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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Hornsby, John, 1949- author. I Lial, Margaret L., author. I Rockswold,
Gary K., author.
Title: A graphical approach to college algebra I John Hornsby (University of New Orleans),
Margaret L. Lial (American River College), Gary Rockswold (Minnesota State University,
Mankato); with the assistance of Jessica Rockswold.
Description: Seventh edition. I Boston : Pearson Education, Inc., [2019] I Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017045357 I ISBN 0134696522 (student ed. : alk. paper) I
ISBN 0134669320 (annotated instructor's ed. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Algebra Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QA152.3 .H67 2019 I DDC 512.9 dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017045357
1 17
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-469652-2

ISBN 10: 0-13-469652-2
To Susan Danielson
Foreword
The first edition of A Graphical Approach to College Algebra was published in 1996. Our experience was
that the usual order in which the standard topics were covered did not faster students' understanding of
the interrelationships among graphs, equations, and inequalities. The table of contents for typical college
algebra texts did not allow for maximum effectiveness in implementing our philosophy because graphs
were not covered early enough in the course. Thus, we reorganized the standard topics with early introduc-
tion to the graphs of functions, followed by solutions of equations, inequalities, and applications. Although
the material is reorganized, we still cover all traditional topics
and skills. The underlying theme was, and still is, to illustrate
how the graph of a typical function can be used to support the
solutions of equations and associated inequalities involving
the function.
Using linear functions in Chapter 1 to introduce the
approach that follows in later chapters, we apply a four-step
process of analysis.
1. We examine the nature of the graph of the function,
using both hand-drawn and calculator-generated versions.
Domain and range are established, and any further charac-
teristics are discussed.
2. We solve equations analytically, using the standard
methods. Then we support our solutions graphically, using
the intersection-of-graphs method and the x-intercept
method (pages 54-55).
3. We solve the associated inequalities analytically, again
using standard methodology, supporting their solutions
graphically as well.
4. We apply analytic and graphical methods to modeling
and traditional applications involving the class of func-
tion under consideration.
After this procedure has been initially established for linear functions, we apply it to absolute value,
quadratic, higher-degree polynomial, rational, root, exponential, and logarithmic functions in later chap-
ters. The chapter on systems of equations ties in the concept of solving systems with the aforementioned
intersection-of-graphs method of solving equations.
This presentation provides a sound pedagogical basis. Because today's students rely on visual learn-
ing more than ever, the use of graphs promotes student understanding in a manner that might not occur
if only analytic approaches were used. It allows the student the opportunity to see how the graph of a
function is related to equations and inequalities involving that function. Students are presented with the
same approach over and over, and they come to realize that the type of function f defined by y = f (x)
under consideration does not matter when providing graphical support. For example, using the x-intercept
method, the student sees that x-values of x-intercepts of the graph of y = f(x) correspond to real solutions
of the equation f(x) = 0, x-values of points above the x-axis correspond to solutions of f(x) > 0, and
x-values of points below the x-axis correspond to solutions of f(x) < 0.
The final result, in conjunction with the entire package of learning tools provided by Pearson, is a
course that covers the standard topics of college algebra. It is developed in such a way that graphs are seen
as pictures that can be used to interpret analytic results. We hope that you will enjoy teaching this course,
and that your students will come away with an appreciation of the impact and importance of our approach
in the study of college algebra.
John Hornsby
Gary Rockswold
•
VI
Contents
••
Preface XI I
Reviewing Basic Concepts

1 Linear Functions, Equations, (Sections 1.5-1.6) 79
and Inequalities 1 Summary 80
Review Exercises 83
1.1 Real Numbers and the Rectangular
Test 86
Coordinate System 2
Sets of Real Numbers •The Rectangular Coordinate
System •Viewing Windows• Approximations of Real
Numbers• Distance and Midpoint Formulas 2 Analysis of Graphs
1.2 Introduction to Relations of Functions 88
and Functions 12
Set-Builder Notation and Interval Notation
2.1 Graphs of Basic Functions and Relations;
• Relations, Domain, and Range• Functions •Tables
Symmetry 89
Continuity• Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant
and Graphing Calculators• Function Notation
Functions• The Constant and Identity Functions•
The Squaring Function and Symmetry with Respect
(Sections 1.1-1.2) 23
to the y-Axis • The Cubing Function and Symmetry
1.3 Linear Functions 23 with Respect to the Origin• The Square Root and
Basic Concepts of Linear Functions• Slope of a Line Cube Root Functions• The Absolute Value Function
and Average Rate of Change• Slope-Intercept Form • The Relation x = y 2 and Symmetry with Respect
of the Equation of a Line to the x-Axis • Even and Odd Functions
1.4 Equations of Lines and Linear 2.2 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
Models 37 of Graphs 103
Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line Vertical Shifts• Horizontal Shifts• Combinations of
• Standard Form of the Equation of a Line• Parallel Vertical and Horizontal Shifts• Effects of Shifts on
and Perpendicular Lines• Linear Models and Domain and Range• Horizontal Shifts Applied to
Regression Equations for Modeling
Reviewing Basic Concepts 2.3 Stretching, Shrinking, and Reflecting

(Sections 1.3-1.4) 50 Graphs 112
Vertical Stretching •Vertical Shrinking• Horizontal
1.5 Linear Equations and Inequalities 50
Stretching and Shrinking• Reflecting across an Axis
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable• Graphical
• CombiningTransformations of Graphs
Approaches to Solving Linear Equations• Identities
and Contradictions• Solving Linear Inequalities in Reviewing Basic Concepts
One Variable• Graphical Approaches to Solving (Sections 2.1-2.3) 124
Linear Inequalities• Compound Inequalities
2.4 Absolute Value Functions 126
Unifying Linear Functions 67 The Graph of y = I f (x )I • Properties of Absolute
Value• Equations and Inequalities Involving Abso-
1.6 Applications of Linear Functions 68
lute Value• Error Tolerances
Problem-Solving Strategies• Applications of Linear
Equations• Break-Even Analysis• Direct Variation Unifying Absolute Value Functions 139
• Formulas
••
VII
viii Contents
2.5 Piecewise-Defined Functions 140

Graphing Piecewise-Defined Functions• The Great- 4 Polynomial Functions
est Integer Function• Applications of Piecewise- of Higher Degree 235
Defined Functions
2.6 Operations and Composition 153

4.1 Graphs of Polynomial Functions 236
Basic Terminology• Cubic and Quartic Functions
Operations on Functions• The Difference Quotient
•Extrema• End Behavior• x-lntercepts (Real Zeros)
• Composition of Functions• Composite Functions
• Comprehensive Graphs• Curve Fitting and Polyno-
and Their Domains• Appl ications of Operations and
mial Models
Composition
Reviewing Basic Concepts 4.2 Topics in the Theory of Polynomial
(Sections 2.4-2.6) 169 Functions (I) 248
Intermediate Value Theorem• Division of Polyno-
Summary 170
mials by x - k and Synthetic Division• Remainder
Review Exercises 173
and Factor Theorems• Division of Any Two
Test 176 Polynomials
(Sections 4.1-4.2) 260
3 Quadratic Functions 178
4.3 Topics in the Theory of Polynomial
3.1 Complex Numbers 179 Functions (11) 260
The Imaginary Unit i • Operations with Complex Complex Zeros and the Fundamental Theorem
Numbers and Powers of i of Algebra• Number of Zeros• Rational Zeros
Theorem• Descartes' Rule of Signs• Boundedness
3.2 Quadratic Functions and Graphs 186 Theorem
Completing the Square• Graphs of Quadratic
Functions •Vertex Formula• Extreme Values 4.4 Polynomial Equations, Inequalities,
• Applications and Quadratic Models• A Quadratic Applications, and Models 273
Relation: The Circle Polynomial Equations and Inequalities
• Complex nth Roots• Applications and
Polynomial Models
(Sections 3.1-3.2) 201
3.3 Quadratic Equations (Sections 4.3-4.4) 284
and Inequalities 201
Unifying Polynomial Functions 285
Zero-Product Property• Square Root Property and
Completing the Square• Quadratic Formula and Summary 286
the Discrim inant• Solving Quadratic Equations Review Exercises 288
• Solving Quadratic Inequalities• Formulas
Test 291
Involving Quadratics
Unifying Quadratic Functions 217
3.4 Applications of Quadratic Functions 5 Rational, Power, and Root

