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Prebles’ Artforms 11th Edition Frank Preble Emeritus

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Test Bank for Prebles’ Artforms 12th Edition Preble
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Description:
For courses in Art Appreciation An introduction to Art Appreciation that
highlights how we form art and art forms us Prebles’ Artforms introduces various
disciplines of the arts and helps students understand that as humans form works
of art, we in turn are formed by what we have created. Continuing to emphasize
this two-way interaction with art first introduced by original authors Duane and
Sarah Preble, current author Patrick Frank combines coverage of classic works
with contemporary art that reflects the ever-evolving state of human creativity
while igniting students' interest in art. The 12th Edition offers updated images as
well as in-depth exploration of key artworks.
• ISBN-10 : 0134793129
• ISBN-13 : 978-0134793122
Table contents:

1. Prebles’ Artforms
2. Brief Contents
3. Contents
4. Dear Reader
5. What’s New
6. Acknowledgements
7. About the Author
8. About the Cover
9. Part One The Language of Visual Experience
10.Chapter 1 The Nature of Art and Creativity
11.LEARNING OBJECTIVES
12.What is Art?
13.What is Creativity?
14.Trained and Untrained Artists
15.Outsider Art
16.Folk Art
17.Children’s Art
18.Art and Reality
19.Representational Art
20.Abstract Art
21.Nonrepresentational Art
22.Looking and Seeing
23.Form and Content
24.Seeing and Responding to Form
25.Iconography
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 Wood is one of the comparatively new Americanas and seems to
have considerable merit, especially for cold climates. It is attractive
in color; above the average size; good in quality, though not the best
of its species; and the trees in habit of growth and in productiveness
are better than most Americanas. It is sufficiently early to fit into the
short seasons of northern latitudes very well. Wood is one of the
sorts that can be recommended for the coldest parts of this State.
This variety, according to a letter from the originator and
introducer, Joseph Wood of Windom, Minnesota, is a seedling from a
choice plum found growing on the bank of the Des Moines River,
Cottonwood County, Minnesota. It was not mentioned in pomological
literature previous to 1894 and is of too recent origin to be widely
distributed or well known.

Tree of medium size, spreading, hardy, dense-topped, an annual and

abundant bearer; trunk shaggy; branches roughish, thorny, zigzag,
brownish ash-gray, with numerous, small lenticels; branchlets slender to
medium, above the average length, twiggy, with short internodes,
greenish-red changing to dark brown, lightly pubescent when young
becoming glabrous in the fall, with numerous, conspicuous, large, much
raised lenticels; leaf-buds of medium size and length, conical, appressed.
Leaves falling early, ovate, two inches wide, four inches long, thin;
upper surface light green, rugose, glabrous, with a narrow groove on the
midrib; lower surface silvery-green, pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base
abrupt, margin coarsely serrate, with long, taper-pointed teeth, eglandular;
petiole five-eighths inch long, slender, tinged red, lightly pubescent,
glandless or with one or two small, globose, greenish-red glands on the
stalk.
Blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing
after the leaves, eleven-sixteenths inch across, white; borne in clusters on
lateral buds and spurs, in threes or fours; pedicels three-eighths inch long,
slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish, narrowly campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acute, lightly pubescent, occasionally tipped
with red, serrate, with many marginal hairs, reflexed; petals oval, notched,
tapering at the base to narrow claws of medium length; anthers light
yellow; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the
stamens, often defective.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period short; one and one-quarter inches in
diameter, oblate, compressed, oblique, halves equal; cavity of average
depth and width, flaring; suture a line; apex flattened or depressed; color
dark red over a yellow ground, mottled, with thin bloom; dots numerous,
minute, light russet, inconspicuous; stem one-half inch long, glabrous,
detaches from the fruit when ripe; skin thick, tough, sour, adhering; flesh
orange-yellow, juicy, coarse, fibrous, tender and melting, sweet, lacking in
flavor; fair in quality; stone free, three-quarters inch by five-eighths inch in
size, roundish, flattened, slightly oblique, blunt and flattened at the base,
roundish at the apex, smooth; ventral suture acute, not ridged; dorsal
suture acute, sometimes indistinctly grooved.

