
• Musical instruments:- Tabla and harmonium
❖ Relo geet-
• Song of Bhil and Korku tribe
• Sung by young men and women.
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❖ Bhope singing-
• By Bhope caste
• Subject matter:- Story of Pabuji ki Pad and Dev Narayan ki Pad.
Folk drama
Folk drama of Bundelkhand
Bundeli Swang Rasleela Ragini Nautanki Akhada
❖ Bundeli Swang -
• Occasion - After harvest, marriage, birthday
• Subject matter - It attacks social and cultural anomalies, such as - satire on religious leaders,
hypocrites, miserly businessmen, superstitious people etc.
• Costumes - Bundelkhandi costumes such as - men wear dhoti kurta and women wear
Ghaghra, Salwar etc.
❖ Nautanki -
• Occasion - On any occasion, artists travel from village to village and perform Nautanki plays
for entertainment.
• Subject matter - Prahlad Katha, Bharthari Emperor Ashoka, Laila-Majnu, Sultana Daaku's
story etc.
• Special - In this, female characters are played by handsome boys.
❖ Akhara -
• Occasion - On the occasion of Vijayadashmi
• Subject - Related to physical feats, bravery and performance
❖ Raasleela -
• Occasion - Krishna Janmashtami
• Subject - Drama on the events like Krishna's birth, butter theft, Kansa's murder etc.
FOLK PLAY OF BAGHELKHAND
Chahur Mansukha Lakdabagga Hingol Zindba (Bahlol)

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1- Chhahur -
• Occasion - From Diwali to Gop Ashtami.
• Community - By Ahir, Teli and Kumhar caste.
• Theme - Presentation of the terror and struggle of the feudal system of Baghelkhand is its main
point.
• Special - In this, the supporting characters act wearing animal masks.
2- Mansukha -
• Occasion - On the occasion of Janmashtami
• Theme - There is a quarrel between Mansukha (jester) and the gopis.
• Special - Mansukha is the Bagheli adaptation of Raas.
3- Hyena -
• Occasion - After marriage
• Theme - A hyena abducts the girl and the girl pleads with him. And later the girl falls in love
with the hyena.
4- Hingola -
• It is a simple and straightforward drama without a stage.
• It involves a banter between two groups through songs. The winning group takes various tasks
from the defeated group.
5- Jindaba -
• Occasion - After the wedding procession leaves, in the groom's house.
• It involves women wearing male attire and is obscene and vulgar.
Folk Dramas of Nimar
Pole Swang Khamram/Rasl Thothya Paati Swang Paanwadi

eela Swang
❖ Gammat:-
• Occasion:- Navratri, Holi, Gangaur festival
• Subject:- To attack contemporary social, political and economic evils in a sarcastic manner.
• Special:- Through Gammat, social evils are revealed to the public in such a way that they laugh
and also start crying in a moment.
• Note:- Along with Nimari language, Hindi and English are also used in Gammat.
• The comedian of Gammat is called Kuthagariya.
• Related personalities:- Shobharam Shasare, Sunil Pandey
❖ Khamba Swang:-
• Occasion- From Navratri of Kwar to Dev Prabodhni Ekadashi.
• By Korku tribe
• Special:- By digging a pillar in the middle of the village which is called Meghanath pillar. In this,
Meghanath is worshipped.
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• Subject matter:- Folktale

Instruments:- Cymbals and Mridangam.
❖ Khamraas/Raasleela
• Occasion:- On the occasion of Krishna Janmashtami.
• Subject matter:- Mainly, the events like Krishna birth, butter theft, Kansa Vadh etc. are
presented in this.
❖ Thothya:-
• Occasion:- It is a drama performed by women after the departure of the marriage procession.
• Dudhiya Sattva, Sira Sattva - Non-vegetarian
• Subject matter:- In this, women imitate men.
• Special:- This drama is full of abuses and obscene talk, so entry of men and children is prohibited
in it.
❖ Pati Swang
• Occasion:- On Gangaur festival
• Subject:- Shiv-Parvati story
• Special:- In this, girls are given the form of Shiv-Parvati. (Completely feminine)
❖ Paanwadi Swang-
• Occasion:- It is played on the second day of marriage.
• Special: - To worship water, she sings abusive songs (Nivaliya) on the banks of a well or river.
Note:- The farce is ended by giving paan to each other.
Folk Drama of Malwa
Maach Ram Dangal Kathputli Gavari Dhola- Bhavai/K

Drama Maru awai
❖ Maach
• Occasion:- Maach begins in the first quarter of the night. Maach performed on the stage, it
is believed to be originated in Ujjain.
• Subject:- An open stage is prepared and stories like Dhola-Maru, Naladmayanti, Heer
Ranjha, Raja Harishchandra, Veer Tejati etc. are also presented.
• Note:- Basically only men participate in Maach, women do not participate.
• Musical instruments:- Dholak and Sarangi
• Notable personalities:- Bal Mukund, Gopal ji etc.
❖ Ram Dangal
• Special:- Ram Dangal is organized in the tradition of Kalgi Turra.
• Description: In this event, two teams engage in a sophisticated and eloquent exchange.
• Main Person: Dharmasan ji
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❖ Kathputli
• Special:- Puppet dance is a style of folk drama. In which different incidents of life are
depicted with the help of wood, thread, doll.
❖ Gavari Natya
• Occasion:- Starts from the second day of Raksha Bandhan and continues for about 40 days.
• Subject:- Enactment of the story of Shiva and Bhasmasur
• Note:- Performed by Bhil tribe, it is also called Meru Natya.
❖ Dhola-Maru
• In this, the story of Dhola-Maru is staged.
❖ Bhavai/Kawai
• Region:- Basically a folk drama of Gujarat, which takes place around Jhabua.
• Subject:- Enactment of events, costumes etc. related to daily life.
Folk Dances
Folk Dances of Bundelkhand
Rai Dance Badhai Dance Dhimaraai Dhobiai/Kana Jbara Saira

da
Baredi/Moniyai/Ahir Rawla Dance Raas Rach Katikiya Dei Devta

ai/Diwari Pai Danda Dance Bandhaya Dance Dance
Diriya/Naurt Bahu Utrai Cheekat Kalash Baba Dance Lakaur

a Dance Dance Dance Dance Dance
1. Rai Nritya -
• Occasion - On prestigious occasions like marriage, Holi, birth anniversary, fulfillment of the
wish of a son etc.
• Dance style – Group dance
• Instrumental instruments – Mridang, Dholak etc.
• Special - The dancer of Rai is called Bedni.
• Prominent personality - Ram Sahay Pandey (Padma Shri - 2022)
2. Badhai Nritya -
• Occasion - Birth, Marriage, Teej, festival, on fulfillment of a wish
• Dance style - Solo and group
• Instrumental instruments - Dholak, Timki, Flute
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• Special - Women and men dance together, everyone stands in a circle and dances, then one by
one they go inside the circle and dance in different postures and when they get tired, other
dancers and dancers take their place.
• Sometimes, elderly women perform Badhai dance in the courtyard of the house for the
prosperity of their lineage on the birth of grandchildren, and distribute gifts.
3. Dhimrai Dance -
• Occasion - On the occasion of marriage and Navratri
• Dance style - Kathak style by the dancer
• Instruments - Mridang, Timki, Dholak, Manjira etc.
• Special - In this, the main dancer tries to explain the songs by gestures while doing footwork like
Kathak.
4. Dhobiayi/Kanada -
• Occasion - Marriage and festivals
• Dance style - By both men and women
• Instruments - Lota and Dholak
• Special - In this, the story of Ganesh and Mother Saraswati is sung.
5. Jawara -
• Occasion - On Navratri
• Dance style - Solo dance by women
• Instruments - Harmonium, Dholak, Cymbals, Manjira etc.
6. Saira -
• Occasion - On Kajli Teej in the month of Sawan
• Dance style - Group dance by men
• Special - This dance is an expression of the joy of sprouting paddy.
o In this, the dancers stand in a circle and dance while singing songs related to Krishna Leelas.
o In this dance, the young men hold a small stick in one hand, and a red rural towel or
handkerchief in the other hand.
• Instruments - Dholak, Nagadia, Cymbals, Mridang, Manjira.
7. Baredi/Moniya/Ahirai/Diwari Pai Danda -

• Occasion - Starts from the second day of Diwali and continues for 15 days.
• Dance style - Solo or sometimes group.
• Musical instruments - Mridang, Dholak, Timki.
• Special - The dancer goes to the house of the person whose cow he grazes to dance and receives
some money as Diwali reward from the cow owner.
• They wear ghungroos in their feet and a long stick in the right hand.
• They have associated themselves with the Leelas and life of Shri Krishna.
8. Rawla Nritya - Dalit caste
9. Raas Nritya - Janmashtami
10. Rach Bandhaya - Performed by the bride's side on the occasion of marriage.
11. Katikiya dance - Dance performed by women on Kartik Snan
12. Dei Devta dance - Dance performed by women during the goddess worship of the bride and
groom
13. Diriya/Naurta dance - Navratri
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14. Bahu Utaraai dance - Marriage

15. Cheekat dance - Occasion of marriage
16. Kalash dance - Popular among the Nat caste
17. Baba dance - Wedding dance/by women
18. Laakaur dance - On the occasion of marriage by the Kushwaha caste
Folk Dances of Baghelkhand
Rai Bichi Daugra Dadar Gudumbaja Kalsa Sua Kehra

Dance Dance Dance Dance Dance Dance Dance Dance
Kemali
❖ Kalsa Nritya- Dance
• The tradition of dancing by keeping a pot on the head to welcome the wedding procession.
• Like the Kabai dance of Gujarat, it is also performed by keeping 7 pots on the head.
❖ Kemali Nritya-
• It is also called Sajan-Sajni Nritya.
• In Kemali Nritya, both men and women dance in a group very fast while singing in the style
of Sawal-Jawab.
❖ Dadar Nritya-
• Occasion- On happy occasions
• Community- Especially famous among Kol, Kotwar, Kahar castes.
❖ Daugra-
• Occasion- Rainy season
• To call rain by unmarried girls.
❖ Kehra Nritya-
• Dance performed by the Behra caste on the song Kehra.
• Note- Women and teenage girls of Gond caste form a circular group and clap while addressing
the parrot.
❖ Beechi dance-
• Male dominated dance of Ahir caste in Baghelkhand
❖ Gudumbaja dance-
• Performed by Siya caste.
❖ Kali dance-
• It is similar to Jawara dance
❖ Rai-
• Men dance in women's attire.
Folk dances of Nimar region
Gangaur dance Indore:Kathi

3rd Floor, Sundaram Complex, Bhawar
Fefariya Kuan Indore (M.P.) cont.
Mandalya us 9893442214,
Danda 71
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dance/Antya
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Aada-Khara
dance
❖ Gangaur Dance -
• Literal meaning - Gan (Shiva) Gauri (Parvati)
• Occasion - During the 9 day long Gangaur festival in the month of Chaitra
• Dance style - Collective - In the month of Chaitra, Gangaur Devi (Parvati) is installed and
women dance collectively.
• There are two types of dance -
1- Jhalriya - Women and men in separate groups sing Jhalriya songs while bending forward
and backward or dance in a circle-
2- Jhela - In this, Ranubai and Dhaniyar dance by keeping the Sun God's chariot on their
heads.
• Musical Instruments - Dhol and Thali
• Related Persons - Shri Prabhakar Dubey, Hiralal Saad, Sadhana Upadhyay
❖ Kathi Dance-
• Occasion - From Dev Prabodhini Ekadashi to Mahashivratri
• Dance Style - By the men of Balahi Harijan Samaj, wearing a 'Dhaank' musical instrument
tied around their waist, Kathi dancers go from house to house dancing while telling stories.
• Musical Instrument - 'Dhaank'
• Not- The worshipper of Kathi Mata is called Rajulla
• Subject Matter - Singing of Kathimata (Parvati) Harishchandra, Suriyalo, Goden Nagar etc.
❖ Fefaria-
• Occasion - On the occasion of marriage
• Musical Instrument - Fefaria, which is a type of flute whose sound is like that of Shehnai.
• Dance Style - Traditional dance performed by men and women in pairs in a circular pattern.
❖ Mandlya-
• Occasion- In the open courtyard on the occasion of marriage.
• Musical instrument- Dholak.
• Dance style- Feminine, in which women dance to the beat of drums. As the speed of the drum
increases, the dance also increases at the same speed.
• Men play the drums, the brass plate makes it more exciting.
❖ Danda Naach/Antya Naach-
• Occasion- Performed in the months of Chaitra, Vaishakh, especially on the festival of Gangaur.
• Musical instrument- On the rhythm of Dholak.
• Dance style- Male dominated dance, in which 20-25 male dancers dance collectively, the dancer
has a stick in both hands, the dancers turn around to the rhythm of Dholak and make the sticks
in their hands fight.
❖ Aada-Khada Naach-
• Occasion- On the occasion of marriage, birth, tonsure
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• Instrumental instruments- Dhol and Thali

• Dance style- Women dance by putting a cloth on their head, bending and moving their hands
and knees, songs are also sung in Khada Naach, which is in the form of a debate.
➢ Others- Kanha Guwalia, Chhatri, Danda/Antya Naach
Folk Dances of Malwa
Matki PatangDance Fundi Garba Garbi Gair Tutiya/Nakto

ra
Rajbadi/ Aada-Khada Phool-Paati
❖ Matki -
➢ Occasion - On the occasion of marriage, dominated by women
➢ Musical instrument - Dhol (Matki)
➢ Special - In the beginning, only one woman performs the dance, which is called 'Jhela'.
Gradually more than one woman participates in it.
❖ Rajbari/Aada-Khada Dance -
➢ Occasion - On the occasion of marriage, dominated by women
➢ Musical instrument - Dholak
➢ Special - It is performed bending, standing, holding the pallu of the saree.
❖ Phool-Paati Dance -
➢ Occasion - It is associated with Dashain festival, which is celebrated for fifteen days.
• 7th day is called Phool-Paati.
➢ Musical instrument - Beat of drum
❖ Gair Dance -
➢ Occasion - On Holi (Rangpanchami)
➢ Special - Holkar dynasty dance, held in Indore
Folk painting
Paintings of Bundelkhand
Doj-Putalia 73
Naurate/Navrat
Suraiti 7970002214 Godhan-
Gwalior: Infront Mamuliya
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Gowardhan
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1- Chowk -
• Occasion - Auspicious occasion
• Special - Made from flour, turmeric, kumkum
2- Suraiti Chitra -
• Special - On the occasion of Diwali, pictures of Goddess Lakshmi are engraved.
3- Mamuliya/Bambuliya -
• Occasion - Navratri
• Special - A thorny branch of plum or acacia is taken and placed in a place that has been plastered
and sanctified.
• After placing the thorny branch, it is decorated and all kinds of flowers are put on all the thorns.
4- Morte/Mordula -
• Occasion - Marriage occasion
• Special - Paintings made on both sides of the main door of the house
5- Naurate/Navrat -
• Occasion - Navratri
• Special - Wall painting made by unmarried girls during Navratri, it is made from clay, ochre,
turmeric etc.
6- Mor-Muraile/Morila -
• Occasion - Deepawali
• Special - Peacock pictures are made on the walls on Deepawali.
7- Godhan/Govardhan -
• Special - Govardhan is made from cow dung.
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Paintings of Baghelkhand
Angarohan/Dahengar/Ba Mordala (Peacock- Kohvar Tilanga Chathi Naeura

rayan Mural) Chitra Nam
❖ Angarohan/Dahegar/Barayan- Paintin
• Made in the bridal mandap on the occasion of marriage.
❖ Moraila/Mor-Muraila-
• Mor paintings of peacocks on the walls on Diwali.
❖ Kohbar-
• On the occasion of marriage.
• Make Paintings of dolls, which are worshipped by the bride and groom.
❖ Chathi Chitra-
• On the sixth day of the birth of a child, a wall painting of Chathi Mata is made and
worshipped.
❖ Tilanga-
• Morning painting made by mixing sesame oil in coal.
❖ Naeura Namhe-
• Made and worshipped by married women on the ninth day of the month of Bhadrapad.
Nimar painting
Jiroti Erat Navrat Pagalya Thapa Mordha

a n
Kanchaali Bharna
Nag mural
❖ Jiroti-
• Occasion:- Hariyali Amavasya of the month of Savan
• Specialty:- The wall is painted with ochre colour and a picture
of Jiroti Mata is drawn in yellow colour. Jiroti is also revered
in Nimad as the goddess who protects children. Therefore, a
child is also drawn with every figure.
• Pictures of the sun, moon, nose ring etc. are also drawn.
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❖ Erat-
• Occasion:- Marriage
• Special:- On the occasion of marriage, a picture of the Kuldevi is
drawn and worshipped.
❖ Nag wall painting-

• Occasion:- Nag Panchami
• Special:- A snake is drawn in the middle of the picture. Along with the
snake, a cup of milk, Kalbelia (snake charmer), scorpion etc. are also drawn.
❖ Pagalya-
• Occasion:- On the birth of a child.
• Sprcial:- In this, footprints of the child are made.
❖ Thapa-
• Occasion:- On Seli Saptami or Dussehra
• Special:- Thapa of turmeric, geru, cow dung etc. on the wall.
❖ Navrat-
• Occasion:- On Navratri
• Special:- Pictures of Navadurga are carved with clay, ochre,
turmeric by unmarried girls.
❖ Kanchali Bharna-
• Occasion:- Wedding occasions.
• Special:- The groom fills Kanchali with gulal on the bride's head.
❖ Mordhan
• Occasion:- Diwali
• Special:- Pictures of peacock are made on the wall.
Folk Paintings of Malwa

➢ In the traditional paintings of Malwa, wall paintings are made on Hariyali Amavasya,
Nagpanchami, Deepawali, Dussehra, Janmashtami etc.
Chitravan Mandana Sanja Nagachitra Savanahi Diwasa
❖ Chitravan -
➢ On the occasion of marriage (made with clay colours)
➢ Chiteras make figures on the walls.
➢ Figures - Sun, moon, mountain, forest.
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❖ Mandana -
➢ On normal occasions
➢ Made by women on the floor and walls of the house
❖ Sanja -
➢ During Sanja festival
➢ Made by teenage girls on the wall with cow dung, flowers and leaves
❖ Nagchitra -
➢ On Nag Panchami
➢ Snake picture made.
❖ Savanahi -
➢ On the occasion of Hastalika in Shravan
➢ Made of cow dung
❖ Divasa -
➢ On Diwali
➢ Painting on walls and courtyard
➢ Apart from this, printing with natural colors on clothes, figures made on wood, tattooing etc. are
popular in Chhipa craft.
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Architecture in Madhya Pradesh

In the context of architecture in Madhya Pradesh, information is available about Maurya
Empire, Shunga, Kanva, Kushan, Gupta rulers from the second century BC. In Madhya Pradesh,
the architecture of Kalchuri, Chandela, Parmar, Kachchhapaghata, Gurjar Pratihara, independent
Muslim rulers, Gond dynasty, Tomar, Baghel, Bundela, Scindia, Holkar can be particularly seen.
Mauryan architecture in Madhya Pradesh:-

• Mainly Buddha era stupas were constructed during the Mauryan era. Which are as follows:-
Mahastupa of Sanchi:-
• Location:- Sanchi, Raisen
• Construction:- From 3rd century to 9th century (by Ashoka).
• Discovery:- 1818 (by General Taylor).
• Other names:- Kakanadbot, Botashree Parvat,
Kakanav/Kakanaya, Srimahavihar, Vedisgiri, Chetiyagiri etc.
• Restoration:- Done by Shahjahan Begum in 1919-20 under the
direction of Sir John Marshall.
• Other facts:- Originally made of brick, in which the bones of
Mahasthavir, Mahamod, Glyan and Sariputra are kept.
Features:-
• Diameter of Mahastupa:- 36.60 meters, Height:- 16.46 meters
• Shape:- Circular (Vedic altar is built all around it.)
• Artwork:- Buddhist Jataka story, animals and birds, social life have been engraved.
• 3 circular Medhis have been built. That is why it is called Trimedhi Stupa.
• Stairs have been built to reach the Medhis.
• The egg has been made of soil and gravel.
• The horizontal part above the egg has been surrounded by a square altar and given the form
of a harmika.
• The bones of Sariputra and Mahamodgalyana are kept in the central part of the harmika.
Buddhist Stupa of Ujjain:-

• Construction:- by Maurya followers
• Expansion:- Shri Devi (wife of Ashoka)
• Other names:- Vaishya Tekri Excavation:- M.G. Gadre
(1938-39)
Bharhut Stupa:-
• Construction:- by Maurya rulers Circular
• enclosure:- 100 meters (approximately) Construction of
Vedika and Torana gate- during Shunga period.
• The altar and archway are decorated with sculptures.
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Satdhara Buddhist Stupa

• Location: Raisen District (on the banks of Halali River)
• Discovery: Alexander Cunningham (1853)
• Total Stupas: 40, Total Viharas 17
• Construction: Mainly by bricks.
• Diameter: 34 meters, Width: 12.55 meters.
• Other facts:- Evidence of Medhi, Vedika, Harmika is found.
• Stone and soil were used for this.
• Presently it is in a dilapidated condition.
Buddhist Stupa of Andher

• Location: A place called Andher in Vidisha district.
• Simhashirsha- Symbol of Bodhi tree with Chakra pillar, Hasti
and canopy.
• Dia:- 35 feet (approximately)
• Vishal is surrounded by four walls.
• It is built on a 4 feet high platform.
Buddhist Stupa of Deur Kothar

• Location: Teondhar Tehsil of Rewa
• Construction: 3rd century (by brick, stone, soil)
• Diameter: 143 feet, Height: 11.07 meters.
• Lotus, Ghata-Pallava have been engraved.
Sonari Stupa
• Location: Raisen (near Sanchi Stupa)
• Relics: Teeth of Buddha have been found.
• Remains of 8 stupas have been found.
Gupta period architecture in Madhya Pradesh
• During this period, Buddhist stupas, temples, cave paintings, sculptures etc. were established
in Madhya Pradesh, which are as follows:-
Tigwan Vishnu Temple:-
• Location:- Tigwan village of Katni district/Jabalpur.
• Structure:- 22 feet square, 8 feet diameter
Features:-
• The entrance gate with pillars leads to the mandap.
• Makar Vahini Ganga Kachhapvahini Yamuna is engraved in
the entrance gate.
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Nachna-Kuthar Parvati Temple:-

• Location:- Panna district
• Construction:- 5th century
• Structure:- 25 feet square.
Features:-
• The gate is decorated during Gupta period.
Bhumra Shaiv Temple

• Location:- Satna district
• Unique one-faced Shivalinga present at this location.
• Structure:- Garbhagriha is square, and a brick made
platform is situated.
• Special:- Construction evidence by Naga ruler Bharshiv
has been identified .
• Statues of Balaram, Lord Vishnu, Saraswati Devi have
been found from here.
Mahua's Shiva Temple

• Location:- Khania Dhana Tehsil of Shivpuri district.
Speciality:-
• It is an east facing decorated ancient Shiva temple.
• Statues of Ganga-Yamuna are situated at the door.
• Special:- An inscription of Gurjar Pratihara ruler Raja
Vatsaraja has been found.
Major inscriptions of the Gupta period