and Models 219 Functions 293
Applications of Quadratic Functions• A Quadratic
Model 5.1 Rational Functions and Graphs (I) 294
Reviewing Basic Concepts The Reciprocal Function, f (x ) = .!_ • The Reciprocal
(Sections 3.3-3.4) 229
x
Summary 230
of the Square Function, f ( x ) = J_
x2
5.2 Rational Functions and Graphs (11) 301
Test 234 Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes• Graph ing Tech-
niques• Oblique Asymptotes• Graphs with Points of
Discontinuity• Graphs with No Vertical Asymptotes
•
Contents IX
5.3 Rational Equations, Inequalities, Models, 6.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
and Applications 318 and Inequalities 420
Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities Exponential Equations and Inequalities (Type 2)
• Models and Applications of Rational Functions • Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities
• Inverse Variation• Combined and Joint Variation • Equations Involving Exponentials and Logarithms
• Rate of Work • Formulas Involving Exponentials and Logarithms
Reviewing Basic Concepts Unifying Logarithmic Functions 430
(Sections 5.1-5.3) 335
6.6 Further Applications and Modeling
Unifying Rational Functions 336 with Exponential and Logarithmic
5.4 Functions Defined by Powers Functions 432
and Roots 338 Physical Science Applications• Financial and Other
Power and Root Functions• Modeling Using Power Applications• Modeling Data with Exponential and
Functions• Graphs of f (x ) = fl ax + b • Graphing Logarithmic Functions

Circles and Horizontal Parabolas Using Root Functions Reviewing Basic Concepts
(Sections 6.4-6.6) 445
5.5 Equations, Inequalities, and Applications
Involving Root Functions 350 Summary Exercises on Functions: Domains,
Equations and Inequalities• An Application of Root Defining Equations, and Composition 446
Functions Finding the Domain of a Function: A Summary
• Determining Whether an Equation Defines y as
a Function of x• Composite Functions andTheir
(Sections 5.4-5.5) 361
Domains
Unifying Root Functions 362
Summary 451
Summary 364
Test 458
Test 369
7 Systems and Matrices 460

6 Inverse, Exponential, and
Logarithmic Functions 371 7.1 Systems of Equations 461
Linear Systems• Substitution Method• Elimination
6.1 Inverse Functions 372 Method• Special Systems• Nonlinear Systems
Inverse Operations• One-to-One Functions• Inverse • Applications of Systems
Functions and Their Graphs• Equations of Inverse
7.2 Solution of Linear Systems
Functions• An Application of Inverse Functions to
in Three Variables 474
Cryptography
Geometric Considerations• Analytic Solution of
6.2 Exponential Functions 383 Systems in Three Variables• Applications of Systems
Real-Number Exponents• Graphs of Exponential • Fitting Data Using a System
Functions• Exponential Equations (Type 1)
7.3 Solution of Linear Systems by Row
• Compound Interest• The Number e and
Transformations 484
Continuous Compounding• An Application of
Matrix RowTransformations • Row Echelon Method
Exponential Functions
(Gaussian Elimination ) • Reduced Row Echelon
Unifying Exponential Functions 397 Method• Special Cases• An Application of Matrices
6.3 Logarithms and Their Properties 399 Reviewing Basic Concepts

Definition of Logarithm• Common Logarithms (Sections 7.1-7.3) 499
• Natural Logarithms• Properties of Logarithms
7.4 Matrix Properties and Operations 499
• Change-of-Base Rule
Terminology of Matrices• Operations on Matrices
Reviewing Basic Concepts • Applying Matrix Algebra
(Sections 6.1-6.3) 409
7.5 Determinants and Cramer's Rule 512
6.4 Logarithmic Functions 410 Determinants of 2 x 2 Matrices• Determinants of
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions• Finding an Larger Matrices• Derivation of Cramer's Rule
Inverse of an Exponential Function• A Logarithmic • Using Cramer's Rule to Solve Systems
Model
x Contents
7.6 Solution of Linear Systems by Matrix Summary 604

Inverses 522 Review Exercises 607
Identity Matrices• Multiplicative Inverses of Square
Test 609
Matrices• Usi ng Determ inants to Find Inverses
• Solving Linear Systems Using Inverse Matrices
• Fitting Data Using a System
9 Further Topics in Algebra 611
(Sections 7.4-7.6) 533 9.1 Sequences and Series 612
7.7 Systems of Inequalities and Linear Sequences• Series and Summation Notation
Programming 534 • Summation Properties
Solving Linear Inequalities• Solving Systems of 9.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series 622
Inequalities• Linear Programming Arithmetic Sequences• Arithmetic Series
7.8 Partial Fractions 545 9.3 Geometric Sequences and Series 630
Decomposition of Rational Expressions• Distinct Geometric Sequences• Geometric Series• Infinite
Linear Factors• Repeated Linear Factors• Distinct Geometric Series• Annu it ies
Linear and Quadratic Factors• Repeated Quadratic
Factors
(Sections 9.1-9.3) 640
(Sections 7.7-7.8) 552 9.4 Counting Theory 640
Fundamental Principle of Counting• n-Factorial
Summary 553
•Permutations• Combinations• Distinguishing
Review Exercises 556 between Permutations and Combinations
Test 559
9.5 The Binomial Theorem 649
A Binomial Expansion Pattern• Pascal's Triangle
• Binomial Coefficients• The Binomial Theorem
8 Conic Sections, Nonlinear • rth Term of a Binomial Expansion
Systems, and Parametric Reviewing Basic Concepts
Equations 561 (Sections 9.4-9.5) 656
9.6 Mathematical Induction 656

8.1 Circles Revisited and Parabolas 562
Proof by Mathematical Induction• Proving
Con ic Sections• Equations and Graphs of Circles
Statements• Generalized Principle of Mathematical
• Equations and Graphs of Parabolas• Translations
Induction• Proof of the Binomial Theorem
of Parabolas• An App lication of Parabolas
9.7 Probability 663
8.2 Ellipses and Hyperbolas 575
Basic Concepts• Complements and Venn Diagrams
Equations and Graphs of Ellipses •Translations of
•Odds• Union ofTwo Events• Binomial Probability
Ellipses• An Application of Ellipses• Equations and
Graphs of Hyperbolas •Translations of Hyperbolas Reviewing Basic Concepts
(Sections 9.6-9.7) 673
(Sections 8.1-8.2) 587 Summary 674

8.3 The Conic Sections and Nonlinear
Systems 587 Test 680
Characteristics• Identifying Conic Sections

•Eccentricity• Nonlinear Systems
8.4 Introduction to Parametric

R Review: Basic Algebraic
Equations 598
Concepts 681
Introduction• Graphs of Parametric Equations and
R.1 Review of Sets 682
Their Rectangular Equivalents• Alternative Forms of
Vocabulary and Symbols• Finite and Infinite Sets
Parametric Equations• An Application of Parametric
• Subsets and Venn Diagrams• Complement of a Set
Equations
• Union and Intersection of Sets
(Sections 8.3-8.4) 604
•
Contents XI
R.2 Review of Exponents and R.5 Review of Negative and Rational

