Teacher Teaching Technology

1. Describe types of Programmed learning. Explain in detail linear and branched

learning.
Programmed learning is a practice of breaking down a body of subject matter into its
constituent elements and requiring the pupil to master one step before proceeding to the
next It allows for more pupil involvement in the learning process.
Programmed learning consists of elements of new knowledge called Steps, which are
arranged in a sequence in such way that a student can easily learn by himself. the student
is active and proceeds at his own pace and is provided with immediate knowledge of
results. The teacher is not physically present.
The Concept of Programmed Learning was given by B.F Skinner. It has been one of the
most popular and effective innovations for individualized and assured learning. Based on
principles of 'operant conditioning', Skinner developed a teaching machine to affect
learning.
No matter what the medium, two basic types of programming are used: linear, or straight-
line programming, and branching programming.
IN responding to a linear program the learner is usually required to construct his answer
and write it down. A branch- ing program, on the other hand, instructs the learner to
choose which of several given answers is correct and proceed to the next frame.
Linear programming
basic form of programmed instruction—called linear programming—analyzes a subject
into its component parts and arranges the parts in sequential learning order. At each step
in their reading, students are required to make a response and are told immediately
whether or not the response is correct.

Branched Programming
another kind of programmed instruction—called branching programming—students are
given a piece of information, provided with alternative answers to questions, and, on the
basis of their decision, departured, if necessary, to remedial study or sent on to the next
section of the program.
In branching programme, the learning material is divided into “units' of material called
“frames'. Much information, one or two paragraphs or even a page, is provided in a
frame. Thus each frame is quite larger than that employed in linear programme. The
learner goes through the frame.

2. Describe in detail the taxonomy of B.S. Bloom

Bloom's taxonomy specifically targets these by seeking to increase knowledge (cognitive
domain), develop skills (psychomotor domain), or develop emotional aptitude or balance
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 (affective domain). Learning outcomes might be identified by someone outside the
teacher, such as state-wide or departmental standards.
3. What is the meaning of open educational resource (OER).
Open Educational Resources (OER) are learning, teaching and research materials in any
format and medium that reside in the public domain or are under copyright that have
been released under an open license, that permit no-cost access, re-use, re-purpose,
adaptation and redistribution by others.
4. Define system approach in teaching
A systems approach is a holistic and interdisciplinary way of understanding and solving
complex problems. It views the world as a collection of interconnected and
interdependent elements or people, and emphasises the relationships and interactions
between them.
1. Improve the instructional system
2. Efficiency in school management
3. Maximum effective utilisation of man power
4. Improving examination and evaluation system
5. Improving guidance services
6. Training and developmental programme
7. Improving the system of informal and adult education
Steps
1. Formulation of objectives.
2. Pre-assessment of student-entering behaviour.
3. Designing and development of the system.
4. Operation or implementation phase.
5. Evaluation of outcomes.
6. Improvement of the system.

5. How many types of memory in education exists?

The four general types of memories are sensory memory, short-term memory, working
memory, and long-term memory.
Sensory Memory
Sensory memory allows you to remember sensory information after the stimulation has
ended. Remembering the sensation of a person’s touch or a sound you heard in passing is
sensory memory.

Short-term Memory
As the name implies, short-term memory allows you to recall specific information about
something for a brief period. Short-term memories only last an estimated 15 to 30
seconds.3 When you read a line in a book or a string of numbers that you have to recall,
that’s your short-term memory at work.

Working Memory
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 Working memory is a type of memory that involves the immediate and small amount of
information that a person actively uses as they perform cognitive tasks.

Long-term Memory
We store a vast majority of our memories in our long-term memory. Any memory we can
still recall after 30 seconds could be classified as long-term memory. These memories
range in significance, from recalling the name of a friendly face at your favorite coffee
shop to important bits of information like a close friend’s birthday or your home address.

6. What is assimilation in education?

Assimilation is a cognitive process that manages how we take in new information and
incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge. This concept was
developed by Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist who is best known for his
theory of cognitive development in children.
A child sees a new type of dog that they've never seen before and immediately points to
the animal and says, "Dog!" A chef learns a new cooking technique. A computer
programmer learns a new programming language.

7. Criticize the reflective level of teaching

The term 'reflective level' is indicative of the highest level of thoughtfulness on the part
of the teacher as well as the learner. This level basically involves the use of the scientific
method to understand the problems with which a person is confronted. It consists of two
phases: Problem raising and. Problem-solving
A Critical Reflection (also called a reflective essay) is a process of identifying,
questioning, and assessing our deeply-held assumptions – about our knowledge, the way
we perceive events and issues, our beliefs, feelings, and actions.

Disadvantages of Reflective Level:

1. Not suitable for smaller students who aren’t intellectually developed.
2. Students have to take charge of their studies at this level, which is not a one-fit size
solution for everyone.
3. It’s a time-consuming process and takes days and years to master.
4. Slow learners might find it difficult to understand the concepts.

8. Define test (in education)

In educational practice, tests are methods used to determine the students' ability to
complete certain tasks or demonstrate mastery of a skill or knowledge of content. Tests
can take the form of multiple choices or a weekly spelling.

9. Merits and demerits of essay type tests

The essay tests are still commonly used tools of evaluation, despite the increasingly
wider applicability of the short answer and objective type questions.

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There are certain outcomes of learning (e.g., organising, summarising, integrating ideas and
expressing in one’s own way) which cannot be satisfactorily measured through objective type
tests.
Advantages of the Essay Tests:
1. It is relatively easier to prepare and administer a six-question extended- response essay test
than to prepare and administer a comparable 60-item multiple-choice test items.
2. It is the only means that can assess an examinee’s ability to organise and present his ideas in
a logical and coherent fashion.
3. It can be successfully employed for practically all the school subjects.
4. Some of the objectives such as ability to organise idea effectively, ability to criticise or
justify a statement, ability to interpret, etc., can be best measured by this type of test.
5. Logical thinking and critical reasoning, systematic presentation, etc. can be best developed
by this type of test.
6. It helps to induce good study habits such as making outlines and summaries, organising the
arguments for and against, etc.
Limitations of Essay Tests:
1. One of the serious limitations of the essay tests is that these tests do not give scope for larger
sampling of the content. You cannot sample the course content so well with six lengthy essay
questions as you can with 60 multiple-choice test items.
2. Such tests encourage selective reading and emphasise cramming.
3. Moreover, scoring may be affected by spelling, good handwriting, coloured ink, neatness,
grammar, length of the answer, etc.
4. The long-answer type questions are less valid and less reliable, and as such they have little
predictive value.
5. It requires an excessive time on the part of students to write; while assessing, reading essays
is very time-consuming and laborious.
6. It can be assessed only by a teacher or competent professionals.
10. Write two types of evaluation techniques?
Evaluating the effectiveness of your program, intervention, or policy is an important part
of understanding its impact and ensuring its success. Evaluation helps to identify what's
working well, what could be improved, and whether your initiative is meeting its goals.
Evaluation Types
There are four main types of evaluation: Formative Evaluation, Summative Evaluation,
Process Evaluation, and Outcome evaluation.
Formative Evaluation

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 Formative evaluation is a type of evaluation used in the early stages or development of a
program or initiative. This type of evaluation assesses the progress and effectiveness of a
program while it is still being implemented.
Summative Evaluation
Summative evaluations are often used to determine whether the program achieved its
intended goals and objectives by assessing the overall effectiveness of a program after it
has been completed.
Process Evaluation
Process evaluation is used to assess how a program is being implemented, including
factors such as participation rates, the quality of delivery, and the degree to which the
program is being implemented as intended.
Outcome Evaluation
Outcome evaluations focus on the effectiveness of a program in producing change. This
type of evaluation is used to assess the impact of a program or the intended outcomes on
participants. Outcome evaluations often involve measuring changes in participants'
behaviors, attitudes, or conditions as a result of the program.
11. What do you mean by motivation?
Motivation refers to a process of inducing and stimulating an individual to act in certain
manner. In the context of an organisation, motivation implies encouraging and urging the
employees to perform to the best of their capabilities so as to achieve the desired goals of
the organisation.

12. Lesson plan on black board writing teaching skills

Blackboard is the visual aid that is most widely used in allsectors of education and
training. It is used as a powerful teaching aid for classroom instruction in each and
everylevel of education from elementary to higher.Blackboard is the most suitable tool
for providing a holisticpicture of the lesson. A good blackboard clear
visualpresentation helps the learner in understanding theconcepts being taught.

Blackboard Skill In Microteaching

In the case of the microteaching blackboard skill, a short topic is chosen, ordinarily one
that will fully demonstrate the black board skill (for example, types of triangles). A short
lesson plan is then made on the topic and it’s taught to a small classroom of peers role-
playing as students for a duration of 7-10 minutes. Upon demonstrating the black board
skill, feedback is taken from the mock classroom and supervisor and re-demonstrated,
incorporating the feedback received. This cycle of feedback and re-teaching continues
until the black board skill has been fully mastered.

Components Of Skill Of Blackboard Writing

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 The skill of blackboard writing adds variety to a lesson and draws the learner’s attention
toward the key concepts being taught. To achieve this objective, it’s important to
understand and implement each of the skill components of the blackboard skill in
microteaching.

Legibility
The Writing On A Blackboard Must Be Clear, With Adequate Spacing Between The
Letters And A Clear Distinction Between Words And Sentences.
The Writing Must Not Be Difficult To Read Or Comprehend And Should Be Legible.

Purpose
To Grasp The Students’ Attention.
To Avoid Miscommunication And Confusion.
To Encourage The Students To Develop Good Handwriting.

Size And Alignment

The Size Of The Writing Should Be Such That It’s Visible To The Very Last Row Of Students.
It Should Be Large Enough To Be Comfortably Seen.
Capital Letters Must Be Larger Than Small Letters And As Nearly Vertical As Possible,
Without Diverging From A Line.

Purpose
The Writing Must Be Comprehensible.
Uniformity In The Size Of Capital Letters Or Small Letters Makes It Easier For Students To
Understand The Material At A Glance.

Highlighting The Main Points

The Important Points Or Aspects Of A Lesson Must Be Highlighted Such That They’re Easily
Identifiable.
This Can Be Done Using Different Colored Chalks Or By Underlining.
It’s Also Important To Not Overuse Different Colors Or Highlight Excessively.

Purpose
Emphasizing The Main Points Via Highlighting Allows For Better And Immediate Retention.
Highlighting Also Reinforces The Main Points Of Lessons And Draws The Students’
Attention To These Main Points.

Utilization Of Space
Only Relevant Points And Materials Should Be Noted On A Blackboard.
Overcrowding A Blackboard With Unnecessary Jargon Should Be Avoided.

Purpose
Proper Utilization Of Blackboard Space Will Allow For A Tidy Board.
Mentioning The Relevant Points Will Focus The Attention Of The Students To Those Points,
And The Material Will Be Better Retained.
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Correctness
Use Correct Spelling, Grammar And Punctuation While Writing On A Blackboard.
Balance The Need To Be Concise And To The Point With The Use Of Proper English.

Purpose
Incorrect Language, Spelling, And Grammar Reduce The Learner’s Attention Toward The
Lesson.
Incorrect Punctuation May Also Cause Confusion Among Learners.

Position Of A Teacher
A Teacher Must Remain At An Angle Of 45 Degrees From The Blackboard.
A Teacher Shouldn’t Stand In The Center Of The Blackboard Or Cover It.

Purpose
Visibility Of The Blackboard Is Important.
Standing At An Angle Of 45 Degrees Toward The Side Of The Blackboard Will Allow For Both
Visibility And Maintaining Eye Contact With Learners.

It’s also a best practice to erase the writings on a blackboard once a lesson is complete because
doing so keeps it ready for reuse and sets a good example for learners to do so as well.
Conclusion
Proper utilization of blackboard writing in microteaching will draw and retain the learners’
attention, allowing for a better and more holistic comprehension of the subject being taught and
its retention. This makes it possible for learners to recall what has been taught.
13. Define teacher autonomy
Teacher autonomy is defined by “the capacity to take control of one‟s own teaching”.
Teacher autonomy means freedom of study, learn and teach. There should not be too
much interference in the work of teacher by higher authorities so that teacher may
perform his duty without any fear. It refers to the degree to which they take autonomous
and independent decisions about what to teach and how to teach.

14. Different types of examination essay/ objective.

Open book exams
These exams allow you to have access to any printed or written material and a calculator
(if required) during the exam. If you are completing your exam online, you may also be
able to access online resources. The emphasis in open book exams is on conceptual
understanding and application of knowledge rather than just the ability to recall facts.

Multiple choice
Multiple choice questions are often used in online assignments, quizzes, and exams. It is
tempting to think that these types of questions are easier than short answer or essay
questions because the answer is right in front of you. However, like other types of
assessment, multiple choice questions require you to understand and apply the content
from your study materials or lectures.
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 Short answer exams
Short answer, or extended response exams focus on knowledge and understanding of
terms and concepts along with the relationships between them. Depending on your study
area, short answer responses could require you to write a sentence or a short paragraph or
to solve a mathematical problem.

