Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas

Volumen 57(2023) páginas 77-89

A note about Simpson’s Inequality via

weighted generalized integrals
Una nota sobre la desigualdad de Simpson mediante integrales
generalizadas pesadas

Juan Eduardo Nápoles Valdés, Florencia Rabossi

Northeast National University, Corrientes, Argentina

Abstract. In this work we establish a Simpson-type identity and several

Simpson-type inequalities for generalized weighted integrals operators.
Key words and phrases. Simpson integral inequality, integral operators weighted,
(α, m)-convex functions.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 26D15, 26D10, 41A55.

Resumen. En este trabajo establecemos una identidad de tipo Simpson y varias

desigualdades de tipo Simpson para operadores integrales pesados generaliza-
dos.
Palabras y frases clave. Desigualdad integral de Simpson, operadores integrales
pesados, funciones (α, m)-convexas.

1. Introduction
Within Mathematical Sciences today, one of the notions that most attracts
the attention of researchers is that of a convex function ([20]). Its theoretical
overlaps and its multiple applications have made it the center of various works
and investigations, with which it has been expanded in multiple directions. In
[18] you can find a broad panorama of this development.

Definition 1.1. The function f : [a, b] → R, is said to be convex, if we have

f (tx + (1 − t) y) ≤ tf (x) + (1 − t) f (y) ,

∀ x, y ∈ [a, b] and t ∈ [0, 1].

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78 JUAN EDUARDO NÁPOLES VALDÉS & FLORENCIA RABOSSI

In [15] the author introduces the class of functions (α, m)−convex, as fol-
lows:
The function f : [0, ∞] → R is said to be (α, m)− convex, where (α, m) ∈
(0, 1] × (0, 1], if for each a, b ∈ [0, ∞) and t ∈ [0, 1], we have:

f (ta + m(1 − t)b) ≤ tα f (a) + m(1 − t)α f (b).

The following inequality is known as Simpson’s integral inequality:

    Z b
1 a+b 1 1
f (a) + 4f + f (b) − f (t)dt ≤ kf (4) k∞ (b − a)4 ,
6 2 b−a a 2880
(1)
where the mapping f : [a, b] → R is assumed to be four times continuously
differentiable on the interval (a, b) and kf (4) k∞ = supτ ∈(a,b) |f (4) (τ )| < ∞.
Many researchers in the field of inequalities of the last few decades have
refined, extended, and obtained new inequalities of the Simpson type for various
classes of convex functions ([2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, 24] and
references therein).
To encourage comprehension of the subject, we present the definition of
Riemann-Liouville Fractional Integral (with 0 ≤ a1 < t < a2 ≤ ∞). The first
is the Classic Riemann-Liouville Fractional Integrals.

Definition 1.2. Let φ ∈ L1 [a1 , a2 ]. Then the Riemann-Liouville Fractional

Integrals of order α ∈ C, <(α) > 0 are defined by (right and left respectively):
Z x
α 1
Ia+ φ(x) = (x − t)α−1 φ(t) dt, x > a1 (2)
1 Γ (α) a1

and Z a2
α 1
Ia− φ(x) = (t − x)α−1 φ(t) dt, x < a2 . (3)
2 Γ (α) x

Next we present the Weighted Integral Operators, which will be the basis
of our work.

Definition 1.3. Let f ∈ L ([a, b]) and let k be a continuous and positive
function, k : [0, 1] → [0, +∞), with first order derivatives piecewise continuous
on I. Then the Weighted Fractional Integrals are defined by (right and left
respectively):
Z t  
q k 0 t−τ
Ja+ f (t) = k f (τ )dτ (4)
a t−a
and
b  
τ −t
Z
p 0
Jbk− f (t) = k f (τ )dτ (5)
t b−t

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 A NOTE ABOUT SIMPSON’S INEQUALITY 79

Remark 1.4. To have a clearer idea of the amplitude of the Definition 1.3,
let’s consider some particular cases of the kernel k 0 :

(1) Putting k 0 (t) ≡ 1, we obtain the Classical Riemann Integral.

(α−1)
(2) If k 0 (t) = tΓ(α) , then we obtain the Riemann-Liouville Fractional Integral
right, and left can be obtained similarly.