Polynomials 687 Exponents 707
Rules for Exponents• Terminology for Polynomials Negative Exponents and the Quotient Rule
• Adding and Subtracting Polynomials• Mu ltiplying • Rational Exponents
Polynomials
R.6 Review of Radicals 713
R.3 Review of Factoring 693 Radical Notation• Rules for Radica ls• Simplifying
Factoring Out the Greatest Common Factor Radicals• Operations with Radicals• Rationalizing
• Factoring by Grouping• FactoringTrinomials Denominators
• Factoring Special Products• Factoring by Test 720
Substitut ion
R.4 Review of Rational Expressions 699

Appendix: Formulas from Geometry 723
Domain of a Rational Expression• LowestTerms
of a Rational Expression• Multiplying and Divid- Answers to Selected Exercises A-1
ing Rational Expressions• Adding and Subtracting
Rational Expressions• Complex Fractions Photo Credits C-1
Index 1-1
Preface
Although A Graphical Approach to College Algebra has evolved significantly from

earlier editions, it retains the strengths of those editions and provides new and relevant
opportunities for students and instructors alike. We realize that today's classroom
experience is evolving and that technology-based teaching and learning aids have
become essential to address the ever-changing needs of instructors and students. As a
result, we have worked to provide support for all classroom types traditional, hybrid,
and online. In the seventh edition, text and online materials are more tightly integrated
than ever before. This enhances flexibility and ease of use for instructors and increases
success for students. See pages xvii-xix for descriptions of these materials.
This text incorporates an open design, helpful features, careful explanations of
topics, and a comprehensive package of supplements and study aids. We continue
to offer an Annotated Instructor's Edition, in which answers to both even- and odd-
numbered exercises are provided either beside the exercises (if space permits) or in
the back of the text for the instructor.
A Graphical Approach to College Algebra was one of the first texts to reorganize
the typical college algebra table of contents to maximize the use of graphs to support
solutions of equations and inequalities. It maintains its unique table of contents and
functions-based approach (as outlined in the Foreword and in front of the text) and
includes additional components to build skills, address critical thinking, and give stu-
dents a wealth of opportunities to solve applications and make use of technology to
support traditional analytic solutions.
This text is part of a series that also includes the fallowing titles:
• A Graphical Approach to Algebra and Trigonometry, Seventh Edition, by
Hornsby, Lial, and Rockswold
• A Graphical Approach to Precalculus with Limits: A Unit Circle Approach,
Seventh Edition, by Hornsby, Lial, and Rockswold
The book is written to accommodate students who have access to graphing calcula-
tors. We have chosen to use screens from the TI-84 Plus C emulator. However, we
do not include specific keystroke instructions because of the wide variety of models
available. Students should refer to the guides provided with their calculators for spe-
cific information.
New to This Edition

There are many places in the text where we have refined individual presentations and
added examples, exercises, and applications based on reviewer feedback. The changes
you may notice include the following:
• A NEW recurring feature is titled Unifying Functions. Following discussion
of each of the important functions (for example, Unifying Linear Functions
on page 67), we present a concise summary that covers Analyzing the Graph,
Solving an Equation, Solving an Inequality, and Solving an Application.
This feature reinforces the general approach of the text. Accompanying
videos are embedded in the eText and assessment questions are available
in MyLab Math .
••
XII
•••
Preface XIII
• Applications have been updated throughout the text in such areas as

organic food sales, video-on-demand, active Twitter users, worldwide
WhatsApp usage, U.S. Snapchat users, top social networks, wearable technol-
ogy, fast-food restaurant and advertising revenue, world records in track, college
enrollment, poverty-level income cutoffs, health care expenditures, online sales,
online gaming revenue, population, vehicle sales, and pollutant emissions.
• Graphing calculator screens have been updated using the TI-84 Plus C
emulator, often employing pedagogical color.
• Chapter 1 New Technology Note explaining the equivalence of different
function notation styles; updated examples throughout.
• Chapter 2 More discussion about the constant function; more exercises
that determine whether a function is odd or even; additional discussion,
examples, and exercises about the order in which to apply combinations
of transformations; the difference quotient and average rate of change; com-
posite functions and their domains; additional examples of graphical solu-
tions to equations and inequalities; a new subsection on error tolerances with
examples and exercises; more graphing of absolute value functions by hand;
a new example and exercises related to piecewise-defined functions .
(Note: Chapter 3 from the previous edition has been divided into two
chapters at the suggestion of reviewers. In the seventh edition, Chapter 3
consists offormer Sections 3.1-3.4, and Chapter 4 consists offormer
Sections 3.5-3.8.)
• Chapter 3 Additional exercises on quotients of complex numbers; a new
subsection on ''A Quadratic Relation: The Circle'' (this gives the instructor
the option to cover circles and completing the square to find the center and
radius earlier than in previous editions); new examples and exercises have
been added throughout; exercises on complex numbers and exercises on
circles have been added to the end-of-chapter Summary and Test.
• Chapter 4 Introduces the terms upper bound and lower bound; updated
examples and exercises appear throughout; additional exercises on polynomial
function behavior.
• Chapter 5 A new example about analyzing graphs of rational functions;
new exercises where asymptotes are described using limit notation; new
examples and exercises where rational functions are graphed by hand; new
examples in which rational inequalities are solved; additional discussion
about graphing circles with a calculator; new exercises that involve solving
radical inequalities.
• Chapter 6 Applications of logarithms with bases other than e and 10 have
been supplemented with discussion of modern calculator capabilities of
computing them directly (the change-of-base rule is still covered); a new
example on modeling the number of monthly active Twitter accounts; new
discussion, example, and exercises on modeling with logistic functions .
• Chapter 7 Additional exercises that provide practice in solving systems of
equations; more investment examples and applications; new coverage of
systems that have infinitely many solutions; many new examples and exer-
cises in which systems are solved by hand using row transformations; more
discussion and exercises that involve solving rational inequalities; a new
example and exercises about partial fraction decomposition.
• Chapter 8 An example using parametric equations for an object in
motion has been expanded; new exercises for parametric graphs have been
included.
xiv Preface
• Chapter 9 New exercises in solving inequalities that involve both sequences

and series; new examples and exercises about mathematical induction; more
discussion and exercises about odds in gambling.
• Chapter R (formerly called ''Reference,'' now called ''Review'') A section
on Review of Sets has been added.
Features
We are pleased to offer the following enhanced features:
Chapter Openers Chapter openers provide a chapter outline and a brief discus-
sion related to the chapter content.
Enhanced Examples We have replaced some examples and have included many
new examples in this edition. We have also polished solutions and incorporated more
explanatory comments and pointers.
Hand-Drawn Graphs We have incorporated many graphs featuring a ''hand-

drawn'' style that simulates how a student might actually sketch a graph on grid paper.
Accompanying videos are available in the MyLab Math multimedia library.
Dual-Solution Format Selected examples continue to provide side-by-side ana-

lytic and graphing calculator solutions, to connect traditional analytic methods for
solving problems with graphical methods of solution or support. NEW! Embedded
links in the eText enable students to launch a pop-up GeoGebra graphing calculator
for these examples (see icon to left).
Pointers Comments with pointers (bubbles) provide students with on-the-spot

