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1 17
••
Preface XI I
Review Exercises 83
1.1 Real Numbers and the Rectangular
Test 86
Coordinate System 2
Sets of Real Numbers •The Rectangular Coordinate
System •Viewing Windows• Approximations of Real
Numbers• Distance and Midpoint Formulas 2 Analysis of Graphs
1.2 Introduction to Relations of Functions 88
and Functions 12
Set-Builder Notation and Interval Notation
2.1 Graphs of Basic Functions and Relations;
• Relations, Domain, and Range• Functions •Tables
Symmetry 89
Continuity• Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant
and Graphing Calculators• Function Notation
Functions• The Constant and Identity Functions•
Reviewing Basic Concepts
The Squaring Function and Symmetry with Respect
(Sections 1.1-1.2) 23
to the y-Axis • The Cubing Function and Symmetry
1.3 Linear Functions 23 with Respect to the Origin• The Square Root and
Basic Concepts of Linear Functions• Slope of a Line Cube Root Functions• The Absolute Value Function
and Average Rate of Change• Slope-Intercept Form • The Relation x = y 2 and Symmetry with Respect
of the Equation of a Line to the x-Axis • Even and Odd Functions
1.4 Equations of Lines and Linear 2.2 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
Models 37 of Graphs 103
Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line Vertical Shifts• Horizontal Shifts• Combinations of
• Standard Form of the Equation of a Line• Parallel Vertical and Horizontal Shifts• Effects of Shifts on
and Perpendicular Lines• Linear Models and Domain and Range• Horizontal Shifts Applied to
Regression Equations for Modeling
••
VII
viii Contents
Summary 230
of the Square Function, f ( x ) = J_
x2
Review Exercises 232
5.2 Rational Functions and Graphs (11) 301
Test 234 Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes• Graph ing Tech-
niques• Oblique Asymptotes• Graphs with Points of
Discontinuity• Graphs with No Vertical Asymptotes
•
Contents IX
5.3 Rational Equations, Inequalities, Models, 6.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
and Applications 318 and Inequalities 420
Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities Exponential Equations and Inequalities (Type 2)
• Models and Applications of Rational Functions • Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities
• Inverse Variation• Combined and Joint Variation • Equations Involving Exponentials and Logarithms
• Rate of Work • Formulas Involving Exponentials and Logarithms
Reviewing Basic Concepts Unifying Logarithmic Functions 430
(Sections 5.1-5.3) 335
6.6 Further Applications and Modeling
Unifying Rational Functions 336 with Exponential and Logarithmic
5.4 Functions Defined by Powers Functions 432
and Roots 338 Physical Science Applications• Financial and Other
Power and Root Functions• Modeling Using Power Applications• Modeling Data with Exponential and
Index 1-1
Preface
••
XII
•••
Preface XIII
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John Hornsby
Gary Rockswold
••
XVII
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·-·............
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C DI 4-step analytic process that drives this
text: Analyze the Graph, Solve an Equa-
tion, Solve an Inequality, and Solve a
Related Application.
,'fihtctd 8et.t •t
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r + , •
pearson.com/mylab/math
•••
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Focus (c) • 9 16
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• •
Linear unctions, quat1ons,
• •
an nequa 1t1es
A map is an example of a plane
in which points can be located
with rectangular coordinates,
such as those provided by the
Global Positioning System (GPS).
Two cities can be represented by
points on the map, and the short-
est distance between them is
the measure of the line segment
joining them. (This is the source
of the saying "as the crow flies.")
The segment is a portion of the
-
• unique straight line on which the
• .,..,... points lie. These and other con-
eA,.•rfllo cepts associated with lines are
fundamental to the study of lin-
ear functions, the subject of this
chapter.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Arltn9~n
I Real Numbers and the
II •n« •
OH!I• Rectangular Coordinate
System
••• ••
,:11',; Introduction to
ON
• .u,..... Relations and Functions
Linear Functions
1
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which he longed to drag away from her face. Then he saw pictures of fair
Marguerite of Navarre, imperious yet appealing, and of his own cross-hilted
sword, upon the sacred emblem of which he had pledged himself to an ugly
deception; Monsieur Duc d'Anjou, indolent and vapid, dressed in that
ludicrous green satin suit, came and mocked him through the darkness.