Mandsaur inscription
• This inscription is in the form of a eulogy.
• Sanskrit scholar Vatsabhatti composed it.
• This inscription mentions the construction of a Sun temple.
• Governor Bandhuvarma is mentioned in this inscription.
Sanchi inscription
• This inscription is of Gupta Samvat 131-450 AD.
• This inscription mentions Hariswamini donating money to the
Arya Sangha here.
Tumen inscription
• This inscription is located in Ashoknagar district.
• This inscription describes the king as the autumn sun.
• This inscription gives information about the rule of Kumargupta I.
• According to the inscription, after the death of Kumargupta I, the reins of the Gupta Empire
came into the hands of his son Skandagupta.
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Supia inscription
• This inscription was found from a place called Supia in Rewa district.
• In this, the genealogy of the Guptas is found from the time of the Gupta ruler Ghatotkacha
and the Gupta dynasty has been called Ghatotkacha.
Eran inscription
• Toramana's Varaha statue, Eran inscription and Mihirkul's Gwalior inscription show the
presence of Huns.
Gurjar Pratihara period architecture in Madhya Pradesh

• Mandapika form developed during this period. And temples of Nagar style and Pancharath
style can be seen.
→ Temple with Vaman Lalit Shikhara
→ Temple with star-shaped ground plan
Genres
→ Temple with Shal Shikhara or Vallabhi
→ Temple with Phansana Vidhi (conical shape)
Nareshwar Temple Group

• Location: Morena District Presently there are 23 temples.
• There are temples of Lord Shiva and Har Siddhi Mata.
• Gopadri sub-style is seen.
Teli Ka Mandir
• Location: - In Gwalior Fort
• Style: - Built in Nagara style
• Construction: - Pratihar king Mihir Bhoj (9th century)
• Naming - Due to collection of money by traders. Ardhamandap and
rectangular sanctum sanctorum can be seen.
• Height:- 30 meters.
Bateshwar Temple Group

• Location: Morena (Padhawali Village)
• Construction: 6th-9th century
• Features: Square sanctum, Trirath Yojana, dwarf peak
• Special: Chausath Yogini Temple is the most famous.
Chausath Yogini Temple:-

• Construction:- By Kachhapghat King Devpal.
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• Location:- Morena
• Shape:- Round
• Shivlingas have been installed in 64 rooms.
• British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens designed the
architecture of the Parliament House based on this.
• It has been declared as National monument.
Chaturbhuj Mandir
• Location: Gwalior Fort (near Hathidwar)
• Based on Panchang plan.
• Idols found: Vishnu, Trivikram, Kartikeya
• Constructed: Mihir Bhoj's state official named Alla.
• This temple is situated in Khur, It is fitted with bonds
like Kumbha, Kalash etc.
• The Shikhara is built on Pancharath plan.
• Garbhagriha: Square, Garuda figure is inscribed on the
frontal image.
Chausath Yogini Temple

• Location:- Bhedaghat (Jabalpur)
Features:-
• Granite stone was used.
• It is the abode of 64 Yoginis Shakti along with Maa Durga.
• Structure:- Circular
• Diameter:- 131 feet
• Statues of Lord Shiva, Parvati etc. can be seen.
Shiva Temple of Nohta
• Location:- Damoh
• Construction:- 10th Century
Special Features:-
• Panchrath Garbhagriha, decorated Shikhara.
• The idol of Gajalakshmi has been installed.
Parmara period architecture in Madhya Pradesh

• In this period, forts, lakes, temples etc. were constructed. Samrangan sutradhar is a Shilpa
Shastra, in the 65th chapter of which we get information about the Bhumij style of temple
construction of this period.
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Nilkantheshwar Temple
• Location:- Vidisha (Udaipur)
• Construction:- King Udayaditya (1050-1080 AD)
Specialties:-
• Built in Bhumij style.
• Roof construction- Samvarna style
• Large sized Shiva idols are found.
• Decorated with ornamentation
Shiv Temple of Bhojpur

• Location - Raisen (Bhojpur)
• Construction - King Bhoj
• Structure - Square, Length, 113 feet, Width - 82 feet
• Specialties - Huge Shivalinga is present.
• Other facts - It is called the Somnath of Central India.
Balleshwar Temple
• Location - Khargone (on the banks of Narmada)
• Shape - Square
• Style - Pancharath
• Construction - Vallabh, son of Udayaditya (Information inscription)
• Other temples - Mahakaleshwar, Hatkeshwar, Omkareshwar, Mamleshwar etc.
Chandela period architecture in Madhya Pradesh
Khajuraho Temples -
• Construction - 950-1050 AD (by Chandela rulers)
• Construction style – Nagar style
• Information - First described by Alberuni and Ibn Batuta
• Total temples - 85 (currently 22 are remaining)
• Special - Included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
• Division - Western, Eastern, Southern Temple Group
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Khajuraho Group of Temples
Western Group of Temples Eastern Group of Temples Southern Group of Temples
→ Kandariya Mahadev → Parshvanath → Dulhadev Temple

Temple Temple → Chaturbhuj Temple
→ Chausath Yogini → Ghantai Temple → Vaidyanath Temple
Temple → Adinatha Temple
→ Chitragupt Temple → Jawari Temple
→ Vishwanath Temple → Shantinath Temple
→ Laxman Temple → Vaman Temple
→ Matangeshvar Temple → Brahma Temple
→ Varaha Temple
→ Jagdambi Temple
Eastern Temple Group -

1. Parshvanath Temple -
▪ Construction - 950-970 AD
▪ Dedicated to Jain Tirthankara
▪ Idol - Bahubali
▪ Life size statues are installed - Yemen, Nar-Naari, Varaha etc.
2. Adinath Temple
▪ It is a beautiful temple of Nirandhar style.
▪ Its peak is the most protected.
▪ 16 statues of Jains are installed.
▪ Only the sanctum sanctorum and the porch of this temple remain.
3. Ghantai Temple
▪ Named because of chains and bells
▪ Related to Jainism
▪ Idol: - Chakreshwari Devi
▪ Construction: - 10th century
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4. Jawari Temple
▪ Construction: - 1075-1100 AD
▪ Dedicated to Lord Vishnu
▪ Style:- Nirandhar
▪ Statues of Navagraha are situated.
5. Vaman Temple
▪ Construction:- 1050-1075 AD.
▪ Dedicated:- Vamavatara
▪ Style:-Saptaratha
▪ Ornamentation:- By Chaitya-shaped arch.
6. Brahma Temple
▪ Construction:- 900 AD.
▪ Granite, sandstone were used.
▪ Dedicated:- Lord Vishnu.
Western Temple Group:-

1. Kandariya Mahadev Temple:-
▪ Built:- 1000-1050 AD
▪ It is the most magnificent temple of this group.
▪ Dedicated to:- Lord Shiva
▪ It is built on a platform with sandstone.
▪ The mandap resembles a cave.
2. Sixty-four Yoginis
▪ It is the oldest temple of Khajuraho.
▪ Built:- By Rough granite
▪ It is near the Shiv Sagar lake.
▪ 64 small temples are arranged in a perimeter.
3. Chitragupta Temple
▪ Built:- 1000-1025 AD
▪ Dedicated to:- Sun God
▪ Idol:- Riding on a chariot with seven horses
4. Vishwanath Temple
▪ Built in Panchayatan style.
▪ There is a fully developed temple like:- Entrance Mandap, Gavaksha Yukt Mandap,
Garbhagrah etc. are situated.
▪ Construction :- Dhang
5. Lakshman Temple
▪ Construction :- 984 AD. (By Yashovarman or Lakshman Varman)
▪ Dedicated:- To the Baikuth form of Lord Vishnu
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6. Matangeshwar Temple
▪ Built by sandstone on a high platform.
▪ Dedicated:- Lord Shiva.
7. Other temples
▪ Varaha Temple, Nandi Temple, Parvati Temple, Jagadambi Temple, Shiva Temple.
Southern Temple Group

1. Dulhadev Group
▪ Dedicated to Lord Shiva
▪ Statue:- Made of Ashtadhatu, seated on Makar.
▪ This temple is situated in a continuous chain group.
2. Chaturbhuj Temple –
▪ Erotic statues have been installed.
▪ The idol of Vishnu's Narasimha avatar is prominent.
▪ Shikhara - is simple and solid.
3. Vaidyanath Temple -
Kachhapaghata period architecture in Madhya Pradesh
During the reign of this dynasty, temple architecture developed extensively in the Gopanchal region.
Evidence of this has been found from places like Gwalior, Sihoniya, Dubkund, Dhanacha and Chent.
Kakanmath Temple of Sihoniya -

 Location - In Morena district
 Dedicated to - Shiva-Parvati
 Built - Kirtipal (1015-1035 AD)
 Other name - Kokanmath (by Alexander Cunningham)
Features -
✓ It is the tallest temple in the Gwalior region.
✓ Height - 100 feet
✓ Situated on a platform.
✓ Idols - Shri Ganesh, Brahma, Shiva, Kartikeya, Vishnu
✓ Sanctum sanctorum - Panchshakha (with five branches)
Temple of Sas-Bahu
 Location - Inside Gwalior Fort
 Construction - Mahipal (foundation stone - laid by Padmapal)
 Dedicated to - Lord Vishnu
 Other name - Sahastra Bahu
Specialty -
✓ Built on a high platform.
✓ Mukha mandap is situated in three directions.
✓ Sanctum sanctorum - Panchshakha (with five branches)
 Special - In the inscription situated in the temple premises, Vaikunth (Vishnu) has been
addressed as Shripati and Aniruddha as Ushapati.
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Tomar period architecture in Madhya Pradesh

In this period, mainly rock-cut was developed. Other information is as follows -
Mansingh Temple -
 Location - Inside Gwalior Fort
 Constructed - Mansingh Tomar
 Speciality -
✓ Divided into 2 parts.
✓ It has an auditorium for dance and music.
✓ Figures - Makar, swan, elephant, lion, peacock, pigeon
etc.
✓ The latticed carving is called Gwaliori Jhilmili.
 Speciality - Cunningham considered it the best example
of Tomar period architecture.
Gujari Mahal -
 Location - Gwalior
 Constructed - Mansingh Tomar (for wife - Mriganayani)
 Speciality -
✓ A dome-shaped turret is built on the outside.
✓ A huge auditorium is located.
✓ Elephant figures are made at the entrance.
✓ Sutradhar - Gargi and Gunadas (Information - Chitaicharit)
 Other facts -
✓ Major B.J. Kamath praised its architecture.
✓ Currently, the museum of M.P. State Archaeology Department is located in this palace.
Vikram Mandir -
 It is located in Gwalior Fort.
 It was the palace of King Vikramaditya Tomar.
 Information - Babur praised it in Baburnama.
Gonda period architecture in Madhya Pradesh
Singorgarh -
 Location - Damoh (on a hill in Sangrampur)
 Construction - Rajaven
 Restoration - Sangramshah
 An artificial reservoir is situated in it.
 Sangramshah's son later made Singorgarh the capital.
Garha -
 Location - Jabalpur
 Sangram Sagar, Bhairav Temple, Madanmahal, Panchamatha etc. are situated in its premises.
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 Construction - Sangramshah
 At present, this fort has been completely destroyed.
Chauragarh -
 Location - Narsinghpur (Narmada bank) Chauragarh site
 Construction - Sangramshah
 Rewakund and Pyramid Temple are situated in the premises.
 Later, it became the capital of Queen Durgavati
Ramnagar -
 It was built by Gond King Hridayshah.
 Location - Mandla district
 In 1651-52, Hridayshah made it the capital of Garha Mandla.
 Complex - Motimahal, Vishnu temple, Bhagwatrai palace, Dal-Badal palace are situated.
 Idols - Vishnu, Shiva, Ganesh, Durga
 Begum Mahal is situated at a little distance.
Mandla -
 The fort was built on an artificial island in the Narmada river.
 The Narmada flows in a coiled form.
Architecture of the period of independent Muslim Sultanate in Malwa

The palaces, mosques, gates etc. located in Mandu and Dhar are the main architectures of this
period.
Jami Masjid -
 Location - Mandu (Dhar)
 Construction - Started by Hoshang Shah, completed by
Mahmud Khilji
 Speciality - Huge dome, stairs going down from the entrance
 Other facts -
✓ Sir John Marshall called Jami Masjid a great construction of
Indian architecture.
✓ Fegurson - Called it a famous building of the Middle Ages in grandeur and simplicity.
✓ It is said to be a replica of the mosque located in Damascus, the capital of Syria.
Tomb of Hoshang Shah -

 Location - Mandu
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 Construction - Mahmud Khilji I

 Speciality -
✓ Huge dome
✓ Made of marble
✓ Situated on a platform.
✓ The entrance is in the south, there is a half-bloomed lotus on
top.
✓ It is a new construction style.
 Other facts -
✓ It was the first tomb in India which was made completely of white marble.
✓ It is considered to be the predecessor of Taj Mahal.
Asharfi Mahal -
 It is right in front of Jami Masjid in Mandu.
 Construction - From Hoshang Shah to Mahmud Khilji
 In the complex - Madarsa, Mahmud Khilji's tomb, Vijay Stambh.
 Green marble was used.
Hindola Mahal and Jahaz Mahal -
 Construction - Hoshang Shah Gauri and Mahmud Khijli I
 Style - Based on classical craftsmanship
 Shape - Similar to English letter T (Hindola Mahal)
 Other facts -
✓ Jahaz Mahal was the culmination of the classical era of
Malwa's architectural style.
✓ Two-storeyed, located on the banks of Kapoor reservoir.
✓ Sandstone and glazed tiles were used.
✓ Other palaces - Baz Bahadur Mahal, Rani Roopmati
Mahal etc.
Muslim architecture in Nimad -
Badshahi Fort -
 Location - Burhanpur
 Construction - Farooqi Sultan Adil Khan II
 Later, Malik Nasir built his palace.
 It is situated on the banks of Tapti river.
 A garden is situated in it.
 A 3 m wide wall has been built for security. (Called Naugazi.)
 Special - William Finch wrote in its praise.
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Bibi Ki Masjid -
 Location - Burhanpur (Itwara area)
 Construction - By Begum Rukaiya of Farooqi Sultan Adil
Khan III (1509-1528 AD)
 The tombs of Miran Bahadur II, Ali Khan Adil Shah etc.
are situated here.
 The tomb of Ibrahim Sattari is also situated here. Others -
Farooqi Idgah, Jama Masjid (Burhanpur)
Mughal architecture in Madhya Pradesh

1. Aahukhana - Burhanpur (built by Akbar's son Daniyal)
2. Akbari Sarai - Burhanpur (Thomas Roe had given its description)
3. Water supply system - Burhanpur (constructed - Abdur Rahim Khankhana)
✓ Underground water source stopped at 3 places - Khooni Bhandaara, Sukha Bhandaara,
Chintaharan Bhandaara.
✓ Built for water supply
4. Mumtaz's tomb - Burhanpur
5. Raja's chhatri - Burhanpur (Mirza Raja Jai Singh)
6. Shah Shuja's tomb - Burhanpur (Shahjahan's son)
7. Shahzada Parvez's tomb - Jahangir's son (Burhanpur)
8. Shahnawaz's tomb
9. Ghosa Bara's Sarai and Mosque
Architecture in Bundelkhand
• Bundela rulers have constructed palaces, temples, chhatris etc.
Orchha architecture:-
▪ A mixture of Bundela and Mughal architecture can be seen. Other buildings here are as
follows:-
1. Jahangir Mahal
▪ Built by Veer Singh Judev during Jahangir's visit to Orchha.
▪ Strong ramparts, chhatris and fine lattices can be seen in it.
2. Rai Praveen Mahal

▪ Built in love for Indramani.
▪ It is a two-storey building.
▪ Eight-angled Pushpkunj and water supply system are the
main ones.
3. Ramraja Temple
▪ Lord Shri Ram's idol is in the form of a king.
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▪ Built:- By Kunwari Ganesh, wife of King Madhukar Shah.

▪ It is a Chaturbhuj temple.
4. Chaturbhuj Temple
▪ Is situated on a stone platform.
▪ It was constructed for the consecration of the idol of
Lord Ram brought from Ayodhya.
▪ Lotus symbol and auspicious sign are inscribed on it.
5. Laxmi Temple
▪ Construction:- Raja Veer Singh Dev
▪ Shape:- Rectangular
6. Phool Bagh
▪ It is a flower garden.
▪ Hawadan is called Sawan-Bhado.
7. Sheesh Mahal
▪ Construction:- Maharaj Udayt Singh
▪ Currently it is under the control of Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation.
8. Satkhanda Palace
▪ Shape:- Similar to Swastika
▪ Other Name:- Hawa Mahal or Veer Singh Dev Palace
▪ Special:- Percy Brown, Rai Krishnadas and Chakravarti ji called this palace the best
Bundeli architecture.
9. Pratapgarh Fort
▪ Construction:- Dalpatrao Bundela
▪ Currently it is called Datia Fort.
▪ Complex:- Big Garden, Shivgiri Temple, Asmujkar Rock
10. Orchha Raj Mahal

▪ Construction:- Rudra Pratap Bundela (Foundation Stone)
▪ Completed:- Raja Bharati Chandra Bundela and Madhukar Shah
▪ It is three storeyed.
▪ Architecture:- Mixture of Rajput and Mughal
▪ It is considered to be the oldest building of Orchha.
Architecture of Chhatarpur
▪ Chhatrasal laid the foundation. (1707 AD)
▪ There is a temple of Swami Prananath. (Kila-kila riverbank)
▪ Here a mixture of Islamic and Hindu styles is found.
▪ Temple:- Jugal Kishore (Panna)
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Architecture in Baghelkhand
1. Kyoti Fort
▪ Located on the banks of Mahana River in Rewa district.
▪ Foundation Stone:- Hammir Dev (Chandela Ruler)
▪ Construction:- Nagmal Dev (Baghel)
▪ Specialty:- Dome shaped entrance, waterfall is situated.
▪ Specialty:- The prison of Kyoti war is in dilapidated condition.
2. Fort of Rewa
▪ Located at the confluence of Bichhiya and Bihad rivers in Rewa
district.
▪ Foundation Stone:- Son of Sher Shah Suri
▪ Completed work:- Raja Vikramjit
▪ Surrounded by ramparts.
▪ Complex:- Dhariyari gates, Motimahal, Mahamrityunjay temple are situated.
3. Lakshman Bagh
▪ Establishment:- Maharaja Vishwanath Singh
▪ Temple:- Ranganath Ji
▪ It was the residence of Swami Mukundacharya Ji.
4. Venkat/Vyankat Bhawan
▪ Construction:- Venkat Raman Singh
▪ Features:-
▪ Thick walls, strong pillars, air-conditioned tank.
▪ Built in modern style.
5. Maihar Fort
▪ Foundation:- Baghel King Bhaidchandra
▪ Building:- Moti Mahal, Hathi Mahal
▪ River bank:- Lilji
▪ Surrounded by ramparts.
▪ A part of it was built by Bundelas.
▪ Renovation:- Prithvi Singh
▪ The wall paintings here are considered quite famous.
Rock Cut Caves

• The construction of rock caves began in the Mauryan period and continued till the end of the
ancient era.
• Two types of rock caves called chaityas and viharas were built.
• Viharas were rest houses for Buddhist and Jain monks. Their construction began during the
Mauryan Empire.
• Chaitya halls were developed after the Mauryan period.
• Chaityas have quadrangular chambers with flat roofs.
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• These are used for prayers.

• Open courtyards and stone screen walls are built to protect the caves from rain.
• The caves were decorated with human and animal figures and paintings.
Rock Cut Caves of Madhya Pradesh -

• Saru-Maru Caves in Sehore
• Mada Caves, Singrauli
• Tiger Caves Dhar
• Udayagiri Caves, Vidisha
• Bhirathri Caves, Ujjain
• Damner Caves, Mandsaur
• Siddhanchal Caves, Gwalior
Colonial Architecture of Madhya Pradesh

• The British rule introduced a new form of architecture in the state called colonial architecture.
Jai Vilas Palace of Gwalior

• Architect - Sir Michael Filose
• Period - It was constructed during the rule of Jayajirao
Scindia.
• The Palace has three floors and each floor represents
different architecture.
• First Floor - Tuscan Style
• Second - Italian Doric Style with Baroque and Rococo
elements
• Third - Corinthian Architecture.
• Columns are used to decorate the inner and outer walls of the courtyard.
Church of Panchmarhi
• Panchmarhi was discovered by British officer James Forsyth who introduced Victorian
architecture in Madhya Pradesh.
• Bungalows, buildings and churches were built in colonial architecture.
• The Protestant Church of Christ, (Christ Church) is a true-blue colonial architecture of the
British era.
• It was built around 1875 in the Gothic style of architecture.
• Red sandstone has been used in the construction of churches. The sanctuary of the church is
surrounded by a hemispherical, ribbed dome.
• The foundation of the church is built without any pillars for additional support.
Architecture of Jabalpur -
• The architecture built by the British is still visible in the institutions, utilitarian and
government buildings of Jabalpur.
Law Court
• It was completed in 1889.
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• Architect - It was designed by Henry Irwin.