WORLD BEATER
 WORLD BEATER

Prunus hortulana

1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:52. 1892. 2. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:65. 1897. 3. W. N.
Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 41:54. 1896. 4. Waugh Plum Cult. 182. 1901.
 World Beater is very similar to Wayland, differing chiefly in being a
week earlier and, as the color-plate shows, the plums are a little
smaller and more oval. In tree-characters, as the two grow at this
Station, World Beater is perhaps the better plum. This variety has
the same place in pomology as Wayland, a place which it fills
possibly a little better. It may be recommended for culinary purposes
and as a late plum for regions where the peach is hardy. Plums of
this species have small value in New York except for the sake of
variety.
World Beater was grown from a seed of a plum found near
Nashville, Tennessee, in 1838, by J. H. Tinsley and planted in
Lincoln County, Kentucky. About ten years later trees of the variety
were taken to Clay County, Missouri, and were further propagated
but the variety remained practically unknown until the fall of 1890
when it was introduced by Stark Brothers of Missouri.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open and flat-topped, hardy where the
peach can be grown, productive; branches rough and shaggy, somewhat
thorny, dark ash-gray, with numerous, large lenticels; branchlets medium
to above in thickness and length, twiggy, with internodes of average
length, green changing to dark chestnut-red, glossy, glabrous, with few,
conspicuous, large, raised lenticels; leaf-buds very small and short,
obtuse, plump, appressed.
Leaves folded upward, broadly lanceolate, peach-like, one and three-
quarters inches wide, four and one-half inches long, thin; upper surface
smooth, glossy, with a shallow groove on the midrib; lower surface
pubescent on the midrib and larger veins; apex acuminate, base abrupt,
margin serrate, glandular; petiole one inch long, slender, tinged red,
pubescent on one side, with from two to six small, globose, brownish
glands scattered on the stalk or base of the leaf.
Blooming season late and long; flowers appearing after the leaves,
three-quarters inch across, white, with a disagreeable odor; borne in
clusters from lateral buds, in twos, threes or fours; pedicels three-quarters
inch long, very slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acuminate, slightly pubescent
towards the base of the inner surface, serrate and with reddish glands,
erect; petals ovate, crenate, fringed, with pubescent claws of medium
width; anthers yellowish; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
 Fruit very late, season short; one inch by seven-eighths inch in size,
roundish-ovate or oval, not compressed, halves equal; cavity narrow,
shallow, rather abrupt; suture a line; apex pointed; color carmine,
bloomless; dots medium in number, small, whitish or sometimes reddish,
somewhat conspicuous; stem slender, medium to above in length,
glabrous, not adhering to the fruit; skin thick, tough, astringent, adhering
slightly; flesh light yellow, juicy, coarse, melting near the skin but firmer
and fibrous next the pit, sweet except near the center, strongly aromatic;
fair to good; stone often tinged red, adhering, three-quarters inch by three-
eighths inch in size, oval, turgid, angular, pointed at the base and apex,
roughish; ventral suture wide, blunt, ridged; dorsal suture acute or with an
indistinct, shallow groove.

WYANT
Prunus americana

1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 327. 1885. 2. Ibid. 85. 1890. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul.
38:46. 1892. 4. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 448. 1893. 5. Ia. Sta. Bul. 31:345. 1895.
6. Kan. Sta. Bul. 73:192. 1897. 7. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:24, 65 fig. 32, 66.
1897. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 24. 1897. 9. Colo. Sta. Bul. 50:47. 1898. 10.
Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:292. 1900. 11. Waugh Plum Cult. 167 fig., 168. 1901. 12.
Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:32. 1903. 13. Ga. Sta. Bul. 67:284, 285 fig. 1904.
14. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:44, 49 fig. 1905.

Wyant is one of the standard Americana plums, ranking well with

the best of them in both fruit and tree-characters. While it is almost
beyond question a true Americana (from its history it could hardly be
otherwise,) it has a number of characters that mark it as a departure
from the usual type of Prunus americana. The calyx-tube is bright
red, a character found only in a few other varieties of this species;
the stamens are much longer than is usual in the species and much
more numerous; the pistils are often defective; the flowers are borne
in greater profusion; the plums do not have the distinctive Americana
taste; the flesh is less juicy than usual; the skin is free and the
stones are nearly free and have pitted surfaces. Some of these
characters are so valuable in a native plum that Wyant may well be
used to breed from. The trees from which the description here given
was made came from C. L. Watrous, Des Moines, Iowa, and to the
best of our belief are true to name.
This variety, according to a letter from J. E. Wyant, Shellsburg,
Iowa, was found by J. B. Wyant of Janesville, Iowa, while hunting for
wild plums in 1866 on the Cedar River near his home. The following
year he transplanted the tree to his yard. About 1874, J. E. Wyant
told R. Royce of Shellsburg, Iowa, proprietor of the Benton County
Nursery, of this tree. Royce secured cuttings from the original tree
and began propagating the plum. Fruits were sent to Professor J. L.
Budd, Ames, Iowa, who named it Wyant. The variety was introduced
by Mr. Royce and was disseminated by him and by Professor Budd.
In 1897 it was added to the fruit catalog list of the American
Pomological Society.