explanations, reminders, and warnings about common pitfalls.
Highlighted Section and Figure References Within the text we use boldface
type when referring to numbered sections and exercises (e.g., Section 2.1, Exercises
15-20). We also use a corresponding font when referring to numbered figures (e.g.,
FIGURE 1). We thank Gerald M. Kiser of Woodbury (New Jersey) High School for this
latter suggestion.
Figures and Photos Today's students are more visually oriented than ever. As a
result, we have made a concerted effort to provide more figures, diagrams, tables, and
graphs, including the ''hand-drawn'' style of graphs, whenever possible. And we often
provide photos to accompany applications in examples and exercises.
Function Capsules These special boxes offer a comprehensive, visual introduc-

tion to each class of function and serve as an excellent resource for reference and
review. Each capsule includes traditional and calculator graphs and a calculator table
of values, as well as the domain, range, and other specific information about the func-
tion. Abbreviated versions of function capsules are provided on the inside back cover
of the text.
What Went Wrong? This popular feature explores errors that students often
make when using graphing technology and provides an avenue for instructors to
highlight and discuss such errors. Answers are included on the same page as the
''What Went Wrong?'' boxes. Accompanying videos are available in the MyLab Math
multimedia library.
Preface xv
Cautions and Notes These features warn students of common errors and empha-
size important ideas throughout the exposition.
Looking Ahead to Calculus These margin notes provide glimpses into how the
algebraic topics the students are currently studying are used in calculus.
Algebra Reviews This feature, which appears in the margin of the text, provides
''just in time'' review by indicating where students can find additional help with
important topics from algebra.
Technology Notes Also appearing in the margin, these notes provide tips on how
to use graphing calculators more effectively.
Discussing Concepts These activities appear within the exposition or in the

margins and offer material on important concepts for instructors and students to inves-
tigate or discuss in class.
Exercise Sets We have taken special care to respond to the suggestions of users
and reviewers and have added hundreds of new exercises to this edition on the basis
of their feedback. The text continues to provide students with ample opportunities to
practice, apply, connect, and extend concepts and skills. We have included writing
exercises ~ as well as multiple-choice, matching, true/false, and completion prob-
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xvi Preface
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• •
Linear unctions, quat1ons,
• •
an nequa 1t1es
A map is an example of a plane
in which points can be located
with rectangular coordinates,
such as those provided by the
Global Positioning System (GPS).
Two cities can be represented by
points on the map, and the short-
est distance between them is
the measure of the line segment
joining them. (This is the source
of the saying "as the crow flies.")
The segment is a portion of the
-
• unique straight line on which the
• .,..,... points lie. These and other con-
eA,.•rfllo cepts associated with lines are
fundamental to the study of lin-
ear functions, the subject of this
chapter.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Arltn9~n
I Real Numbers and the
II •n« •
OH!I• Rectangular Coordinate
System
••• ••
,:11',; Introduction to
ON
• .u,..... Relations and Functions
Linear Functions
Equations of Lines and

Linear Models
., .c.. .,'f...
11'.ll'llen • j1 Linear Equations and
Use• 't;(rpuc Cltrlr,tl
Inequalities
Ler•do
• irlf
Applications of Linear
Functions
1
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which he longed to drag away from her face. Then he saw pictures of fair
Marguerite of Navarre, imperious yet appealing, and of his own cross-hilted
sword, upon the sacred emblem of which he had pledged himself to an ugly
deception; Monsieur Duc d'Anjou, indolent and vapid, dressed in that
ludicrous green satin suit, came and mocked him through the darkness.
Gilles de Crohin, wearied with all these phantasmagoria, began tossing

restlessly upon his hard bed, and as he did so he flung his arm out over the
coverlet and his hand came in rough contact with the floor. And there, close
to his touch, was something soft and velvety, the drooping, fading lilies
which an unknown lady of high degree had flung out to him and which he
had so carelessly tossed aside. His hand closed tightly upon the flowers,
crushing the last spark of life out of the fragrant blossoms, and even as he
did so—quite unconsciously and mechanically—an unpleasant pang of
remorse shot right through his heart. Was this unconscious act of his a
presage of the cruel rôle which he had set out to play? Would the young
soul of an innocent girl droop and wither beneath his careless touch?
Very gently now Gilles, turning on his side, gathered the flowers
together and drew them towards him. Something of their fragrance still
lingered in the bruised petals. Gilles got out of bed. His eyes had become
accustomed to the darkness, or perhaps something of the radiance of the
moonlit night had penetrated into the narrow room. Gilles could see his way
about, and he remembered that in the further corner there had stood a
pitcher filled with fresh water. With infinite precaution he unwound the
handkerchief from around the stems and then dropped the flowers one by
one into the pitcher. After awhile he picked up the handkerchief. It was
nothing now but a damp and sodden little ball, but it smelt sweetly of lilies
and of lavender. Gilles marvelled if the lady's initials and coronet were
embroidered in the-corner. He felt with his fingers in order to make sure;
but he was too inexperienced in such matters to arrive at any definite
conclusion, so with a sudden impulse which he would not have cared to
analyse, he searched the darkness for his doublet, and having found it he
thrust the damp little rag into its breast-pocket.
Then, with a laugh at his own folly and a light shrug of the shoulders, he
went back to bed. This time he fell at once into a dreamless sleep.
CHAPTER IX
HOW MESSIRE GILLES WAS REMINDED OF A

DREAM
In Maître C. Calviac's treatise on the manners and tone of good society,

which he published in the year 1560[1] for the guidance of those who
desired to frequent the company of the Great, we are told that 'when we
enter the presence of exalted personages, we must walk on the tips of our
toes, incline our body and make a profound obeisance.' And further, Maître
Calviac goes on to explain the many different modes of saluting, which we
might adopt for the occasion: 'Firstly,' he says, 'we can uncover our right
hand, with it lower our hat by stretching the arm down along our right thigh
and leaving our left hand free. Secondly, we can regard humbly and
reverentially the exalted one whom we desire to salute. Thirdly, we can
lower our gaze and advance our right foot whilst drawing the left one
slightly back. We can also take off the glove from our right hand, incline
our body, and after nearly touching the ground with our hand, carry our
fingers to our lips, as if in the act of imprinting a kiss upon their tips.'
[1] La Civile Honnêteté, par C. Calviac. Paris 1560. in-12.
Finally, our accomplished monitor tells us that the embrace is yet

another form of salute which cannot, however, be practised save between
persons of equal rank or those who are bound to one another by ties of
kinship or of especial friendship. In that case, the most civil manner of thus
saluting is for each to place the right hand on the top of the other's shoulder
and the left hand just below, and then present the left cheek one to the other,
without touching or actually kissing the same.
We may take it that Monseigneur le Baron d'Inchy, governor of the

province of Cambrésis, being an exalted personage himself and closely
connected by family ties with Madame Jacqueline de Broyart—whose
guardian and protector he was—did adopt the latter mode of salutation
when, at eight o'clock precisely of the following evening, he presented
himself before his young ward for the purpose of conducting her to the
State dining-room, where a banquet in honour of several distinguished
guests was already spread. We may take it, I say, that Monseigneur the
governor did take off his right-hand glove, advance his right foot and walk
on the tips of his toes; that he did place one hand on Madame Jacqueline's
shoulder, whilst she did the same to him, and that they each presented the
left cheek to one another in accordance with the laws of propriety laid down
by Maître Calviac.
Monseigneur was accompanied by a young man whose manners and