• The building is built in Gothic architecture with arched openings and large brick pillars.
• The architecture of the building is a mixed Baroque (a style of European architecture) and
oriental style.
• The arches and bastions at the corner are decorative.
• In 1956, it was established as the High Court of Madhya Pradesh.
Commissioner's Residence
• It is one of the oldest official residential houses built in 1821 and
• It served as the residence of William Sleeman.
• The architecture of the building is in the Gothic style.
Lal Bagh Palace, Indore

• Constructed - By Holkar rulers
• The Lal Bagh Palace was designed by Bernard Triggs.
• The architecture is a mix of Renaissance, Rajput and Baroque elements with Rococo and neo-
classical furniture.
• The outer gardens surrounding the palace are a mix of French and English concepts of
landscaping.
Vernacular Architecture of Madhya Pradesh after Independence

• The vernacular architecture of Madhya Pradesh is independent of external influence and built
with indigenous influences. Bharat Bhavan is an example of such architecture.
Bharat Bhavan -
• It is designed by Indian architectural legend Charles Correa.
• It is a multi-arts center that was first opened in 1982 that
houses a variety of cultural facilities and hosts a number of
art events.
• The design of the complex is India-specific which departs
from European modernism.
• Bharat Bhavan is a building for the modern age strongly
rooted in the local traditions of India's past.
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Festivals of Madhya Pradesh
1. Bhai Dooj -
→ Celebrated twice every year. (Chaitra, Kartik
month)
→ Sisters apply Tilak to their brothers.
→ In entire Madhya Pradesh
2. Gangaur -
→ Region - Bundelkhand, Malwa, Nimar
→ Shiva - Parvati is worshipped.
→ Time - In Chaitra and Bhado months.
3. Govardhan Puja -
→ Time - Second day of Diwali
→ Area - Entire Madhya Pradesh
→ It is organized in the honor of Lord Krishna.
4. Akha Teej -
→ It is celebrated by unmarried girls.
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→ Most child marriages are conducted.
5. Hareli -
→ Area - By farmers in Malwa
→ Time - On Shravan Amavasya
→ Other name - Haryagodha
6. Neerja/Naurta -
→ Organized during Navratri
7. Ganga Dashami -
→ Organized - Jyeshtha month
→ It is considered a festival of fun and frolic
of the tribals.
8. Dol Gyaras -
→ On the Ekadashi day of Shukla Paksha in Bhado month
→ Lord Vishnu changes sides.
→ Other names - Parivartan Ekadashi, Jaljhulani Ekadashi, Padma Ekadashi.
9. Ghadlya -
→ Region - Malwa
→ Event - During Navratri
10. Suata -
→ Bundelkhand
11. Hareti -
→ Region - Bundelkhand and Malwa
→ Event - Shravan month
12. Navanna -
→ Region - Bundelkhand, Event - During Diwali when the crops are ripe
Cultural Festivals of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh Festival -

→ Started - 1982
→ Organiser - Madhya Pradesh Culture Department
→ Organising - New Delhi
→ Specialty - Singing, dancing, playing, painting exhibition are presented.
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Khajuraho Dance Festival -

→ Started - 1975-76
→ Organised - Khajuraho, every year in the month of
February.
→ Organiser - State Tourism Development Corporation,
Culture Department, Alauddin Khan Music Academy
→ Specialty - It is the biggest dance festival of the state.
Kalidas Festival -
→ Started - 1958 (by Pt. Surya Narayan Vyas)
→ Venue - Ujjain
→ Organiser - Kalidas Academy, State Tourism Development Corporation
→ Specialty - Theatre performances, drama performances, painting exhibition are done.
Tansen Festival -
→ Started - 1980
→ Venue - Gwalior
→ Organiser - Madhya Pradesh Culture Department
→ Specialty - Musicians, singers, instrumentalists participate.
Ustad Alauddin Khan Music Festival -
→ Started - 1976
→ Venue - Maihar, Satna
→ Organiser - Alauddin Khan Academy, Madhya Pradesh Culture
Council
→ Specialty - Classical music is performed.
→ Specialty - Maihar Band is the main attraction.
Dhrupad Festival -
→ Started - 1981
→ Venue - Bhopal
→ Based on Guru-Shishya tradition.
Orchha Festival -
→ Venue - Orchha
→ Dance, singing, playing are performed by artists of Bundelkhand.
Art Festival
→ Organiser - Bhopal
→ Classical music, classical dance, paintings are presented.
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan Festival -

→ Started - 1982
→ Organiser - Jabalpur
→ Litterateurs and art experts participate.
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Malwa Festival
→ Started - 1991
→ Venue - Indore, Ujjain, Mandu
→ Organiser - Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development
Corporation
→ Specialty - Malwa style dances are presented.
Nimar Festival -
→ Started - 1994
→ Organiser - Maheshwar, Khandwa, Barwani
→ Organiser - State Tourism Development Corporation
Youth Festival -
→ Started - 1985
→ Event - Bhopal
→ Organiser - State Tourism Development Corporation
Other Ceremonies
9. Lata Mangeshkar Sugam Sangeet -
1. Tulsi Utsav - Chitrakoot (Satna)
Indore
✓ Event - Madhya Pradesh Tulsi Granth Academy
10. Tribe Film Festival - Indore
2. Makhanlal Chaturvedi Literary
11. Anugunj - Ujjain
Festival - Khandwa
12. Mahabodhi Utsav - Sanchi
3. Padyakar Festival - Sagar
13. Shri Ram Leela Utsav - Bhopal
4. Bhavabhuti Festival - Gwalior
14. Narmada Utsav - Bhedaghat
5. Keshav Jayanti Festival - Orchha
15. Geeta Fest - Bhopal
6. Muktibodh Festival – Bhind 16. Sharda Utsav - Chitrakoot (Satna)
7. Tepa Festival - Ujjain 17. Shabari Kumbh Utsav - Amarkantak
8. Lokrang Ceremony - Bhopal (Anuppur)
18. Lok Ranjan - Gwalior
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Folk literature and writers in Madhya Pradesh

Born - 1576 in village Khajuri of Barwani State
Specialty - New expression of Kabir's philosophy is reflected in his works.
He was a contemporary of Kabir.

Saint Singhaji
Dialect - Nimari
Compositions - Saat Baar, Barahsaami, Paandh Tithi, Doshbodh, Sharad
Authentic book - Parchari (Compilation - by his disciple Khemdas)
Special - Singaji Mela (Pipaliya, Khandwa)

He is called Kabir of Nimad.
Ghagh
Born - 1753 Title - Chaudhary He was

(Kannauj) called
agricultural
scholar. Through proverbs, he
He was a
imparted logical
contempora Works - Ghagh
knowledge about the
ry of Akbar. (Published by
fertility of the land,
Ramnaresh Tripathi)
sowing of crops,
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Acharya Ramchandra Shukla has considered his time to be Samvat 1230.
He is called the great poet of Bundeli.
Wrote Alhakhand (Parmal-Raso) in the Banaphari dialect of Bundeli language.

Jagnik
He was the court poet of King Parmal Chandel and a contemporary of Chandrabardai.
Works - Parmal Raso, Alhakhand
The battles of Alha-Udal have been heroically described in Alhakhand.
Isuri
Birth - 1898, He is called Phaag was Compositions Gangadhar Vyas

Medhaki Jaydev of composed by and Khyaliram
village near Bundelkhan him → Isuri's along with Isuri are
Jhansi in d Phaags called Vrihadtrayi
Uttar Pradesh → Isuri Prakash
→ Isuri Satsai
→ Premika
Rajau
Musicians of Madhya Pradesh
Tansen -
• Birth - 1506 (Behat, Gwalior), Death - 1589 (Delhi)
• Original name - Ramtanu Pandey (other name - Ata Ali
Khan)
• Samadhi - Gwalior
• Title – Kanthabharan Vanivilas
• Guru - Gaus Muhammad
• Composition - Sangeetsaar, Ragamala, Shri Ganesh Strot
Other facts -
→ He was a great scholar of Hindustani classical music.
→ He was one of the nine gems of Akbar.
→ He was an expert in the Murchhana method and Dhrupad
style of the Gwalior tradition.
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→ He was an expert in the Muqaam method of Iranian music.

→ Raga - Miyan ki Malhar, Miyan ki Todi.
→ He was in the court of Rewa King Ramchandra. Tansen Samaroh and Tansen Award are
organized in his honor.
Pandit Shankar Rao -
• Birth - 1863 (Gwalior), Death - 1917
• Guru - Ustad Nasir Hussain Khan
• Disciples - Krishnarao Shankar (son), Raja Bhaiya Poonchwale, Bhau Saheb Joshi,
Kashinath Mule
• Specialty - Had special knowledge of Khayal and Tappa.
Other facts -
→ Learned singing art from Devji Buwa of Dhar.
→ In his memory, Shankar Gandharva Music College was established in Gwalior by his son.
Ustad Alauddin Khan -

• Birth - 1862 (based on some articles), Death
- 1972 (Maihar, Satna)
• Was a popular Sarod player.
• Disciples - Pandit Ravi Shankar (Sitar
player), Pannalal Ghosh etc.
• Guru - Wazir Khan Saheb (Rampur), Ustad
Ali Ahmed Khan, Neelu Gopal, Habudatt.
Other facts -
→ Laid the foundation of Maihar Gharana
with the inspiration of Brijnath Singh
Judeo.
→ Son and daughter - Ali Akbar Khan,
Annapurna Devi.
→ Alauddin Khan Music Festival is organized in Maihar in his memory.
→ Alauddin Music Academy (Bhopal)
Krishna Rao Shankar Pandit -

→ Birth - 1893 (Gwalior), Death - 1983
→ Father - Shankar Rao
→ Guru - Father Shankar Rao, Haddu Khan, Natthu Khan
→ Composition - Sangeet Sargam Saar, Sangeet Pravesh, Sangeet Alaap-
Sanchari
→ Title - Sangeet Ratnalankar
→ Honor - Padma Bhushan (1973)
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→ Work - Established a music college in Gwalior.
Raja Bhaiya Poonchwale -

→ Birth - 1882 (Gwalior), Death - 1956
→ Was a famous sitar player.
→ Gharana - Gwalior Gharana
→ Original name - Balkrishna Anand Rao Ashtekar
→ Helped in the establishment of Madhav Music College (Gwalior).
→ Guru - Shankar Rao Pandit, Vaman Buwa Deshpande, Lal Buwa
→ He was named Poonchwale because he was from Poonch Riyasat
(Jhansi State).
Hafiz Ali Khan -

• He was a famous Sarod player.
• Father - Nanhe Khan (was the Guru of Hafiz Ali Khan)
• Title - Aftab-e-Sarod
• Gharana - Senia
Other facts -
→ He learnt Holi and Dhrupad from the famous Dhrupad
singer Ganeshilal Choubey of Vrindavan.
→ His ancestor Ghulam Ali Khan converted the Iranian
musical instrument 'Rabab' into Sarod.
Raja Chakradhar Singh -

→ Birth - 1905 (Raigad Riyasat), Death - 1947
→ He is known for Kathak.
→ Composition - Murat Paran Pushpakar, Lal-Toyanidhi, Raga-Ratna
Manjusha.
→ Gharana - Raigarh
→ Chakradhar Fellowship was started in his honour.
Ustad Amir Khan -

• Birth - 1912 (Indore), Death - 1974
• Father - Ustad Shahmir Khan (Sarangi player)
• He is considered to be the originator of the Indore
Gharana style.
• Gave music in various films like - Baiju Bawra,
Shabab, Jhanak-Jhanak Payal Baje, Ragini, Goonj
Uthi Shehnai.
• Honours - Padma Bhushan (1971), Sangeet Natak
Academy Award (1967)
• Festival - Amir Khan Music Festival Indore
Other facts -
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→ Father used to play Sarangi in the Indore Gharana.

→ Grandfather – was in the court of Bahadur Shah Zafar.
→ Aamir Khan's music gives a feeling of renunciation.
Kumar Gandharva -
• Birth - April 1924, Death - January 1992
• Real name - Shivaputra Siddharamaya Komkali
• He was born in Karnataka but came to Dewas due to T.B.
disease.
• He was named Kumar Gandharva due to his miraculous
singing.
• Raga - Gandhi Raga (Singing and playing is done in peaceful voice)
• Composition - Anup Ragvilas
• Festival - Kumar Gandharva Festival is organized in Dewas.
• Other facts -
→ He is called Kabir of the music world.
Amjad Ali Khan -

→ Birth - October 1945 (Gwalior)
→ Father - Ustad Hafiz Ali Khan
→ Gharana - He belonged to the sixth generation of
Sonia Bangash Gharana.
→ Raga composition - Raga Priyadarshini (Indira Gandhi),
Raga Kamal Shree (Rajiv Gandhi)
→ Was a famous Sarod player.
→ Composition - Master on Masters (On the life stories of some
great Indian classical musicians)
→ Honors - Padma Shri, Sangeet Natak Academy, Tansen Award, UNESCO Award,
UNICEF etc.
Ghulam Hussain Khan -

→ Born - Indore
→ Instrumental playing - Sitar
→ Specialty - Used to sing Khayal, Thumri Dhrupad.
Begum Asgari Bai -

→ Born - Chhatarpur (Bijawar State), Died -
Tikamgarh
→ Was a famous Dhrupad singer.
→ Honors - Padma Shri (1990)
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Lata Mangeshkar -
→ Born - 28 September 1929 (Indore),
→ Has a world record in singing songs.
→ Honours - Bharat Ratna (2011), Padma Vibhushan (1999), Padma
Bhushan (1969), Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1989)
→ Birth name - Hema
Asha Bhosle -
→ Born - Indore
→ Has sung 16000 songs.
→ Honour - Dadasaheb Phalke (2000)
Om Prakash Chaurasia -
→ Birth - Bhopal
→ Famous Santoor player.
Kishore Kumar -
→ Original name - Abhas Kumar Gangoli –
Birth-1929 (Khandwa), Death - 1987
→ Lived in Khandwa.
Abdul Latif Khan -

→ Birth - Gwalior 1934
→ Was a famous Sarangi player.
Prominent painters of Madhya Pradesh
Maqbool Fida Hussain -

→ Born - Pandharpur (Maharashtra)
→ Founded the Group of Bombay.
→ Used to paint nude pictures of Hindu gods and
goddesses.
→ Honors - Padma Shri, Padma Vibhushan
→ Paintings - Through the Eyes of a Painter,
Meenakshi, Gaja Gamini.
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Vishnu Chinchalkar -
→ Born - September 1917 (Alot village of Dewas)
→ Was a famous painter.
D.D. Deolalikar -
→ Developed the Decorrealistic style of painting.
Syed Haider Raza -

→ Birth - 1922 (Mandla)
→ Death - Paris
→ Paintings - Latere, Saurashtra
→ Honors - Padma Shri
Others -
→ Narayan Shridhar Bendre, Manjusha Gangoli,
Devyani Krishna
Writers of Madhya Pradesh

• Madhya Pradesh has been very rich in terms of literary creation since ancient times. This state
has been the birthplace and workplace of great Sanskrit writers like Mahakavi Kalidas,
Bhartrihari and Bhavbhuti.
Literature writers of Madhya

Pradesh
Ancient period Medieval period Modern period Folk writers of

writers writers writers Madhya Pradesh
❖ Great poet Kalidasa
Indore: 3rd Floor, Sundaram
❖ Acharya KeshavdasComplex, Bhawar Kuan Indore (M.P.) cont.
❖ Makhanlal Chaturvedi us 9893442214, ❖ Saint
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❖ Bhartrihari Bhavbhuti ❖ Bhushan
Gwalior: Infront of Bank of Baroda, Near SaiBaba Mandir Phoolbagh Gwl
❖ Gajanan Madhav (M.P.) Cont.7524821440,7000360672
Singhaji
❖ Banbhatta ❖ Padmakar Bhatt Muktibodh ❖ Ghagh
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Ancient
Mahakavi Kalidasa
• He is a great poet and dramatist of Sanskrit language.
• He was one of the nine gems of Chandragupta
Vikramaditya's court in Ujjain.
• He is called the Shakespeare of India.
• In Kalidasa's works, he is considered to be a resident of
Ujjain due to his special love for Ujjain.
• In the description given by other scholars, he is considered
to be a resident of the area around the Himalayas.
Works -
• Mahakavya: Raghuvansham, Kumar Sambhavam
• Khandkaavya: Meghdutam, Ritusanhar
Drama
~
Malavikagnimitram Abhijnanashakuntalam Vikramorvashiya

m
Mahakavya:-
Kumarsambhavam -
• First Mahakavya
• Description - Marriage of Shiva-Parvati and birth of Kartikeya, killing of Tarakasur by
Kartikeya.
• Language- Sanskrit
• Special - It is the first Mahakavya.
Raghuvansham -
• It is a description of the entire Raghuvansham tales. (Starting from Maharaj Dilip)
• It is a character poem which has 19 cantos.
• It is considered to be the most oldest work.
• Language - Sanskrit
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Khandkavya:-
Meghdootam
• It is the first Khandkavya.
• It is a lyric poem.
• Subject - It is a description of Yaksha taking a message through the clouds.
• Division - Poorvamegh, Uttaramegh
• Special - It contains the description of Amarkantak and Ujjain. And also the description of
Betwa river.
Ritusanharam-
• It is a short poetic composition.
• It contains the description of the six seasons summer, rainy season, autumn, pre-winter, winter
and spring.
• It is described in lyrical tones.
• Spring season is called the king of seasons.
Drama -
Malavikagnimitram-
• It is the first dramatic work.
• It is dominated by Shringar Rasa.
• Theme - Description of the love between Agnimitra (Sunga ruler) and Malavika.
Abhigyan Shakuntalam-
• This is the second composition of Kalidas which became the reason for his world fame.
• It has been translated into various languages including English and German.
• Theme - Description of the love between King Dushyant and Shakuntala.
• Division - called Bhoga Bhumi, Danda Bhumi, Siddha Bhumi.
Vikramorvasiyam -
• It is a drama full of mysteries.
• Subject - It is a description of the love between King Pururava and Indralok's Apsara
Urvashi.
• It is full of poetic beauty and craft.
Bharthari
Biography -
• He is an important poet of Sanskrit literature.
• According to legends, he was the elder brother of Vikramaditya,
the ruler of Ujjain.
• He adopted renunciation due to the bad character of a queen
named Pingla.
• Place of worship - Bhartrihari cave (Ujjain) and Chunar (U.P.)
• Samadhi - Sariska (Rajasthan)
Compositions -
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• Three - Shatak - (Niti Shatak, Shringar Shatak, Vairagya Shatak)

• Each Shatak has hundred verses.
• Other texts - Mimamsa Sutra Vritti, Vedanta Sutra Vritti, Vakya Pradeep Vritti, Bhagvritti,
Shabda Dhatu Sameeksha, Mahabhashya Tripadi, Mahabhashya Deepika, Bhattikavya.
Banbhatta
Biography -
• He was the court poet of Harshvardhan, the ruler of Kannauj.
• Birth - According to legend, he took birth at a place called
Bhanvarsen - Chandreh situated on the banks of the Son river in
Sidhi district.
• Title - Kavi Chakravarti (given by Harshvardhan)
• He was a writer of the 7th century.
• Language - Sanskrit
• Other facts - He is called ‘Vananchal ka kesari’ in region of literature.
(Nature depiction)
Works -
• Harshcharitam (description of joy)
• Kadambari (considered the world's first novel by some scholars.)
• Chandi Shatak (Durga Strot)
• Parvati Parinay (Drama)
• Mukut Taditaka
Bhavbhuti
Biography -
• He was a great poet and the best dramatist of Sanskrit.
• Full name - Shrikanth Padalachchan Bhavabhuti
• Father - Neelkanth
• Mother - Janukarni
• Other name - Indian Milton
• He was the court poet of Kannauj ruler Yashovarman.
Works -
• Malati Madhava (Description of the love of Malati and Madhava)
• Mahaveer Charitam (Heroic drama in which the coronation of
Shri Ram is described.)
• Uttara Ramacharitam (First tragic drama in Sanskrit)
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→ In this, a person named Dhoi had accused Mother Sita.
Medieval
Acharya Keshavdas
Biography -
• Birth - 1555 (Orchha), Death - 1617
• He was the court poet of King Indrajit Singh of Orchha.
• He was a famous poet of the Ritikaal period of Hindi.
• He was famous as the “ghost of difficult poetry” due to his
amazing dialogue composition and poetic complexity.
• He is also called a heartless poet.
• In his memory - Keshav Jayanti celebrations are organized in
Orchha.
• Others - He fell in love with a prostitute named Rai Praveen.
His works -
• There are 9 authentic texts such as - Rasikapriya (the most ancient work), Nakhshikh,
Chandmaala, Ramchandchandrika, Veersinghdev Charitra, Ratanbavni, Vigyangeeta,
Jahangir Jaschandrika.
• Ratanbavani (description of Madhukarshah's son and written in Dingal language)
• Kavipriya (taught poetry to Rai Praveen)
• Ramchandchandrika (description of Shri Ram)
• Jahangir Jas Chandrika (description of the fame of the Mughal emperor)
Mahakavi Bhushan
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Biography -
• Birth - 1613, Death - 1715
• Nickname - Jatashankar
• Real name – non
• Title - Bhushan (provider - Chitrakoot King Rudra Solanki)
• Ideal - Shivaji
• Special - The only poet of the Ritikal period who composed
works inspired by Veer Rasa instead of Shringar.
Compositions -
• Shivraj, Shivabavani, Chhatrasal Dashak, Bhushan Ullas,
Dushan Ullas, Bhushan Hazara etc.
Special -
• Vishwanath Prasad Mishra said his original name was Ghanshyam.
• Acharya Ramchandra Shukla called him the "Hindu jati ke pratinidhitwa
kavi”(representative poet of the Hindu community).
Poet Padmakar
Bhatt
Biography -
• Birth - 1753, Death - 1833 (on the banks of Ganga in Kanpur)
• Acharya Ramchandra Shukla believed him to have been born
in Banda.
• According to Pandit Vishwanath Prasad Mishra, he was born
in Sagar (Madhya Pradesh).
• Title - Kaviraj Shiromani (titled by Jaipur King Pratap Singh)
Compositions -
• Himmat Bahadur Virudavali -
✓ Composed in the name of the ruler of Anupgiri.
✓ Description of Gangaur festival is found.
• Jagat Vinod -
✓ It is a famous composition on rituals in the name of Jagat
Singh of Jaipur.
• Alijah Prakash -
• Related to Daulatrao Scindia.
• Others - Padmabharana, Ram Rasayan, Prabodh Pachasa, Ganga-Lahari, Jaisingh Virudavali
• Special - Ram Rasayan, Translation of Valmiki Ramayana.
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Modern period
Pandit Makhanlal
Chaturvedi
Biography -
• Birth - 4 April 1889 (Babai village of Narmadapuram which has
been changed to Makhannagar.)
• Death - 1968
• Known as "An Indian Soul".
• He was a writer, essayist, poet, dramatist and journalist.
Contribution in freedom movement -
• Participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1921-22).
• Participated in the Quit India Movement (1942).
• Was active in the Flag Satyagraha (1923) in Jabalpur.
• Helped in the revolution by editing Prabha, Karmaveer.
Honours -
• Sahitya Akademi Award - Tarangini (1955)
• Padma Bhushan - 1963
Works -
• Poetry - Himkiritni, Himtarangni, Yugcharan, Maran Jwar, Ek Bhartiya Atma
• Essay Collection - Sahitya Devta, Ameer Irade - Gareeb Irade, Samay ke pao
• Others - Pushp Ki Abhilasha, Chintak ki lachari, Krishnarjun Yudh
Other Facts -
• Makhanlal Chaturvedi Samman (1993) was started in his honour by Madhya Pradesh Sahitya
Akademi.
• Makhanlal Chaturvedi National Journalism University was established in Bhopal.
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Harishankar
Parsai
Biography -
• Birth - 22 August 1922 (Jamani village of Narmadapuram)
• Death - 10 August 1995
• Editing - Vasudha (magazine), Prahari
• Harishankar Parsai is the first writer of Hindi who gave satire the
status of a genre.
Honours -
• Received Sahitya Akademi Award in 1982 for The Period of
Disabled Shraddha.
Works -
• Novels - Rani Nagfani ki kahani, Tat ki khoj, Jwala aur Jal
• Story Collection – Hanste hai rote hai, Jaise unke din phire, Bholaram ka jeev, do naak wale.
• Satire Collection - Vaishnav's Skips, Shivering Republic, The Period of Disabled Shraddha.
• Essay collection – Bhoot ke pao peeche, Tab ki baat aur thi, Beimani ki parat, Shikayat mujhe
bhi hai, Sadachar ka taveez,Premchand ke phate joote, Mati kahe kumar se, Kaag bhagoda,
Pagdandiyon ka zamana.
• Memoirs – Tirchi rekhayen, Jane pehchane log.
Sharad Joshi
Biography -
• Birth - May 1931, (Ujjain), Death - September - 1991
• Special – He honestly portrayed all the inconsistencies uncovered in
his work.
Award -
• Padma Shri (1990), Sharad Joshi Award 1992 (started for satire
writing)
Creations -
• Satirical play – Andho ka hanthi, Ek tha gadha, Lapataganj
(A.T.J.T.)
• Others - Parikrama, Kisi bahane, Jeep par sawar eliyan, Tilism, Rah kinare beth, Dusri sathe,
Pratidin.
Bhawani Prasad
Mishra
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Biography -
• Birth - 1913 (Narmadapuram, Tigaria village), Death - 1985
• He was inspired by Gandhian thoughts.
Honor -
• He received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1972 for the woven rope.
Works -
• Geet Farosh, Chakit Hai Dukh, Andheri Kavitayen, Gandhi
Panchshati, Woven Rope, Dense Forests of Satpura, Lotus Flowers,
Second Saptak, Inscriptions of Fragrance, Fire of Tus, Feet and Wings.
Balkrishna Sharma
Navin
Biography -
• Birth - 1897 (Shajapur, Village Bhyana), Death - 1960
• Poetry Specialty – Swachtawadi dhara, Rashtriya Andolan ki
chetawani, Gandhi darshan, etc.
Honours -
• Padma Bhushan in 1960 (for literature and education)
• Became a member of the Official Language Commission in 1955.
Works -
• Epic - Urmila, Khandkaavya - Pranaarpan
• Poems - Kumkum, Vinoba Stavan, Rashmi Rekha, Apalak,
Kawasi, Viplav Gaan, Anal Gaan, Hum Vishpaayi Janm ke
Subhadrakumari
Chauhan
Biography -
• Birth - 16 August 1904 (Prayagraj, U.P.), Death - 12
February 1948
• Marriage - Thakur Laxman Singh Chauhan (Khandwa)
• Went to jail many times during the freedom struggle.
Works -
• Story collection - Bikhre Moti, Unmadini, Seeda-Sade Chitra
• Poetry collection - Mukul, Tridhara, Jhansi ki Rani
• Children's poetry - Sabha ke Khel, Vivechnatmak, Galp
Vihar
• Other - Basant in Jallianwala Bagh, Rakhi ki Chunauti
Honours -
• Received 'Seksaria Award' for the Mukul poetry collection
• Special - Srujanpeeth has been established in her name in Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur.
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Acharya
Nanddulare
Vajpayee
Biography -
• Birth - September 1906 (Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh)
• Death - 1967 (Ujjain)
• He was a writer, journalist, editor, critic and administrator.
• He was a top critic of Chhayavadi poetry.
• He was a Hindi teacher at Kashi Hindu University and Sagar
University.
• He was the Vice Chancellor of Vikram University (Ujjain).
Editing -
• He edited Ramcharit Manas at Geeta Press, Gorakhpur.
• First composition - Jaishankar Prasad
Compositions -
• Modern Literature, 20th Century, Some Problems of National Language, Modern Age of Hindi
Literature, Modern Literature: Creation and Review.
Dr. Shivmangal
Singh Suman
Biography -
• Birth - 14 August 1915 (Unnao Uttar Pradesh) , Death - 2002
• Padma Bhushan - 1999
Works -
• Poetry Collection - Hillol, Jivan ke gaan, Pralay-Srajan,
Vishwas badta gaya, Par ankhe nhi bhari, Vindhya Himalaya,
Mitti ki barat, Wadi ki vyatha, Angoothon ki vandanwaare.
• Prose - Mahadevi's ki kavya sadhana, Geetikavya: Udyam aur vikas
• Drama - Prakriti Purush Kalidas
Gajanan Madhav
'Muktibodh'
Biography -
• Birth - 13 November 1917 (in Sheopur district) , Death - 1964
• He was a poet, critic, essayist, story writer and novelist of Hindi
literature.
• He was the first poet of Taar Saptak.
Works -
• Kavita – Chand ka muh teda, bhori bhori khaakh dhool, Kath ka sapna
• Essay – Ek sahityak ki dairy, Nai kavitaon ka atma sangharsh.
• Story – Satha se uthta adami.
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• Novel - Bharat: Itihas aur Sanskriti, Vipatra, Chambal ki chati, Kamayani: Ek punarwichar.
Mulla Ramuji
Biography -
• Birth - 1896 (Bhopal), Death - 1952
• Invented a different style of Urdu language called Gulabi Urdu.
Works -
• Aurat Jaat, Lathi Aur Bhains, Shifakhaana, Khawatin Angura etc.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Biography -
• Birth - 25 December 1924 (Gwalior), Death - 16 August 2018
Politics -
• Was the Prime Minister from 1996, 1998 and 2004.
Honor -
• Bharat Ratna - 2015
• Padma Vibhushan - 1992
Editing -
• Edited Rashtradharma, Panch Janya, Veer Arjun newspapers and magazines.
Works -
• Mrityu aur Hatya, Meri ekiyawan kavitayen, Sansad mein teen dashak, Amar Aag Hai, Amar
Balidan, Secularwaad, Vichar bindu, Rajneeti ki raptili rahe, Kaidi Kavirai ki Kundliyan, Raag-
raag hindu mera parichay.
Kamta Prasad Guru

Biography -
• Birth - 1875, Sagar
• Editing - Balsakha Tath Saraswati
• Works - Hindustani Courtesy, Bhainsasur Vadh, Vinay
Pachasa, Satyaprem, Parvati and Yashoda, Padya Pushpavalli
Dr. Bashir Badr
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Biography -
• Birth - 1945, Ayodhya (later settled in Bhopal)
• Sahitya Akademi Award - 1994 (for Aas)
• Padmashri - 1999
• Composition - Hindi tumhare liye, Ujjalon ki pariksha, Kaunch,
Roshni ke gharonde.
Kavi Pradeep
• Birth - 1915 (Bad Nagar, Ujjain)
• Song – Ae mere watan ke logo, Door hatho ae duniya walo Hindustan
hamara hai.
Bal Kavi Beragi

• Born - 1931 (Mandsaur)
• Made Malvi dialect famous in the literary world.
• Original name - Nandram Das
• Bal Kavi title given by Kailashnath Katju ji.
• Member of Lok Sabha - 1984 - 89
• Compositions – Bhavi rakshak desh ke, Apni gandh nhi bechunga, Do
took, Sara desh hamara, Chand mein dhabba, Deewat par deep.
Seth Govind Das

• Birth - 1896 (Jabalpur)
• Was a litterateur, freedom fighter.
• Institution established - Shri Sharda Bhavan Library (Jabalpur)
Padma Bhushan - 1961
• Creations - Saptarashmi, Champavati (novel), Vishwaprem (drama),
Panchbhoot, Somlata.
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Amritlal Begad
• Birth - 1928 (Jabalpur), Death - 2018
• Sahitya Akademi Award - 2004
• Creations - Amritsya Narmada, Narmada tum kitni sundar
ho, Saundarya nadi Narmada, Teere-Teere Narmada.
• Special - He is called the son of Narmada.
Mannu Bhandari
• Born - 1931 (Bhanpura, Mandsaur)
• Original name - Mahendra Kumari
• Was a story writer and novelist.
• Was the President of Premchand Srujanpeeth in Vikram
Vishwavidyalaya, Ujjain
• Works - Main Haar Gayi, Aapki Bunty, Mahabhoj, and Ek Inch
Muskaan, Yahi sach hai, Aankho dekha jhooth, Trishanku
Chandrakant
Deotale
• Born - Betul
• Works – Lakadbagha hass rha hai.
Dwarika Prasad
Mishra
• Born - Unnao (Uttar Pradesh)
• Was the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh. (1963-1967)
• Works - Krishnayan Mahakavya, Living An Era
Madhavrao Sapre
• Birth - 1872 (Patharia village of Damoh district)
• Known as the first story writer of Hindi.
• Editing - Science Dictionary
• Monthly Magazine - Chhattisgarh Mitra
• Printed Lokmanya Tilak's Maratha Kesari as Hind Kesari.
• Works - Hindi Granthmala, Karmveer, Ek tokri bhar mitti (Story)
• Special - In his memory, Madhav Sapre Smriti Newspaper Museum was
established in Bhopal.
Prabhakar Machve
• Works - Swapna Bhang, Anukshan, Vishwakarma, Tel ki pakodiya, Khargosh ke seengh.
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Shri Krishna Saral

• Birth - 1919 (Guna, Ashoknagar)
• Works - Krantikosh, Mahavali, Itihas Purush Subhash, Jai Hind
• Novels - Chittagong ka Surya, Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajguru
• Essays - Anmol Vachan, Jiyo to ese jiyo.
• Epics - Bhagat Singh, Baghi Kartar, Ambedkar Darshan
• Special - He wrote the on the Indian Revolution.
Tourism
Historical tourist places
Chanderi
This is a beautiful city located in Ashok Nagar district, the history of this city is related to the 11th
century. The main tourist places of this city are as follows –
Chanderi Fort -
• It was built in the eleventh century.
• It was built by King Kirtipal.
Koshak Mahal -
• It was built by Sultan Mahmud Shah Khilji of Malwa.
• It is a square structure. In which four havelis are located.
Chanderi Museum -
• Ancient sculptures are preserved in its five galleries.
• This museum has a central courtyard and library, in which 10 lakh inscriptions in Sanskrit
language are displayed. It also has three thousand books. Which provide historical information
about this province.
Khandargiri -
• It is a Jain philosophy, art and cultural center.
• A huge 45 feet statue of Lord Adinath is installed here.
Shahzadi ka Roza -
It was built in the 15th century.
• It is a building that reminds us of the love between Mehrunnisa, daughter of Governor Hakim,
and a common man.
• It is famous for beautiful carvings and panels of arches.
Badal Mahal Gate -

• It was built by Mehmud Shah Khilji in 1450.
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• Badal Mahal Gate is an iconic building of Chanderi, it has been selected for the postage stamp
of M.P. Handloom Department.
• This gate has also been seen in the postage stamps for letters sent from Chanderi.
Jama Masjid -
• The foundation of this mosque was laid in 1251 by Ghiyasuddin Balban after the conquest of
Chanderi.
• It is a mosque without a minaret. The entrance to the mosque is a 15th century Khilji structure.
Raja Rani Mahal -
• It is a structure built during the Khilji period.
• It was built by Bundela Rajputs.
• Both these palaces are located next to each other.
• Raja Mahal is a seven-storey building, while Rani Mahal is a two-storey structure.
Singhpur Palace -
• It was built by Devi Singh Bundela in 1656 AD as a hunting ground.
• It was formerly a museum.
Kati Ghati -
• It is a corridor connecting Bundelkhand to Malwa.
• According to an inscription engraved in Devanagari and Nashka scripts, it was built by Miman
Khan in 1480 AD.
Khooni Darwaza -
• It is the main gate of Chanderi Fort.
• It got its name from the criminals being thrown down from the upper wall.
• This gate is a witness to the massacres that took place during many invasions.
Jauhar Memorial -
• It is related to the war between Babar's army and Medni Rai.
• The Rajput women here had surrendered themselves in the fire pit.
Jageshwari Temple -
• This temple was built by King Kirtipal.
• During the Mahabharata period, Chedi King Shishupal had performed a yagya here.
Lakshman Temple -
• It is situated on the banks of Parameshwar Lake.
• It was built by King Kirtipal.
• The main temple has the idols of Laxman and Sheshnag.
Sagar Kund -
• This pond was built in 1894 by Madhav Rao Scindia.
• It was the primary source of water for the temples. There are chhatris (umbrellas) around this
kund (pond).
Shahi Madarsa -
• There are two tombs inside this structure.
• It was built in 1450 AD during the rule of Malwa Sultan Mahmood Khilji.
Mandu
Location
• The old name of Mandu is Mandu, which is an ancient village located in Dhar district of Madhya
Pradesh.
• Mandu is situated on the plateau of Malwa, whose height is about 2 thousand feet above sea level.
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Historical introduction
• The brave warrior of Bundelkhand, Alha Udal, came to this place and fought a war, which is
known in history as the battle of Madaugarh.
• In the 10th century, the rulers of the Parmar dynasty first made Mandu their capital. The
illustrious kings of the Parmar dynasty were Jaivarman and Bhojraj.
City of Joy
• Due to waterfalls, ponds, temples, mosques, forts, forests, gardens and palaces, the atmosphere
of Mandu remains joyful, so it is also called the city of happiness.
• Major tourist places of Mandu
• The area of Mandu tourist place is 45 km. It is surrounded by a long wall, which has 12 gates,
which are known by different names based on their directions and uses.
• The main entrance to this area is the Delhi Gate.
• Jahaaj Mahal
• It was built by the beauty preacher Sultan Giyasuddin Khilji between 1469 and 1500 AD as an
inner palace.
• This palace is built in the shape of a ship between two artificial ponds, Kapoor Talab and Munj
Talab.
• It has an open courtyard, open balconies towards the ponds, which is a proof of a place of
entertainment.
• The dome of this palace is a historical proof of the power of the Mughal emperors.
• In the rainy season, natural scenes like green carpet emerge around it, which is a proof of the
nature lovers of the then rulers.
Taveli Mahal
• There is a small two-storey palace in front of Jahaaj Mahal, in which a museum is run.
Hindola Palace
• Hindola means swing
• Due to the inclined walls of this palace, this palace appears like a swing swinging in the air.
• This palace made of curved and flat outer walls of stone was built by Ghyasuddin.
• Champa Bawdi and Hamam Khana palace on the right side of Hindola palace are unique
sightseeing places of architecture.
Rani Roopmati's Palace
• Situated on a 365 m high vertical rock, this palace was built by Baz Bahadur for Rani Roopmati.
• Rani Roopmati used to take food and water only after waking up in the morning and having
darshan of Maa Narmada, hence this palace situated at a height was built to make it easier for
Roopmati to have darshan of Narmada.
• It was also used to keep an eye on the security arrangements of Mandu.
Hoshang Shah's Tomb
• It is the first tomb made of marble in India.
• It is an excellent example of Afghan craftsmanship.
• Hoshang Shah himself started the construction of his tomb.
• After Hoshang Shah's death, his son Mahmud Shah completed the construction of the tomb.
• On seeing its artistry, Shah Jahan was inspired to build Taj Mahal in memory of Begum
Mumtaz.
• It is based on octagonal geometry.
Asharfi Mahal
• Asharfi means gold coins.
• This palace was built by Hoshang Shah's Khilji successor Mohammad Khilji for a madarsa.
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• Many rooms were built here for the students to stay. In this palace, Khilji had constructed a 7-
storey high building as a symbol of his victory over the Mewar king, which was the tallest
building in Mandu.
Jami Masjid
• This is the main attraction of Mandu, which is located right in front of Asharfi Mahal.
• The construction of this huge mosque was started during the reign of Hoshang Shah and this
mosque was completed during the reign of Mahmud I.
Reva Kund
• Reva Kund was constructed by Emperor Baz Bahadur for the purpose of arranging regular
water supply to Queen Roopmati's palace.
Baz Bahadur's Palace
• This palace was built by Baz Bahadur in the 16th century.
• This palace has a huge courtyard, large rooms all around and high stairs, from where the beauty
of Mandu can be admired.
Neelkanth Mahal
• This palace was built by Mughal governor Shah Badshah Khan for Akbar's Hindu wife.
• An article related to the social system of Akbar's era was engraved on its walls.
Burhanpur
This city is named after the Sufi saint Sheikh Burhanuddin Garib. It is situated on the banks of the
Tapti river. It is called the gateway to the south. The major tourist places located here are as follows
-
Khooni Bhandara -
• It has been placed in the category of UNESCO's potential world heritage site in 2023.
• It is an underground water management system. There are eight water structures located in
Burhanpur. These Mughal-era water structures are one of the most important historical water
systems of India.
• To deal with the water problem, the then governor Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana started this
huge water project. It was started during the reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir. In 1615 AD,
Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana invited a Persian geologist Tabaktul Ajz to investigate the plains
of Tapti.
• To deal with this problem, Tabaktul Ajz arranged a system called Khooni Bhandaara. This
system consisted of 103 cisterns, connected to each other through a 3.9 km long underground
marble tunnel.
• This system was derived from the Persian Qanat system. Because at that time public utility
technology for use in India was imported from Persia only.
• The color of water in this mineral-rich system turned red. Due to which it was named 'Khooni'.
• This system is an extraordinary example of the tradition of Persian Qanat system for providing
water in semi-arid areas.
• Six qanats of this system are still active water carriers.
• This site has been declared as a state protected structure by the Directorate of State
Archaeological Archives and Museums.
Burhanpur Fort -
• A painting present in this fort inspired the design of Taj Mahal.
• The Jama Masjid of this fort is the only mosque in which Urdu and Sanskrit scripts have been
used.
• It is also known as Shahi Qila.
Rock of Love -
• It is situated in the middle of Tapti River.
• It looks like an elephant.
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• It contains the story of the love of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal.
• The beauty of the moon looks more beautiful from this rock.
Asirgarh Fort -
• It is situated 14 miles away from Burhanpur.
• It is situated in the Satpura hills.
• Its first part is called Asirgarh, the second part is called Kamargarh and the third part is called
Malaygarh.
• It is called the key of Deccan, Bab-e-Deccan, the gateway of the south.
Ahookhaana -
• It means deer park.
• It is situated on the banks of the Tapti river.
• It was used as a hunting ground.
Mosque -
• The oldest monument of Burhanpur and built by Farooqi ruler Adil Khan III Begum Rukaiya
Begum.
Jamai Masjid
• Built by Farooqi ruler Ali Khan with black stones.
Mumtaz's grave
• Mumtaz's grave is located in Ahookhaana situated on the banks of the Tapti river. Where
Mumtaz was buried on 7 June 1631 AD.
Dargah-e-Hakimi -
• This is the grave of Bohra saint Syed Abdul Hakimuddin.
- Sikh religion guru Guru Nanak ji had stayed in this city.

Shivpuri
• It was earlier known as Sipri. It was the ancestral homeland of Kachwaha Rajputs till 1804.
After that it came under the rule of Scindias.
Madhav National Park -
• It was given the status of National Park in 1358.
• Sankhya Sagar, Jadhav and Madhav Sagar are situated here.
• George Castle Bhawan is situated here.
George Castle Bhawan -
• Located in Madhav National Park
• Built by Jiwaji Rao Scindia for George V (1911)
• Sankhya Sagar Lake
Royal Chhatris -
• Chhatris of Madhavrao Scindia
• Chhatri of Sankhya Raje Scindia Maharani
Surwaya ki Garhi -
• Its earlier name was Saraswati Pattam.
• Three Hindu temples, a monastery and a stepwell are located here.
• It represents the Kachhapghat architectural style.
Narwar Fort -
• This is a fort related to medieval history.
• It was built by the Kachwaha Rajputs in the tenth century.
• This building also includes Rajputana style with arches.
Sheopur Fort -
• It is built at the confluence of Seep and Kalwal rivers.
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• The Gujari Mahal, Narsingh Mahal, Darbar Hall, Indrasingh and Raja Kishore Das's chhatris
located here are worth seeing.
Kuno National Park -
• It is located in Sheopur district. It was established on 12 October 2018.
• It was named Palpur Kuno after the Kuno river.
• In terms of area, it is the second largest national park after Kanha Kisli National Park.
• Asiatic lions are being brought here from Gir National Park of Gujarat. African cheetahs and
Asiatic lions are being protected here.
• This national park has released a mascot named Chintu Cheetah.
• The state's largest veterinary hospital is proposed here from 2023. On 17 September 2022, 8
cheetahs have been relocated from Namibia, South Africa under Project Cheetah by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi. And on 18 February 2023, twelve cheetahs have been brought here
again from Namibia.
Dhob Kund -
• This is the meeting point of two natural ponds.
• This place shows the expansion from prehistoric times to the present civilizations.
• It was mainly a water body. Here you can find the remains of Hargauri Temple (built by
Kachhapghat King Vikram Singh) and Jain temples built in 1045.
Indore
This city was discovered by Nandlal Chaudhary. Later, Queen Ahilyabai Holkar, with her keen
interest in education and planning, built this city in the state of M.P.
Rajwada Palace -
• Its construction was started by Malharrao Holkar (1747)
• It is an example of excellent architectural skill and grandeur.
• It is a 7-storey building. This 7-storey building is located near Chhatri.
• The lower wall of the palace is made of stone. And the upper wall of the palace is made of wood.
• It is a mixture of Maratha, Mughal and French architecture.
• Queen Ahilya's throne, Harbar Hall, Ganesh Hall are built in French style.
History -
• This palace was first set on fire in 1801 by Sir J Rao Ghadge, the commander of the Scindia
dynasty. Reconstruction took place between 1818 and 1826 and during this period five floors
were rebuilt. In 1834, the fire broke out for the second time and the topmost floor was destroyed.
During the Sikh riots in 1984, the temple of Malhari Martand was completely destroyed.
• It was restored to its former form under the direction of Usha Devi Holiki 2006
Kanch Mandir -
• It is one of the major Jain temples of Indore.
• It was built in 1903 by Seth Hukumchand Jain (Cotton King).
• This temple was built as a medieval mansion.
• A statue of Lord Mahavir made of black onyx is installed here. It is decorated with colorful glass
beads.
• There are 50 wall paintings made on glass here.
• The temple is known for its spirituality as well as amazing architecture, structure and beauty.
• Festivals like Sugandh Dashami, mass Kshamavani, annual Rath Yatra are celebrated here.
Bada Ganpati Mandir -
• It is one of the Ganesh temples located in Indore.
• According to the legend related to the construction of this temple, Dadhichi, a resident of the
city, built this temple around 1875. Another legend supports the construction of the temple by
Maratha queen Ahilyabai Holkar in 1775.
• It is built using limestone, jaggery, bricks, and soil from seven pilgrimage sites.
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Lal Bagh Palace -

• It is one of the finest buildings of excellent architecture in Indore.
• It is situated on the outskirts of the city towards the southwest on the banks of the Khan River.
• The architecture of this palace is a mixture of Renaissance, Palladian, Bonaque.
• Its construction started during the rule of Tukoji Rao II. (1877)
• Its architect was engineer Mr. Carey.
• The main gate of this palace was developed on the lines of Buckingham Palace (England).
• On 14 November 1988, it was handed over to the public as Nehru Center by the then Chief
Minister of M.P., Shri Arjun Singh.
• Malwa Utsav program is organized here every year.
Gandhi Hall -
• It is known as King Edward Hall.
• After independence, it came to be known as Gandhi Hall.
• There is a coordination of Rajasthani architectural style with Indo-Gothic style. It was built in
1904 but after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, Yashwant Rao Holkar renamed it
Gandhi Hall. The architect of this building was an engineer named Stevens. It was inaugurated
in 1905 by the Prince of Wales, George V.
• Indore's famous literary festival 'Lit Chowk Festival' was organized in this building.
Anna Purna Mandir -
• This is a famous temple of Anna Purna, the goddess of other gods, located in Indore.
• This was a 9th century temple. Which was rebuilt in 1939 by Mahamandleshwar Swami
Prabanand Giri Maharaj.
• The main gate of the temple was built in 1975.
• It is considered a heritage of Indo Aryan and Dravidian architectural style.
• Krishna Temple, Kashi Vishwanath Temple (Shiva in lotus posture) are located in the same
complex.
Khajrana Ganesh Temple -
• This temple was built by Queen Ahilyabai Holkar in 1735 AD.
• Aurangzeb hid the idol of this temple in a well, later this temple was established by Lokmata
Ahilyabai (legend).
Gulavat Valley -
• It is located in Gulavat village of Hatod tehsil, far from Indore.
• It is the largest Lotus Valley of Asia.
• Its water source is Yashwant Sagar Dam.
Ambedkar Birth Place -
• It is a memorial dedicated to the birthplace of Baba Saheb Bhimrao Ambedkar located in Mhow,
M.P.
• Babasaheb was born in this place on 14 April 1891.
Patal Pani -
• It is located on the Choral River.
• The heritage train and the natural beauty of the valley create a beautiful attraction here.
• The Samadhi Sthal of Tantya Bhil is here. Choral Dam Mhow -
• It is a water dam situated on the Choral river.
• Tourists go here for sunset and water sports.
• Stay facility has been established in Choral Resort.
Sarafa Bazaar -
• Situated near Rajwada Palace in Indore, this market is known for gold and silver trade during
the day and delicious dishes at night.
• This market is a popular tourist destination due to its food and nightlife.
Central Museum -
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• It was established on 1 October 1929.

• There are 8 galleries in this museum.
• It was established as Narratna Temple.
Rala Mandal Wildlife Sanctuary -

• It was established in 1989.
• It is famous for its attractive history and diverse flora and fauna.
• The hill located here, the hunting ground of Holkars and the wild animals are the main
attractions.
• The hunting ground located here is being developed as an information centre.
Gair Festival -
• This is the colour festival of entire Malwa.
• It is celebrated every year on the day of Rangpanchami.
• In this festival, tableaus from various suburbs of Indore are taken out.
• Gair Festival, it was inspected by a joint team of UNESCO in 2024.
Other major forts/forts
Datia Fort
• This fort was built by Raja Veersingh Bundela in 1626 AD.
• Raja Bhawani Singh had written “Nyay Raj Mukut Ka Ratna” on the entrance of the fort.
• Satkhanda Mahal, Gopal, Munda Mahal are situated in this fort.
Orchha Fort
• It is situated on the banks of Betwa River in Niwari district.
• It was laid by Raja Rudrapratap Singh in the 16th century.
• It was completed by Bharatichand.
• Raja Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Laxminarayan Temple, Chaturbhuj Temple, Rajaram Temple are
situated here.
Chanderi Fort
• Chanderi Fort is situated in Chanderi of present Ashoknagar.
• According to the inscription of Pratihara period, Chanderi Fort was built by a king named
Kirtipal in the 11th century.
• It is also called Kirti Durg.
• As a result of the attack by Babar in 1528 AD, the stream of blood reached the lower entrance
of the fort. Therefore, this gate is known as Khooni Darwaza.
• The Jauhar performed by the Rajput queens is a symbol of the honor of the Rajput queens.
Ajaygarh Fort
• It is located in Panna district.
• It was built by King Ajaypal in the 18th century.
• Raja Aman Mahal is famous in this fort.
Govindgarh Fort
• Its old name was Khandho.
• It was built by Baghel King Raghuraj Singh.
• It was built in 1855-56.
Dhar Fort
• The earlier construction of this fort was done by Parmar King Vakpati Munj of Dhar.
• Raja Bhoj expanded this fort further and named it Dhara-Giri Lilodhan Giri.
• But in 1305, Alauddin Khilji's commander "Ain-e-Mulk" attacked Parmar ruler Mahalakdev
during the Malwa campaign and destroyed this city.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq built a fort again in Dhar during the southern campaign. Which is
currently known as the fort of Dhar. (1344)
• Prominent:-
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→ Peshwa Bajirao was born here.

→ It is built in Hindu-Muslim and Afghan style.
• Location:- Kalaksha Devi Temple, Kharbuja Mahal, Abdulshah Changash Tomb are located
here.
Mahidpur
• It is located at a distance of 50 km from Ujjain.
• This fort was built by Mahida Bhil King.
• This is also called "Bagh Raja's Fort".
• In the year 2016-17, UNESCO awarded the Award of Merit for the maintenance work of this
fort.
Mandsaur Fort
• This fort was built by Hoshang Shah Gauri between 1405 and 1434 to protect the north-western
border of his kingdom.
• It is situated on the banks of the Shivna River.
• This fort has been the centre of activities of the rulers of Mandu.
• Tapeshwar Mahadev Temple is situated in this fort. Which is 500 years old.
• There are 52 gates in this fort.
• Khanpur Gate, Bhai Gate, Mandi, Ghat Gate are the main ones.
Umaria Fort/Bandhavgarh
• It is situated in Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh.
• It was built by Vyaghra Dev. It has only one entrance gate. Which is also called Karna Gate.
• The Shesh Shaiya statue of Lord Vishnu is installed here.
• There is a natural waterfall at this place. Whose drops fall in the Ksheer Sagar Kund. The
Charan Ganga river originates from here.
Mandla Durg Fort
• Mandla Durg Fort is situated at the confluence of the holy Narmada River and Banjar River.
• King Narendra Shah built this fort.
• There were 11 (watch tower) towers in this fort.
• The temple of Mata Raj Rajeshwari, Satkhanda Mahal, Panchmukhi Mahadev are situated in
this fort.
Bhopal situated Ftehgarh Fort

• Fatehgarh Fort located in Bhopal
• This fort was built by Dost Mohammad Khan in 1726.
• He named the Fatehgarh Fort after his wife Fateh.
Makdai Durg
• This fort was built by King Makrand Shah.
• It is situated in Harda district.
Asirgarh Fort
• It is situated on the banks of Tapti River in Burhanpur district.
• It was built by an Ahir king named Asha.
• There are mainly 3 sections in this fort. Malaygarh, Kamargarh and Asirgarh.
• Asirgarh is mainly the uppermost part. It is called Bab-e-Deccan (South Gate) and Kalod-e-
Deccan (Key to the South).
• Asha Devi Temple, Jama Masjid and 10th century ancient Shiva temple are situated in this fort.
Kishangarh Fort
• This fort was built by Bundela rulers.
• This fort was gifted by the king of Ajaygarh state to the ruler named Rajdhar of Gaurihar.
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Hinglajgarh Fort
• This fort is located in Bhanpura tehsil. (Mandsaur)
• Built in the 11th - 12th century.
• The Nandi statue found here has adorned the French Festival and the Uma-Maheshwar and
Chamunda statues have adorned the Art Gallery of Washington.
• This has been the oldest centre of Malwa craftsmen.
• It was built by the rulers of the Parmar period.
Narwar Fort
• It is located in Shivpuri. It is situated on a hill of the Vindhya mountain range.
• It is famous for the love stories of King Nal and Damyanti.
• There is a temple of the goddess of Kachwaha kings and Lodimata here
Ginnaurgarh → Built by King Udavarman.

Fort → Queen Kamalapati is related to this fort.
→ This area is called the area of parrots.
Sabalgarh Fort → Medieval fort located in Morena.
Bajranggarh → Located in Guna district.
Fort → Baba Farid's Mazar, Malhargarh Fort and Gopikrishna Dam are
other tourist places in Guna.
Khilchipur Fort → Garh situated on the bank of river Ganga.
→ Built by King Ugrasen. Present location in Rajgarh district.
Narsinghgarh → Located in Rajgarh district. Ancient name was Umatwada.
Fort → Located near Chidi Kho Lake, Parasnath Lake, Wildlife Sanctuary.
→ Kashmir-e-Malwa.
Kyoti Fort → This fort is situated in Rewa district on the banks of Mahana river.
→ Nagmal built it in the 15th century.
→ Thakur Ranmat Singh fought against Osborne in 1857.
Kajligarh Fort → Located in Indore district.
→ Built by Shivaji Rao Holkar.
→ Hunting ground of Holkar kings.
Ater Fort → Located in Bhind district.
→ Raja Badan Singh Bhadoria built it in 1664 AD.
→ Barahkhambha Palace and Badan Singh Palace.
Kanhargarh → Located in Datia district.
Fort → Built by Raja Prithvi Singh.
Madhavgarh → Located in Satna district.
Fort → Built by Raja Vishwanath Singh Judeo (Baghel) in the 18th century.
Raisen Fort → Built by Raja Raj Basanti in Raisen district.
→ Badal Mahal, perfumed palace.
Gohad Fort → Located in Bhind district.
→ Built by Jat King Magh Singh.
Major Palaces
Jahaz Mahal
• The palace in Mandu of Dhar district is situated between two artificial lakes namely Munj Talab
and Kapoor Talab.
• It is said that Ghiyasuddin Khilji built it for his harem.
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• It is shaped like a ship.

Hindola Mahal
• It was built during the reign of Hoshang Shah. This palace was used as a court.
• Warangal Fort is built on its replica. Its outer walls are inclined at an angle of 77 degree.
Rani Roopmati Mahal
• This palace was built by Baz Bahadur for Rani Roopmati.
• It was built by Baz Bahadur to make Narmada Darshan easier for Rani Roopmati.
Asharfi Mahal
• It is located in front of Jami Masjid in Dhar. In 1024, during the reign of Raja Bhoj, it was a
Sanskrit University.
• Hoshang Shah converted it into a Persian University.
• It was the first Persian University of India and the fourth Persian University of the world.
• It was later converted into a mausoleum by Muhammad Shah. With each step, the moon rises
when viewed from this palace. And from the last step, the moon looks like a silver coin through
the arched frame, so the palace was named Asharfi Mahal.
Gujari Mahal ▪ Raja Mansingh Tomar built this for his beloved Mriganayani.
▪ It is called Mriganayani Mahal.
▪ It is located near the Rai river. In 1992, it was converted into a
museum.
Moti Mahal ▪ It was built by Daulatrao Scindia in 1825.
▪ It was the Vidhan Sabha Bhawan of Madhya Bharat before 1
November 1956. Presently it is the office of the Commissioner of Gwalior
Division.
Jaivilas Palace ▪ Jayajirao Scindia built it in 1874.
▪ Michael Filoz was its architect.
▪ Presently it is known as Scindia Museum.
Lal Bagh Palace ▪ It is situated on the banks of Kanha river.
▪ Built by Shivajirao Holkar.
Sunder Mahal ▪ It was built by Dhurbhajan, son of King Jujhar Singh in Orchha.
▪ It is a symbolic form of Dhurbhajan and his lover.
Jahangir Mahal ▪ It is located in front of Karna Mahal in Gwalior. It is also called Sher
Mahal.
▪ It was built by Sher Shah Suri.
▪ Later Jahangir developed it. Due to which it came to be known as
Jahangir Mahal.
Koshak Mahal ▪ Built in Afghan style. Located in Chanderi.
▪ This palace was built in the 15th century by Sultan Mahmud Shah
Khilji I of Malwa to commemorate the victory over Jaunpur.
Rajwada Palace ▪ Built by Malharrao Holkar. Located in Indore district.
▪ The statue of mother Ahilyabai Holkar and the Holkar Museum are
the main attractions.
Sheesh Mahal ▪ Uddhot Singh. Located in Orcsha.
▪ The sword gifted by the Mughal emperor is preserved in this palace.
Vikram Temple ▪ Vikramaditya ruled between 1516 and 1523. His successor Mansingh
and Palace built it.
▪ It is situated in front of Karna Mahal and behind Maan Mandir. This
palace represents a temple.
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Dharia Palace Khargone

Gauhar Palace Bhopal
Kamlapati Palace Bhopal
Kaliadeh Palace Ujjain
Naukhanda Palace Ashoknagar
Dhai Palace Dhar (Mandu)
Itrhar Palace Raisen
Kharbuja Palace Dhar
Hawa Palace Ashoknagar
Moti Palace Bhopal
Water Palace Dhar
Hindupat Palace Panna
Palki Palace Niwari
Tarabai Palace Shajapur
Roshanbagh Palace Dhar
Benazir Palace Bhopal
Rajarao Ratan Mahal Burhanpur
Chappan Palace Mandu (Dhar)
Botal Palace Tikamgarh
Dhakaniya Palace Dhar
Kalkothi Palace Tikamgarh
Rana's Fort Gwalior
Major tombs Location

Peshwa Bajirao Raverkhedi, Khargone
Rani Durgavati Barela, Jabalpur
Lakshmibai Padav area, Gwalior
Jhalkari Bai Gwalior
Avantibai Balpur, Dindori
Girdhari Bai Mandla
Tatya Tope Shivpuri
Kishore Kumar Khandwa
Matyendra Peer Ujjain
Madhavrao Scindia Shivpuri
Vijiaraje Scindia Shivpuri
Maharaja Chhatrasal Dhubela, Chhatarpur
Kanha Baba's Samadhi Sodalpur, Harda
Major tomb locations

Tansen Gwalior
Ghaus Mohammad Gwalior
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Abdul Shah Changal Dhar

Peer Budhan Shivpuri
Daulat Khan Lodhi Burhanpur
Shahnawaz Khan (Black Taj Burhanpur
Mahal)
Mullah Do Pyaza Handia (Harda)
Mumtaz's Grave Burhanpur
Hoshang Shah's Tomb (M.P. Mandu, Dhar
Taj Mahal)
Major Chhatris Locations

Kunwar Chain Singh Sehore
Shrimati Balaji Maharaj
Shrinath Shinde's chhatri
Major caves
Udayagiri caves
▪ It is located in Vidisha. It was built by the Gupta dynasty ruler in the 4th-5th century.
▪ Here Lord Vishnu is shown as a person with a pig's head i.e. Varaha avatar.
▪ There are 20 cave groups here. They are related to Jainism and Hinduism.
▪ Cave number 1 and 20 are related to Jainism and number 5 has a huge statue of Vishnu in
Varaha avatar.
Bagh caves
▪ It is located on the banks of Bagh river. (Vindhyachal hill)
▪ Kukshi tehsil of Dhar district.
▪ They were built between the 5th-7th century.
▪ Dangerfield discovered it in 1818.
▪ Historians have shown them to be related to Buddhist caves. It is considered equivalent to
Ajanta.
▪ It is famous for colorful murals. The painting done on "fresco mural painting".
▪ A total of 5 caves exist here:
Cave no.
1 Grah Gufa
2 Panchpandu/Pandav Largest cave
3 Hanthi Gufa Most paintings
4 Rangmahal
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5 Pathshala Religious sermons and

meetings
▪ This group of caves is made up of 14 big caves and 37 small caves.

▪ In which cave number 3 there is a stupa with chhatravali. The cave named Badi Kacheri
(cave number 6) has a hall along with a stupa in the rear part and a sanctum sanctorum.
▪ Choti Kacheri (cave number 8) has a high stupa, Pradakshina path and a rectangular hall
with a domed roof.
▪ Queen's house in cave number 10. It is known as Kamaniya Mahal. Along with this, it is also
famous by the names Bhima Bazar (number 1), Hathi ka Mekh (number 12), Chota Bazar
(number 13).
Mrigendranath Cave
▪ Location: Located in Patnai village of Raisen.
▪ Discovery: M.P. Archaeological Department in 2009.
▪ This cave is 1km long. It is related to Jainism. The second comparison is made with
Bhimbetka.
Amba Devi Rock Shelter
▪ Betul (including Maharashtra District - Amravati)
▪ Known signs of human life.
▪ Evidence of settlement 25000 years ago.
▪ Discovery:- Vijay Ingle, 27 January 2007.
Evidence of animal Caves of Buddhism

Adam Garh husbandry/connection Mada/Mara connection
with Mesolithic period
Located in Discovered by I.T. Singrauli

Narmadapuram. Joshi and I.T. Khare.
Vilova Related to Shiva

caves religion
Gwalior
By Parmar Pahargarh Connection to

Bharthari
dynasty kings. Caves prehistoric period
Caves
Morena/As
Sage
Ujjain an River
Bharthari did
penance for 12
years.
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Religious tourist places
Hindu Jain Buddhist Islam Sikh
✓ Maheshwar ✓ Wool ✓ Sanchi ✓ Gurudwara

✓ ✓ Mosque
✓ Chitrakoot Kundalpur ✓ Satdhara
✓ ✓ Tomb
✓ Ujjain Pavagiri ✓ Great Bowl
✓ ✓ Dargah
✓ Omkareshw Gomatgiri ✓ Murelkhur
ar ✓ Baavangaja ✓ Andher
✓ Maihar ✓ Pushpagiri ✓ Sonari
✓ Mandsaur ✓ Sonagiri ✓ Saromaro
✓ Datia ✓ Mohankhed ✓ Deurkothar
✓ Amarkantak ✓ Khandargiri ✓ Bharhut
✓ Dhamnar
✓ Bandhavgarh
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Maheshwar
This city was the capital of King Sahastrarjuna of the Hydya dynasty, who defeated Ravana. His son
Parshuram killed Sahastrarjuna for harassing sage Jamadagani. Later, it was the capital of Ahilya
Bai Holkar. This city is famous for its beautiful ghats and Maheshwar sarees. Artistic temples like the
Rajarajeshwar Temple are situated here. The famous debate between Adi Guru Shankaracharya and
Pandit Mandan Mishra took place here.
Maheshwari Saree -
→ Maheshwar, a centre of handloom weaving since the 5th century, has been producing excellent
sarees.
→ In 1979, the Holkar family revived it with a small grant from the Central Welfare Board of
India.
→ The weaving project related to this is called 'Ranhwa Society'.
Rajwada -
→ It is a public courtyard.
→ There is a glass statue of Ahilyabai.
→ There is also a Shiva temple with a golden lingam.
→ Its design is simple.
Ek Mukhi Datta
Mandir
→ Dedicated to Lord Datta.

→ Spread over an area of 30 acres.
→ Located near Sahastradhara waterfall.
Narmada Dhar -
→ Ghat located at the foot of the fort.

→ Many Shivlingas are installed along the banks of the ghats.
→ Boating is the center of attraction in the ghat.
Sahastradhara -
→ It means thousand streams.

→ Here 1000 streams of Narmada river are divided.
Ahilyeshwar Temple -
→ It is a temple dedicated to Lord Rama.

→ There are pictures of Maratha soldiers and elephants.
→ Known as Ahilyabai's chhatri.
→ It was built by his daughter Krishna Bai.
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Rajarajeshwar Temple -
→ This is a 5500 years old temple.

→ Lord Parshuram built this temple in Treta Yuga.
→ 11 Nanda Deepaks have been lit continuously in the sanctum sanctorum for thousands of years.
→ This temple is called East facing Shiva Panchayatan.
→ There is Shri Ganesh Temple, Suryanarayan Temple, Chandradev Temple.
Chitrakoot
• The place where the Trimurti was born.

• The name Chitrakoot is derived from the presence of Cheetal.
Param Kuti
• It is a holy place, which was built by Shri Laxman as a hut for Lord Ram and Sita Ji during
their exile period by collecting bamboo and other wild things from the forest.
Kamadgiri Parikrama
• Kamadgiri is the main holy place of Chitrakoot Dham.

• The Sanskrit word ‘Kamadgiri’ means a mountain that fulfills all wishes and desires.
• The circumambulation path around this hill is about 5 km long and has a large number of
temples.
• It is believed that this place was the residence of Lord Ram, Mother Sita and Laxman Ji during
their exile period.
• According to ancient stories, while creating this beautiful universe, Param Pita Brahma Ji
performed havan with 108 fire pits at this holy place of Chitrakoot.
• Lord Kamatnath is the main deity not only of Kamadgiri mountain but of the whole of
Chitrakoot.
• Apart from summer, the color of this hill remains green throughout the year and appears
arched when viewed from any place in Chitrakoot.
Bharat Milap
• Bharat Milap Temple is the most visited place among the sights of Chitrakoot, which is located
near Param Kutir.
• Ram and Bharat met at this place when Bharat came here to meet Lord Rama after he went to
the forest.
• Also, the footprints of Lord Rama are still visible at this place.
Bharat Koop
• It is said that to anoint Lord Rama as the king of Ayodhya, his brother Bharat collected the
water of all the holy pilgrimages.
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• On the advice of sage Atri, this holy water was later poured into this well which came to be
known as Bharat Koop.
• A temple dedicated to Lord Rama's family is also located here.
Hanumandhara
• This place is dedicated to Ram devotee Hanuman.

• One has to climb 360 steps to see Hanuman.
• It is said that after setting Lanka on fire, Hanuman calmed his anger by standing in the cold
water of this stream, hence this stream of Chitrakoot Dham is known as Hanuman Dhara.
Sphatik Shila
• Situated on the banks of Mandakani River.

• At this place, footprints of Lord Rama can be seen on a rock.
• It is believed that Lord Rama adorned his wife Sita here.
• This is the same place where Sita ji was bitten by a crow named Jayant who was a demon.
Sati Anusuya Ashram
• Atri Muni, his wife Anusuya and their three sons meditated and did penance here.
• It was at this place that Goddess Anusuya told Sita ji the importance of chastity.
• An ashram named after Anusuya is situated here.
• It is believed that the Mandakini river originated as a result of the meditation of Sati
Anusuya.
Pramod Van
• It is located on Satna Road, just 2 km south of Ram Ghat.

• This place is situated as a beautiful garden on the banks of the Mandakini river.
• Pramod Van was built by Maharaj Vishwanath Pratap Singh Judev of Rewa.
Shri Ram Shaiya
• It is said about this place that during their exile, Lord Rama and Sita used to rest on a huge
rock.
• There are marks of a bow and a sleeping rock here.
Gupt Godavari
• This is a small river that flows in an underground cave.

• There are two natural throne-like rocks in the cave, it is believed that Lord Rama and his
brother Lakshmana held court here.
Ram Ghat
• Ram Ghat is built on the banks of the Mandakini River.
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• Some stories suggest that during their exile period, Lord Rama, Mata Sita and Lakshmana
spent some time at this place.
Janaki Kund
• It is a beautiful bank of the Mandakini River.

• There are stairs built on this bank and there are footprints of Mata Janaki here.
• Ram Janaki Temple is built near Janaki Kund and there is also a huge statue of Hanumanji
here.
• An eye hospital has been set up here by the Jankikund Trust.
Lakshmana Hill
• Lakshmana Hill is located at a distance of about 100 meters from the Ram Siya Rock.
• Lakshmana Hill used to sit on this rock and guard the safety of Lord Rama and Mother Sita.
• Lakshmana's footprints can be seen on the rock.
Valmiki Ashram
• This holy ashram is situated on a high hill on the banks of the Valmiki River.
• When Lord Rama abandoned Mother Sita, she stayed at this place and gave birth to two
children named Luv-Kush.
Ganeshbagh
• Ganeshbagh is located on the Karvi-Devangana road near Banke Sidhpur village.

• A large carved temple, a seven-storey stepwell and the remains of a residential palace are still
present here.
• The complex was built by Peshwa Vinayak Rao for summer stay.
• It is known as Mini-Khajuraho.
Rajapur
• It is 38 km from Chitrakoot Dham Railway Station.

• Birthplace of Goswami Tulsidas, who composed the world famous Shri Ramcharit Manas.
• A Tulsi temple is situated here.
Tulsi Museum -
→ 50 km from Chitrakoot.
→ Established in 1977.
→ Ancient sculptures, coins have been preserved.
→ It is situated in Ramvan.
Tulsi Peeth -
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→ Located in Janaki Kund, Chitrakoot (M.P.).

→ Established in 1987.
Sarabhanga (Ramvan
Pathagaman) -
→ 40 km from Chitrakoot Dham.

→ Here Sarabhang Muni gave up his body.
→ Ancient statues, chakras and urns can be seen in the temple premises.
Sutikshan Ashram (Ramvan Path Gaman) -
→ Situated at a distance of 40 km from Satna.

→ There is Ram-Janaki temple.
→ Natural pool and other visible sources.
Manas Mandir -
→ Built in 2008.
→ Established under Tulsi Peeth.
Kanch Mandir -
→ Temple of Chitrakoot Vihari and Viharini.

→ Hanuman temple, Ramanandacharya temple, scenes from the verses of Manas.
Divya Amarkantak
• Tirth Raj
Doodh Dhara waterfall -
→ Situated after Kapil Dhara.

→ There is a cave of sage Durvasa.
→ There is a Shivling in it. On which water Abhishek keeps happening.
Dhuni Pani Waterfall -
→ Natural hot water spring

→ Religious - associated with natural importance
→ It is claimed to protect from deadly diseases.
Kapildhara Waterfall -
→ Saint Kapil spent 12 years here.

→ This is the most famous waterfall.
→ Kapil Muni composed Sankhya Shastra here.
Kabir Chabutara -
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→ This is the place of Kabir followers.

→ It is dedicated to Saint Kabir.
→ In Sikhism, it is considered to be the meeting place of Guru Nanak and Kabir.
→ Saint Kabir spent many years meditating here.
→ There is a trekking trail here.
Amarkantak
Shri Yantra Mahameru Temple
• The most prominent feature of this temple is the huge 4-headed statue at the entrance.
• These faces represent the major goddesses Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kali and Bhuvaneshwari.
• Below them are idols of 64 Yoginis along with idols of Lord Ganesha and Kartik.
• The temple is built as a 3D projection of Sri Yantra / Sri Chakra, which is the mainstay of
worship of Sri Vidya in Hinduism.
• In essence it is a geometric representation of the concept of Shakti.
Narmadakund
• Narmadakund is the origin place of the Narmada River.

• There are many temples built around it.
• Prominent among these temples are Narmada and Shiva Temple, Kartikeya Temple, Shri Ram
Janaki Temple, Annapurna Temple, Guru Gorakhnath Temple, Shri Suryanarayan Temple,
Vangeshwar Mahadev Temple, Durga Temple, Shiv Parivar, Siddheshwar Mahadev Temple,
Shriradha Krishna Temple and Eleven Rudra Temples.
• It is said that Lord Shiva and his daughter Narmada used to reside here.
• It is believed that the Narmada Udgam originated from Shiva's matted locks, that is why Shiva
is called Jatashankar.
Maa Ki Bagiya
• Maa Ki Bagiya is dedicated to Mata Narmada.

• It is said that Shiva's daughter Narmada used to pick flowers from this lush green garden.
Pataleshwar Mahadev Temple
• This temple is shaped like a pyramid.

• It is built in Panchrath Nagar style.
Karna Temple
• It was built by Kalchuri ruler Karna.

• It is a temple with three sanctums which is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• It has five monasteries for entry.
• This temple looks like the temples of Bengal and Assam.
Shri Sarvodaya Digambar Jain Temple
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• In Shri Sarvodaya Digambar Jain Temple, the first Tirthankara Param Aaradhya 1008
Bhagwan Shri Adinath's amazing, beautiful, huge, world's heaviest 24 tonne Ashtadhatu
idol has been placed on a 28 tonne Ashtadhatu lotus (total weight 52 tonne).
• This grand, artistic, unique temple is being constructed using jaggery, lime and stones from
Rajasthan.
Sonamuda
• This place in Amarkantak is the origin of the Son River.

• A little distance from here is the origin of Bhadra.
• Both of them meet each other further ahead, hence they are also called 'Sondribhadra'.
• Son is also called Brahmaji's Manas Putra.
Shri Jwaleshwar Temple
• Amarkantak's third river Johila originates from here.

• There is a temple of Lord Shiva here.
• It is believed that the Shivlinga situated here was established by Lord Shiva himself.
• This place is also called Maharudra Meru in the Puranas.
• Lord Shiva lived here with Mother Parvati.
Rangmahal
• According to legends, when Shri Narmada appeared in the form of a divine girl, she was
gifted a beautiful palace named Rangmahal for her residence. Which is currently called
Rangmahal or Shri Narmada Ancient Temple.
Bhrigu Kamandal
• About 4 km to the south of Shri Narmada Temple, there is a place called Bhrigu Kamandal.
Which is called the place of penance of Bhrigu Rishi.
Arandi Sangam
• About 3 km from Shri Narmada River, towards the west, there is a holy pilgrimage place
called Arandi Sangam, which liberates from the sin of abortion. Here the Arandi and
Narmada rivers meet.
Bahgatnala
• Bahgatnala waterfall is located at a distance of about 5 km north of Shri Narmada temple.

Shri Ganesh temple
• Shri Ganesh temple is located at a distance of about 35 km north of Shri Narmada temple.
Apart from this, a Shiva temple built in the 12-13th century is also located near
Bahgadnala.
Ujjain
• City of temples
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• Considered the Greenwich of India.
Mahakaleshwar Temple
• Shri Mahakaleshwar of Ujjaini is one of the twelve famous Jyotirlingas in India.

• The idol of Mahakaleshwar is considered Dakshinamoorti as it faces south.
• This is a unique feature, which is found only in Mahakaleshwar among the 12 Jyotirlingas.
• The idol of Omkareshwar Shiva is installed in the sanctum sanctorum above the Mahakal
temple.
• The images of Ganesha, Parvati and Kartikeya are installed in the west, north and east of
the sanctum sanctorum.
• There is a statue of Nandi in the south.
• The idol of Nagchandreshwar on the third floor is open for darshan only on the day of
Nagpanchami.
• On the day of Mahashivratri, a huge fair is held near the temple.
Navgraha Temple
• Situated at the Triveni Ghat of Kshipra

• It is dedicated to the nine planets
• Worship is done on the new moon day falling on Saturday.
Gopal Temple
• It was built in the 19th century by Baijabai Shinde, queen of Maharaja Daulat Rao Shinde.
• It is a beautiful example of Maratha architecture.
• This temple has a very beautiful idol of Dwarkadhish.
• The jewel-studded door in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple was obtained by Shrimant
Scindia from Ghazni, which reached there along with the looting of Somnath temple.
• The peak of this magnificent temple is made of white marble and the rest of the part is made of
beautiful black stones and the doors are plated with silver.
• The courtyard and circumambulatory path of the temple are grand and huge.
Simhastha
• Simhastha of Ujjain is celebrated as the standard bathing festival.

• After 12 years, when the Sun is in Aries and Jupiter is in Leo, Maha Kumbh Mela is organized
here, then this festival is organized.
• During this time people take bath in Kshipra river.
Sandipani Ashram
• Lord Krishna studied for 64 days with his brothers Balram and Sudama in the ashram of
sage Sandipani.
• During this time he learned 14 Vidyas and 64 arts.
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• The education received from Ujjain appeared in the form of Gita from the mouth of Lord
Krishna in Kurukshetra.
• Only after this he was also called Yogeshwar and Jagadguru.
• The numbers from 1 to 100 are written on a stone near this ashram.
• It is believed that this number was written by Guru Sandipani.
• Gomti Kund is situated near Sandipani Ashram
Temple of Shri Harsiddhi Devi
• The temple of Shri Harsiddhi Devi has a special place among the ancient and sacred places of
worship in Ujjain.
• It is mentioned in Skanda Purana that on the orders of Lord Shiva, Mother Bhagwati killed
the evil demons
• So since then, her name became famous as Harsiddhi.
• According to Shiva Purana, Sati's elbow fell here.
• So, in the Tantric texts, it is called Siddha Shaktipeeth.
• This goddess is also called the worshipped Kuldevi of Emperor Vikramaditya.
Temple of Shri Mangalnath
• The temple of Shri Mangalnath is an important and ancient temple.

• In Matsya Purana, Mars has been called the son of the earth.
• The mythological belief is also that the birthplace of Mars is also here.
Kaal Bhairav Temple -
→ Dedicated to the main Bhairav out of the eight Bhairavs

→ Devotees offer liquor.
Chaubis khamba -
→ Worship of Mahalaya and Mahamaya Devi

→ Vikramaditya used to worship them.
→ 24 pillars are installed for protection.
→ Belongs to the 9th and 10th century.
Observatory -
→ Observation of local time, height of the place, movement of stars and planets.
→ Famous as Jantar Mantar.
→ It was built by Sawai Maharaj Jai Singh II
→ Has 13 Vastu astronomy instruments.
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→ According to Indian tradition, the first meridian of longitude passes from here.
Kaliadeh Palace -
→ Situated on the banks of Kshipra

→ Established as a Sun Temple.
→ Surya Kund, Brahma Kund.
→ An example of Persian architecture.
→ Renovated by Madhav Rao Scindia in 1920.
Ram Ghat -
→ Considered to be the oldest bathing ghat.

→ Kumbh Mela is held here.
Ram Janardan Temple -
→ 17th century
→ Built by Raja Jai Singh.
→ The image of Shri Krishna in the nearby pond is of the 11th century.
→ The images of Vishnu installed between the assembly hall and the rear of the Ram temple are of
the 10th century. And the images of Brahma Vishnu Mahesh are of the 12th century.
Chintaman Ganesh Temple -
→ Located on the banks of Kshipra.

→ Parmar period, original temple is of Ramayana period (by Sita Mata).
→ Here Shri Ganesh is worshipped in the form of Chintaman of Riddhi Siddhi.
→ Pind Daan of King Dasharath was performed by Lord Shri Ramchandra here.
→ Devotees make inverted Swastika symbol here.
→ Chaitramas Jatra and Tilmahotsav are celebrated.
ISKCON Temple -
→ Established by Prabhat Temple Trust.

→ The beliefs of Sandipan Ashram are universal.
Omkareshwar
Omkareshwar Jyotirlinga
• Omkareshwar or Omkar Mandhata Temple is one of the 12 revered Jyotirlingas of India. It is

an island in the shape of Om.
• This temple, apart from religious values, is also popular among tourists visiting Omkareshwar
for beautiful carvings with amazing architecture.
• The Jyotirlinga installed at the base of the temple remains submerged in water.
Mamleshwar Temple
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• This temple is located on the banks of the river Narmada, just opposite the Omkareshwar
Temple.
• The actual name of this temple is Amareshwar Temple.
• Mamleshwar Temple is spread over a small area, which has a hall and a sanctum sanctorum.
• 22 Brahmins performed the Lingarchana ritual on a daily basis in this temple since the reign of
Maharani Ahilyabai.
• Around 1000 Shivlingas are placed on a wooden board to perform the daily rituals.
• An idol of Goddess Parvati is also present here behind the Shivlinga.
Kedareshwar Temple
• This famous temple is spread on the banks of the holy river Narmada, just 4 km from
Omkareshwar.
• Built in the 11th century.
• Built as a tribute to Lord Kedar.
• Famous for its intricate architecture.
• The Kedareshwar Temple also bears an uncanny resemblance to the Kedarnath Temple.
Siddhanth Temple
• A 13th-century temple.
• It is a preserved ancient structure located on a small plateau on the Mandhata Island.
• This temple was invaded by Mahmud of Ghazni.
Sri Govinda Bhagavatpada Cave
• Extremely religious for Hindus

• This cave has a main hall and a small sanctum that houses a Shivalingam.
• This is the cave where Guru Shankaracharya learnt his lessons from the Govinda
Bhagavatpada Granth.
• It is also believed that Shankaracharya saved the city from a major flood by pouring river
water into a kamandalu (small bowl) which he placed near the mouth of the cave.
24 Avatars -
→ Annapurna Ashram has a Vishnu temple named 24 Avatars.
Gauri Siddhanath Temple -
→ Elephants in different postures are present in this temple.

→ Mahmud Ghaznavi had attacked.
→ 13th century, dedicated to Shiva.
→ Remains of pillars of ancient temple are there.
Gauri Somnath Temple -
→ It is built in Bhumij architectural style.

→ Three-storeyed, peacock shape.
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→ Built in 11th century, located on Mandhata island.

→ Similar to Khajuraho temple.
Rinmukteshwar -
→ Temple located at Narmada-Kaveri Sangam.

→ Pandavas performed penance of Shiva in this temple to get rid of debt during their exile. And
Pandavas installed Shivalinga.
Kirti Mela/Panchkoshi Yatra -
→ Panchkoshi Yatra starts from Shukla Paksha Ekadashi.

→ Panchkroshanam Samahara.
→ By doing this, one attains Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha.
Ekatma Dham -
→ 108 feet statue of Jagadguru Shankaracharya has been installed.

→ Aim to develop it as a global center of Advaita Vedanta
→ Unveiled by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on 18 September 2023.
Other Places Ghats
Dharamraj Gate Kotiteerth ghat
Moon and Sun Gate Gomukh ghat
Patali Hanuman Temple Chakrateerth ghat
Chaisath Yogini Temple Omkar ghat
Brahmeshwar Temple Nagar ghat
Kashi Vishwanath Temple Abhay ghat
Vishnu Temple Sangam ghat
Kuber Bhandari
Maihar
→ It is situated in Maihar district of Madhya Pradesh.

→ There is a famous temple of Maa Sharda here. Which is situated on Trikuta mountain.
→ It is believed that the necklace of Maa Sati fell here.
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→ According to religious beliefs, two warriors named Alha-Udal are the favorite devotees of Mata
Sharda. There are legends that even today Alha worships here in the morning.
→ This is a very beautiful temple and place naturally.
→ There are other religious places around this area.
→ Alha Udal Talaiya - Art of Ichail
→ Golamath Temple - Neelkanth Temple and Ashram
→ Badi Mai Temple (Khermai) - Oila Temple
→ KJS Temple or Ichhapurti - Bada Akhara Temple (Panni Khoh Waterfall)
→ Jalpa Devi Temple - Patiandai Temple
Mandsaur
▪ This city is called the hometown (maika) of Mandodari. It is also called the home of
archaeological treasures.
Major tourist places
Pashupatinath Temple
→ It is situated on the banks of Shivna River.

→ The eight-faced Shivling installed on it weighs 4600 kg.
→ The entrance of this temple is located in the west direction.
→ Here Shiva is depicted as Bhava, Pashupati, Mahadev, Ishan, Rudra, Shiva, Ugra and Ashni.
Dharamrajeshwar Temple
→ It is located in Garoth tehsil of Mandsaur district.

→ It is a temple of the fifth and sixth century.
→ This temple is compared to the Kailash temple of Ellora.
→ Earlier this temple was dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Later it was converted into a Shiva temple.
→ Mahashivratri festival is celebrated here with great pomp.
Takshakeshwar Temple
→ It is a 12th century temple located on Hinglajgarh Road.

→ Local people know it as Takhaji.
→ This is the only temple of Nagraj Takshak, which has a statue of Nag Takshak. Takshak's wife
and son are present on both sides.
Vijay Stambh
→ This pillar is related to Yashodharman's victory over Hun.

→ It is located in Sodhani village in the south direction.
Chaturbhuj Nala
→ Rock shelters spread over a 5 km long gallery, 30 km north of Bhanpura.

→ It is situated on the bank of an outflowing stream.
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Buddhist Caves
→ Buddhist caves dating back to the 5th century are located here.
→ The larger cave is called Bhima Bazar.
Dhamnar Caves
▪ Dhamnar caves are located on a hill in Vamanar village in Mandsaur district of Madhya
Pradesh.
▪ This rock cut site consists of 51 caves of various sizes carved into the laterite hill.
▪ The hill has two groups of structures, a series of Buddhist caves and a Hindu temple complex
known as the Dharmarajeshwara Temple, also known as the Dharmanath Temple.
▪ These caves have been mentioned by three different explorers-
→ James Tod. (1821)
→ James Ferguson. (1845)
→ Alexander Cunningham. (1864-65)
▪ Each author has described the caves and mentioned the number of caves as per discovery.
These are as follows:
Sr. No. Type Special Features

Cave No. 1 2 Section Carving on the western wall. Two chambers at the back
and open verandah.
Cave No. 2 3 Section One Vihara, two chambers with verandahs.
Cave No. 3 1 Section Stupa with chhatravali.
Cave No. 4 1 Section Stupa with three tier chhatravali.
Cave No. 5 2 Section Best preserved example of chaitya vihara and open
verandah.
Cave No. 6 2 Section Large hall with wooden architectural members like pillars
and stone beams.
Cave No. 7 1 Section Verandah larger than the room.
Cave No. 8 1 Section Tall stupa with three tier chhatravali and pradakshina
path. Vaulted ceiling of rectangular hall.
Cave No. 9 5 Section Four volumes, one of which has a raised bed like platform
with a cushion carved on either end. Separate volume for
rock carved half stupa.
Queen's House / 1 Section 4 pillars inside the volume with a portico at the entrance.
Kamania Mahal
Bhim Bazar 1 Section Chaitya with a stupa with Buddha sculpted in a sitting
Cave No. 11 posture. Stupa with three tier chhatravali and pradakshina
path. 6 half stupas at the entrance.
Elephant's 1 Section Chaitya cave has a 16 ft high entrance with a central stupa
Remains Cave roof.
No. 12
Small Bazaar 5 Section → A semi-circular chaitya hall. Carved figures of Buddha.
Cave No. 13 2 seated figures on either side of the entrance. 3 works
of Pandu and his two sons known to the locals.
→ Rare 15 ft long, reclining Buddha (Nirvana image) on
the eastern wall
Cave No. 14 3 Section
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Rationale for inclusion in the Tentative List of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO
▪ It falls under the second wave of cave construction.

▪ It is carved out of a hill of laterite rock.
▪ It is not cut in the traditional way but from the living rock. It is compared with the caves of
Ellora.
▪ The caves here bear witness to two religions i.e. Buddhism and Hinduism. In which the
presence of Dharmarajeshwar temple shows the spirit of tolerance.
▪ The Dhamnar group of caves retains its geomorphological character, natural formations of its
rock shelters and the ecosystem within its surrounding terrain. This man-nature relationship is
reflected in the archaeological findings of the early period.
Comparison with others,
▪ Lali Bela Rock Cut Site in Ethiopia.

▪ Rangiri Dabula Cave Temple in Sri Lanka.
▪ Yungang Caves of China.
▪ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka.
Datia
Pitambara Peeth
• It is a famous Shakti Peeth of the country

• “Baglamukhi Devi” and “Dhumvati Mata” were established at this place by Shri Golokvasi
Swamiji Maharaj.
• Vankhandeshwar temple located in Pitambara Peeth is a Shiva temple of Mahabharata
period
Sonagiri
• It is a famous pilgrimage place of Jains

• There are more than hundred temples located here, out of which Chandraprabha temple is
the biggest.
Unav Balaji Sun Temple
• It is a temple of prehistoric times.

• It is called Balaji Dham.
Ratangarh Mata Temple
• It is located on the banks of Sindh river.

• Special programs are held on Chhiwali Puja.
Govind Mahal
• It was built by Raja Veersingh Dev in 1614 AD.
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• It has attractive murals.
Sankua
• It is located on the banks of Sindh river.

• Kanhagarh and Nandanand palace are also in this area.
Jain pilgrimage sites
Oon area
→ This area is located in the Oon village of Khargone district.

→ Pavagiri Jain temple, Gwaleshwar temple holy pilgrimage are located here.
→ These temples were built by Parmar king Udayaditya.
→ Lord Shantinath is the main hero here.
Kundalpur
→ This is the holy pilgrimage of Jains located in Damoh district.

→ It is known as Bade Baba. The idol of Adinath is installed in the form of Bade Baba.
→ There are 63 Jain temples in Kundalpur.
Gommatgiri
→ It is located in Nainod village of Indore.

→ This Jain temple is dedicated to Lord Bahubali.
→ This idol is a replica of Lord Bahubali of Shravanabelagola in Karnataka.
→ Om symbol, Tirthankar temple, Pad/Charan, Maan Stambh are the main sights.
Baavangaja
→ It is situated on Chulgiri mountain. (Barwani)

→ There are 11 temples of 15th century here.
→ Here is the world's largest statue of Lord Adinath of 72 feet.
→ Jain saints Kumbhakaran and Indrajit attained Nirvana here.
Pushpgiri
→ It is situated in Sonkatch, Dewas.

→ The inspiration sources of this area are Pushyadant Sagar Ji and Tarun Sagar Ji.
→ There are two ancient (Adinath and Parshvanath) statues here.
Muktagiri
→ It is situated in Betul district.

→ There are 52 temples of Digambar sect here.
→ There is a Satfanik statue of Lord Parshvanath.
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Sonagiri
→ It is located in Datia district.

→ The number of temples here is 108.
→ A fair is organized here every year.
Mohankheda
→ It is located in Dhar district.

→ Adinath is the main deity here.
→ This temple is constructed using white marble.
Khandargiri
→ It is located in Chanderi, Ashoknagar.

→ There is a 38 feet statue of Adinath here.
→ There are 4 temples and 6 caves here.
Temples in Khajuraho
→ Parshvanath Temple
→ Adinath Temple
→ Shantinath Temple
→ Ghantai Temple
Sarvodaya Jain Temple
→ It is located in Anuppur district.

→ The world's heaviest (24 tons) Ashtadhatu idol of Lord Adinath is installed here.
→ This temple is made of lime and preserved stones.
Bajramath
→ This is a 9th century temple located in Vidisha district.

→ It was earlier a Sun temple, which was later converted into a Jain temple.
→ It is inspired by post-Gupta architecture.
Banghaji
→ It is located 35 km from Timakgarh district.

→ A 900-year-old black colored idol of Ajitnath is installed here.
→ On both sides of this idol are idols of Adinath, Sambhavnath and Neminath.
Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirtha
▪ Out of the 108 places of Parshvanath Jain Tirthas in Madhya Pradesh, 6 Jain pilgrimage sites
are located here. Which are as follows -
✓ Shri Aaloik Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirtha - Ujjain
✓ Shri Avanti Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirtha - Ujjain
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✓ Shri Kamitapuran Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirtha - Ujjain

✓ Shri Maksi Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirtha - Shajapur
✓ Shri Vahi Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirtha - Mandsaur
✓ Shri Kukdeshwar Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirtha - Neemuch
Shri Aaloik Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirtha
→ This is one of the 108 pilgrimage sites of Lord Parshvanath located in Ujjain.
→ The idol installed here has the following features -
 Lord Parshvanath has Dharnendra and Padmavati in his hands.
 The hood is bent to one side. The distance between the hood and the crown is very less.
 There is no shikhara on its head.
Shri Avanti Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirth
→ It was built by a person named Mahakal 250 years after the nirvana of Lord Mahavira.
→ It is known as Mahakal Chaitya.
→ During the reign of King Pushyamitra, this shrine became Mahakal Mahadev (Shiv temple).
→ Dadawadi is situated in front of this temple.
Shri Kamitapuran Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirth
→ The first construction was done in the 10th century.

→ King Janmejaya performed the Sarp Yagya, four arches were constructed in this yagya.
→ One of the four arches is named Toran.
→ Moolnayak - Idol of Kamitapuran Parshvanath Bhagwan.
→ He is known as Chintamani Parshvanath Bhagwan.
→ Simultaneous idol of Dharnendra Dev and Padmavati Devi, sometimes called Indra Devta.
Shri Maksi Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirth
→ Atishya Kshetra.
→ This area is worshipped by both Shwetambar and Digambar sects.
→ The main idol here is of Lord Parshvanath.
→ Humayun tried to destroy it by using his force. But the person who did this lost his eyesight. He
regained his eyesight only when the emperor apologized.
→ A fair is held here on the day of Rangpanchami.
Shri Vahi Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirth
→ Built by King Samprati.

→ It is more than 1100 years old.
→ The speciality of the idol makes it different.
→ Three expressions are visible on the idol. In the morning the idol looks like a child, in the
afternoon like a young man and in the evening like an old man.
Shri Kukdeshwar Parshvanath Shwetambar Jain Tirth
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→ This temple is 1040 years old.

→ Vikram Samvat 1676 is mentioned in the temple.
→ This temple was built by Dutt Brahmin.
→ Fair: - On the Dashami date of Shukla Paksha of Bhadrapad.
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Major Digambar Jain pilgrimage site - Madhya Pradesh
Digambar Jain
Pilgrimage Site
Atishya Kshetra Siddha Kshetra Kala Kshetra
▪ Aahuji - Dhar ▪ Gopachal Mountain - ▪ Baroh - Vidisha

▪ Chota Mahaveerji - Dhar Gwalior ▪ Panigaon - Dewas
▪ Mantunggiri - Dhar ▪ Drongiri - Chhatarpur
▪ Talanpur - Dhar ▪ Nainagiri - Chhatarpur
▪ Bari - Raisen ▪ Falhodi Badagaon -
▪ Bhojpur - Raisen Tikamgarh
▪ Baroh - Vidisha ▪ Bawangaja - Barwani
▪ Gyaraspur - Vidisha ▪ Muktagiri - Betul
▪ Kaithuli - Mandsaur ▪ Nemawar - Dewas
▪ Khandargiri - Guna ▪ Siddhavarkoot - Khandwa
▪ Mahaveer Tapobhoomi - Ujjain ▪ Oon (Pavagiri) -
▪ Jaisingh Pura - Ujjain Khargone
▪ Tigodaji - Sagar ▪ Songiri - Datia
▪ Aadishwargiri - Damoh
▪ Kundalpur - Damoh
▪ Pushpavati - Katni
▪ Pushpagiri - Dewas
▪ Lakhnadon - Seoni
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Deur Kothar
▪ This stupa was discovered in 1982 by Dr. Phanikant Mishra and Ajit Singh.
▪ 3 stupas made of clay bricks and 46 other small stupas have been found.
▪ It is considered to be five thousand years old.
▪ Local people know it as a Buddhist trading center.
Bharhut
▪ It is located in Satna district.
▪ Discovered by Alexander Cunningham, 1873.
▪ The remains of this stupa are preserved in the Indian Museum, Kolkata and Prayagraj.
▪ The stupa was built during the Ashokan period.
▪ An inscription on the entrance is inscribed assigning work to the king.
Dhamnar (world heritage)
▪ It belongs to the Mahayana sect.

