1 When aqueous sodium thiosulfate and dilute hydrochloric acid are mixed, a precipitate of insoluble

sulfur is produced. This makes the mixture difficult to see through.

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S(s) + 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)

The time taken for the cross to disappear from view is measured.

A student adds the following volumes of aqueous sodium thiosulfate, dilute hydrochloric acid and
distilled water to the conical flask.

The time taken for the formation of the precipitate of sulfur to make the cross disappear from view
is recorded.

experiment volume of volume of volume of time taken for

number sodium thiosulfate hydrochloric acid distilled water cross to disappear
/ cm3 / cm3 / cm3 from view / s

1 10 10 40 56

2 20 10 30 28

3 40 10 10 14

(a) State the order in which the aqueous sodium thiosulfate, hydrochloric acid and distilled water
should be added to the flask.
Sodium thiosulfate, water, HCl
…................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (b) In experiment 3 the student wanted the sodium thiosulfate to be double the concentration used
in experiment 2.

(i) Complete the table to show the volumes which should be used and the expected time
taken for the cross to disappear from view in experiment 3. [2]

(ii) Use collision theory to explain why increasing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate
would change the rate of reaction.
When conc: is increased, there are more particle per unit volume thus,
.............................................................................................................................................
More collisions per unit time. Furthermore, having a greater
.............................................................................................................................................
Successful collisions.
.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The student repeated experiment 1 at a higher temperature.

Use collision theory to explain why the rate of reaction would increase.
When temp is increased, particles gain K.E and move faster. Higher
....................................................................................................................................................
proportion of particles have sufficient energy to react
Collide with greater energy. Due to the faster speed, they move faster so, more
....................................................................................................................................................
Frequent collisions. Those 2 factors combined —> greater successful chance of
....................................................................................................................................................
Collisions. !^ rate of reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 Hydrogen can be manufactured from methane by steam reforming.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

The reaction is carried out using a nickel catalyst at temperatures between 700 °C and 1100 °C and
using a pressure of one atmosphere.

The forward reaction is endothermic.

(a) What is meant by the term catalyst?

A substance which speeds up the chemical reaction but remains unchange
....................................................................................................................................................

At the end of the reaction

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Suggest two reasons why a temperature lower than 700 °C is not used.
(1) The reaction maybe too slow
....................................................................................................................................................
(2) lower yield
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Suggest one advantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.

Increases the rate of reaction

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Suggest one disadvantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.
May cause explosion?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Hydrogen can also be manufactured by electrolysis. The electrolyte is concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride. The electrodes are inert.

The products of electrolysis are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.

(i) Define the term electrolysis.

The breakdown of ionic compounds in molten or aqueous state by the
.............................................................................................................................................
Passage of electricity
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Name a substance that can be used as the inert electrodes.

Graphite
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction in which hydrogen is produced.
2H+ —-> H2 + 2e-
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Where is hydrogen produced in the electrolytic cell?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Cathode
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
 (v) Describe a test for chlorine.

test ......................................................................................................................................

result ...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(f) The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride can be represented by the following
word equation.

sodium chloride + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen + chlorine

Construct a chemical equation to represent this reaction. Do not include state symbols.
2NaCl + 2H2O ——> 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(g) State one use of

Chlorination of water
chlorine, .....................................................................................................................................
Drain cleaners // purification of bauxite
sodium hydroxide, .....................................................................................................................
Fuel cells
hydrogen. ...................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 18]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes into water and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst,
manganese(IV) oxide.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(a) What is meant by the term catalyst?

A substance which speeds up a chemical reaction but remains unchanged
....................................................................................................................................................
At the end of the reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A student studies the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using the apparatus shown.
The student uses 20 cm3 of 0.1 mol / dm3 hydrogen peroxide and 1.0 g of manganese(IV) oxide.

The student measures the volume of oxygen given off at regular time intervals until the reaction
stops. A graph of the results is shown.

gas syringe

hydrogen peroxide
catalyst

volume
of oxygen
produced / cm3

0
0 time / s

(i) When is the rate of reaction highest?

At the start of the reaction
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest one method of increasing the rate of reaction using the same amounts of hydrogen
peroxide and manganese(IV) oxide.
Increase the temperature
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) (i) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide used in this experiment.

Mol = conc x vol

0.002
................. mol [1]

(ii) Use your answer to (c)(i) and the equation to calculate the number of moles of oxygen
produced in the reaction.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

0.001
................. mol [1]

(iii) Calculate the volume (at r.t.p.) of oxygen produced.

Vol = mol x 24dm3

0.024
................. dm3 [1]

(iv) What would be the effect on the volume of oxygen produced if the mass of catalyst was
increased?
Stay the same
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Deduce the volume of oxygen that would be produced if 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol / dm3 hydrogen
peroxide was used instead of 20 cm3 of 0.1 mol / dm3 hydrogen peroxide.

0.048 dm3 [1]

.................

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (d) The student carries out a second experiment to investigate whether another substance,
copper(II) oxide, is a better catalyst than manganese(IV) oxide.

Describe how the second experiment is carried out. You should state clearly how you would
make sure that the catalyst is the only variable.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 12]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 (a) The reactions between metals and acids are redox reactions.

Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

(i) Which change in the above reaction is oxidation, Zn to Zn2+ or 2H+ to H2? Give a reason
for your choice.
Zn to Zn2+
.............................................................................................................................................
Because —> loss of electrons, gain of oxygen, increase in oxidation state
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Which reactant in the above reaction is the oxidising agent? Give a reason for your choice.

H+ is the oxidizing agent. It takes electrons from Zn to oxidize Zn

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The rate of reaction between a metal and an acid can be investigated using the apparatus
shown below.

20 40 60 80 100

gas syringe

hydrochloric acid

zinc foil

A piece of zinc foil was added to 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, of concentration 2.0 mol / dm3. The
acid was in excess. The hydrogen evolved was collected in the gas syringe and its volume
measured every minute. The results were plotted and labelled as graph 1.

graph 2 (with copper)

graph 1
volume

0
0 time

The experiment was repeated to show that the reaction between zinc metal and hydrochloric
acid is catalysed by copper. A small volume of aqueous copper(II) chloride was added to the
acid before the zinc was added. The results of this experiment were plotted on the same grid
and labelled as graph 2.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (i) Explain why the reaction mixture in the second experiment contains copper metal. Include
an equation in your explanation.

.............................................................................................................................................
Zinc is more reactive than copper. Zn + CuCl2 —> ZnCl2 + Cu
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain how graph 2 shows that copper catalyses the reaction.

The gradient of the graph is much steeper. However, it levels off at the
.............................................................................................................................................
Same horizontal line
.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) If the first experiment was repeated using ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, instead of hydrochloric
acid, how and why would the graph be different from graph 1?
It would be less steeper. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid, meaning it won’t
....................................................................................................................................................

Completely dissociates in water. Thus, it’ll react less than Hal

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(d) Calculate the maximum mass of zinc which will react with 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, of
concentration 2.0 mol / dm3.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + H2

Show your working.

[3]

[Total: 16]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5 (a) Sodium chlorate(I) decomposes to form sodium chloride and oxygen. The rate of this reaction
is very slow at room temperature provided the sodium chlorate(I) is stored in a dark bottle to
prevent exposure to light.

2NaCl O → 2NaCl + O2

The rate of this decomposition can be studied using the following experiment.

20 40 60 80 100

oxygen collects
in syringe

sodium chlorate(I) solution

Sodium chlorate(I) is placed in the flask and 0.2 g of copper(II) oxide is added. This catalyses
the decomposition of the sodium chlorate(I) and the volume of oxygen collected is measured
every minute. The results are plotted to give a graph of the type shown below.

volume
of oxygen

0
0 time

(i) Explain why the gradient (slope) of this graph decreases with time.

Because the concentration of the sodium chlorate decreases. It is used

.............................................................................................................................................
Up, so particles collide less frequently, decreasing the rate of reaction
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Cobalt(II) oxide is a more efficient catalyst for this reaction than copper(II) oxide.
Sketch, on the grid, the graph for the reaction catalysed by cobalt(II) oxide.
All other conditions were kept constant. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (iii) What can you deduce from the comment that sodium chlorate(I) has to be shielded from
light?
To prevent photochemical reaction
.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Explain, in terms of collisions between particles, why the initial gradient would be steeper
if the experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The ions present in aqueous sodium chloride are Na+(aq), Cl –(aq), H+(aq) and OH–(aq).

The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride forms three products. They are
hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.

(i) Explain how these three products are formed. Give ionic equations for the reactions at the
electrodes.

Hydrogen forms at the cathode, 2H+ --> H2 + 2e-

.............................................................................................................................................
Chlorine forms at anode, 2Cl- + 2e- —> Cl2
.............................................................................................................................................
Sodium ions and hydroxide ions remains in the solution forming—> NaOH
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) If the solution of the electrolyte is stirred, chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide to form
sodium chlorate(I), sodium chloride and water.
Write an equation for this reaction.

2
Cl 2 + ...NaOH NaClO
→ ..................... NaCl
+ ..................... H2O
+ .....................
[2]

[Total: 14]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com