demeanour were even more punctilious and ceremonious than those of his
companion. The airs and graces wherewith he advanced in order to greet
Madame Jacqueline would have done honour to a Grand Master at the
Court of the Spanish King. And, indeed, many did aver that M. le Marquis
de Landas had Spanish blood in his veins, and that, though he was a
Netherlander by birth, and a Protestant by practise, he was a Spaniard and a
Papist by tradition—which fact did not tend to make him popular in the
Cambrésis, where the armies of Alexander Farnesse, Duke of Parma, were
already over-running the villages, rumour being rife that they were about to
threaten Cambray.
'Twas well said of M. le Marquis de Landas that none knew better than
he how to turn a compliment. Perhaps that same strain of Spanish blood in
him had given him glibness of tongue and the languorous look in the eyes
which had rendered many a favoured lady proud. He was known to be of
exalted lineage but not endowed with fortune, connected too with some of
the noblest families both in Flanders and in Spain, and had lately come to
the Cambrésis as aide-de-camp to his kinsman, the baron d'Inchy, who had
promptly given him command of the garrison of Cambray.
So much for facts that were known. But there were rumours and
conjectures, not altogether false, it seems, that M. de Landas was a suitor
for Madame Jacqueline's hand—one of the many, of course; for her hand
was sought far and wide. She would bring a rich dowry as her marriage
portion to any man who was lucky enough to win her, and also the
influence of her Flemish kinsmen, who had already boldly asserted that the
Sovereignty of the Netherlands would go with the hand of Madame
Jacqueline de Broyart.
Many favoured the French alliance; others preferred the Netherlander

with the strain of quasi-royal Spanish blood in him. The Marquis de Landas
would prove a useful link between the Spaniards and the Netherlanders,
would know how to smoothe many difficulties, calm the obstinate
temperament of the Dutch and gloss over the tyranny of their masters. He
had suave manners and a persuasive tongue, useful in politics. The ladies of
Cambray at once adored him: his olive skin, his dark hair which clustered in
heavy waves above the well-cut oval of his face, his large brown, velvety
eyes, were all destined to please the fair sex. He wore a silky moustache
and the small, pointed beard on his chin, and his cheeks were of a blue-
black colour all down where the barber shaved him every day. Whene'er he
gazed on a young and pretty woman his eyes would assume an amorous
expression and his lips were curved and of a bright cherry-red, like those of
a girl.
II
Between Jacqueline and her young kinsman there had sprung just that
kind of love which is made up of passion on the one side and innocent
devotion on the other. At first it had flourished almost unopposed—ignored,
probably, as being of no importance. Monseigneur d'Inchy's plans for his
ward had been both immature and vague, for, until a year or so ago
Jacqueline had a brother living—Jan, a couple of years older than herself,
who was the owner of the rich Netherlands duchies and on the point of
taking unto himself a wife. But, with the death of that brother, Jacqueline at
once became a personage of vast importance. She had remained the sole
possessor of the princely heritage and thereby a pawn in the political game
in which the Sovereignty of the Netherlands was the priceless guerdon.
Monseigneur d'Inchy's plans began to mature: ineligible and obscure

suitors were quickly given the cold shoulder and an imaginary barrier was
drawn around Madame Jacqueline into the inner circle of which only scions
of kingly or great princely houses were allowed to enter. Jacqueline's dowry
rendered her a fit mate even for a King.
Even M. de Landas, more highly connected than most, backed too by his
Royal Spanish kindred, found that his position as an approved suitor had
suddenly become gravely imperilled. Monseigneur d'Inchy no longer
looked on him as an altogether desirable mate for the richest heiress in the
Netherlands, now that one of the sons of the Emperor, a reigning German
duke, and the brother of the King of France, were among those who had
entered the lists for her favours.
But, as is nearly always the case in such matters, the boy and girl
affection ripened, with this growing opposition, into something more ardent
and more passionate. M. de Landas, who hitherto had dallied with his pretty
cousin just to the extent that suited his wayward fancy, suddenly realized
that he was very deeply enamoured of her; jealousy did the rest,
transforming transient sentiment into impetuous and exacting fervour.
As for Jacqueline, though she was no longer a mere child, she was
totally inexperienced and unversed in the knowledge of human hearts—not
excepting her own. She loved de Landas dearly, had loved him ever since
he first began to speak of love to her. It is so difficult for a girl, as yet
untouched by searing passion, to distinguish between sentimental affection
and the love which fills a life. Landas whispered amorous, tender, flattering
words in her ear, had fine, flashing eyes which, with their glance of bold
admiration, were wont to bring the warm blood to her cheeks. He had a way
with him, in fact, which quickly swept her off her feet in the whirlpool of
his infatuation, long before she had learned that there were other streams
whereon she could have launched her barque of life, with a greater certainty
of happiness.
Her heart was touched by his ardour, even though her senses were not
fully awakened yet; but she yielded to his caresses with a girlish surrender
of self, not realizing that the thrill of pleasure which she felt was as
ephemeral as it was shallow. She admired him for his elegant manners,
which he had acquired at the Spanish Court, for they stood out in brilliant
contrast to the more uncouth Flemish ways; whilst his admiration for her
was so unbounded that, despite herself, the young girl felt enraptured by his
glowing looks.
To-night she knew that she was beautiful, and that consciousness lent her
a quaint air of dignity and self-possession. An unwonted excitement which
she could not account for caused her eyes to shine like stars through the
slits of her mask. De Landas could only gaze in rapt wonderment at the
vision of radiant youth and loveliness which stood before him in the person
of Jacqueline de Broyart.
'You are more adorable to-night than ever, my beloved,' he contrived to

whisper to her behind Monseigneur d'Inchy's back. 'And I am thankful that
Monseigneur's orders have decreed that so much beauty shall remain hidden
from unworthy eyes.'
Monseigneur, it seems, just caught these last few words, but mistook
their exact meaning. 'All the ladies, my dear de Landas,' he said somewhat
tartly, 'who belong to our circle will appear masked at all future public
functions until I myself do rescind this order.'
'I was not complaining, Messire,' retorted de Landas dryly. 'On the
contrary, I, as a devoted friend, have reason to rejoice at the order, seeing
that several strangers will be at your banquet this night, and it were
certainly not seemly for ladies of exalted rank to appear unmasked before
them.'
He paused awhile, noting with pleasure that his bold glance had brought
a glow to Jacqueline's delicate throat and chin. Then he murmured softly:
''Tis only when the strangers have departed that we, who have the
privilege of intimacy, can call on the ladies to unmask.'
'Even you, my dear de Landas,' broke in d'Inchy curtly, 'must be content

to wait until I decide to grant you special favours. Shall we go below,
Madame?' he added, turning to Jacqueline. 'The banquet is spread for nine
o'clock.'
Jacqueline, who had scarce uttered a word since the gentlemen entered
the room, appeared almost as if she were waking from a trance. Her eyes
had a vague, expectant look in them which delighted de Landas, for his
vanity at once interpreted that look as one caused by his presence and his
own fascination. But now that she encountered her guardian's cold,
quizzical glance, the young girl pulled herself together, laughed lightly and
said with a careless shrug of her pretty shoulders:
'Nay, then, Monseigneur; 'twill not be my fault if we are late, for I've
been dressed this past half-hour, and oh!' she added with a mock sigh of
weariness, 'Ye gods! How bored I have been, seeing that I detest all these
modish Parisian clothes almost as much as I do a mask, and have chafed
bitterly at having to don them.'
'You would not have been bored, Madame,' riposted de Landas with
elaborate gallantry, 'had you but glanced once or twice into your mirror, for
then you would have been regaled with a sight which, despite the cruel
mask, will set every man's heart beating with joy to-night!'
She received his formal compliment more carelessly than was her wont,
and he, quick to note every shade of indifference or warmth in her
demeanour, frowned with vexation, felt a curious, gnawing pang of jealousy
assail him. Jacqueline was so young, so adulated, so very, very beautiful!
This was not the first time of late that he had asked himself whether he
could hope to enchain her lasting affection, as he had done her girlish fancy
... and had found no satisfactory answer to the bitterly searching question.
But she, equally quick to note his moods, quite a little in awe of his
outbursts of jealousy, which she had learned to dread, threw him a glance
which soon turned his moodiness into wild exultation. After which,
Jacqueline turned to Nicolle, who was standing by, gazing on her young
mistress in rapt adoration.
'Give me my fan and gloves, dear Colle,' she said.
And when Colle had given her these things, she put on her gloves and,
holding her fan in one hand and the edge of her satin skirt with the other,
she made a low curtsey before her guardian, looking shy and demure in
every line of her young figure, even though the mask hid the expression of
her face.
'Does my appearance,' she asked, 'meet with Monseigneur's approval?'
The answer was so obvious that M. d'Inchy—who was somewhat nervy

