4

2 This question is about metals.

(a) Chromium is a transition element.

Sodium is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.

State two physical properties of chromium that are different to those of sodium.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Deduce the number of protons and neutrons in the chromium atom shown.
53
Cr
24

number of protons ....................................................................................................................

number of neutrons ..................................................................................................................

[2]

(c) Chromium(III) oxide, Cr2O3, reacts with carbon and chlorine to produce chromium(III) chloride,
CrCl3, and carbon monoxide.

Construct the symbol equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) Complete the diagram in Fig. 2.1 to show the electronic configuration of a sodium ion.
Include the charge on the ion.

.........

Na

Fig. 2.1 [2]

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3 A student investigates the reaction of large pieces of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid
at 25 °C. The hydrochloric acid is in excess.

(a) Complete the equation for this reaction by adding state symbols.

CaCO3(......) + 2HCl (......) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(......) + CO2(g) [2]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas released as the reaction proceeds.

60

50

40

volume of
carbon
30
dioxide
/ cm 3

20

10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

time / s

Fig. 3.1

(i) Deduce the volume of carbon dioxide gas released after 40 seconds.

volume .................................................. cm3 [1]

(ii) The student repeats the experiment using the same mass of smaller pieces of
calcium carbonate.

All other conditions stay the same.

Draw a line on the grid in Fig. 3.1 to show how the volume of carbon dioxide changes
when smaller pieces of calcium carbonate are used. [2]

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(c) The student repeats the experiment at 20 °C.

All other conditions stay the same.

Describe and explain, using collision theory, how the rate of reaction differs when a
temperature of 20 °C is used.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) A sample of carbon dioxide is put into a gas syringe. The end of the gas syringe is then
blocked so that no gas can escape.

Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why increasing the pressure in the gas syringe decreases
the volume of gas when the temperature stays the same.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

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(e) Phosphorus(III) iodide is produced when phosphorus reacts with iodine.

Complete Fig. 4.1 to show the dot-and-cross diagram for a molecule of phosphorus(III) iodide.

Show only the outer shell electrons.

I P I

Fig. 4.1 [2]

[Total: 10]

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6 (a) Steam reacts with carbon to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

steam + carbon carbon monoxide + hydrogen

The forward reaction is endothermic.

(i) Explain, in terms of bond making and bond breaking, why this reaction is endothermic.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The transfer of thermal energy in a chemical reaction is called the enthalpy change.

Write the symbol for an enthalpy change. Include the sign for an endothermic enthalpy
change.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Carbon monoxide, water and carbon dioxide are formed during the incomplete combustion of
carbon-containing fuels.

(i) Name one other substance formed during the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing
fuels.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State one adverse effect of carbon monoxide.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Hydrogen is used in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.

Describe two advantages of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell compared with a gasoline / petrol
engine.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

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8 (a) The equation for the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen at a high temperature in a
closed container is shown.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)

methanol

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(i) Predict and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when the pressure is
increased and the temperature remains constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Predict and explain the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when the temperature
is increased and the pressure remains constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Methanol reacts with ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, to produce an ester.

Name the ester and draw its displayed formula.

name .........................................................................................................................................

displayed formula

[2]

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9 (a) Table 9.1 shows the melting points and relative electrical conductivities of three elements.

Table 9.1

calcium carbon (diamond) iodine

melting point 839 3550 114
/ °C
relative electrical good poor poor
conductivity of
solid

Use ideas about structure and bonding to explain:

(i) the difference in the melting points of diamond and iodine

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) the difference in the electrical conductivities of calcium and iodine.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Diamond and graphite are different forms of carbon.

Explain, in terms of its structure, why graphite is a lubricant.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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