(3) With convenient kernel choices k 0 we can get the k-Riemann-Liouville

Fractional Integral right and left of ([16]), the right-sided fractional in-
tegrals of a function ψ with respect to another function h on [a, b] (see
[1]), the right and left integral operator of [8], the right and left sided
generalized fractional integral operators of [22] and the integral operators
of [9] and [11], can also be obtained from above Definition by imposing
similar conditions to k 0 .

Of course there are other known integral operators, fractional or not, that
can be obtained as particular cases of the previous one, but we leave it to
interested readers.
The main purpose of this paper is to establish several integral inequalities
of Simpson type using the Definition 1.3 of weighted integral.

2. Results

The following result will be fundamental in our work.

Lemma 2.1. Let 0 < m ≤ 1; f : [ma, b] → R be a differentiable function,

a < b with a ∈ R, b > 0. If f ∈ L1 ([ma, b]) and k 0 ≥ 0 then we have:

    
k(0) ma + w w+b
k(1)f (w) + (w − ma)f + (b − w)f
b − ma 2 2
    
2 b k w+b ma + w
− Jw+ f +ma Jwk − f
b − ma 2 2
2 Z 1
 
(w − ma) 1−t 1+t
= k(t)f 0 ma + w dt
2(b − a) 0 2 2
(b − w)2 1
 
1−t
Z
0 1+t
− k(t)f w+ b dt. (6)
2(b − a) 0 2 2

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80 JUAN EDUARDO NÁPOLES VALDÉS & FLORENCIA RABOSSI

Proof. Integrating by parts and changing the variable, we have

Z 1     
1−t 1+t 2 ma + w
k(t)f 0 ma+ w dt = k(1)f (w) − k(0)f
0 2 2 −ma + w 2
Z 1  
2 1−t 1+t
− k 0 (t)f ma + w dt
w − ma 0 2 2
   ma  
2 ma+w 4 k ma + w
= k(1)f (w)−k(0)f − 2 Jw − f ,
−ma+w 2 (w − ma) 2
(7)

in the above we use the following fact

1  
1−t
Z
0 1+t
k(t)f ma + w dt
0 2 2
z − ma+w
Z w  
2
= k0 2
−ma+w f (z)dz
w − ma ma+w2 2
Z w ma+w 
0 z−

2 2
= k ma+w f (z)dz.
w − ma ma+w2
w − 2

Similarly, we have
1 
1−t
Z
1+t
w+ k(t)f 0 b dt
0 2 2
   b  
2 w+b 4 k w+b
= k(1)f (w) − k(0)f + 2 J w+ f . (8)
w−b 2 (w − b) 2

2
(b−w)2
Multiplying both sides of (7) and (8) by (w−ma)
2(b−a) and 2(b−a) , respectively, and
subtracting the last from the first, we get
   ma  
w − ma ma + w 2 k ma + w
k(1)f (w) − k(0)f − Jw− f
b − ma 2 (b − ma) 2
   b  
b−w w+b 2 w+b
+ k(1)f (w) − k(0)f − Jwk + f
b − ma 2 b − ma 2
2Z 1 2 Z 1
   
(−ma+w) 1−t 1+t (w−b) 1+t 1−t
= k(t)f 0 ma+ w dt− k(t)f 0 w+ b dt.
2(b−ma) 0 2 2 2(b−ma) 0 2 2

After rearranging and simplifying on the left side of the previous equality, the
desired result is obtained. This completes the proof. X


tα
Remark 2.2. If we take k(t) = 2 − 15 , we have the Lemma 2.1 of [14].

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 A NOTE ABOUT SIMPSON’S INEQUALITY 81

Let’s call
    
k(0) ma + w w+b
S = k(1)f (w) + (w − ma)f + (b − w)f
b − ma 2 2
    
2 b k w + b ma + w
− Jw+ f +ma Jwk − f . (9)
b − ma 2 2

From this result, we obtain different Simpson-type inequalities, which are gen-
eralizations of several reported in the literature.
Based on the Lemma 2.1, we can obtain the following inequality.