Tree small, spreading and straggling, flat-topped, very hardy,

productive, healthy; branches rough and shaggy, zigzag, thorny, dark ash-
gray, with numerous, large lenticels; branchlets willowy, slender, long, with
long internodes, greenish-red changing to reddish-brown, glossy,
glabrous, with conspicuous, raised lenticels of average size and number;
leaf-buds small, pointed, strongly appressed.
Leaves falling early, folded upward, oval, one and five-eighths inches
wide, three and one-quarter inches long, thin; upper surface green,
smooth, glabrous, grooved on the midrib and larger veins; lower surface
silvery-green, lightly pubescent; apex acuminate, base abrupt, margin
coarsely and doubly serrate, the serrations sharp-pointed, not glandular;
petiole one-half inch long, tinged red, pubescent, glandless or with from
one to five globose, yellowish-green glands on the stalk.
Blooming season medium to late, of average length; flowers appearing
with the leaves, showy on account of the many blossoms and peculiar
appearance caused by the numerous long stamens, whitish, with
disagreeable odor; borne in dense clusters on lateral buds and spurs, one
to four flowers in each cluster; pedicels one-half inch long, slender,
glabrous, green, faintly tinged with red; calyx-tube red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes narrow, acute, lightly pubescent on the inner surface, serrate
and with numerous marginal hairs, erect; petals small, narrow-ovate,
crenate, with narrow, long claws; stamens very numerous; anthers
yellowish; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil slender, glabrous,
shorter than the stamens, often defective.
 Fruit mid-season, ripening period short; one and one-quarter inches in
diameter, not symmetrical in shape, oblong-obovate to nearly ovate,
oblique, somewhat truncate, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring;
suture a line; apex slightly flattened; color dark carmine over a yellow
ground which largely disappears as maturity advances, with thin bloom;
dots numerous, very small, light russet, inconspicuous; stem slender, one-
half inch long, glabrous, dehiscent; skin thin, tender, separating readily;
flesh dark golden-yellow, juicy, tender and melting, sweet, with the
Americana flavor less marked than in other varieties; of fair quality; stone
nearly free, seven-eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, broadly oval,
flattened, blunt at the base, somewhat pointed at the apex, with pitted,
dark colored surfaces; ventral suture blunt or slightly winged, shallowly
ridged; dorsal suture acute, with shallow, narrow, distinct groove.