and irritable this evening—said nothing but a sharp, 'Come, Jacqueline!'
Whereupon she placed her hand upon his left arm, and without glancing
again in her lover's direction, she walked sedately across the room.
III
The dining hall on the floor below was brilliantly lighted for the
occasion. At one end of it three tables had been laid for eighty-two guests;
they were spread with fine linen and laden with silver dishes and cut glass.
In the centre of the room the company was already assembled:

gentlemen and ladies whom Monseigneur, governor of Cambray and the
Cambrésis, desired to honour and to entertain. They had entered the room in
accordance with their rank, those of humble degree first—one or two of the
more important burghers of the town and their wives, members of the
municipal council and mayors of the various guilds. The gentlemen of
quality followed next, for it was necessary, in accordance with usage, that
persons of lower rank should be present, in order to receive those who stood
above them in station.
It would be a laborious task to enumerate all the personages of exalted

rank who filed into the stately hall, one after another, in a veritably brilliant
and endless procession. The Magistrate—elected by the Governor—was
there as a matter of course, so was the Provost of the City, and one or two of
the Sheriffs. Naturally, the absence of the Archbishop and of the higher
clergy detracted somewhat from the magnificence of the pageant, but
Monseigneur d'Inchy had taken possession of the city, the province and the
Palace, and the Archbishop was now an exile in his own diocese. On the
other hand, the Peers and Seigneurs of the Province were well represented:
we know that Monseigneur de Prémont was there, as well as Monseigneur
d'Audencourt and Monseigneur d'Esne and many other wealthy and
distinguished gentlemen and their ladies.
Most of the ladies wore masks, as did many of the men. This mode had
lately become very general in Paris, and the larger provincial towns, who
desired to be in the fashion, were never slow in adopting those which hailed
from the French capital. The custom had its origin in the inordinate vanity
of the time—vanity amounting to a vice—and which hath never been
equalled in any other epoch of history. Women and men too were so vain of
their complexions and spent so much upon its care, used so many
cosmetics, pastes and other beautifiers, that, having accomplished a
veritable work of art upon their faces, they were loth to expose it to the
inclemencies of the weather or the fumes of tallow candles and steaming
food. Hence the masks at first, especially out of doors and during meals.
Afterwards, they became an attribute of good society. Ladies of rank and
fashion wore them when strangers were present or when at a ball they did
not desire to dance. To remove a mask at the end of a meal or before a
dance was a sign of familiarity or of gracious condescension: to wear one
became a sign of exalted rank, of high connexions and of aloofness from
the commoner herd of mankind. Whereupon those of humbler degree
promptly followed suit.
IV
When M. le Baron d'Inchy entered the dining hall, having Madame

Jacqueline de Broyart on his arm and followed by M. le Marquis de Landas,
the whole company was assembled in order to greet the host.
Jacqueline's entry was hailed with an audible murmur of admiration and
a noisy frou-frou of silks and satins, as the men bowed to the ground and
the ladies' skirts swept the matting of the floor. The murmur of admiration
increased in boldness as the young girl went round the company in order to
welcome her friends.
And, indeed, Jacqueline de Broyart fully deserved that admiration. As

you know, Messire Rembrandt painted her a year or so later in the very
dress in which she appeared this night—a dress all of shimmering white
satin and pearls, save for the peep of delicate green and silver afforded by
the under-dress, and the dark crimson of her velvet shoes and silk stockings.
The steel corset encased her young figure like a breastplate, coming to a
deep point well below the natural waist, whilst round her hips the huge
monstrosity of the farthingale hid effectually all the natural grace of her
movements. In Rembrandt's picture we see the dainty face, round and fresh
as a flower, with the nose slightly tip-tilted, the short upper lip and full,
curved mouth; we also see the eyes, large and blue, beneath the straight
brow—eyes which had nothing of the usually vapid expression of those that
are blue—eyes which, even in the picture, seem to dance with merriment
and with joy, and to which the tiny brown mole, artfully placed by nature
upon the left cheek-bone, lent an additional air of roguishness and of youth.
To-night, her girlish figure was distorted by hoops of steel, but even
these abominations of fashion could not mar the charm of her personality.
Her figure looked like an unwieldy bell, but above the corset her shoulders
and her young breasts shone like ivory set in a frame of delicate lace; her
blue eyes sparkled with unwonted excitement, and beneath the flickering
light of innumerable wax candles her hair had gleams of coppery gold.
But, above all, there was in Jacqueline de Broyart the subtle and
evanescent charm of extreme youth and that delicious quality of innocence
and of dependence which makes such an irresistible appeal to the
impressionable hearts of men. Just now, she was feeling peculiarly happy
and exhilarated, and, childlike, being happy herself she was prodigal of
smiles: the small element of romance which had so unaccountably entered
into her life with the advent of the mysterious singer had somehow made
the whole world seem gay and bright in a way which de Landas' passionate
and exacting love had never succeeded in doing. It had dissipated the pall of
boredom and ceremonious monotony which was as foreign to Jacqueline's
buoyant nature as was the corselet to her lissom figure. The light of
mischief and frolic danced in her eyes, even though at times, for a moment
or two, de Landas, who observed her with the keenness and persistence of a
jealous lover, would detect in her manner a certain softness and languor
which made her appear more alluring, more tantalizing perhaps, then she
had ever been.
As she entered the room, she gave a quick and comprehensive glance on
the assembled company.
'Tell me, Monseigneur,' she whispered in her guardian's ear, 'has the
stranger arrived?'
'The stranger?' retorted d'Inchy. 'What stranger?'
'Pardi! Monsieur le Prince de Froidmont,' she said. 'Who else?'
'Oh!' replied d'Inchy with well-assumed indifference, 'the Prince de

Froidmont has certainly arrived before now. He is not a person of great
consequence. Why should you be interested in him, my dear Jacqueline?'
To this Jacqueline made no answer, looked down her nose very

demurely, so that only her blue-veined lids could be seen through the slits
of her mask. She drew up her slim figure to its full height, looked tall and
graceful, too, despite that hideous farthingale. Friends crowded round her
and round Monseigneur the governor, and she was kept busy
acknowledging many greetings and much fulsome flattery. M. le Marquis
de Landas never swerved from her side. He, too, wore a mask, but his was a
short one which left the mouth and chin free, and all the while that other
men—young ones especially—almost fought for a look or a smile from the
beautiful heiress, his slender hand was perpetually stroking and tugging at
his moustache—a sure sign that his nerves were somewhat on edge.
V
Monseigneur d'Inchy left his ward for a moment or two in the midst of
all her friends and admirers and drew Monseigneur de Lalain into a
secluded portion of the room.
'Well!' he began curtly, as soon as he felt assured that there were no

eavesdroppers nigh. 'He is here.'
'Yes!' said de Lalain, also sinking his voice to a whisper. 'He came early,
as one who is of no account, and at once mixed with the throng.'
'You were here when he arrived?'
'No. But I came soon after.'
'Was there much curiosity about him?'
'Naturally,' replied de Lalain. 'Our good bourgeois of Cambray do not

often have the chance of gossiping over so mysterious a personality.'
'But did they receive him well?'
De Lalain shrugged his shoulders and, by way of reply, pointed to the

further end of the room, where a tall figure, richly though very sombrely
dressed and wearing a mask of black satin, stood out in splendid isolation
from the rest of the crowd.
Gilles, from where he stood, caught de Lalain's gesture and d'Inchy's

scrutinizing look. He replied to both by a scarce perceptible obeisance. His
keen eyes under the shield of the mask had already swept with a searching
glance over the entire company. Strangely enough, though the success of his
present adventure was bound up in a woman, it was the men's faces that he
scanned most eagerly at first. A goodly number of them wore masks like
himself, but when he drew himself up for a moment to his full height with a
movement that was almost a challenge, he felt quite sure in his own mind
that he would at once detect—by that subtle instinct of self-preservation
which is the attribute of every gambler—if danger of recognition lurked
anywhere about.
He himself had never been to Cambray, it is true, and he was a knight of
such humble degree that it was not very likely that, among this assembly of
Flemish notabilities, some one should just happen to know him intimately
enough to denounce him as the adventurer that ne really was. Still, the
danger did exist—enough of it, at any rate, to add zest to the present
situation. Light-hearted and careless as always, Gilles shrugged his broad
shoulders and turned his attention to the ladies.
Here, though there also was suspicion, there was undoubtedly keen
interest. Over the top of Monseigneur d'Inchy's head Gilles could see at the
end of the room the group of ladies, gay in their brilliantly-coloured satin
dresses and their flashing jewels, like a swarm of butterflies, and standing
as closely together as their unwieldy hoops would allow. He felt that at least
a score pairs of eyes were fixed upon him through the narrow slits of satin
masks, and that murmured comments upon him and his appearance,
conjectures as to his identity and his rank, flew from many a pair of lovely
lips.
Right in the very centre of that group was a woman all dressed in white,
with just a narrow peep of pale green showing down her skirt, which gave
to her person the appearance of a white lily on its stem. Something
immature about the shoulders and the smooth, round neck—something shy
yet dignified about the poise of the head, suggested youth not yet fully
conscious of its beauty and its power, while the richness of her attire and of
her jewels proclaimed both wealth and high position. Murmurs and remarks
among the gentlemen around him soon made it clear to Gilles that this was
the lady whom he had been sent to woo. Agreeably thrilled by the delicate
curves of her throat and breast, he thought that he might spend some very
pleasant hours in sentimental dalliance with so fair a maid.
'We must have that mask from off your face, madonna,' he said to
himself; 'and not later than this night! In affairs of the heart, even by proxy,
one does not like to venture in the dark.'
So intent was he on his own meditations that he failed to note the

approach of a young cavalier, dressed in rich garments of sober black, who
suddenly addressed him in a slightly ironical tone, which however appeared
intended to be friendly.
'You seem to be a stranger here, Messire,' the young cavalier said lightly.
'Can I be of any service?'
He spoke French very fluently but with a slight guttural accent, which
betrayed Spanish blood and which for some unexplainable reason grated
unpleasantly on Gilles de Crohin's ear.
'Oh, Messire!' replied the latter quietly, 'I pray you do not waste your
time on me. I am a stranger, it is true; but as such, the brilliant picture
before me is full of interest.'
'You are visiting Cambray for the first time?' asked the other, still with
an obvious effort at amiability.
'For the first time—yes, Messire.'
'In search of fortune?'
'As we all are, methinks.'
'Cambray is scarce the place to find it.'
'Is that your experience of it, Messire?'
De Landas frowned and a sharp retort obviously hovered on his lips. He

appeared morose and captious about something; probably the fact that
Jacqueline had evinced an extraordinary interest in the masked stranger had
acted as an irritant on his nerves.
But already Gilles appeared to have completely forgotten his presence,

had only listened with half an ear to the Spaniard's laboured amenities. For
the nonce he was vaguely conscious that through the slits of her mask, the
lily-like maid kept her eyes fixed very intently upon him.
'Monseigneur the governor,' de Landas was saying just then, 'desires

your presence, Messire. He wishes you to pay your respects to the noble
Dame Jacqueline de Broyart.'
The name acted like magic on Gilles' temper. He pulled himself together
and with a cool 'At your service, Messire!' he followed de Landas across the
room.
VI
The presentation had been made. It was very formal and very distant; it
even seemed to Gilles as if Jacqueline had somewhat ostentatiously turned
away from him as soon as he had gone through the ceremonious bowings
and kissing of hand which convention demanded. For a moment or two
after that, M. d'Inchy kept him in close converse, whilst de Landas,
evidently reassured by Jacqueline's indifference toward the stranger,
appeared much more amiable and serene. But the young Spaniard's mind
was apparently still disturbed. He studied the other man with an intentness
which, in those days of fiery and quarrelsome tempers, might almost have
been construed into an insult. He appeared to chafe under the man's cool
confidence in himself and M. d'Inchy's obvious deference towards one who
outwardly was of no account.
Gilles took no further notice of him; but, as he would have told you
himself, he felt an atmosphere of hostility around him, which appeared to
find its origin in de Landas' attitude. D'Inchy, aided by de Lalain, did his
best to dissipate that atmosphere, but evidently he, too, felt oppressed and
nervy. Unversed in the art of duplicity, he was making almost ludicrous
efforts to appear at his ease and to hide his profound respect for a prince of
the House of France under a cloak of casual friendliness—an elephantine
effort which did not deceive de Landas.
Gilles alone appeared unconscious of embarrassment. His mind was not

properly enchained either to M. d'Inchy's difficulties or to the young
Spaniard's growing enmity. His thoughts were for ever breaking bounds,
turning at every moment to the girlish figure in the unwieldy hoops and the
white satin gown, whose merry laugh was like the twittering of robins in the
early days of spring. Even at this moment his attention had been arrested by
a little episode which occurred at the end of the room, where she was
standing. A little, sudden cry of pain rang out from beneath one of the satin
masks. Some one had evidently been hurt—a prick from a pin, perhaps, or a
toe trodden on. Anyhow, there was the cry, and Messire Gilles would have
thought nothing more of it only that the next moment a girlish voice
reached his ear—a voice quite tearful and trembling with compassion.
'Think you it will heal?' the voice said tenderly.
And then it appeared to Gilles as if something in his brain had suddenly

been aroused, as if memory—a vague, dreamy memory—had become
quickened and like some intangible sprite had taken a huge leap backwards
into some dim and remote past which the brain itself was still unable to
reach or to seize upon. It was not a recollection, nor yet a definite thought;
but for one moment Gilles remained absolutely still and was conscious of a
curious, swift beating of his heart, and a still more strange, choking
sensation in his throat.
The whole episode had occurred within the brief compass of half a
dozen heart-beats, and Gilles, when he looked once more on Monseigneur
d'Inchy, still saw that same look of perplexity upon the Fleming's face,
whilst from the group of ladies in the distant part of the room there came
only the same confused murmur of voices of awhile ago.
So Gilles sighed, thinking that his excited fancy had been playing him an
elusive trick.
And the next moment the loud clanging of a bronze bell proclaimed to
the assembled guests that the banquet was ready to be served.
CHAPTER X
HOW THE QUARREL BEGAN