Theorem 2.3. Let 0 < m ≤ 1; f : [ma, b] → R a differentiable function, a < b

with a ∈ R, b > 0. If f ∈ L1 ([ma, b]) is bounded, that is, kf 0 k∞ = sup |f 0 (t)| <
∞, so for w ∈ [ma, b], we have
1
(−ma + w)2 + (w − b)2 0
Z
|S| ≤ kf k∞ k(t)dt. (10)
2(b − ma) 0

Proof. If we use the Lemma 2.1 and the absolute value properties, then we
have
1
(−ma + w)2 (w − b)2
 
1−t
Z
0 1+t
|S| = k(t)f ma + w dt −
2(b − ma) 0 2 2 2(b − ma)
Z 1  
1+t 1−t
k(t)f 0 w+ b dt (11)
0 2 2
(−ma + w)2 1 (w − b)2
 
1−t
Z
1+t
≤ k(t) f 0 ma + w dt +
2(b − ma) 0 2 2 2(b − ma)
Z 1  
1+t 1−t
k(t) f 0 w+ b dt
0 2 2
Z 1
(−ma + w)2 + (w − b)2 0
≤ kf k∞ k(t)dt.
2(b − ma) 0

Thus, we get the desired result. X


tα
Remark 2.4. If we take k(t) = 2 − 15 , we have the Theorem 3.1 of [14].

Theorem 2.5. Let 0 < m ≤ 1; f : [ma, b] → R a differentiable function, a < b

with a ∈ R, b > 0. If f 0 ∈ L1 ([ma, b]), then for w ∈ [ma, b], we have

|S| ≤ k(0) kf 0 k1 (12)

Rb
where kf 0 k1 = ma
|f 0 (x)| dx < ∞,

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82 JUAN EDUARDO NÁPOLES VALDÉS & FLORENCIA RABOSSI

Proof. If the Lemma 2.1 is used and changing variables, we have

1
(−ma + w)2 (w − b)2
 
1−t
Z
1+t 0
|S| ≤ k(t) f ma + w dt +
2(b − ma) 0 2 2 2(b − ma)
Z 1  
1+t 1−t
k(t) f 0 w+ b dt
0 2 2
(−ma + w) w x − m+w
 
(w − b)
Z
≤ k −ma+w
2
|f 0 (x)| dx +
(b − ma) ma+w
2 2
(b − ma)
Z w+b w+b
!
2 −x
2
k w+b
|f 0 (x)| dx.
w 2

(−ma+w) (w−b)
Since 0 ≤ (b−ma) ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ (b−ma) ≤ 1, then

w+b
!
w m+w w+b
x− 2 −
 
x
Z Z 2
0
|S| ≤ k 2
−ma+w |f (x)| dx + k w−b
|f 0 (x)| dx (13)
ma+w
2 2 w 2
w+b
2 −x
Z
= k(0) |f 0 (x)| dx
ma+w
2
Z b
≤ k(0) |f 0 (x)| dx.
ma

Therefore, the proof is finished. X



tα
Remark 2.6. If we take k(t) = 2 − 15 , we have the Theorem 3.2 of [14].

Theorem 2.7. Let 0 < m ≤ 1; f : [ma, b] → R a differentiable function, a < b

with a ∈ R, b > 0. If f 0 ∈ Lq ([ma, b]), with 1 < q, p < ∞ and p1 + 1q = 1, so
for w ∈ [ma, b] we have

 Z 1  p1
1 p
0
|S| ≤ 2 kf kq (b − ma)
q |k(t)| dt , (14)
0

R  q1
b q
where kf 0 kq = ma
|f 0 (x)| dx .

