Flashcards - Topic 1 Enzymes - Edexcel Biology GCSE

Edexcel Biology GCSE
Topics 1.7 to 1.14B - Enzymes

Flashcards
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What are enzymes?
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that increase the rate

of a chemical reaction without being
permanently altered themselves
What is an advantage of enzymes in the
body?
What is an advantage of enzymes in the body?
They enable cellular reactions to take

place at lower temperatures
What is the active site of an enzyme?
What is the active site of an enzyme?
The region of an enzyme to which a

substrate molecule binds and the
reaction takes place
Why are enzymes described as having a
‘high specificity’ for their substrate?
Why are enzymes described as having a ‘high
specificity’ for their substrate?
Only substrates with a specific,

complementary shape can fit into an
enzyme’s active site.
Describe the ‘lock and key’ model
Describe the ‘lock and key’ model
1. Substrate collides with the active site of an enzyme

2. Substrate binds, enzyme-substrate complex forms
3. Substrate converted to products
4. Products released from the active site which is now
free to bind to another substrate
What factors affect the rate of an
enzyme-controlled reaction?
What factors affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled
reaction?
● Temperature
● pH
● Substrate concentration
Explain how increasing temperature
initially affects the rate of an
enzyme-controlled reaction
Explain how increasing temperature initially affects
the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction
● As temperature increases molecules have more KE

● Movement of molecules increases
● Probability of a successful collision increases
● More enzyme-substrate complexes form
● Rate of reaction increases
Explain how increasing temperature
above the optimum affects the rate of an
Explain how increasing temperature above the
optimum affects the rate of an enzyme controlled
reaction
● Temperature increases above the optimum
● Increased vibrations break bonds in enzyme’s structure
● Active site changes shape, enzyme is denatured
● No more enzyme-substrate complexes can form
● Rate of reaction decreases
Draw a graph to show the effect of
increasing temperature on the rate of an
enzyme-catalysed reaction.
Draw a graph to show the effect of increasing
temperature on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed
reaction.
Explain how pH affects the rate of an
Explain how pH affects the rate of an enzyme
controlled reaction
● Enzymes have an optimum pH
● pH shifts from the optimum
● Bonds in the enzyme’s structure are altered
● Active site changes shape, enzyme is denatured
● Rate of reaction decreases
increasing pH on the rate of an
enzyme-catalysed reaction
Draw a graph to show the effect of increasing pH on
the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
Explain how the substrate concentration
affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled
reaction
Explain how the substrate-concentration affects the
rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
● Substrate concentration increases

● Number of substrate molecules in the same volume increases
● Probability of a successful collision increases
● More enzyme-substrate complexes form
● Rate of reaction increases
● Once all active sites become full, the rate of reaction plateaus
increasing substrate concentration on
the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
Draw a graph to show the effect of increasing
substrate concentration on the rate of an
enzyme-catalysed reaction
How can the rate of an
enzyme-controlled reaction be calculated
when given a value for time?
How can the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
be calculated when given a value for time?
What are the units for rate?
What are the units for rate?
-1
s
Why must large organic molecules be
broken down into smaller, simpler
molecules in the body?
Why must large organic molecules be broken down
into smaller, simpler molecules in the body?
● Large molecules are too big to be absorbed across

the surface of the gut wall
● ∴ large molecules are broken down into smaller

molecules for absorption into the bloodstream
Give an example of the breakdown of
large molecules into smaller molecules in
plants
Give an example of the breakdown of large
molecules into smaller molecules in plants
Starch is broken down by enzymes into

simpler sugars which are respired to
release energy.
What type of molecules are proteins and
carbohydrates?
What type of molecules are proteins and
carbohydrates?
Polymers
What are the monomers of
carbohydrates?
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars
Which group of enzymes catalyses the
breakdown of carbohydrates?
Which group of enzymes catalyses the breakdown of
carbohydrates?
Carbohydrases
Which type of carbohydrase catalyses
the breakdown of starch?
Which type of carbohydrase catalyses the
breakdown of starch?
Amylase
What are the monomers of proteins?
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
Which type of enzyme catalyses the
breakdown of proteins?
Which type of enzyme catalyses the breakdown of
proteins?
Proteases
What is the function of lipases?
What is the function of lipases?
Enzymes which catalyse the breakdown

of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Why are small molecules synthesised
into larger organic molecules in the
body?
Why are small molecules synthesised into larger
organic molecules in the body?
Large molecules are used for storage (e.g.

glycogen) or are used to build structures
(e.g. organelles).
Which enzyme catalyses the formation of
glycogen from glucose?
Which enzyme catalyses the formation of glycogen
from glucose?
Glycogen synthase
How can the amount of energy contained
in food be measured? (biology only)
How can the amount of energy contained in food be
measured? (biology only)
Measured using calorimetry
What is calorimetry? (biology only)
What is calorimetry? (biology only)
A method of measuring the heat transfer

during a chemical reaction
Describe the method used to measure
the amount of energy in a sample of food
(biology only)
Describe the method used to measure the amount of
energy in a sample of food (biology only)
1. Add a set volume of water to a boiling tube, record initial temperature
2. Record the mass of a small sample of food (e.g. bean)
3. Stick the sample onto a mounted needle
4. Using a bunsen burner light the food sample
5. Hold the sample under the boiling tube until it burns up
6. Record the maximum temperature reached by the water
7. Record the final mass of the food sample
How can the amount of energy in the
food sample be calculated?
(biology only)
How can the amount of energy in the food sample be
calculated? (biology only)

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Edexcel Biology GCSE

Topics 1.7 to 1.14B - Enzymes

PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc

Biological catalysts that increase the rate

They enable cellular reactions to take

The region of an enzyme to which a

Only substrates with a specific,

1. Substrate collides with the active site of an enzyme

● As temperature increases molecules have more KE

● Substrate concentration increases

● Large molecules are too big to be absorbed across

● ∴ large molecules are broken down into smaller

Starch is broken down by enzymes into

Enzymes which catalyse the breakdown

Large molecules are used for storage (e.g.

Measured using calorimetry

A method of measuring the heat transfer

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