I
Monsieur le Baron D'Inchy took his seat at the head of the principal
table; beside him sat his ward, Madame Jacqueline de Broyart, who had M.
le Comte de Lalain on her left. Gilles sat some little way down one of the
side tables. Outwardly, he was a person of no importance—a stranger,
travelling incognito and enjoying for the time being the hospitality of
Monseigneur the governor. Maître Jehan, watchful and silent, stood behind
his master's chair. The tables had been lavishly and sumptuously laden with
good things: a perpetual stream of butlers, pages and varlets had walked in
and out of the hall, bringing in dish after dish and placing them upon the
boards.
The company sat down amidst much laughter and facetious

conversation, and, we take it, every intention of enjoying their host's good
cheer. And, of a truth, it was a brilliant assembly, a veritable kaleidoscope
of colours, an almost dazzling sparkle of jewels. The dark doublets worn by
the men acted as foils to the vivid satins worn by the ladies. The host and
his principal guests had high-backed chairs to sit on, but every one else sat
on low stools, set very far apart so as to give plenty of room for the display
of the ladies' dresses and their monstrous farthingales. Indeed, the men
almost disappeared between the billows of satin-covered hoops and the
huge lace collars, the points of which would tickle their nose or scratch
their ear or even get into their eye.
While the serving-men and wenches went the round of the tables with
serviettes over their shoulders and silver ewers and basins in their hands,
offering to the guests tepid water perfumed with orange flower, with myrtle,
lavender and rosemary, for washing their hands, Gilles de Crohin was
watching Jacqueline de Broyart. From where he sat, he could see her dainty
head above a forest of silver dish-covers. She had not removed her mask;
none of the ladies would do that till, mayhap, after the banquet was over,
when conviviality and good cheer would breed closer intimacy. To Gilles'
senses, rendered supersensitive by his strangely adventurous position, it
seemed as if that piece of black satin, through which he could only perceive
from time to time the flash of glowing eyes, rendered Jacqueline's
personality both mysterious and desirable. He was conscious of an acute
tingling of all his nerves; his own mask felt as if it were weighted with lead;
the fumes of rich soups and sauces, mingled with those of wine and heady
Flemish ale, appeared to be addling his brain. He felt as if he were in a
dream—a dream such as he had never experienced before save once, when,
sick, footsore and grievously wounded, he had gone on a brief excursion to
Paradise.
Gilles did not know, could not explain it satisfactorily to himself, why
the remembrance of a far-off, half-forgotten dream-voice came, with sweet
persistency, between him and reality, a voice tender and compassionate,
even whilst a pair of eyes, blue as the firmament on an April morning,
seemed to be gazing on him through the slits in the mask.
II
It would have been difficult for any stranger who happened to have
landed in Cambray, unacquainted with the political circumstances of its
province, to have realized, at sight of Monsieur le gouverneur's table, that
the Spanish armies were even then ravaging the Cambrésis, and that
provisions in the city were becoming scarce owing to the difficulties which
market-gardeners and farmers had of bringing in their produce. Gilles, who
had been in the service of a Royal prince of France and who had oft risen
from the latter's table with his stomach only half filled, was left to marvel at
the prodigality and the sumptuousness of the repast. Indeed, one of the most
interesting documents preserved until recently in the archives of the city of
Cambray, is the account of this banquet which M. le Baron d'Inchy,
governor of the Cambrésis, gave ostensibly in honour of the notabilities of
the province, but which, I doubt not, was really in honour of Monsieur Duc
d'Anjou et d'Alençon, brother of the King of France, who we know was
present on the occasion, under a well-preserved incognito.
And the menu! Ye gods who preside over the arts of gastronomy, what a
menu! Eighty-two persons sat down to it, and of a truth their appetite and
their digestion must have been of the staunchest, else they could never have
grappled successfully with half the contents of the dishes which were set
before them. Three separate services, an' it please you! and each service
consisting of at least forty different dishes all placed upon the three tables at
once, with the covers on; then, at a given signal, the covers removed, and
the guests ready to help themselves as they felt inclined, using their knives
for the purpose, or else those curiously shaped pronged tools which
Monseigneur d'Inchy had lately imported out of England, so the town
gossips said.
Ye gods, the menu! For the first service there were no fewer than eight
centre dishes, on each an oille—that most esteemed feat of gastronomic art,
in which several succulent meats, ducks, partridges, pigeons, quails, capons,
all had their part and swam in a rich sauce flavoured with sundry aromatic
substances, pepper and muscat, thyme, ginger, basil and many sweet herbs.
Oh, the oille, properly cooked, was in itself a feast! But, grouped around
these noble dishes were tureens of partridges, stewed with cabbage; tureens
of fillets of duckling; several pigeon pies and capons in galantine; fillets of
beef with cucumbers and fricandeaus of lard; and such like insignificant
side dishes as quails in casserole and chickens baked under hot cinders—
excellent I believe!
After the platters and dishes had become empty, the first service was
removed, clean cloths spread upon the tables—for by this time the first ones
had become well spattered with grease—and perfumed water once more
handed round for the washing of hands. Knives were washed too, as well as
the forks—the few of them that were used. Then came the second service.
Breasts of veal this time, larded and braised, formed the centre dishes and
the minor adjuncts were fowls garnished with spring chickens and hard-
boiled eggs, capons, leverets, and pheasants garnished with quails: there
were sixteen different kinds of salads and an equal number of different
sauces.
Again the service was removed and clean cloths laid for the third
service. A kind of dessert—little things to pick at, for those who had not
been satisfied. Such little things as boars' heads—twelve of them—which
must have looked magnificent towering along the centre of the table;
omelettes à la Noailles—the recipe of which, given in a cookery book
which was printed in the beginning of the sixteenth century, does suggest
something very succulent—dishes of baked custards, fritters of peaches,
stewed truffles, artichokes and green peas, and even lobsters, sweetbreads
and tongues!
Such abundance is almost unbelievable, and where all the delicacies

came from I, for one, do not pretend to say. They were there, so much we
know, and eighty-two ladies and gentlemen must have consumed them all.
No wonder that, after the first few moments of formal ceremonies—of
bowings and scrapings and polite speeches—tongues quickly became
loosened and moods became hilarious; wine too and heady Flemish ales
were copiously drunk—not a little of both was spilled over the fine linen
cloths and the rich dresses of the ladies. But these little accidents were not
much thought of these days; fastidiousness at meals had not yet come to be
regarded as a sign of good breeding, and a high-born gentleman was not
thought any the worse of for vulgar and riotous gorging.
A very little while ago, M. d'Inchy himself—a man of vast wealth and
great importance—would have been quite content to help himself with his
fingers out of his well-filled platters and to see his guests around his board
doing the same. But ever since the alliance with France had been discussed
by his Council, he had desired to bring French manners and customs,
French fashions in dress, French modes of deportment, into this remote
Belgian province. Indeed, he was even now warmly congratulating himself
that he had quite recently imported from England for his own use some of
those pronged tools which served to convey food to the mouth in a manner
which still appeared strange to some of his guests. The civic dignitaries of
Cambray and more than one of the Flemish nobles assembled here this
night looked with grave puzzlement, even with disapproval, at those
awkward tools which had so ostentatiously, they thought, been placed
beside their platter: French innovations, some of them murmured
contemptuously, of which they certainly did not approve; whereupon they
scrambled unabashed with their fingers in the dishes for their favourite
morsels.

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Gilles de Crohin, wearied with all these phantasmagoria, began tossing

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[1] La Civile Honnêteté, par C. Calviac. Paris 1560. in-12.