YELLOW EGG
 YELLOW EGG

Prunus domestica

1. Rea Flora 209. 1676. 2. Ray Hist. Plant. 2:1528, 1529. 1688. 3.
Langley Pomona 95, Pl. XXV fig. VI. 1729. 4. Miller Gard. Dict. 3. 1754. 5.
Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:107, Pl. XX fig. 10. 1768. 6. Knoop Fructologie
2:59. 1771. 7. Kraft Pom. Aust. 2:29, Tab. 175 fig. 1; 38, Tab. 188 fig. 1.
1796. 8. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 20, 21. 1803. 9. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 233,
fig. 8. 1817. 10. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 149. 1831. 11. Prince Pom. Man.
2:57, 58. 1832. 12. Kenrick Am. Orch. 258, 269. 1832. 13. Floy-Lindley
Guide Orch. Gard. 299, 301. 1846. 14. Poiteau Pom. Franc. 1: fig. 1846.
15. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 333. 1849. 16. Elliott Fr. Book 424. 1854. 17.
Thompson Gard. Ass’t 520. 1859. 18. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 88. 1862. 19.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 954 fig. 1869. 20. Pom. France 7: No. 18. 1871.
21. Koch Deut. Obst. 560. 1876. 22. Hogg Fruit Man. 730. 1884. 23.
Mathieu Nom. Pom. 431. 1889. 24. Fell Cat. 49. 1893. 25. Guide Prat.
163, 354. 1895. 26. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:193. 1897.
Aechte Gelbe Eierpflaume 25. Albert’s Damascene 23, 25. Albertus
Damen Pflaume 20, 23, 25. Askew’s Golden 20. Askew’s Golden Egg 16,
19, 22, 23, 25. Aubertiana 21. Bonum Magnum 11, 20, 22, 23, 25. Bonum
Magnum 1, 2. Col. Young’s Seedling 16. Dame Aubert 10, 11, 13, 17, 19,
22, 23, 25. Dame Ambert 16. Dame Aubert 5, 12. Damas Aubert 7, 23, 25.
Dame Aubert Blanche 10, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. Dame Ambert Blanche
16. Dame Aubert Grosse Luisante 11. Dame Ambert Jaune 16. Dame
Aubert Jaune 10, 11, 17, 19, 20, 23. Darwin Peach 24. Die Albertus
Damenpflaume 7. De Besançon 25. De Monsieur 25 incor. Die Grosse
Weisse Glanzende 7. Die Kaiserliche Weisse Pflaume ?7. D’OEuf 25.
D’OEuf Blanche 25. Dutch Plum 1, 11. Dutch Plumb 3. Echte Gelbe Eier
Pflaume 23. Edle Gelbe Eger Pflaume 20. Edle Gelbe Eier Pflaume 23,
25. Egg Plum 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. Eier
Pflaume 23, 25. Gelbe Eger Pflaume 20, 23, 25. Gelbe Egg 20, 23, 25.
Gelbe Malonke 23, 25. Gelbe Ungarische Eier Pflaume 23, 25. Gelbe
Marunke 23, 25. Gelbe Eierpflaume 23. Gelbe Eierpflaume 20, 25. Grosse
Weisse Glanzende 20, 23, 25. Great Mogul ?2. Grosse Datte ?5. Grosse-
Luisante 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. Gros Luisante 12.
Gelbe Ungarische Eyerpflaume 20. Grosse Prune Blanche 20, 23, 25.
Grosse Maronke 25. Grosse Marouk 20, 23, 25. Grosse Glanzende
Alberts Pflaume 23, 25. Grosse Glanzende 20, 25. Grosse Glanzende
Pflaume 23. Grosse Gelbe Eier Pflaume 23, 25. Grosse Marunke 23.
Grünliche Dattel Pflaume von Besançon 23, 25. Hick’s large Egg? 11.
Impériale Blanche ?5. Impériale Blanche ?7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22,
?23, 25. Imperial Blanc 11. Large Yellow Egg 11. Magnum Bonum 19.
Monsieur’s Plum ?4, ?8. Monsieur’s Plum ?4. Mogul 9. Monsieur 11.
Mogul 4, 8, 11, 23. Mogul Plum 25. Mogule Plumb 3. Mogule 11. Mogol
Plum 20, 23, 25. Mogols Pflaume 20, 23, 25. Mogul’s Pflaume 23, 25.
Prune de Monsieur? 4, 6. Prune de Monsieur 23 incor. Prune OEuf 20.
Prune Dame Aubert 14, 20. Prune d’Oeuf 20, 23. Prune d’Oeuf blanche 6,
23. Prune d’Inde Blanc 19. Prune De Besançon 20, 23. Prune Dame
 d’Aubert 21. Prune d’Inde Blanche 23. Supreme ?14. Wentworth 13.
Wentworth ?8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25. Wentworth Plumb ?3. White
Imperial 9, 11, 15, 16, 19, 23. White Imperial 11. White Imperial Bonum
Magnum 4, 8. White Holland 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25. White
Magnum Bonum 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25. Weisse Kaiser Pflaume
23, 25. Weisse Hollandische Pflaume 23, 25. White Bonum Magnum 3,
11, 20, 23, 25. White Egg Plum 11. White Magnum Bonum 10, 12, 17, 18,
22, 23. White Mogul 10, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. White Egg 15.
White Egg 16, 19, 23, 25. Weisser Kaiser 23, 25. Weisse Magnum Bonum
20, 23, 25. Weisse Kaiserin 23 incor. Yellow Magnum Bonum 10, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25. Yellow Bonum Magnum 20, 23, 25. Young’s
Superior Egg ?11. Yellow Egg 18, 23, 25.