Very gently now Gilles, turning on his side, gathered the flowers
together and drew them towards him. Something of their fragrance still
lingered in the bruised petals. Gilles got out of bed. His eyes had become
accustomed to the darkness, or perhaps something of the radiance of the
moonlit night had penetrated into the narrow room. Gilles could see his way
about, and he remembered that in the further corner there had stood a
pitcher filled with fresh water. With infinite precaution he unwound the
handkerchief from around the stems and then dropped the flowers one by
one into the pitcher. After awhile he picked up the handkerchief. It was
nothing now but a damp and sodden little ball, but it smelt sweetly of lilies
and of lavender. Gilles marvelled if the lady's initials and coronet were
embroidered in the-corner. He felt with his fingers in order to make sure;
but he was too inexperienced in such matters to arrive at any definite
conclusion, so with a sudden impulse which he would not have cared to
analyse, he searched the darkness for his doublet, and having found it he
thrust the damp little rag into its breast-pocket.
Then, with a laugh at his own folly and a light shrug of the shoulders, he
went back to bed. This time he fell at once into a dreamless sleep.
CHAPTER IX
'Twas well said of M. le Marquis de Landas that none knew better than
he how to turn a compliment. Perhaps that same strain of Spanish blood in
him had given him glibness of tongue and the languorous look in the eyes
which had rendered many a favoured lady proud. He was known to be of
exalted lineage but not endowed with fortune, connected too with some of
the noblest families both in Flanders and in Spain, and had lately come to
the Cambrésis as aide-de-camp to his kinsman, the baron d'Inchy, who had
promptly given him command of the garrison of Cambray.
So much for facts that were known. But there were rumours and
conjectures, not altogether false, it seems, that M. de Landas was a suitor
for Madame Jacqueline's hand—one of the many, of course; for her hand
was sought far and wide. She would bring a rich dowry as her marriage
portion to any man who was lucky enough to win her, and also the
influence of her Flemish kinsmen, who had already boldly asserted that the
Sovereignty of the Netherlands would go with the hand of Madame
Jacqueline de Broyart.
II
Between Jacqueline and her young kinsman there had sprung just that
kind of love which is made up of passion on the one side and innocent
devotion on the other. At first it had flourished almost unopposed—ignored,
probably, as being of no importance. Monseigneur d'Inchy's plans for his
ward had been both immature and vague, for, until a year or so ago
Jacqueline had a brother living—Jan, a couple of years older than herself,
who was the owner of the rich Netherlands duchies and on the point of
taking unto himself a wife. But, with the death of that brother, Jacqueline at
once became a personage of vast importance. She had remained the sole
possessor of the princely heritage and thereby a pawn in the political game
in which the Sovereignty of the Netherlands was the priceless guerdon.
Even M. de Landas, more highly connected than most, backed too by his
Royal Spanish kindred, found that his position as an approved suitor had
suddenly become gravely imperilled. Monseigneur d'Inchy no longer
looked on him as an altogether desirable mate for the richest heiress in the
Netherlands, now that one of the sons of the Emperor, a reigning German
duke, and the brother of the King of France, were among those who had
entered the lists for her favours.
But, as is nearly always the case in such matters, the boy and girl
affection ripened, with this growing opposition, into something more ardent
and more passionate. M. de Landas, who hitherto had dallied with his pretty
cousin just to the extent that suited his wayward fancy, suddenly realized
that he was very deeply enamoured of her; jealousy did the rest,
transforming transient sentiment into impetuous and exacting fervour.
As for Jacqueline, though she was no longer a mere child, she was
totally inexperienced and unversed in the knowledge of human hearts—not
excepting her own. She loved de Landas dearly, had loved him ever since
he first began to speak of love to her. It is so difficult for a girl, as yet
untouched by searing passion, to distinguish between sentimental affection
and the love which fills a life. Landas whispered amorous, tender, flattering
words in her ear, had fine, flashing eyes which, with their glance of bold
admiration, were wont to bring the warm blood to her cheeks. He had a way
with him, in fact, which quickly swept her off her feet in the whirlpool of
his infatuation, long before she had learned that there were other streams
whereon she could have launched her barque of life, with a greater certainty
of happiness.
