Fluid Mechanics-II

Teacher/Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Sumair

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (UET Lahore 2014-2018)

M.Sc. Thermal Power Engineering (UET Lahore 2018-2020)
 Reciprocating Pumps
• We have already defined the pumps as the hydraulic machines which
convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy (pressure
energy). If the mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy,
by means of centrifugal force acting on the liquid, the pump is known
as centrifugal pump which we have already studied.
• However, if the mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy
(or pressure energy) by sucking the liquid into a cylinder in which a
piston is reciprocating (moving backwards and forwards), which
exerts the thrust on the liquid and increases its hydraulic energy
(pressure energy), the pump is known as reciprocating pump.
 Reciprocating Pumps (Cont’d)
• Main Parts of Reciprocating Pump: The following are the main
parts of a reciprocating pump as shown in Fig.1-2
1. A cylinder with a piston, piston rod, connecting rod and a crank,
2. Suction pipe,
3. Delivery pipe,
4. Suction valve, and
5. Delivery valve.
Reciprocating Pumps (Cont’d)

Figure 1: Main Components of

reciprocating pump
Reciprocating Pumps (Cont’d)

Figure 2: Main Components of

reciprocating pump with nomenclature
 Reciprocating Pumps (Cont’d)
• Working of a Reciprocating Pump: Fig. 1-2 show a single acting
reciprocating pump, which consists of a piston; the piston moves
forwards and backwards in a close-fitting cylinder. The piston is
moved by connecting the piston rod to crank by means of a connecting
rod. The crank is rotated by means of an electric motor.
• Suction and delivery pipes with suction valve and delivery valve are
connected to the cylinder. The suction and delivery valves are one-
way valves or non-return valves, which allow the water to flow in
one direction only. Suction valve allows water from suction pipe to the
cylinder while delivery valve allows water from cylinder to delivery
pipe only.
 Reciprocating Pumps (Cont’d)
• When crank starts rotating, the piston moves to and fro in the cylinder.
When crank is at A, the piston is at the extreme left position in the
cylinder. As the crank is rotating from A to C, (i.e., from θ = 0° to θ =
180°), the piston is moving towards right in the cylinder (forward
stroke). The movement of the piston towards right creates a partial
vacuum in the cylinder. But on the surface of the liquid in the sump
atmospheric pressure is acting, which is more than the pressure inside
the cylinder. Thus, the liquid is forced in the suction pipe from the
sump. This liquid opens the suction valve and enters the cylinder.
 Reciprocating Pumps (Cont’d)
• When crank is rotating from C to A (i.e., from θ = 180° to θ = 360°),
the piston, from its extreme right position, starts moving towards left
in the cylinder (reverse stroke). The movement of the piston towards
left increases the pressure of the liquid inside the cylinder more than
atmospheric pressure. Hence suction valve closes, and delivery valve
opens. The liquid is forced into the delivery pipe and is raised to a
required height.
Reciprocating Pumps (Cont’d)
θ = 0°

Figure 3: The motion

of crank from θ = 0° to
θ = 180°
θ = 90°

θ = 180°
Reciprocating Pumps (Cont’d)
θ = 270°
Figure 4: The motion
of crank from θ = 180°
to θ = 360°

θ = 360°
 Types of Reciprocating Pumps
• The reciprocating pumps may be classified as discussed below:
1. According to action of water
(a) single acting pump, and
(b) double acting pump.
2. According to number of cylinders
(a) single cylinder pump,
(b) double cylinder pump, and
(c) triple cylinder pump etc.
3. According to the existence of air vessels
(a) with air vessel, and
(b) without air vessel.
 Discharge of a Reciprocating Pump
• Consider a single acting (Single acting means the water is acting on
one side of the piston only.) reciprocating pump as was shown in
Fig.1-2
Discharge of Reciprocating Pump (Cont’d)
 Work Done on Water by Reciprocating Pump
• Work done per second on the water by the reciprocating pump is given
as follows:
 Discharge and Work Done for Double Acting
Reciprocating Pump
• In case of double-acting pump, the water is acting on both sides of the
piston as shown in Fig.5. Thus, we require two suction pipes and two
delivery pipes for double-acting pump. When there is a suction stroke
on one side of the piston, there is at the same time a delivery stroke on
the other side of the piston. Thus, for one complete revolution of the
crank there are two delivery strokes and water is delivered to the pipes
by the pump during these two delivery strokes.
Discharge and Work Done for Double Acting
Reciprocating Pump (Cont’d)