The characters of Yellow Egg were given in the discussion of the

group which bears its name and but little more needs to be said of
the variety. As the largest and handsomest of the yellow plums it is
worth consideration by either the amateur or the commercial fruit-
grower in New York. At best, however, it is fit only for cooking and is
none too good for culinary purposes. The trees are very satisfactory
on all but very light soils. As has been suggested before, this plum
ought to be crossed with varieties of better quality with the hope of
getting as handsome a fruit but one which could be used for dessert
purposes.
The references and synonyms show that Yellow Egg is a plum with
an interesting history, but unfortunately the accounts of its origin and
subsequent history have been but poorly preserved. Rea, in 1676,
described the Yellow Egg as the Bonum Magnum or Dutch Plum; we
may infer from this that the English obtained the variety from
Holland. Knoop of Holland, in 1771, described the variety under the
name Prune d’Oeuf Blanche, indicating a French origin. Knoop
describes the Prune De Monsieur as similar and this plum has ever
since been held as doubtfully identical. Duhamel, in Traite des
Arbres Fruitiers, 1768, described Yellow Egg as the Dame Aubert.
Kraft in Pomona Austriaca, 1796, gave it as the Die Grosse Weisse
Glanzende, oder Die Albertus Damenpflaume. These references
show that Yellow Egg was well known at an early date. Because of
its close resemblance to many varieties, probably due to the
propagation of seedlings from it, much confusion exists in the
nomenclature of Yellow Egg. White Imperial was separated by
Duhamel and Prince; but Miller, Thompson and most of the
subsequent writers give it as the same. Duhamel believed the
Imperial Blanche (White Imperial) to be the Grosse Datte. So, too,
the Wentworth was at first separated but, later, was recorded as
identical. Koch calls Yellow Egg one of the Datterpflaumen (Date
Plums) though he states that there is another Date Plum known by
Tragus more than three hundred years ago as Prunidactyla. De
Candolle seems to hold to the names Dame d’Aubert and Aubertina
for this plum. Professor Budd in exploring southwest Russia and
Poland found a Dame Aubert differing from our Yellow Egg only in
minor characters which he was told came from central Asia.
The exact date of the importation of Yellow Egg to this country is
unknown. Coxe, in 1817, described it as the Mogul and later Prince
gave it the name Yellow Egg. Owing to this change in name, we find
America now and then given as its place of origin by both American
and English writers. In 1862, the American Pomological Society
added it to its fruit catalog list under the name White Magnum
Bonum but in 1871, the name was changed to Yellow Egg. The
Darwin Peach, sent out by Fell, a nurseryman in England, has
proved to be identical at this Station and its distributor, in a recent
letter, states that this plum, which has been growing on his place
thirty years, “is apparently identical to the White Magnum Bonum”
which is of course Yellow Egg.

Tree, large, vigorous, round-topped, open, hardy, very productive; trunk

roughish; branches numerous, ash-gray, nearly smooth, with rather large
lenticels; branchlets slender, short, with long intemodes, greenish-red
changing to dull brownish-red, dull, lightly pubescent throughout the
season, covered with thin bloom, with few, inconspicuous, small lenticels;
leaf-buds above medium in size, long, pointed, free.
Leaves flattened or somewhat folded backward, oval, two and one-half
inches wide, four and one-quarter inches long, leathery; upper surface
dark green, pubescent, slightly rugose, with grooved midrib; lower surface
medium green, thickly pubescent; apex abruptly pointed or acute, base
acute, margin doubly serrate, with few dark glands; petiole five-eighths
inch long, thick, reddish-purple, pubescent, glandless or with one or two
globose, yellowish-green glands variable in position.
 Blooming season short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one inch
across, white, with a yellowish tinge at the tip of the petals; borne on
lateral buds and spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels one-half inch long,
covered with thick pubescence, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate,
pubescent; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, pubescent, glandular-serrate,
reflexed; petals roundish-oval, crenate or sometimes slightly notched,
tapering to short, broad claws; anthers yellow; filaments three-eighths inch
long; pistil pubescent, longer than the stamens; stigma oblique.
Fruit late, season short; two inches by one and five-eighths inches in
size, long-oval, compressed, halves nearly equal; cavity of medium depth,
narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, often a line; apex roundish; color golden-
yellow, covered with thick bloom; dots numerous, small, white,
inconspicuous; stem slender, one and one-quarter inches long, pubescent,
adhering well to the fruit, surrounded at the cavity by a fleshy collar; skin
thin, slightly astringent, separating readily; flesh golden-yellow, rather
juicy, moderately coarse, firm, of average sweetness, mild; good; stone
semi-free or free, one and one-quarter inches by three-quarters inch in
size, oval, rather flat, acute at the base and apex, with roughened and
pitted surfaces; ventral suture wide, heavily ridged, often distinctly winged;
dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved.

YELLOW GAGE
Prunus domestica

1. Prince Treat. Hort. 25. 1828. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:108. 1832. 3.
Downing Fr. Trees Am. 287, 288 fig. 115. 1845. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult.
329. 1849. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book 208 fig. 1849. 6. Horticulturist 7:403.
1852. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 36, 55. 1852. 8. Elliott Fr. Book 414. 1854. 9.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 210. 1856. 10. Bridgeman Gard. Ass’t 3:126. 1857.
11. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 190, Pl. XIII. 1865. 12. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:163, fig.
82. 1873. 13. Barry Fr. Garden 417. 1883. 14. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 443.
1889. 15. Waugh Plum Cult. 126. 1901.
American Wheat 10. American Yellow Gage of some 3, 4, 8, 11, 14.
American Yellow Gage 10. Auserlesene Gelhe Reine-Claude 14. Harvest
Gage 6, 8, 11, 14. Prince’s Gage 1. Prince’s Gelbe Reine-Claude 14.
Prince’s Yellow Gage 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11. Prince’s Yellow Gage 5, 12, 13,
14, 15. Reine-Claude Jaune De Prince 12. White Gage of some 3, 8, 11,
14.
 Yellow Gage belongs to the Reine Claude, or as it is so often
called, the Green Gage group of plums. There are now a great
number of these plums under cultivation in America, most of which
have originated in this country and nearly all of which, as we have
said before, are better than similar kinds from Europe. It is difficult to
select from the numerous first-rate plums of this group the best
varieties to retain in home or commercial orchards. Among these,
however, Yellow Gage should be kept for the home orchard at least.
It is a rather large fruit, with a beautiful color—golden-yellow often
with a faint blush, with a firm and juicy yet tender flesh and a most
refreshing admixture of sweet and sour together with the richness
which characterizes the Reine Claude plums. The fruits come, too, at
a time when the market is not overstocked with these fine plums and
the season is particularly long. A review of the tree-characters in the
description which follows shows that in the main they are good
though some complain that the variety is not productive. This
precariousness in bearing, together with the tender skin which keeps
Yellow Gage from standing shipment well, probably precludes the
variety from a high place in a commercial list but does not prevent its
being a most desirable plum for home planting.
This excellent old variety was probably one of the first plums to
originate in America. It came from a Reine Claude pit planted, with
many others, by William Prince[226] in 1783 in the celebrated Prince
nurseries at Flushing, Long Island. Despite its early origin and fine
qualities it has never had much recognition from pomologists.
Downing described it in 1845 but neither Manning nor Kenrick in
their excellent books on fruits mention this plum. The American
Pomological Society in 1852 listed it with the varieties of plums
promising well and in 1856 placed it on the list of those worthy of
general cultivation.

Tree very large and vigorous, spreading, dense-topped, hardy,

productive; trunk roughish; branches dark ash-gray, smooth except for the
numerous, raised lenticels of various sizes; branchlets medium to below in
thickness, short, with internodes of average length, greenish-red changing
to brownish-red, dull, lightly pubescent, with inconspicuous, small
lenticels; leaf-buds large, long, conical, free; leaf-scars prominent.
 Leaves long-oval or obovate, two inches wide, four and one-quarter
inches long, thick, somewhat leathery; upper surface dark green, covered
with fine hairs, the midrib grooved; lower surface silvery-green, sparingly
pubescent; apex and base acute, margin serrate, with few small, dark
glands; petiole five-eighths inch long, pubescent, tinged red, with from one
to three smallish, globose, greenish-yellow glands variable in position.
Blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing
after the leaves, one and one-eighth inches wide, white, fragrant; borne on
lateral spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels seven-eighths inch long, with
short, thin pubescence, greenish; calyx-tube green, enlarged at the base,
campanulate, lightly pubescent; calyx-lobes narrow, obtuse, lightly
pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-serrate, reflexed; petals oval,
entire, tapering to short, broad claws; anthers yellow; filaments one-
quarter inch long; pistil glabrous, longer than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period of medium length; one and one-half
inches by one and three-eighths inches in size, oval, slightly compressed,
halves nearly equal; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex
roundish or depressed; dull yellow, faintly splashed and streaked with
green, sometimes tinged on the sunny side with light red, overspread with
thin bloom; dots numerous, small, white, inconspicuous, clustered about
the base; stem three-quarters inch long, thinly pubescent, adhering well to
the fruit; skin thin, rather sour, separating readily; flesh golden-yellow,
juicy, firm but tender, sweet, mild, of pleasant flavor; very good; stone free,
the cavity larger than the pit, one inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval,
turgid, roundish, abruptly contracted at the base, blunt at the apex; ventral
suture broad, blunt, faintly ridged; dorsal suture widely and deeply
grooved.
 CHAPTER IV
THE MINOR VARIETIES OF PLUMS

Abbaye d’Arton. Domestica. 1. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 445. 1906.