Her heart was touched by his ardour, even though her senses were not
fully awakened yet; but she yielded to his caresses with a girlish surrender
of self, not realizing that the thrill of pleasure which she felt was as
ephemeral as it was shallow. She admired him for his elegant manners,
which he had acquired at the Spanish Court, for they stood out in brilliant
contrast to the more uncouth Flemish ways; whilst his admiration for her
was so unbounded that, despite herself, the young girl felt enraptured by his
glowing looks.
To-night she knew that she was beautiful, and that consciousness lent her
a quaint air of dignity and self-possession. An unwonted excitement which
she could not account for caused her eyes to shine like stars through the
slits of her mask. De Landas could only gaze in rapt wonderment at the
vision of radiant youth and loveliness which stood before him in the person
of Jacqueline de Broyart.
Monseigneur, it seems, just caught these last few words, but mistook
their exact meaning. 'All the ladies, my dear de Landas,' he said somewhat
tartly, 'who belong to our circle will appear masked at all future public
functions until I myself do rescind this order.'
'I was not complaining, Messire,' retorted de Landas dryly. 'On the
contrary, I, as a devoted friend, have reason to rejoice at the order, seeing
that several strangers will be at your banquet this night, and it were
certainly not seemly for ladies of exalted rank to appear unmasked before
them.'
He paused awhile, noting with pleasure that his bold glance had brought
a glow to Jacqueline's delicate throat and chin. Then he murmured softly:
''Tis only when the strangers have departed that we, who have the
privilege of intimacy, can call on the ladies to unmask.'
Jacqueline, who had scarce uttered a word since the gentlemen entered
the room, appeared almost as if she were waking from a trance. Her eyes
had a vague, expectant look in them which delighted de Landas, for his
vanity at once interpreted that look as one caused by his presence and his
own fascination. But now that she encountered her guardian's cold,
quizzical glance, the young girl pulled herself together, laughed lightly and
said with a careless shrug of her pretty shoulders:
'Nay, then, Monseigneur; 'twill not be my fault if we are late, for I've
been dressed this past half-hour, and oh!' she added with a mock sigh of
weariness, 'Ye gods! How bored I have been, seeing that I detest all these
modish Parisian clothes almost as much as I do a mask, and have chafed
bitterly at having to don them.'
'You would not have been bored, Madame,' riposted de Landas with
elaborate gallantry, 'had you but glanced once or twice into your mirror, for
then you would have been regaled with a sight which, despite the cruel
mask, will set every man's heart beating with joy to-night!'
She received his formal compliment more carelessly than was her wont,
and he, quick to note every shade of indifference or warmth in her
demeanour, frowned with vexation, felt a curious, gnawing pang of jealousy
assail him. Jacqueline was so young, so adulated, so very, very beautiful!
This was not the first time of late that he had asked himself whether he
could hope to enchain her lasting affection, as he had done her girlish fancy
... and had found no satisfactory answer to the bitterly searching question.
But she, equally quick to note his moods, quite a little in awe of his
outbursts of jealousy, which she had learned to dread, threw him a glance
which soon turned his moodiness into wild exultation. After which,
Jacqueline turned to Nicolle, who was standing by, gazing on her young
mistress in rapt adoration.
And when Colle had given her these things, she put on her gloves and,
holding her fan in one hand and the edge of her satin skirt with the other,
she made a low curtsey before her guardian, looking shy and demure in
every line of her young figure, even though the mask hid the expression of
her face.
III
The dining hall on the floor below was brilliantly lighted for the
occasion. At one end of it three tables had been laid for eighty-two guests;
they were spread with fine linen and laden with silver dishes and cut glass.
Most of the ladies wore masks, as did many of the men. This mode had
lately become very general in Paris, and the larger provincial towns, who
desired to be in the fashion, were never slow in adopting those which hailed
from the French capital. The custom had its origin in the inordinate vanity
of the time—vanity amounting to a vice—and which hath never been
equalled in any other epoch of history. Women and men too were so vain of
their complexions and spent so much upon its care, used so many
cosmetics, pastes and other beautifiers, that, having accomplished a
veritable work of art upon their faces, they were loth to expose it to the
inclemencies of the weather or the fumes of tallow candles and steaming
food. Hence the masks at first, especially out of doors and during meals.
Afterwards, they became an attribute of good society. Ladies of rank and
fashion wore them when strangers were present or when at a ball they did
not desire to dance. To remove a mask at the end of a meal or before a
dance was a sign of familiarity or of gracious condescension: to wear one
became a sign of exalted rank, of high connexions and of aloofness from
the commoner herd of mankind. Whereupon those of humbler degree
promptly followed suit.
IV
To-night, her girlish figure was distorted by hoops of steel, but even
these abominations of fashion could not mar the charm of her personality.
Her figure looked like an unwieldy bell, but above the corset her shoulders
and her young breasts shone like ivory set in a frame of delicate lace; her
blue eyes sparkled with unwonted excitement, and beneath the flickering
light of innumerable wax candles her hair had gleams of coppery gold.
But, above all, there was in Jacqueline de Broyart the subtle and
evanescent charm of extreme youth and that delicious quality of innocence
and of dependence which makes such an irresistible appeal to the
impressionable hearts of men. Just now, she was feeling peculiarly happy
and exhilarated, and, childlike, being happy herself she was prodigal of
smiles: the small element of romance which had so unaccountably entered
into her life with the advent of the mysterious singer had somehow made
the whole world seem gay and bright in a way which de Landas' passionate
and exacting love had never succeeded in doing. It had dissipated the pall of
boredom and ceremonious monotony which was as foreign to Jacqueline's
buoyant nature as was the corselet to her lissom figure. The light of
mischief and frolic danced in her eyes, even though at times, for a moment
or two, de Landas, who observed her with the keenness and persistence of a
jealous lover, would detect in her manner a certain softness and languor
which made her appear more alluring, more tantalizing perhaps, then she
had ever been.
As she entered the room, she gave a quick and comprehensive glance on
the assembled company.
'Tell me, Monseigneur,' she whispered in her guardian's ear, 'has the
stranger arrived?'
V
Monseigneur d'Inchy left his ward for a moment or two in the midst of
all her friends and admirers and drew Monseigneur de Lalain into a
secluded portion of the room.
'Yes!' said de Lalain, also sinking his voice to a whisper. 'He came early,
as one who is of no account, and at once mixed with the throng.'
Here, though there also was suspicion, there was undoubtedly keen
interest. Over the top of Monseigneur d'Inchy's head Gilles could see at the
end of the room the group of ladies, gay in their brilliantly-coloured satin
dresses and their flashing jewels, like a swarm of butterflies, and standing
as closely together as their unwieldy hoops would allow. He felt that at least
a score pairs of eyes were fixed upon him through the narrow slits of satin
masks, and that murmured comments upon him and his appearance,
conjectures as to his identity and his rank, flew from many a pair of lovely
lips.
Right in the very centre of that group was a woman all dressed in white,
with just a narrow peep of pale green showing down her skirt, which gave
to her person the appearance of a white lily on its stem. Something
immature about the shoulders and the smooth, round neck—something shy
yet dignified about the poise of the head, suggested youth not yet fully
conscious of its beauty and its power, while the richness of her attire and of
her jewels proclaimed both wealth and high position. Murmurs and remarks
among the gentlemen around him soon made it clear to Gilles that this was
the lady whom he had been sent to woo. Agreeably thrilled by the delicate
curves of her throat and breast, he thought that he might spend some very
pleasant hours in sentimental dalliance with so fair a maid.
'We must have that mask from off your face, madonna,' he said to
himself; 'and not later than this night! In affairs of the heart, even by proxy,
one does not like to venture in the dark.'
He spoke French very fluently but with a slight guttural accent, which
betrayed Spanish blood and which for some unexplainable reason grated
unpleasantly on Gilles de Crohin's ear.