▪ These are caves of the 5th century.
▪ 24 inscriptions in Brahmi script have been found.
Bandhavgarh Caves
▪ Places like Mathura, Kaushambi, Pavata, Vej Barda, and Sapatnairika are mentioned.
▪ Kings named Bhimsena, Pothasiri and Bhattadeva are mentioned.
▪ The world's largest Varaha sculpture also belongs to this period. Two Shaivite monasteries
have also been found.
Mahan katora
▪ One of the most famous places in the Buddhist circuit of M.P.

▪ Its is known as Great Gumba.
▪ It is also called Bhim Kund.
▪ It is a huge stone structure which was once used to store food and water.
▪ It was brought to light in 1818 by General Taylor.
▪ The site was renovated by Sir Alexander Cunningham in the 19th century.
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Natural tourist places of Madhya

Pradesh
Beauty based tourism National parks and wildlife

sanctuaries
➢ City of Lakes - Bhopal ➢ Kanha Kisli National Park
➢ Enchanting Bhedaghat ➢ Madhav National Park
➢ Charming Alirajpur ➢ Bandhavgarh National Park
➢ Jabalpur ➢ Panna National Park
➢ Pristine Tamia ➢ Fossil National Park
➢ Scenic Sailani Island ➢ Sanjay National Park
➢ Tranquil Pachmarhi ➢ Van Vihar National Park
➢ Thrilling Hanuwantiya ➢ Pench National Park
➢ Dinosaur Fossil Park
➢ Satpura National Park
➢ Omkareshwar National Park
➢ Palpur Kuno National Park
➢ Major Sanctuaries and
Safaris
Pachmarhi (Narmadapuram)
• The credit for the discovery of Pachmarhi goes to British army officer Captain James Forsyth.
He was sent to explore the Satpura region in 1802. He developed Pachmarhi as a sanatorium
site in 1862.
• The ancient name of Pachmarhi was Panchalgarh. It was the main fort of the Gond dynasty
kings. According to mythological references, Adi Shankaracharya has declared Pachmarhi as
Panchamgarh. During the Mahabharata period, the Pandava brothers built 5 caves in
Pachmarhi and spent their exile period.
• Pachmarhi has been declared a bio-reserve area in 1999 with the aim of protecting the
biodiversity of Pachmarhi and the environment prevailing here.
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• The highest mountain peak of Madhya Pradesh, Dhoopgarh (1350 meters), is located in the
Mahadev range of the Satpura mountain range in Pachmarhi. Its ancient name is Harvatskot.
• Near Pachmarhi, there is Satpura Tiger Reserve and a water tourism spot called Madhai at the
confluence of Tawa and Denwa rivers. Madhai is called the princess of Satpura.
Places Reason for fame

Jaishankar This is the nearest picturesque place to Pachmarhi. A famous Shivling is
installed in the Jatashankar cave. It is known as the place where Lord
Shiva sacrificed his matted locks.
Bada Mahadev 6 km away from the city. In a 60 feet long cave on a hill, grand statues of
Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh are installed. A continuous stream of water
flows on the Shivling installed here.
Gupta Mahadev A famous Shivling is installed in a 40 feet long-narrow cave here.
Chauragarh A grand Shiv statue made of white marble is installed in a huge temple
Mahadev situated on the Chauragarh mountain peak here. A huge fair is organized
every year on the festival of Shivratri and Nagpanchami.
Chhota Many natural Shiv Pindias are installed in a cave at this place. There is a
Mahadev natural waterfall inside this cave.
Nagdwari About 16 km west of the city. Beautiful and easily accessible hill caves are
located which are famous by the name of Nagdwari. Other famous places
here are Chitamani, Swargdwar, Paschimdwar, Agamdwar, Chitrashala
etc. A grand fair is organized on the occasion of Nag Panchami festival.
Pandav Caves This place is famous for 5 caves (Madhiya) dug on a hill in the southern
part of the city. The city is named Pachmarhi on the basis of these caves.
It is a famous state protected monument.
Handi Khoh This place exists in the form of high steep mountain rocks and deep
ravines. It is known as Andhikho.
Dhoopgarh Dhoopgarh is situated in the form of a peak at an altitude of 4429 feet
above sea level. It is the highest peak of the Satpura mountain range. It is
very famous for its panoramic views of sunrise and sunset.
Priyadarshini This place is a famous tourist spot named after Indira Ji. It was formerly
Bindu known as Forsyth Point.
Nimbu Bhoj Nimbu Bhoj exists in the form of Nimbu Khad between the hills. It is a
beautiful and memorable place.
Rajendragiri Rajendragiri was built for the stay of former President Dr. Rajendra
Prasad. It is also known as Ravi Shankar Bhavan.
Reechgarh Famous cave located 5 km from Pachmarhi.
Pachmarhi Famous lake located in the city, boating facility.
Lake
Mandadev Ambadevi temple and Narsinghgarh Maharani's bungalow are located
and Mandadeo cave and Mandadeo murals are famous places.
Jambudweep Beautiful tourist place, cave murals present.
Sushmasar 6 km from the city. Manohari place.
Nagankhad This place is one of the places located 7 km from the city and is one of the
unique natural places.
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Archaeological tourist places of Madhya Pradesh
▪ Other important archaeological sites

➢ Ujjain
▪ Kayitha
▪ Dangwala
▪ Tadola
▪ Nagda
➢ Khargone
▪ Kasrawad
▪ Navdatoli
▪ Peetnagar
➢ Mandsaur
▪ Indragarh
▪ Awara
▪ Manoti
➢ Vidisha
▪ Gyaraspur
▪ Besnagar
➢ Balaghat
▪ Dogaria
▪ Gangeria
➢ Sehore
▪ Ninmaur village
▪ Hathnora
➢ Narmadapuram
▪ Khedinama
▪ Pipariya
➢ Chhatarpur - Jarkas
➢ Rewa - Tyonthar
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➢ Sagar - Eran
➢ Gwalior - Pawaya
➢ Halghat - Dhar
World Heritage Sites

 India is blessed with rich history and natural diversity. An example of which is 43 UNESCO
World Heritage Sites. Which include 35 cultural sites, 7 natural sites and 1 mixed site.
 The list of World Heritage Sites is prepared by the 'World Heritage Program'. This program is
prepared/administered by the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO. It is contained in an
international treaty called Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in the year 1972. To provide assistance for their conservation,
the World Heritage Fund was established, supported by contributions from members.
 UNESCO
 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
 Headquarters - Paris (France)
 Formation - 16 November 1945
 Function - To promote international peace through education, nature and social sciences,
culture and communication.
 Objective - Its objective is to establish peace and security through international cooperation in
education and culture, so that a global consensus can be formed for justice, rule of law,
human rights and fundamental freedom described in the Charter of the United Nations.
 At present there are 1194 World Heritage Sites in 168 countries.
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World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh
• Cultural Heritage Sites

→ Khajuraho (1986) • World Heritage Cities
→ Sanchi Stupa (1989) → Gwalior
→ Bhimbetka (2003) → Orchha
Heritage sites in UNESCO's tentative list
• Cultural
• Natural
→ Bhojeshwar Mahadev
→ Satpura
→ Chambal Valley
→ Bhedaghat
→ Gond Monuments of
Mandla
→ Historical Cave Group of
Ghamanar
→ Khooni Bhandara
World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh

Khajuraho
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• Ancient Khajjuravahak was the capital of the rulers of the Chandela dynasty in Madhya
Pradesh. In ancient times, this area was included in the Vatsa country. While in the Middle
Ages, it was famous by the name of Jejak Bhukti. In the fragmented inscriptions obtained from
Mahoba, the political capital of the Chandelas, descriptions of the early kings up to Kirti
Varman are found.
• The Chandelas built grand ponds, forts, palaces and magnificent temples in their kingdom.
Their construction work was mainly concentrated in the capital Mahotsav Nagar (Mahoba).
During the survey of this province in 1818, the British surveyor Franklin's eyes fell on these
monuments. Thereafter, in 1838, T.S. Burt is credited with bringing the ancient temples of
Khajuraho to light again.
• These temples were discovered by Franklin in 1818.
• The temples of Khajuraho are living symbols of life, love and happiness.
• Khajuraho temples were constructed between 950 AD and 1050 AD.
• Out of 85 temples, only 25 temples are present here at present. (10 Vishnu, 8 Shiva, 1 Surya, 1
Chausath, 5 Jain)
➢ These temples have 3 main chambers.

1. Entrance Ardha Mandap,
2. Meeting room Mandap
3. Worship place Garbha Griha
• Due to geographical location, these temples have been divided into three groups.
Western Group
• The following temples come under this.
Kandariya Mahadev Temple

• It is the largest among the temples of Khajuraho.
• It was built by Vidyadhar Chandel to commemorate his victory over Mahmud Ghaznavi.
• It was built in Panchayatan style
• The complex of this temple also includes Kandariya Matangeswara and Vishwanath Temple.
This temple is built on the pattern of Latin Cross.
• It is a Sandhar-Prasad type temple.
Chausath Yogini Temple

• It is the oldest Khajuraho temple.
• It is located to the south of Kandariya Mahadev Temple
• It is dedicated to 64 Yoginis
• It has idols of Mahishasuramardini, Maheshwari and Chaturbhuji three-headed Brahmani
• However, the original idol here was of Kali which has been destroyed.
Jagadamba Temple
• It was probably a Vishnu temple, because there is a Vishnu idol on the forehead of its sanctum
sanctorum.
• It was a Panchayatan style temple, but the temples around it were destroyed.
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• The sanctum sanctorum actually has an idol of Ganga, who is riding her vehicle Makara, but
due to confusion, she is worshipped as Kali or Parvati.
Chitragupta Temple
• It is a Surya temple situated to the north of Jagadamba Temple, which is built on a high
platform.
• It is a Nirandhar Prasad style temple.
• It has an 11-headed Vishnu idol in its sanctum sanctorum.
• In this temple, hunting scenes, elephant battles, ceremonial processions, bravery of Chandelas,
military power and royal splendor were displayed.
Vishwanath Temple
• It is a Sandhara Prasad style temple, and is built according to the Saptaratha composition. It is
a Panchayatan style temple.
• It has a double Latin cross pattern plan like Kandariya Mahadev.
Matangeshwar Temple
• It is outside the boundary of the western group.
• An 8 feet high Shivalinga is worshipped.
• It faces east like Kandariya Mahadev.
• There is no idol in this temple.
• An eternal lamp burns here.
Nandi Temple
• There are 20 pillars in this temple, on which a high vimana is situated.
• There is a huge beautiful statue of Nandi inside this temple, whose shine is a proof of the skill
of the sculptors.
Parvati Temple
• There is a statue of Gauri in this temple.
• There is a statue of Vishnu on the forehead of its sanctum sanctorum, from which it is known
that it was once a Vishnu temple.
Eastern Group
Vaman Temple
• It is built facing east on a high platform like Jagadamba Temple or Chitragupta of Western
Group.
• It is of Nirandhar Prasad style.
• The statue of Vaman incarnation of Lord Vishnu is situated in the sanctum sanctorum of the
temple.
• There are only two Kaam plaques on the outer wall.
Jwari Temple
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• It is built in Nirandhar style.

• There is a statue of Vishnu in the forehead of the sanctum sanctorum, on both sides of which
there are statues of the nine planets.
• The head of the statue of Vishnu in the sanctum sanctorum is broken and below it there is a
statue of Garuda.
• A creeper of Kirti Mukhas has grown all around.
Brahma Temple
• This temple has the statues of Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh.
• There is a depiction of Ganga and Yamuna on both sides of the door.
• Initially this temple was dedicated to Vishnu.
• Granite and sandstone were used in its construction.
Jain Temple Group

Ghantai Temple
• It has seven huge pillars on which bell figures are painted.
• Garuda Vahini Ashtabhuja Jain Devi is inscribed on the entrance of the temple.
• There are statues of Jain Tirthankaras on both sides of it.
• Here 16 dreams of Mahavir Jain's mother are engraved.
• The 16 auspicious signs seen by Mahavir's mother at the time of conception are depicted on the
stone base above the door.
Adinath Temple
• It is situated in the north of the Jain temple group.
• This is the temple of the first Tirthankara Adinath.
• After losing its original idol, a new idol has been placed.
Parshvanath Temple
• This is the temple of the 23rd Jain Tirthankara Parshvanath.
• The bull on the throne in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple shows that earlier there was an
idol of Adinath.
• At the entrance of the temple, there is an idol of Garuda Vahini Ashtabhuja Chakraeshwari
Devi, who is considered to be the ruling deity of Rishabhdev.
• In the southern part of the circumambulatory portion of the temple, there is a 2 feet high idol
of Bahubali.
• On the outer wall, similar to the inside but in a larger size, there are idols of Balarama - Revati,
Lakshmi Narayana, Shankar - Parvati, Varaha, Agni, etc. along with idols of gods and
beauties.
South Group
Dulhadev Temple
• This is the temple of Swami Kartikeya (Dulhadev, the commander of Devsena).
• It is also called Kunwarmath.
• It is a temple of Nirandhar palace style.
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Chaturbhuj Temple
• The idol of four-armed Vishnu is installed in its sanctum sanctorum.
• It is made of sandstone.
Sanchi Stupa
• The literal meaning of stupa is Bhup, Thuha or Dhaer.
• Stupa is an architectural structure symbolizing Samadhi which is built in memory of a saint,
Acharya etc. on top of his physical remains or sacred material.
• The basic part of the stupa is called ‘Anda’ which is an important structure made like a semi-
circular inverted bowl. On top of Anda, many stones are joined in a diagonal manner to form a
structure called ‘Harmika’.
• Harmika is surrounded from all sides which is called ‘Vedika’ and there are entrance gates in
all four directions which are called Toran gates.
• Sculptures of many events are made on Vedika and Toran.
Types of Stupas
• Mainly three types
1. Physical Stupa
▪ Made on the physical remains of Buddha or any saint.
2. Paribhogik Stupa
▪ Made on the things consumed by saints (saints and teachers)
3. Objective Stupa
▪ Made for the purpose of propagating Buddhism.
Sanchi Stupa
• There are many big and small stupas here, out of which three are main, i.e. Stupa No. 1, Stupa
No. 2 and Stupa No. 3.
Stupa No. 1
• This is the main stupa.
• It contains the remains of Gautam Buddha
Stupa No. 2
• It contains the remains of Gautam's 10 disciples who belonged to three different generations,
their names are written on their relic boxes
Stupa No. 3
• It contains the remains of Sariputta and Mahamoggalayan.
Stupa No. 1
• Emperor Ashoka built the main part of the Sanchi stupa with bricks and built a boundary
around the stupa, which was made of wood.
• In the first century, the Shungas developed the architecture of Emperor Ashoka and made it
taller by plating stones on it.
• Along with this, the boundary of the stupa was also made of sandstone.
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• When Emperor Ashoka built this stupa, its height must have been 60 to 70 feet. Presently, its
height is 120 feet. There is a controversy over this.
• Kushan ruler Kanishka built four arch gates of this stupa.
• The railing of this stupa is made of sandstone. This railing has thirty pillars.
• Its height is 11 feet, 8.5 feet above the ground and 2.5 feet below the ground.
• There is nothing painted on the railing of this stupa.
1. Vedika
▪ The height of the altar of this stupa is 15 feet.
▪ The harmika on it is also made of stones and it has also been bounded.
2. Toran Dwar
▪ The southern gate was built first.
▪ The arch gate of the Sanchi stupa is made of stone.
▪ There are two pillars in every archway. Each pillar is 34 feet tall and the width of this pillar
is 7 feet. On these are statues of lion and elephant.
Sculptures of the Toran Gate

• It has the following sculptures.
a. Shalabhanjikas
▪ The literal meaning of Shalabhanjika is - breaking the branch of the Sal tree.
b. Events related to the life of Lord Buddha
▪ Scenes from Jatakas, Scenes from the life of Lord Buddha, Events from the later history of
Buddhism
i. Scenes from Jatakas

• Chaddanta Jataka, Mahakapi Jataka, Mahavesantara Jataka, Alambus Jataka and Sama
Jataka
ii. Scenes from the life of Lord Buddha
• Such as Dhammachakra, footprints, Bodhi tree etc.
iii. Events from the later history of Buddhism
• Only the following three events have been identified - the Kushinagar dispute and division of
relics, the Ramgram stupa and Ashoka's visit to see the Bodhi tree.
Statues of Yaksha
• There are four groups of stupas around Sanchi. These were discovered by Major Cunningham
in the 19th century. These are as follows -
• Bhojpur and Andher in the south-east
• Sonari in the south-west
• Satdhara in the west
• Saro-Maro in the south
Amber
• Near Sanchi Stupa.
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• Included in the Buddhist circuit.

• That settlement had a spiritual solar physical connection with Sanchi.
• This is a group of three stupas.
• Stupa number 1 was built in 150 BC.
• Names of monks are written in Brahmi script on 2 and 3.
Murelkhurd/Bhojpur
• It is located at a distance of 19 km from Sanchi.
• It is known as Bhojpur Stupa.
• It is included in the Buddhist circuit of Madhya Pradesh.
• This stupa is of the first century BC.
• Two Buddhist temples were found in which a Buddha idol was found in one temple.
Sonari-
• It is a complex of Buddhist stupas.
• It has two big and five small stupas.
• The stupas were excavated by Alexander Cunningham around 1850.
• Two boxes full of remains were found. These are preserved in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
• Remains of a sombrestone were found in one of the stupas.
• The names of the monks are mentioned in Brahmi script on stupa number 2.
Satdhara
• This is a stupa located at a distance of 14 kilometers from Sanchi. It is an archaeological site of
an ancient monastery complex.
• It is included in the Central India Buddhist Circuit.
• The southern path and stairs are found.
• There are some ruins near the stupa, which include the remains of a monastery and a temple,
which are collectively called "Siddha's House". That is, the most enlightened monks of Satdhara
used to live here.
Saro-Maro
• It is an archaeological site of ancient monastery complex and Buddhist caves.
• Located in Budhni tehsil of Sehore.
• The caves have wall paintings (swastika, triratna kalash).
• Two inscriptions of Ashoka have been found in the main cave.
• The inscription mentions the visit of Maharaj Kumar.
• The inscription shows that Ashoka visited this Buddhist monastery complex when he was the
governor of Madhya Pradesh.
Bhimbetka
Location
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• The caves of Bhimbetka are located on the southern edge of the Vindhya Hills, 45 km south-east
of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh and 9 km from the town of Obedullaganj in Raisen district of
Madhya Pradesh.
• To the south of these caves lie the successive ranges of the Satpura Hills.
• It is inside the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary, embedded in sandstone cliffs, in the foothills of the
Vindhya Range.
Bhimbetka Site
• The Bhimbetka site consists of seven hills namely Vinayaka, Bhoravali, Bhimbetka, Lakha Juar
(east and west), Jhondra and Muni Babaki Pahari.
Naming
• The name Bhimbetka is associated with Bhima, the hero-god of the epic Mahabharata. The word
Bhimbetka is derived from Bhimbaithaka, which means “Bhima's sitting place”.
World Heritage Site

• The Bhimbetka area was declared a site of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of
India, Bhopal Circle in August 1990. After this, UNESCO declared it a World Heritage Site in
July 2003.
Discovery
• The Bhimbetka site was first described by a British officer W. Kincaid through a scholar's letter
during the year 1888.
• On the basis of information received from the tribals of the Bhojpur region, he ranked this site
named Bhimbetka as a Buddhist site.
Reason for fame

• Bhimbetka caves are famous for rock paintings and rock shelters made by prehistoric humans.
• The paintings made here are the oldest signs of human life in the Indian subcontinent.
• Other archaeological remains found here include the wall of an ancient fort, Shunga-Gupta
period inscriptions, small stupas, buildings built in the Stone Age, shell inscriptions and remains
of a Parmara period temple.
Auditorium Cave
• Auditorium Rock is the largest shelter in Bhimbetka, surrounded by quartzite towers
• Robert Bednarik describes the prehistoric Auditorium Cave as having a “cathedral-like”
atmosphere, including “its Gothic arches and large spaces”.
• Its formation resembles a “right-angled cross” with its four branches aligned to the four cardinal
directions. The main entrance is on the east side.
• At the end of this eastern path, at the cave entrance, is a boulder with a near-vertical panel that
is prominent, visible from all directions.
• In archaeological literature, this boulder is described as the “Chief Rock” or “King’s Rock”.
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• The boulder with the auditorium cave is the central feature of Bhimbetka
• Its 754 numbered shelters are spread over a few kilometres on either side, and there are about
500 places where rock paintings can be found.
Period-
• Bhimbetka's rock shelters and caves contain a large number of paintings.
• The oldest paintings found in Bhimbetka cave are 30,000 years old.
• The colours used for painting in Bhimbetka caves are vegetable colours which have deteriorated
through time as the paintings were generally made inside a niche or on the inner walls.
• The drawings and paintings can be classified under seven different periods (kaal).
Period I (Upper Paleolithic)
• These are linear representations of colossal figures of animals such as bison, tiger and rhinoceros,
in green and dark red.
Period II (Mesolithic)
• Depictions of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mothers and children, pregnant
women, people carrying dead animals, drinking and burials appear in a rhythmic manner.
Period III (Chalcolithic)

• Similar to the paintings of the Mesolithic, these paintings suggest that during this period the cave
dwellers of this region were in contact with the agricultural communities of the Malwa plains,
and exchanged goods with them.
Period IV and V (Early Historic)

• Religious beliefs are represented by yakshas, tree deities and magical sky chariots.
Period VI and VII (Medieval)

• A rock, popularly known as the “Zoo Rock”, depicts elephants, barasingha (swamp deer), bison
and deer.
Gwalior (Creative City)
Gwalior as the City of Music:

• Gwalior is the second city in India to be designated as a 'City of Music' by UNESCO after
Varanasi in 2015.
• The city is widely regarded as the birthplace of Tansen, one of the greatest musicians and
composers in Indian history, who was one of the 'Navratnas' (nine gems) in the court of
Emperor Akbar.
• The city is also the origin of the Gwalior Gharana, the oldest and most influential style of
Hindustani classical music.
• The city hosts one of India's largest annual music festivals, the Tansen Music Festival, which
attracts thousands of music lovers and artists from across the country and abroad.
• Gwalior, one of the major cultural centers of the state of Madhya Pradesh, is the origin of the
ancestral Hindu music of Gharana Dhrupad and Kahal.
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• These styles are still very active and the city represents an essential meeting and training place
for their performers and performers of Hindu music in general.
Major tourist places -

→ Gwalior Fort
→ Italian Garden
→ Chhatris of Scindia dynasty
→ Mausoleum of Rani Laxmibai
→ Gandhi Zoological Park (established 1922)
→ Tighra Reservoir (water for Gwalior city)
→ Sun Temple, Murar (inspired by Konark Temple)
→ Jai Vilas Palace
Gwalior Fort
• King Surajsen built this fort in 525 AD on the inspiration of Galav Rishi.
• In ancient Sanskrit inscriptions, it is mentioned as Gopachala, Gopagiri, hill of cow herders.
• The modern name Gwalior seems to have been derived from one of the ancient names
"Gopalikara".
• Its evidence is stone inscriptions, two engraved inscriptions of Mihirbhoj, inscription of
Chaturbhuj temple.
History
→ Evidence of its ancient stone age is found in the artifacts of Gupteshwar. This region included
Maurya, Shunga, Kushan and Naga, who held power till the fourth century.
→ Guptas ruled till the last quarter of the 5th century.
→ The inscription found from the Sun Temple provides information about the rule of Mihirkul.
• The inscriptions found from the Chaturbhuj Temple are of 875 AD and 876 AD. Which shows
that Gwalior was included in the Kannauj state.
• From 1398 AD to 1516 AD, Gwalior remained under the Tomar Rajput dynasty. (Raja
Mansingh)
• Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked unsuccessfully in 1023 AD.
• Qutubuddin Aibak took control in the 13th century
• Balban took control in 1265 AD.
• Jalaluddin Firoz Shah Khilji established control in 1295 AD.
• Between 1398 to 1516 gwalior was under control of Rajput Rajvansh
• Akbar took it under his control in 1559 AD.
• In 1782 AD, it came under the control of Scindias by the Treaty of Salbai.
Major palaces and temples in the fort
Built in the 15th century, constructed by Man Singh Tomar.
Hindu and mixed Mughal architecture.

Man Mandir Palace Remains of Bagh painting on the front of the temple.
Jauhar Kund is located here. Suraj Kund is also located here.

Teli Mandir, Sas Bahu Mandir, Gurudwara 167
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Built by Raja Man Singh for his wife Mrignayani
It is on the bank of the Rai river.
Gujari Mahal An archaeological museum was established here in 1920 by H.V Garde
H.V.H.VardeGarde.
Opened to visitors in 1922
It is also known as Oilman Mandir.
During the British period, it was converted into a soda factory.

Teli ka
Mandir It is built in the North Indian Nagar
style.
Suraj Kund is situated at a distance of 100 m from it. Suraj Pal was
cured of leprosy by its holy water.
Constructed in 875 AD. (Located in Gwalior Fort.)
It was built by 'Alla', the grandson of Nagar Brahmin
Chaturbhuj It is famous for its mathematical relations.

Mandir
An inscription giving information about zero is located here.
Information about Varaha incarnation of Lord Vishnu is

found here.
This temple was constructed in 1093 AD.
It is also called Sahastrabahu Temple.

Sas Bahu
Temple There is a square chamber in the middle of this temple, on
three sides of which there are gate pavilions and on the fourth
side is the sanctum sanctorum.
It was built by the Mahipal king of Kachchhapaghata
kKkakkingmMahipal.
Lord Vishnu 168
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Gwalior: Infront of Bank of Baroda, Nearis depicted
SaiBaba Mandiras a god Gwl
Phoolbagh with a thousand
(M.P.) Cont.7524821440,7000360672
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Important gates of the fort
▪ Hathi Pol Gate - Built by Raja Mansingh

▪ Ganesh Gate - Built by Raja Dungar Singh Tomar
▪ Laxman Gate - Built in the 15th century, this gate was named after Laxman Singh.
▪ Hindola Gate - Named after Badal Singh, uncle of Raja Mansingh Tomar.
▪ Gwalior Gate - Also known as Alamgiri Gate. This is the main entrance.
Major lakes of the fort -

• Gangola Lake - Built in the 8th century. The stones extracted from it were used to build the Teli
temple
• Ek Khamba Lake - Built by Dungarendra Singh and Kirti Singh. A statue of Lord Parshvanath
in Padmasana is installed in it.
• Katora Lake
• Rani Lake
• Chhedi Lake
• Johar Kund
Architecture of the fort -

• The fort has an architectural blend of Mughal and Rajput elements. It reflects the cultural and
architectural fusion of architectural elements with extraordinary, artistic expressions in mosaic
tiles, stone lattice patterns, pillars, brackets and domed turrets.
• The strategic position and defensive structures of the Gwalior Fort were enhanced by successive
rulers.
• This fort displays its detailed design and artistic unique craftsmanship.
Comparison with other monuments-

• Bekal Fort of Kerala
• Fortified city of Chandragiri (Vijayanagar Empire)
• Forts of Chitradurga and Gingee
Orchha
• It was the initial capital of the ancient Orchha state.
• It is a place of historical, cultural and religious importance on the banks of the Betwa River.
Jahangir Mahal
• This palace was built by Raja Veer Singh in the 17th century to commemorate Jahangir's visit
to Orchha.
• Five-storey building
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• It is the best work of Orchha architecture.

• It is a Hindu-Muslim style building.
Rajmahal
• The oldest building of Orchha
• Construction started by Rudrapratap, completed by Bharatichand and Madhukarshah.
Pravinrai's Palace
• Built by Indrajit, son of Madhukar Shah
• Two-storey building located to the north of Jahangir Mahal
• There is a huge garden in the basement.
• An attractive portrait of the famous dancer Pravinrai.
Ramraja Temple
• Centre of religious faith
• Built by Bharatichand
• Madhukar Shah's queen Ganesh Kunari installed the idol of Ramraja after bringing it from
Ayodhya.
• Before installing this idol in the temple, it was kept at a place in this palace itself, since then the
idol of Lord Ram has been seated there.
• This is the only temple in the country where Ram is worshipped like a king.
Chaturbhuj Temple
• This temple was built for the idol of Ram brought from Ayodhya.
• Lotus symbol and other auspicious symbols of religious importance were inscribed as external
ornamentation in it.
• The sanctum sanctorum of the inner part is simple.
Lakshminarayan Temple
• This temple was built by King Veer Singh Dev.
• It is built on a hill in the west of Orchha with a combination of temple and fort style.
• The best example of wall painting can be seen on its walls.
Diwan Hardaul Palace

• Hardaul was the son of Veer Singh Judev Singh.
• He is considered to be like a god in Bundelkhand.
Phool Bagh
• This is a flower garden built by Bundela kings, which is surrounded by walls on all sides.
• Below this was the summer cool rest house of Orchha kings.
• It has been connected to a water supply system called Chandan Katora. The drops falling from
its fountains give the feeling of rain.
Natural Sites
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Satpura Tiger Reserve

• It is located in the Satpura Range.
• It is part of the Deccan biogeographic region of India.
• Satpura means ‘seven rivers’. It forms a water divide between the Narmada and Tapti. It is
triangular in shape.
• It is one of the oldest forest reserves with a well-established tradition of scientific management
of forests.
• Similarity between Satpura and Himalayan flora: It has Himalayan flora like Asterella khasiana,
Bambusa polymorpha, Rubus ellipticus, Berberis asiatica.
• Examples of species found in Satpura and Western Ghats are Cocospermum religiosum,
Pterocarpus satillanus (red sandalwood).
• There are more than 50 rock shelters with paintings that are 1500 to 10000 years old.
• The importance of Satpura in the faunal bridge hypothesis of the Himalayas and the Western
Ghats was described by Sundarlal Hora through the Satpura Parikalpa (1949).
• It is considered as a relic site
• Bhawani Prasad Mishra has beautifully described the Satpura forest in one of his poems.
• It is the best example of in-situ conservation. It is part of India's largest contiguous forest and
tiger habitat. It represents 17 percent of India's tiger population.
• The freshwater red algae "Batrachospermum moniliforme" has also been recorded in the
nominated property.
• It provides the appropriate and favourable flora/environment for the Kharbhor, the state bird
of Madhya Pradesh.
Bhedaghat
• Bhedaghat is called the Grand Canyon of India.
• Many dinosaur fossils have been found in the Narmada Valley, especially in the Bhedaghat
Lameta Ghat area of Jabalpur.
• The first dinosaur fossil was collected from the Lameta Beds by William Sleeman in 1828.
• The site is located at the confluence of the Narmada and Banganga.
• Captain Jacob Smith writes: ‘The eyes never tire of the effect produced by the broken and
reflected sunlight.’ He gave a unique description of the beauty of the Narmada River and
Bhedaghat.
• It mainly consists of marble rocks, Dhuandhar Falls, Bandarkudni and other waterfalls.
Justification for Outstanding Universal Value:

• Marble, phyllite, quartzite of the Mahakoshal group of rocks of Proterozoic age are recorded
here together.
• Tectonically it is a (Narmada Valley) graben. Which is a layered block on the earth which has
fallen relative to the blocks on either side due to ancient stretching of the earth's crust.
• The channel akariki of the Narmada River indicate that it has changed its course and now flows
on a different channel located in the left region.
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Attraction and beauty of Narmada:

• The center of attraction is the unique beauty of lush green nature.
• The beauty of Narmada and its rhythm have been compared to the Raga of Tansen's Granth.
• The unique marble stones of the Bhedaghat region have various shades like white grey, pink and
blue grey. Which give it additional beauty.
• V-shaped valleys are located here.
• Circular drainage pattern has developed along its banks.
• A paleo-channel has developed from Dhuandhar Falls to Saraswati Ghat. The paleochannel
becomes active during monsoon.
Comparison -
1. It is made with Victoria Falls of Zimbabwe.
• In Bhedaghat, one can experience the incomparable beauty of natural phenomena,
geomorphological processes and waterfalls, which are more unique and excellent than other
places.
Cultural Sites
Bhojeshwar Mahadev Temple -
• Built during the 11th century.
• Built by King Bhoj Parmar, this temple represents the pinnacle of temple architecture.
• The architecture of the temple follows the Bhumija style.
• Justification for Outstanding Universal Value -
▪ Architectural Magnificence: The huge size of the temple, the huge lingam and the intricate
carvings reflect the architectural brilliance and engineering marvels of the Parmar dynasty.
▪ Historical Significance: It holds historical significance as evidence of the cultural and
religious patronage of the Parmar dynasty. It provides information about the social, cultural,
spiritual and architectural aspects of ancient India.
▪ Cultural Heritage: The unfinished construction of the temple reflects the aspirations,
religious beliefs and artistic endeavours of the Parmar dynasty.
• The temple follows the rules of architecture based on Samaranganasutradhar Dhar, a book
written by King Bhoj on Vastu Vidya or architectural theory.
• If this temple had been completed, it would have been the largest Hindu temple in the world.
• This temple is compared to the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur.
Rock Shelters of Chambal Valley

The central region of India is home to a large number of rock art sites. These rock art sites flourish
in the Vindhya, Satpura, Kaimur ranges and hilly areas. The Chambal basin and Central India
region have the largest concentration of known rock art sites in the world. The Chambal basin is
spread over M.P. and U.P., Rajasthan region. It is divided into 9 cluster rock shelter areas. The 5
cluster areas out of 9 clusters are located in Madhya Pradesh. Which are as follows. -
Cluster District Rock Art Sites
I Gwalior Aurpura, Baba Chhaj, Bhau Saheb's Samadhi, Chudel
Chhaj, Daulatpur, Denagaon, Gupteshwar Hill, Gwalior
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West, Maharajpure, Mohana, Para, Siyachhaj, Tikla

(Kankali Mata)
II Mandsaur Adharshila, Anvadia Deh, Antaraliya, Amjhar, Chhota
Ramkund, Bhadka of Dadouli, Hinglajgarh, Gandhi Sagar,
Junapani, Dakan's Sathiya, Indergarh, Gainsaheb
III Morena Amjhir Nala, Bhadeh Chhaj, Budera Chapreta, Dabkund,
Harena, Koleya, Likhi Chhaj, Padkhonal, Pahargarh,
Parewa, Remjakhoh, Siyawa, Thadkrad
IV Rajgarh Dev Maharaj Hill, Bada Mahadev Hill Upchalgarh Hill,
Chidi Koh Hill Fort, Vijaygarh, Kakshila Rani Chhajja Hill
V Shivpuri Sanctuary, Amjhari, Bharka-Kho, Mountain of Churels,
Imlia, Mahadev, Kunda
• The Chambal basin has yielded significant archaeological evidence of the Middle Pleistocene
period. Its rock art sites represent various historical periods, including the Lower Middle and
Upper Paleolithic, Middle Chalcolithic and Early Historic periods.
• The earliest traces of human habitation in the region are Acheulian tools, including cleavers,
hand axes, improved and unimproved flakes, scrapers, cores and fragments of spent cores. The
rock art of the basin includes cupules, the oldest of which are found in Arki, petroglyphs
(caputes) discovered in Chatteshwar and Kanyadeh. The Bhanpura area also has an important
collection of pedroglyphs. In addition, engraved ostrich eggshells found in Chandrasel in Kota
district are about 40,000 years old.
• During the Mesolithic period, scenes of daily life such as hunting, child rearing were beautifully
depicted. Dichromatic paintings were a notable feature of Mesolithic rock art. Most of these
artworks were located on rock walls and ceilings near water sources such as rivers, waterfalls,
valleys or lakes.
• In the Chalcolithic period, animal husbandry became the dominant theme in the rock art of the
Chambal basin. The basin has Chalcolithic sites associated with cultures such as Ahar, Kayatha,
and Malwa.
Comparison with others
• Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape
✓ Bhimbetka Rock Shelter
• in the foothills of Vindhya Mountains
✓ Tadrart Akakus Rock Art Site
• Western Libidha
• Paintings
✓ Kondoa Rock-Art Sites
• Tanzania
• Hunter-Gatherer Paintings
✓ Hima Culture Area
• Saudi Arabia
• Petroglyphs (Rock Paintings)
Gond Monuments of Mandla
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• This region was formerly known as Madhya Bharat and covered parts of present-day Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. It is said to be the home of the Gond tribe, India's most
important tribe. The region ruled by the Gonds is historically known as Godwana. The four
major kingdoms that ruled Godwana included the Garh Mandla Kingdom, which ruled between
1300 AD and 1789 AD.
• The history of the major kings of this region has been significant. For many years peace prevailed
between the Gond kings of Garh Mandla and the neighbouring Bundelas, but in 1634 Orchha
king Jujhar Singh, taking advantage of the absence of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Agra and
political instability in the Deccan, assassinated the Gond ruler Prem Shah.
• The Bundela invasion of the Garh Mandla state and the death of Prem Shah was a major blow
to the prestige of the Raj-Gandos. Prem Shah's son Hirdesh Shah took over the throne of
Chauragarh in 1635 AD with the help of the Mughal royal army and the Bhopal government.
However, the campaign of Jujhar Singh made the weakness of the Mandla state clear. And in
1015 the Bundelas captured Chauragarh. The next event of Hirdesh Shah's reign was the
transfer of the state capital from Chauragarh to Ramnagar.
• These Gond kings paid special attention to strong strategic and excellent styles of architecture.
Mughal and Rajput influence is evident in the architectural elements of these buildings.
• The group of monuments includes the following:-
→ Moti Mahal
→ Raibhagat Ki Kothi
→ Vishnu Temple
→ Begum Mahal
→ Dalbadal Mahal (Chaugan) Mandla
Moti Mahal
→ 17th century - located in Ramnagar Mandla, on the banks of the river Narmada.
→ An inscription located here gives the genealogy of 54 Gond rulers.
→ It is three storeyed. Arched pillar hall, royal bedroom, darbar hall, dance hall and royal kitchen.
→ Built by King Hirde shah Gond.
→ Declared a state protected monument in 1984.
Raibhagat Ki Kothi
→ Built by Hirde Shah for his minister Raibhagat.
→ It is also known as Mantri Mahal.
→ It faces south. The entrance also has an ornate painted ceiling.
→ The structure has large rooms along the outer perimeter. Adjacent to the central courtyard are
rooms with lower ceilings.
Vishnu Temple
→ It is a Hindu temple, Surya Mandir.
→ It was built by Hirdesh Shah's wife Rani Sundari.
→ It looks like a Mughal tomb and a Bengali Panch Ratna style temple.
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→ The inscription stone was originally in the Vishnu temple itself. Apart from Vishnu, there were
idols of Shiva, Surya, Ganesha and Durga.
Begum Mahal
→ It is a centrally protected monument. It is located in Uttar Pradesh near Moti Mahal.
→ King Hirdesh Shah built it for Mughal princess Chimni Rani.
→ The domed rooms are reminiscent of Mughal architecture.
Dal-Badal Mahal
→ It is called Sporting Palace. It is a centrally protected monument.
→ It is located between Begum Mahal and Moti Mahal.
→ It is built for generals and soldiers.
Comparison with other monuments
World Monuments Monuments in India

The Royal Palace of Abomey in Benin Fatehpur Sikri
(Africa).
Fortress in the Gondar region of Ethiopia. Champaner Pavagadh-Archaeological Park
Historical Group of Dhamnar
▪ Dhamnar caves are located on a hill in Vamanar village in Mandsaur district of Madhya
Pradesh.
▪ This rock cut site consists of 51 caves of various sizes carved in the Laterat hill.
▪ The hill has two groups of structures, a series of Buddhist caves and a Hindu temple complex
known as the Dharmarajeshwara Temple, also known as Dharmanath Temple.
▪ The caves have been described by three different explorers-
→ James Tod. (1821)
→ James Ferguson. (1845)
→ Alexander Cunningham. (1864-65)
▪ Each author has described the caves and mentioned the number of caves. These are as follows:
Serial No. Type Special Features

Cave no. 1 2 khand Carving on the western wall. Two chambers at the rear and
open veranda.
Cave No. 2 3 khand One Vihara, two chambers with verandah.
Cave No. 3 1 khand Stupa with chhatravali.

Cave No. 4 1 khand Stupa with three tier chhatravali.
Cave No. 5 2 khand Best preserved example of chaitya, vihara and open
verandah.
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Cave No. 6 2 khand Large hall with wooden architectural members like pillars
and stone beams.
Cave No. 7 1 khand Verandah larger than the room.
Cave No. 8 1 khand Tall stupa with three tier chhatravali and pradakshina
path. Vaulted ceiling of rectangular hall.
Cave No. 9 5 khand Four volumes, one of which has a raised bed like platform
with a cushion carved on either end. Separate volume for
half stupa carved out of rock.
Cave No. 10 1 khand 4 pillars inside the volume with a portico at the entrance.
Queen's
residence /
Kamania Palace
Bhim Bazaar 1 khand Chaitya with a stupa with Buddha sculpted in a sitting
Cave No. 11 posture. Stupa with three tier chhatravali and pradakshina
path. 6 artha stupas at the entrance.
Remains of an 1 khand Chaitya cave has 16 ft high entrance with central stupa
elephant roof.
Cave No. 12
Small Market 5 khand → A circular chaityagriha. Carved figures of Buddha. 2
Cave No. 13 seated figures on either side of the entrance. 3 works of
Pandu and his two sons known to the locals.
→ Rare 15 ft long, reclining Buddha (Nirvana image) on
eastern wall
Cave no. 14 3 khand
Rationale for inclusion in the Tentative List of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO
▪ It falls under the second wave of cave construction.
▪ It is carved out of a hill of laterite rock.
▪ It is not cut in the traditional way but from the living rock. It is compared with the caves of
Ellora.
▪ The caves here bear witness to two religions i.e. Buddhism and Hinduism. In which the presence
of Dharmarajeshwar temple shows the spirit of tolerance.
▪ The Dhamnar group of caves retains its geomorphological character, natural formations of its
rock shelters and the ecosystem within its surrounding terrain. This man-nature relationship is
reflected in the archaeological findings of the early period.
Comparison with others,

▪ Lali Bela Rock Cut Site in Ethiopia.
▪ Rangiri Dabula Cave Temple in Sri Lanka.
▪ Yungang Caves of China.
▪ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka.
Khooni Bhandara
→ It is an underground water management system. There are eight water structures located in
Burhanpur. These Mughal-era water structures are one of the most important historical water
systems of India.
→ To deal with the water problem, the then governor Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana started this
huge water project. It was started during the reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir. In 1615 AD,
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Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana invited a Persian geologist Tabakutul Ajz to investigate in the
plains of Tapti.
→ To deal with this problem, Tabaktul Ajz arranged a system called Khooni Bhandara. This
system consisted of 103 Kundiyas, they were connected to each other through a 3.9 km long
underground marble tunnel.
→ This system was derived from the Persian Qanat system. Because at that time the technology for
public use in India was imported from Persia.
→ The mineral-rich water in this system used to turn red. Due to which it was named 'Khooni'.
→ This system is an extraordinary example of the tradition of Persian qanat system for providing
water in semi-arid areas.
→ Six qanats of this system are still active water carriers.
→ This site has been declared as State Protected Structure by the Directorate of State
Archaeological Archives and Museums.
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Arjuna Batch 3.0

Unit 2 History, Culture and Literature of Madhya Pradesh

S.No. Topic Page No.

3. Architecture of Madhya Pradesh 78 – 94

4. Major festivals of Madhya Pradesh, folk music, folk 95 – 105

6. Major religious, cultural and archaeological tourist 118 – 177

Palaeolithic period Mesolithic period Neolithic period

➢ Nalpur - Narwar (Shivpuri)

✓ Reinvention - Pushyamitra Shunga

Bagh caves in Madhya Pradesh

▪ It is located in Vidisha district.

Role of Huns in Contemporary Madhya Pradesh:

• This was the first independent ruler of this dynasty.

Chandela dynasty in Madhya Pradesh

Jayshakti and Vijayshakti

Yashovarman / Laxman Verma

➢ Kirtivarma was the younger son of Vijayapala.

➢ The Mau stone inscription was related to this.

➢ Hammirvarma was the last important ruler of the Chandela dynasty.

• They were also considered as Somvanshi (Chandravanshi) or Panduvanshi.

Gond kingdom of Garha

Court scholars of Rani Durgavati

• History of origin and flourishing of Panna state

• Last Scindia Ruler

Contribution in the field of education -

Yashwant Rao Holkar II

• - Napoleon of India - Samudragupta

Contribution of Devi Ahilyabai

• by making Maheshwar the capital, it developed as the center of saree industry.

• It is built in Islamic and European style.

Kekhusro Jahan Begum / Sultan Jahan Begum (1901 - 1926)

MP under Delhi Sultanate

Muhammad bin Tughlaq

Firoz Shah Tughlaq

Muhammad Shah Tughlaq

Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah Tughlaq

Independent Muslim Sultanate in Malwa (1401-1562)

• Two dynasties ruled in Malwa -

2. Khilji Dynasty (1436 - 1561)

Ghori Dynasty (1401 - 36)

Dilawar Khan Ghori (1401 - 06)

Strenghten the Malwa state by matrimonial relations

Hoshangshah Ghori (1406 - 35)

Other campaigns of Hoshang Shah

Muhammad Shah Ghori (1435-36)

Khilji dynasty (1436-1531 AD)

Mahmud Khilji I (1436-69 AD)

Ghiyath Shah (Ghiyasuddin Khilji) (1469-1500)

Nasir Shah (1501 - 11)

Mahmud Khilji II (1511-31 AD)

Malwa under Gujarat

Mughal occupation of Malwa (1535)

Sher Shah's Malwa Conquest

Baz Bahadur (1556-61)

Major Attractions in Mandu

Kamal Moula Masjid

Hoshang Shah's Tomb

Queen Roopmati's Palace

Baz Bahadur's Palace