This variety came from a chance seedling found in the ruins of the
Abbaye d’Arton at Valreas, France; it was propagated in 1897 by M.
Valdy of Valreas. Tree very productive; fruit large, obovate; suture
obscure; stem short; pale red, darker on the sunny side; bloom thick;
flesh yellow, juicy, sweet; good; freestone; mid-season.
Abricotee de Braunau. Domestica. 1. Hogg Fruit Man. 349. 1866.
2. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 429. 1881. 3. Hogg Fruit Man.
683. 1884. 4. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 423. 1889.
Abricotée de Braunau 4. Braunauer Aprikosenartige 2. Braunauer
Aprikosenartige Pflaume 4. Braunauer Aprikosenartige Damascene
4. Braunauer Neue Kernfrucht 2. Reine-Claude Braunau 3, 4.
Dr. Liegel of Braunau, Germany, originated this variety about
1810. Fruit large, roundish; suture distinct; greenish; bloom rather
heavy; dots distinct, reddish; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet; good;
stone free; mid-season.
Abricotee de Lange. Domestica. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:103, fig. 52.
1873.
Langes Aprikosenpflaume 1.
Dr. Liegel of Braunau, Germany, grew this variety and named it
after Lange of Altenburg. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture
slight; yellow, blushed in the sun; flesh yellow, tender, sweet,
aromatic; good; clingstone; mid-season.
Abricotee de Trauttenberg. Domestica. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 2:35, fig.
18. 1873. 2. Mathieu, Nom. Pom. 453. 1889.
 Abricotée de Trauttenberg 2. Abricotée Rouge de Trauttenberg 2.
Trauttenbergs Aprikosenpflaume 1. Von Trauttenberg’s
Aprikosenpflaume 2.
Liegel raised the Abricotée de Trauttenberg from a stone of the
Red Apricot and named it after Baron Emmanuel of Trauttenberg,
Prague. Fruit medium in size, oval, red; flesh yellow, firm, aromatic;
good; freestone; mid-season.
Abricot Princesse. Domestica. Mentioned in Knoop Fructologie
2:54. 1771.
Admirable. Domestica. Mentioned in Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 21.
1803.
Admiral. Domestica. 1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 257. 1832. 2. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 293. 1845. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 345. 1849.
Corse’s Admiral 1, 2, 3.
Originated by Henry Corse, Montreal, Canada. Inferior in quality
but hardy, productive and showy; rarely grown. Fruit of medium size,
oval, sides unequal, light purple; dots yellow; bloom thin; stem long,
pubescent; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy; clingstone; mid-season.
Admiral Schley. Americana. 1. Ia. Sta. Bul. 46:260. 1890. 2. Terry
Cat. 1900.
Originated by H. A. Terry of Crescent, Iowa. Fruit roundish, yellow,
washed with deep bronze-red; dots small, numerous, yellow, distinct;
bloom thin; skin tough; flesh deep yellow, juicy, rich, sweet; very
good; stone large, oval, flattened, clinging. Apparently an
improvement over Hawkeye.
Advance. Americana. 1. Waugh Plum Cult. 142. 1901. 2. Kerr Cat.
1902-3.
Grown by Theodore Williams, Benson, Nebraska, and introduced
by J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, in 1902. Fruit large, oval; cavity
very shallow; suture a line; apex slightly depressed; dark red; dots
many, conspicuous, yellow; good; clingstone; tree vigorous and
productive; said to be resistant to rot.
African. Angustifolia varians. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 1881. 2.
Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:60, 86. 1892. 3. Waugh Plum Cult. 192,
193 fig. 1901.
Originated with G. Onderdonk[227] of Texas and introduced by him
in 1870; said to be one of the best varieties of this species. Tree
small, spreading; fruit medium to large, roundish to oblong, dull, dark
red; dots large and small, white; skin thin, tough; flesh yellow, soft,
juicy, subacid; good; stone clinging; mid-season.
Alabama. Triflora ×?. 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 175:154. 1899. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 201. 1901.
Normand No. 5 2
Sent out by J. L. Normand, Marksville, Louisiana. Fruit of medium
size, heart-shaped, light yellow with pink cheek; bloom thin; mid-
season; fruits drop before ripe but mature after falling; good; tree
spreading, twiggy; branches smooth, glossy, zigzag.
Albany Beauty. Domestica. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 146. 1831. 2.
Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 327. 1849. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
420. 1889.
Belle d’Albany 3. Denniston’s Albany Beauty 2, 3. Denniston’s
Albany 1.
Produced in the garden of Isaac Denniston, Albany, New York,
about 1835. Fruit below medium in size, oval with a slight neck,
greenish-yellow with reddish spots on the sunny side; flesh yellow,
juicy, rich, sweet; good; stone free, small, pointed; mid-season; tree
hardy; productive.
Alberta. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at Indian Head Experimental Farm, Northwest
Territory, Canada. Fruit large; fairly productive; early.
Alexander. Species? 1. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 135. 1903. 2. Ibid. 424.
1905.
Alexander’s Late 2.