Figure 5: A double-acting reciprocating

pump
Discharge and Work Done for Double Acting
Reciprocating Pump (Cont’d)
 Discharge and Work Done for Double Acting
Reciprocating Pump (Cont’d)

• It can be observed that the discharge for double acting reciprocating

pump is two times the discharge of single acting reciprocating pump.
Similarly, the work done by the piston on the water is also double in
case of double acting reciprocating pump as compared to single acting
reciprocating pump.
 Slip of Reciprocating Pump
• Slip of a pump is defined as the difference between the theoretical
discharge and actual discharge of the pump. The discharge of a single-
acting pump given by previously developed equations is theoretical
discharge. The actual discharge of a pump is less than the theoretical
discharge due to leakage. The difference of the theoretical discharge
and actual discharge is known as slip of the pump. Hence,
mathematically.
 Negative Slip of Reciprocating Pump
• As we have seen that slip is equal to the difference of theoretical
discharge and actual discharge. If actual discharge is more than the
theoretical discharge, the slip of the pump will become -ve. In that
case, the slip of the pump is known as negative slip. Negative slip
occurs when delivery pipe is short, suction pipe is long and pump is
running at high speed. This causes the delivery valve to open before
completion of the suction stroke and some water is pushed into the
delivery pipe, before the piston commences its delivery stroke.
 Numerical Problems
• Problem 1: A single-acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of
diameter 300 mm and stroke of 200 mm. If the speed of the pump is
30 r.p.m. and it delivers 6.5 liters of water per second. Find the
(i)coefficient of discharge and (ii) percentage slip of the pump. (Ans:
(i) 0.92 , (ii) 8% )
• Problem 2: A single-acting reciprocating pump, running at 50 r.p.m.,
delivers 0.01 m3/s of water. The diameter of the piston is 200 mm and
stroke length 400 mm. Determine : (i) The theoretical discharge of the
pump, (ii) Co-efficient of discharge, and (iii) Slip and the percentage
slip of the pump. (Ans: (i) 0.01047 m3/s, (ii) 0.955 and (iii) 0.00047
m3/s and 4.489%)
 Numerical Problems
• Problem 3: A single-acting reciprocating pump running at 30 r.p.m.,
delivers 0.012 m3/s of water. The diameter of the piston is 25 cm and
stroke length is 50 cm. Determine : (i) The theoretical discharge of the
pump, (ii) Co-efficient of discharge, and (iii) Slip and percentage slip
of the pump. (Ans: (i) 0.01227 m3/s, (ii) 0.978 and (iii) 0.00027 m3/s
and 2.20%)
• Problem 4:A single-acting reciprocating pump has a bore of 150 mm
diameter, and a stroke of 300 mm is being used to lift the water to a
height of 30 meters. Find the work done per second by the pump on
the water if crank is rotating at 60 rpm. (Ans: 1.56 kW)
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
• Problem 5: A double-acting reciprocating pump, running at 40 r.p.m.,
is discharging 1.0 m3 of water per minute. The pump has a stroke of
400 mm. The diameter of the piston is 200 mm. The delivery and
suction head are 20 m and 5 m respectively. Find the (i) slip of the
pump and (ii) work done per second by the pump on the water. (Ans:
(i) 0.00009 m3/s, (ii) 4.109 kW)
• Problem 6: A double-acting reciprocating pump, running at 50 r.p.m.
is discharging 900 liters of water per minute. The pump has stroke of
400 mm. The diameter of piston is 250 mm. The delivery and suction
heads are 25 m and 4 m respectively. Find the (i) slip of the pump and
(ii) work done per second by the pump on the water. (Ans: (i) 0.0177
m3/s, (ii) 9.3 kW)
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
• Problem 7:A double-acting reciprocating pump has a stroke of 300
mm and a piston of 150 mm diameter. The delivery and suction heads
are 26 m and 4 m respectively. The pump is running at 50 rpm. Find
the work done per second by the pump on the water. (Ans: 2.59 kW)
Thanks for Listening