'Oh, Messire!' replied the latter quietly, 'I pray you do not waste your
time on me. I am a stranger, it is true; but as such, the brilliant picture
before me is full of interest.'
'You are visiting Cambray for the first time?' asked the other, still with
an obvious effort at amiability.
VI
The presentation had been made. It was very formal and very distant; it
even seemed to Gilles as if Jacqueline had somewhat ostentatiously turned
away from him as soon as he had gone through the ceremonious bowings
and kissing of hand which convention demanded. For a moment or two
after that, M. d'Inchy kept him in close converse, whilst de Landas,
evidently reassured by Jacqueline's indifference toward the stranger,
appeared much more amiable and serene. But the young Spaniard's mind
was apparently still disturbed. He studied the other man with an intentness
which, in those days of fiery and quarrelsome tempers, might almost have
been construed into an insult. He appeared to chafe under the man's cool
confidence in himself and M. d'Inchy's obvious deference towards one who
outwardly was of no account.
Gilles took no further notice of him; but, as he would have told you
himself, he felt an atmosphere of hostility around him, which appeared to
find its origin in de Landas' attitude. D'Inchy, aided by de Lalain, did his
best to dissipate that atmosphere, but evidently he, too, felt oppressed and
nervy. Unversed in the art of duplicity, he was making almost ludicrous
efforts to appear at his ease and to hide his profound respect for a prince of
the House of France under a cloak of casual friendliness—an elephantine
effort which did not deceive de Landas.
The whole episode had occurred within the brief compass of half a
dozen heart-beats, and Gilles, when he looked once more on Monseigneur
d'Inchy, still saw that same look of perplexity upon the Fleming's face,
whilst from the group of ladies in the distant part of the room there came
only the same confused murmur of voices of awhile ago.
So Gilles sighed, thinking that his excited fancy had been playing him an
elusive trick.
And the next moment the loud clanging of a bronze bell proclaimed to
the assembled guests that the banquet was ready to be served.
CHAPTER X
Monsieur le Baron D'Inchy took his seat at the head of the principal
table; beside him sat his ward, Madame Jacqueline de Broyart, who had M.
le Comte de Lalain on her left. Gilles sat some little way down one of the
side tables. Outwardly, he was a person of no importance—a stranger,
travelling incognito and enjoying for the time being the hospitality of
Monseigneur the governor. Maître Jehan, watchful and silent, stood behind
his master's chair. The tables had been lavishly and sumptuously laden with
good things: a perpetual stream of butlers, pages and varlets had walked in
and out of the hall, bringing in dish after dish and placing them upon the
boards.
While the serving-men and wenches went the round of the tables with
serviettes over their shoulders and silver ewers and basins in their hands,
offering to the guests tepid water perfumed with orange flower, with myrtle,
lavender and rosemary, for washing their hands, Gilles de Crohin was
watching Jacqueline de Broyart. From where he sat, he could see her dainty
head above a forest of silver dish-covers. She had not removed her mask;
none of the ladies would do that till, mayhap, after the banquet was over,
when conviviality and good cheer would breed closer intimacy. To Gilles'
senses, rendered supersensitive by his strangely adventurous position, it
seemed as if that piece of black satin, through which he could only perceive
from time to time the flash of glowing eyes, rendered Jacqueline's
personality both mysterious and desirable. He was conscious of an acute
tingling of all his nerves; his own mask felt as if it were weighted with lead;
the fumes of rich soups and sauces, mingled with those of wine and heady
Flemish ale, appeared to be addling his brain. He felt as if he were in a
dream—a dream such as he had never experienced before save once, when,
sick, footsore and grievously wounded, he had gone on a brief excursion to
Paradise.
Gilles did not know, could not explain it satisfactorily to himself, why
the remembrance of a far-off, half-forgotten dream-voice came, with sweet
persistency, between him and reality, a voice tender and compassionate,
even whilst a pair of eyes, blue as the firmament on an April morning,
seemed to be gazing on him through the slits in the mask.