Essay exams
As with other types of exams, you should adjust your preparation to suit the style of
questions you will be asked. Essay exam questions require a response with multiple
paragraphs and should be logical and well-structured.

Case study exams

Case study questions in exams are often quite complex and include multiple details. This
is deliberate to allow you to demonstrate your problem solving and critical thinking
abilities. Case study exams require you to apply your knowledge to a real-life situation.

15. Difference between internet and intranet

The Internet is a global computer network that allows for information exchange between
devices. An intranet is a private network that is only accessible to members of an
organization. An intranet is internal and only accessible to members of an organization

16. Two approaches of lesson planning

Approaches of lesson planning – Steps - Organizing teaching: Memory Level (Herbartian
model), Understanding model(Morrison teaching model),Reflective level(Bigge and
Hunt teaching model)-Unit plan-Lesson plan writing
Herbartian approach: John Fredrik Herbart, a German philosopher and educationist
(1776 -1841) Advocated pedagogy – based lesson planning. It is based on a perceptive
mass theory of learning. All the knowledge and information is to be given from outside
by the teacher because the student is considered similar to a clean slate. For the students,
if an old knowledge makes a base for new knowledge (his previous knowledge or
experiences), it may be acquired easily and retained for a longer

Unit Approach of Morrison: It is based on unit transaction and planning. The Morrison’s
lesson plan of teaching is cyclic; Morrison has given five steps for his ‘cycle phase’ of
teaching: Exploration, Presentation, Assimilation, Organization, and Recitation.
Exploration: The teacher explores various methods and possibilities to motivate the
students, to arouse the curiosity and to maintain the interest of the students. This is the
preparation step where the teacher could plan for the success of the lesson.

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 Presentation: This step is basically common to all the approaches of lesson planning
which involves the selection and use of different methods to present the subject matter to
the students.
Assimilation: The third step involves intensive learning, and deep understanding of the
subject matter that facilitate effective communication of the concepts.
Organization: This is important step in unit approach to lesson planning as it
determines the extent to which students are able to reproduce the material of the unit in
writing without May external help. The ability of the teacher to enable his students to
reproduce the knowledge reflects the efficiency of the teacher.
Recitation: Recitation in unit lesson planning means that an individual student is able to
reproduce the same text orally on the completion of the lesson by a teacher.

Evaluation Approach: B.S. Bloom has given a new dimension to education. He

considers education as a tripolar process (1) educational objectives, (2) learning
experiences and (3) change of behaviours. He has made education as objectives-centred
rather than content-centred. Bloom’s approach of lesson planning is termed as
‘Evaluation Approach’.

John Dewey and Kilpatrick Approach : He was a great philosopher as well as a great
psychologist. He originated a pragmatic school of thought. He has given the valuable
contributions in the field of education. He has shifted the focus of education to social
efficiency. The knowledge of student should be related to their life situations. The
learning experiences should be provided by solving the real problems.
17. Merits and demerits of objective types of test.
Flaws exist in objective type tests:
1. There is no opportunity for students to make comparisons.
2. Students are not asked to summarise the material or apply principles, both of which are
important skills in this type of test item.
3. This type of test item isn’t used to diagnose a student’s learning difficulties.
4. This test item, like the essay type of test, fails to test the character-building aspects.
5. It is frequently asserted that the preparation and administration of objective-type test
items are both costly and time-consuming.
6. The most serious disadvantage is that objective tests can only assess a limited range of
knowledge. Multiple-choice tests are best suited to assessing well-defined or lower-order
abilities. Short-answer and essay tests are better for assessing problem-solving and
higher-order reasoning skills.

Advantages in Using Multiple-Choice Items

Multiple-choice items can provide...

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 1. versatility in measuring all levels of cognitive ability.
2. highly reliable test scores.
3. scoring efficiency and accuracy.
4. objective measurement of student achievement or ability.
5. a wide sampling of content or objectives.
6. a reduced guessing factor when compared to true-false items.
7. different response alternatives which can provide diagnostic feedback.
18. Features of Reflective level of teaching
It is the highest level of learning that includes both MLT and ULT.
Students go beyond the normal understanding of the concept; they are keen on doing
proper research and adopting a problem-centric approach to learning.
The reflective level of teaching is to encourage students to solve their problems by logic,
reasoning, and imagination.
The students occupy the primary spot, and the teachers come secondary.
The classroom environment is ‘open and independent,’ and students are self-motivated to
adopt this new level of learning.
To test, teachers should include high-order cognitive skills like reasoning, creativity,
problem-thinking, and critical thinking.

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