 Mentioned as a late native plum; productive; resistant to rot;
clingstone.
Alibuchari. Domestica. 1. Mag. Hort. 9:163. 1843. 2. McIntosh Bk.
Gard. 2:534. 1855.
An old European prune. Size medium, oval, purple; fair in quality;
freestone; shrivels on the tree; hardy; productive.
Alice. Americana mollis. 1. Terry Cat. 1900.
Originated by H. A. Terry, Crescent, Iowa, from seed of Van Buren.
“Tree a fine upright grower, with large, light red fruit of best quality.”
Allen. Species? 1. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:78. 1892.
Allen’s Yellow 1.
An obsolete variety from Kansas of medium size, round, yellow
and red; skin thick; clingstone.
Allfruit. Simonii × Triflora. 1. Vt. Sta. Bul. 67:5. 1898. 2. Waugh
Plum Cult. 202. 1901.
Grown by Luther Burbank; named in 1898. Described by Waugh
as follows: “Fruit oblate, medium size; cavity deep, rounded; stem
short; suture rather shallow; color pale red with many large and small
yellowish dots and a thin white bloom; skin medium thick; flesh-
medium firm, bright yellow; flavor sweet and rich, fragrant; good to
best; stone medium to large, slightly flattened, semi-cling; leaf large,
oval, pointed, rather finely double crenulate and minutely glandular,
rather thick, glistens as if varnished; petiole short, glandular.”
Allie. Nigra? 1. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 426. 1900.
A seedling raised at Indian Head Experimental Farm, Northwest
Territory, Canada. Tree productive; fruit of medium size; skin red;
flavor good; early.
Aloe. Domestica. 1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1878.
Mentioned as an old Scottish variety; is not hardy at Montreal,
Canada.
Alois Reine Claude. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom.
420. 1889.
Alois’ Reine-Claude. Reine-Claude d’Alois. Reine-Claude Aloise.
Aloo Bokhara. Domestica? 1. Horticulturist 3:144. 1848.
A variety noted by Sir Alexander Burnes, while traveling in
Bokhara, as having a sweet kernel. He states that the stone, when
ripe, can be seen through the skin.
Alpha. Maritima. 1. Kerr Cat. 1899. 2. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:254, 255.
1905.
A variety selected from wild trees by E. W. Winsor of New Jersey
and sent to J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, who introduced it in 1899.
Very small, roundish, purple; no cavity nor suture; flesh greenish-
yellow; poor; freestone; early; tree small, compact, very productive.
Alpha-Americana. Americana. 1. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 86. 1900.
A seedling of De Soto pollinated by Weaver; grown by N. K. Fluke,
Davenport, Iowa, in 1890. Fruit large, oval with a truncate base, clear
yellow, mottled with light red, lilac blush; suture distinct; flesh yellow,
firm and meaty; fair in quality; stone of medium size, flattened, free;
mid-season.
Amaryllis. Insititia. 1. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:33. 1903.
Originated by August Dupuis, Village des Aulnaies, Province of
Quebec, in 1890 from seed of Mirabelle. Fruit large, roundish; cavity
medium, abrupt; suture distinct; apex rounded; greenish-yellow; dots
indistinct; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; good; clingstone.
Amber. Domestica? 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 577, 578. 1629. 2.
Quintinye Com. Gard. 68. 1699.
Described by Parkinson in 1629 as a small, round, yellow
freestone plum of mediocre quality; classified by him as “Prunum
Ambarinum.”
Amber Primordian. Domestica. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 575. 1629. 2.
Rea Flora 206. 1676.
 Mentioned by Parkinson in 1629 as an early, small, round, yellow,
watery, worthless plum.
Ambre Tardif. Domestica. Mentioned in Mathieu Nom. Pom. 421.
1889.
Ambrée Tardive.
Amelie Blanche. Domestica. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:54. 1771.
Tree productive; fruit of medium size, roundish, yellow; obsolete.
Amelie Noire. Domestica. 1. Knoop Fructologie 2:54. 1771.
Of ancient and unknown origin. Tree productive; fruit of medium
size, roundish, purplish-black; flesh dry; flavor fair; early.
Amelioree. Domestica. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Bul. 10:20. 1901.
D’Agen Ameliorée 1.
Ameliorée originated in eastern France and differs from Agen only
in being more vigorous; foliage and fruit larger and the season
earlier.
American Golden. Hortulana. 1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 182. 1895. 2.
Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 11:283. 1898.
James B. Wild of Sarcoxie, Missouri, introduced this variety as a
seedling found in his neighborhood. Tree vigorous; fruit of medium
size, round; suture a line; cavity very shallow; stem medium; bright
golden-yellow; dots numerous, large, white; bloom thin; skin thick,
tough; flesh yellow, firm, sweet but sprightly; good; stone of medium
size, turgid, clinging; late.
American Magnum Bonum. Domestica. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
896. 1869.
Probably a seedling of Red Magnum Bonum from which it differs
in that the young shoots are pubescent, the stone clinging and the
fruit better in quality.
American Prune. Domestica. 1. Wood Bros. Cat. 1898. Probably a
synonym.