II
It would have been difficult for any stranger who happened to have
landed in Cambray, unacquainted with the political circumstances of its
province, to have realized, at sight of Monsieur le gouverneur's table, that
the Spanish armies were even then ravaging the Cambrésis, and that
provisions in the city were becoming scarce owing to the difficulties which
market-gardeners and farmers had of bringing in their produce. Gilles, who
had been in the service of a Royal prince of France and who had oft risen
from the latter's table with his stomach only half filled, was left to marvel at
the prodigality and the sumptuousness of the repast. Indeed, one of the most
interesting documents preserved until recently in the archives of the city of
Cambray, is the account of this banquet which M. le Baron d'Inchy,
governor of the Cambrésis, gave ostensibly in honour of the notabilities of
the province, but which, I doubt not, was really in honour of Monsieur Duc
d'Anjou et d'Alençon, brother of the King of France, who we know was
present on the occasion, under a well-preserved incognito.
And the menu! Ye gods who preside over the arts of gastronomy, what a
menu! Eighty-two persons sat down to it, and of a truth their appetite and
their digestion must have been of the staunchest, else they could never have
grappled successfully with half the contents of the dishes which were set
before them. Three separate services, an' it please you! and each service
consisting of at least forty different dishes all placed upon the three tables at
once, with the covers on; then, at a given signal, the covers removed, and
the guests ready to help themselves as they felt inclined, using their knives
for the purpose, or else those curiously shaped pronged tools which
Monseigneur d'Inchy had lately imported out of England, so the town
gossips said.
Ye gods, the menu! For the first service there were no fewer than eight
centre dishes, on each an oille—that most esteemed feat of gastronomic art,
in which several succulent meats, ducks, partridges, pigeons, quails, capons,
all had their part and swam in a rich sauce flavoured with sundry aromatic
substances, pepper and muscat, thyme, ginger, basil and many sweet herbs.
Oh, the oille, properly cooked, was in itself a feast! But, grouped around
these noble dishes were tureens of partridges, stewed with cabbage; tureens
of fillets of duckling; several pigeon pies and capons in galantine; fillets of
beef with cucumbers and fricandeaus of lard; and such like insignificant
side dishes as quails in casserole and chickens baked under hot cinders—
excellent I believe!
After the platters and dishes had become empty, the first service was
removed, clean cloths spread upon the tables—for by this time the first ones
had become well spattered with grease—and perfumed water once more
handed round for the washing of hands. Knives were washed too, as well as
the forks—the few of them that were used. Then came the second service.
Breasts of veal this time, larded and braised, formed the centre dishes and
the minor adjuncts were fowls garnished with spring chickens and hard-
boiled eggs, capons, leverets, and pheasants garnished with quails: there
were sixteen different kinds of salads and an equal number of different
sauces.
Again the service was removed and clean cloths laid for the third
service. A kind of dessert—little things to pick at, for those who had not
been satisfied. Such little things as boars' heads—twelve of them—which
must have looked magnificent towering along the centre of the table;
omelettes à la Noailles—the recipe of which, given in a cookery book
which was printed in the beginning of the sixteenth century, does suggest
something very succulent—dishes of baked custards, fritters of peaches,
stewed truffles, artichokes and green peas, and even lobsters, sweetbreads
and tongues!
A very little while ago, M. d'Inchy himself—a man of vast wealth and
great importance—would have been quite content to help himself with his
fingers out of his well-filled platters and to see his guests around his board
doing the same. But ever since the alliance with France had been discussed
by his Council, he had desired to bring French manners and customs,
French fashions in dress, French modes of deportment, into this remote
Belgian province. Indeed, he was even now warmly congratulating himself
that he had quite recently imported from England for his own use some of
those pronged tools which served to convey food to the mouth in a manner
which still appeared strange to some of his guests. The civic dignitaries of
Cambray and more than one of the Flemish nobles assembled here this
night looked with grave puzzlement, even with disapproval, at those
awkward tools which had so ostentatiously, they thought, been placed
beside their platter: French innovations, some of them murmured
contemptuously, of which they certainly did not approve; whereupon they
scrambled unabashed with their fingers in the dishes for their favourite
morsels.