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 A NOTE ABOUT SIMPSON’S INEQUALITY 83

Proof. Using the Lemma 2.1 and Hölder’s inequality we have that

(−ma + w)2 1 (w − b)2

 
1−t
Z
1+t
|S| ≤ k(t) f 0 ma + w dt +
2(b − ma) 0 2 2 2(b − ma)
Z 1  
1+t 1−t
k(t) f 0 w+ b dt (15)
0 2 2
Z 1  p1 Z 1  q  q1
(−ma + w)2

p 0 1−t 1+t
≤ |k(t)| dt f ma + w dt
2(b − ma) 0 0 2 2
Z 1  p1 Z 1  q  q1
(w − b)2

p 0 1+t 1−t
+ |k(−t)| dt f w+ b dt .
2(b − ma) 0 0 2 2

Making some proper substitutions

Z 1  p1
 ! q1
2 Z w
|S| ≤
p
|k(t)| dt  (−ma + w) 2 0
|f (x)| dt
q

0 2(b − ma) −ma + w ma+w

2

w+b
!1 q
(w − b)2
Z
2 2
q
+ |f 0 (x)| dt 
2(b − ma) w−b w

 p1 " 1
! q1
1
(−ma + w)2− q w
Z Z
p 0 q
= |k(t)| dt 1 |f (x)| dt +
0 21− q (b − ma) ma+w
2

1 w+b
! q1 #
(w − b)2− q
Z 2
q
1 |f 0 (x)| dt (16)
21− q (b − ma) w

 p1  " Z ! q1
Z 1  w
1
p −1 1− q1 0 q
≤ |k(t)| dt 2 q (b − ma) |f (x)| dt +
ma+w
0 2

Z w+b
! q1 #
2
0 q
|f (x)| dt
w

 p1  ! q1
Z 1  Z b
p 1 1 q
≤ |k(t)| dt 2 (b − ma)
q p |f 0 (x)| dt .
0 ma

And thus, we have obtained the desired inequality. X


tα
Remark 2.8. if we take k(t) = − 15 , we have the Theorem 3.3 of [14].
2
b
 
Theorem 2.9. Let 0 < m ≤ 1; f : ma, m → R a differentiable function,
q
0 ≤ a < b such that f 0 ∈ L1 [ma, m
b
] . If |f 0 | is a (α, m) − convex function,

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84 JUAN EDUARDO NÁPOLES VALDÉS & FLORENCIA RABOSSI

with (α, m) ∈ (0, 1]2 for 1 < q with p1 + 1q = 1, so for w ∈ [ma, b] we have
Z 1  p1 "
(−ma + w)2

p m q
|S| ≤ |k(t)| dt α (α + 1)
|f 0 (a)| + (17)
0 2(b − ma) 2
 q1 #
2α−1 − 1 0 q
|f (w)|
2α (α + 1)
Z 1  p1 "
(b − w)2
 α−1
p 2 −1 0 q
+ |k(t)| dt α (α + 1)
|f (w)| +
0 2(b − ma) 2
  q  q1 #
m 0 b
f .
2α (α + 1) m
q
Proof. Continuing from the equation (15) and using the fact that |f 0 | is
(α, m)-convex, we obtain (17). X

Corollary 2.10. Considering the Theorem 2.9 we have the following cases:

(1) Putting w = ma we have

Z 1  p1
b − ma p
|S| ≤ |k(t)| dt (18)
2 0
 α−1   q  q1
2 −1 0 q m 0 b
|f (ma)| + α f dt .
2α (α + 1) 2 (α + 1) m
ma+b
(2) Putting w = 2 , we have
Z 1  p1
b − ma p
|S| ≤ |k(t)| dt
8 0
" q  q1 #
2α−1 − 1 0 ma + b

m 0 q
f + α |f (a)| dt
2α (α + 1) 2 2 (α + 1)
Z 1  p1
b − ma p
+ |k(t)| dt
8 0
" q   q q1 #
2α−1 − 1 0 ma + b

m b
f + α f0 dt
2α (α + 1) 2 2 (α + 1) m
Z 1  p1 "  q1
b − ma p m
≤ |k(t)| dt |f 0 (a)|
8 0 2α (α + 1)
 α−1 1     q1  #
2 − 1 q 0 ma + b m 0 b
+2 f + f
2α (α + 1) 2 2α (α − 1) m

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 A NOTE ABOUT SIMPSON’S INEQUALITY 85

(3) Putting w = b, we have

1 p1  q1
2α−1 − 1 0
Z
b−ma p m 0 q q
|S| ≤ |k(t)| dt |f (a)| + α |f (b)|
2 0 2α (α + 1) 2 (α + 1)
(19)

Corollary 2.11. Combining the inequalities (18) and (19) follows

   ma  
−ma + w ma + w 2 k ma + w
k(1)f (w) − k(0)f − Jw − f
b − ma 2 (b − ma) 2
    
w−b w+b 2 b k w+b
+ k(−1)f (w) − k(0)f − J +f .
b − ma 2 b − ma w 2
b
 
Theorem 2.12. Let 0 < m ≤ 1; f : ma, m → R a differentiable function,
b
. If |f 0 | is a (α, m) − convex function,
 

0 ≤ a < b such that f ∈ L1 ma, m
with (α, m) ∈ (0, 1]2 for 1 < p with p1 + 1q = 1, so for w ∈ [ma, b] we have

Z 1  p1
(−ma + w)2 p
|S| ≤ |k(t)| dt
2(b − ma) 0
"  q1  q.α+1 1 #
1 0 2 −1 q 0
m |f (a)| + q.α |f (w)|
2q.α (q.α + 1) 2 (q.α + 1)
Z 1  p1
(w − b)2 p
+ |k(−t)| dt
2(b − ma) 0
"  q1    q.α+1 1 #
1 0 b 2 −1 q 0
m f + q.α |f (w)|
2q.α (q.α + 1) m 2 (q.α + 1)

Proof. Using the Lemma 2.1 and that |f 0 | is (α, m)-convex, we have

(−ma + w)2 1
 
1−t
Z
0 1+t
|S| ≤ k(t). f ma + w dt (20)
2(b − ma) 0 2 2
Z 1
(w − b)2
 
1+t 1−t
+ k(−t). f 0 w+ b dt
2(b − ma) 0 2 2
2 Z 1
 α  α 
(−ma + w) 1−t 1+t
≤ k(t) m |f 0 (a)| + |f 0 (w)| dt
2(b − ma) 0 2 2
2 Z 1
 α    α 
(w − b) 1−t 0 b 1+t 0
+ k(−t) m f + |f (w)| dt.
2(b − ma) 0 2 m 2

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Then
1  p1 " Z
qα  q1
1
(−ma + w)2
Z 
p 1−t
|S| ≤ |k(t)| dt dt m |f 0 (a)| +
2(b − ma) 0 0 2
Z 1  qα  q1 #
1+t 0
dt |f (w)|
0 2
Z 1  p1 " Z 1  qα  q1
(w − b)2
 
p 1−t b
+ |k(−t)| dt dt m f 0 +
2(b − ma) 0 0 2 m
Z 1  qα  q1 #
1+t 0
dt |f (w)| .
0 2

Let’s notice that qα

1
2q.α+1 − 1
Z 
1+t
dt = (21)
0 2 2q.α (qα + 1)
and qα
1 
1−t
Z
1
dt = . (22)
0 2 2q.α (qα + 1)
In this way, we obtain the desired inequality. X

tα
Remark 2.13. If we take k(t) = 2 − 15 , we have the Theorem 3.7 of [14].
ma+b
Corollary 2.14. If we take w = 2 in Theorem 2.12 we have the following
inequality
Z 1  p1  q1  qα+1 1
b − ma p 1 0 2 −1 q
|S| ≤ |k(t)| dt m |f (a)| + 2
8 0 2qα (qα + 1) 2qα (qα + 1)
 
ma + b
f0
2
  q1  
1 0 b
+ qα
m f .
2 (qα + 1) m

3. Conclusions
In this note we obtain new inequalities of the Simpson type, with different
notions of convexity, using weighted integrals. The results obtained contain
several known ones reported in the literature.
On the other hand, the results obtained can be generalized using the recently
defined convex (h,m)-modified functions (see [4] and [17]).

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 A NOTE ABOUT SIMPSON’S INEQUALITY 87

Taking into account the Remark 1.4 the results obtained opens up new
possibilities for future work, to which several fractional integrals can be used
to establish new specific fractional integral inequalities.

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Volumen 57, Año 2023

 A NOTE ABOUT SIMPSON’S INEQUALITY 89

(Recibido en septiembre de 2023. Aceptado en noviembre de 2023)

Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying

Northeast National University, Corrientes, Argentina
e-mail: [email protected]

Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying

Northeast National University, Corrientes, Argentina
e-mail: [email protected]

Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas